Clare Boothe Luce and the 1953--1954 Trieste Crisis
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UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2001 Clare Boothe Luce and the 1953--1954 Trieste crisis Jelena Velisavljevic University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Velisavljevic, Jelena, "Clare Boothe Luce and the 1953--1954 Trieste crisis" (2001). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/4kvy-5bgh This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. 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CLARE BOOTHE LUCE AND THE 1953-1954 TRIESTE CRISIS by Jelena Velisavljevic Bachelor of Arts University of Philosophy, Belgrade 1997 Master of Arts University o f Nevada, Las Vegas 2001 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 1406415 Copyright 2001 by Velisavljevic, Jelena All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 1406415 Copyright 2002 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17. United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Jelena Velisavljavic 2001 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval IJNIV The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas MAY 24 20 01 The Thesis prepared by JELENA VELISAVLJEVIC Entitled CLARE BOOTHE LUCE AND THE I 9 5 3 - I 954 TRIESTE CRISIS is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY Examination^ommittee Clutir Dean o f the Graduate College Exc^nationmation committee Committee memoer Member K in atidiÆ om m ittee M em berExaminatii e . < ~ i • Graduate College F/temf^^presentative PR/I017-53/1-00 U Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Clare Boothe Luce and the 1953-1954 Trieste crisis By Jelena Velisavljavic Dr. Colin Loader, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of History University of Nevada, Las Vegas My paper argues that Clare Boothe Luce, American ambassador to Italy, greatly influenced the Trieste crisis and negotiations of 1953-1954. Luce’s understanding of the Cold War in terms of aggressive anti-Communism against the Soviet Union in general and against Yugoslavia in particular, determined her actions during the Trieste negotiations. As a very powerful woman in the Eisenhower administration. Luce managed to make her voice heard on the highest levels and to direct the settlement in ways she thought best for the United States and its ally Italy. Although forceful reports she sent to the State Department and the major policymakers often exaggerated the danger of communism in Italy, they helped spur action in Washington. At the end, according to sympathetic contemporaries. Luce deserved credit for solving the Trieste dispute, which helped contain communism in Italy. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... iv MAP.......................................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND TO THE TRIESTE CRISIS.......................................... 3 CHAPTER 3 THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE TRIESTE DISPUTE....................20 CHAPTER 4 ANTI-COMMUNISM OF CLARE BOOTHE LUCE............................ 31 CHAPTER 5 TRIESTE CRISIS OF 1953....................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 6 THE TRIESTE NEGOTIATIONS 1954.................................................. 97 CHAPTER? CONCLUSION...........................................................................................148 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................151 VITA....................................................................................................................................... 155 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AUSTRIA ^KrvittaQm \ ITALY O Udine Zone V7 A ZoneB ËRRiTOR OF TRIESTE 1937 imtfneiiontl Boundmv tatW M dW vH Beundirf MofoanLina x-<x ÿ ^ V - (Source: Department of State B uihtm . Oct. 18.1954. p. 5671 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION At the close of the Second World War, there was a serious possibility that the Adriatic territory of Trieste would become the setting for the first armed postwar conflict between East and West. Yugoslav and Anglo-American troops liberated the city almost simultaneously and both sides claimed it. After avoiding an aimed clash with the Allies and calming tensions, the Yugoslavs agreed in late May to accept temporary Anglo- American military administration of the city until a peace treaty could be signed with Italy. For almost a decade thereafter, Trieste was a problem between East and West in the Cold War. The city remained under joint British and American military governance, while a larger zone south and west of the city was under Yugoslav military administration. The Allied peace treaty with Italy in 1947 included provisions to divide the two zones into an internationalized Free Territory of Trieste (FTT). However, the Cold War discord among the great powers prevented implementation of the scheme and as a result, Trieste remained under Allied administration until 1954, when Italy and Yugoslavia partitioned the disputed territory.* The Trieste crisis and the negotiations that followed represent an important chapter in the reshaping of Europe after World War II. In the few existing accounts o f the crisis. * * Roberto G. Rabel, Between East and West. Trieste, the United States, and the Cold War. 1941-1954 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1988), vii. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 little attention has been afforded to the role of the American ambassador in Rome, Clare Boothe Luce, in the Trieste crisis. My research establishes the importance of Luce in the policymaking process. I have organized my paper into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief historical survey of the disputed region. Since, the Trieste problem cannot be explained solely in Cold War terms, the geohistorical, ethnic, social, ideological and economic background also must be examined. This analysis will demonstrate why, for almost two hundred years, the Italo-Yugoslav frontier problem