DOCSLIB.ORG

Participatory Budgeting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Participatory Budgeting PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Joanna Paszkowska What is PB? Participatory budgeting (PB) - a democratic process in which community members decide how to spend part of a public budget. ➔ Direct democracy Every citizen can vote directly. ➔ Community-based representative democracy Indirect participation - decisions are made by delegations or leaders. History ● 1989, Porto Alegre (Brazil) - first PB ● By 2001 - more than 100 cities in Brazil had implemented PB ● 2011, Sopot - first PB in Poland How it works? Participatory budgeting algorithm 1. Divisible - allocates any amount of money to any project so that the total sum equals to the budget. 2. Indivisible - each selected project receives amount of money that covers its total cost, total sum does not exceed the budget. Input: list of projects (+ their costs for indivisible algorithms), total available budget, voting results Output: partition of budget among the projects Voting formats 1. Approval voting 2. k-approval voting 3. Threshold approval voting 4. Ranked voting 5. Knapsack voting 6. Value-for-money ranking Knapsack problem Goal: maximize with where W - total budget n - number of potential projects vⱼ - voting results for project j wⱼ - project j cost Most common algorithms: ● Greedy solution to Knapsack problem ● Diverse knapsack Majority budgeting Goal: Satisfy Condorcet criterion (there is no better budget partition than selected one). ➔ There is a polynomial-time algorithm that finds such a budget. ➔ It uses Schwartz sets (union of Schwartz components) - if a Condorcet winner exists, it it the only member of a Schwartz set. Proportional budgeting ➔ For sufficiently large number of votes, the project receives proportional amount of money. ➔ In approval-based multi-winner voting, there is a series of algorithms that generalize the JR (justified representation) and PJR (proportional justified representation) axioms. ➔ Strong Budget-Proportional-Justified-Representation and Budget-Justified-Representation ➔ NP-hard to compute ➔ Does not always exist ◆ {n1, n2}, {k1, k2}, w(k1/k2) = 2, L = 3; n1 votes for k1, n2 votes for k2 ◆ (votes for k1/k2 =) 1 > ⅔ (=n/L), so both projects are chosen, but their cost = 4 > L ➔ Weak Budget-Proportional-Justified-Representation and Budget-Justified-Representation ➔ NP-hard to compute ➔ Always exists PB in Poland Number of people voting in PB from 6 biggest cities in Poland Money for PB project in Warsaw (in mln zl) (Warsaw, Cracow, Lodz, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk) Frequency from 2018 PB votings in main cities Money spent on PB project per capita (in zl) Warsaw 2020 projects Advantages ● Government transparency ● Citizens can directly decide about their city and present their ideas ● Improvement in citizens’ well-being ● Anyone can vote, also children or teenagers ● Help the citizens to understand the limitations of local government and get more knowledge on designing process and costs for projects Disadvantages ● May act as an illusion - citizens think that they have real power over money while they decide only about ~1% of budget ● It can distract citizens from real problems ● Clientelism ● Spending money on trivial problem ● Can be easily hijacked by the government Bibliography ● https://www.participatorybudgeting.org ● https://app.twojbudzet.um.warszawa.pl ● https://www.miasto2077.pl/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Raport-Budz%CC%87ety-Obywatelsk ie-w-polskich-miastach.pdf ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_budgeting_algorithm ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_budgeting ● https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095624780401600104 ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_budgeting_algorithm ● http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~haziz/pb_report.pdf.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Participatory Budgeting
    PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING “Participatory budgeting can create more ical power and spending by giving everyone, including marginalized individuals, an equal voice while increas- equitable public spending... and increased ing civic engagement in local politics by training new levels of public participation, especially by leaders. The process is typically designed to allow all low-income and politically marginalized to participate, regardless of age, immigration status, experiences with the criminal justice system, and fi- residents.” nancial resources. In addition, underrepresented groups —Participatory Budgeting Project are often targeted in the engagement process through partnerships with local organizations that are already THE PROBLEM organizing in underrepresented communities. Trust in government is approaching an all-time low. Participatory processes also allow fewer opportu- Too often, democratic practices in the United States are nities for corruption, waste, or costly public backlash. inaccessible and unresponsive to the public. This leads The inclusivity of the process leads to fairer and more to inequitable distributions of government funding and redistributive spending that is responsive to commu- disillusionment with the political process. Many people nity needs. also feel like government isn’t listening, and they face POLICY ISSUES obstacles to political engagement related to age, race, financial resources, criminal histories, and immigra- VARIATIONS IN PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING: tion status.1 There are significant variations in the institutional de- sign of the different models of participatory budgeting THE SOLUTION that have spread across the country and the world. Create new structures for participation. Participa- The most inclusive and transformative models give tory budgeting (PB) is a grassroots democratic process residents decision-making power over general budget in which community members directly decide how to funds and enable all residents to participate and vote spend part of a public budget.
    [Show full text]
  • “Bipart” of Participatory Budgeting. a Software Platform for New Political Practices
    30 Electronic Government and Electronic Participation M.F.W.H.A. Janssen et al. (Eds.) © 2014 The Authors and IOS Press. This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-429-9-30 “BiPart” of Participatory Budgeting. A Software Platform for New Political Practices 1 Stefano STORTONE and Fiorella DE CINDIO Università di Milano, Milano, Italy Abstract. Participatory Budgeting (PB) is an yearly deliberative process for citi- zens to decide directly over the public expenditures. It was born in 1989 in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and awarded in 1996 by the United Nations as one of the world’s best practices of local governance. ICTs have been used to support PB initiatives and increase citizens participation. However, the so called Digital Participatory Budgeting (DPB) so far mainly focused to share information on the ongoing pro- cess and to carry on the voting phase. The paper outlines the evolution of BiPart, a software platform designed for accompanying the overall PB process, and strengthening the social ties. It also presents its application in seven instances of PB in four municipalities in Italy along five years, to test its actual use and its im- pact on citizens’ participation. Keywords. E-participation, e-cognocracy, evaluation, effectiveness, efficacy, effi- ciency Introduction Budgeting plays a crucial role in politics as there lies a large part of political power. Moreover, in the current financial crisis an efficient use of public resources and shared decisions about them are compelling goals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Participatory Budgeting
    A Guide to Participatory Budgeting Brian Wampler October 2000 Section One: Introduction Participatory Budgeting (PB) programs are innovative policymaking processes. Citizens are directly involved in making policy decisions. Forums are held throughout the year so that citizens have the opportunity to allocate resources, prioritize broad social policies, and monitor public spending. These programs are designed incorporate citizens into the policymaking process, spur administrative reform, and distribute public resources to low-income neighborhoods. Social and political exclusion is challenged as low- income and traditionally excluded political actors are given the opportunity to make policy decisions. Governments and citizens initiate these programs to (i) promote public learning and active citizenship, (ii) achieve social justice through improved policies and resources allocation, and (iii) reform the administrative apparatus. Participating Budgeting programs confront Brazilian political legacies of clientelism, social exclusion, and corruption by making the budgetary process transparent, open, and public. By moving the locus of decision-making from the private offices of politicians and technocrats to public forums, these public forums foster transparency. Participatory budgeting programs act as “citizenship schools” as engagement empowers citizens to better understand their rights and duties as citizens as well as the responsibilities of government. Citizens, it is hoped, will offer helpful and creative solutions to the myriad social and economic problems found in Brazil’s urban centers and small towns. Citizens learn to negotiate among themselves and vis-à-vis the government over the distribution of scarce resources and public policy priorities. It is important to keep in mind that there is no precise or exact model for PB programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Budgeting in Germany: Citizens As Consultants
    Participatory Budgeting in Germany: Citizens as Consultants Michelle Anna Ruesch, Mandy Wagner Zebralog GmbH & Co. KG, [email protected], Service Agency Communities in One World/ Engagement Global gGmbH, [email protected] Abstract: This chapter examines the current landscape of participatory budgets in Germany, which currently includes just under 100 local authorities that are actively involved in participatory budgeting (PB). Based on the history of PB in Germany, it shows how German participatory budgets typically pursue the objective of making local government more responsive, which is the reason why most participatory budgets in Germany are based on the consultative model. Under this model, citizens act as advisors to policymakers and administrators. Based on data collected in the autumn of 2012 for the sixth status report of the information portal www.buergerhaushalt.org, the chapter identifies ‘typical’ features that characterise German participatory budgets. According to this analysis, the majority of participatory budgets in Germany are consultative, allow proposals on the entire budget – including proposals both for investments and for cost-saving measures, and make intensive use of the Internet. There is great room for improvement with regard to accountability, for which a general report has so far been the norm. Ninety-six participatory budgets in Germany are currently listed on Germany’s information portal for participatory budgeting, www.buergerhaushalt.org.1 A further 104 local authorities are discussing the possible introduction of PB.2 Since the first participatory budget in Germany was launched in 1998, more and more municipalities have come to rely on this instrument of civic participation for all issues concerning the use of public money.
    [Show full text]
  • 72 Frequently Asked Questions About Participatory Budgeting
    72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting URBAN GOVERNANCE TOOLKIT SERIES 72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE 72 Frequently Asked Questions about Participatory Budgeting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 I. Institutional Credits This document has been produced under the aegis of UN- HABITAT’s Global Campaign on Urban Governance. Copyright © UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements Programme) Supervised by © Cover photo. Municipality of Caxias do Sul • Paul Taylor, Chief, Urban Development Branch, UN-HABITAT All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Budgeting: an Introduction
    Participatory Budgeting An Introduction BACKGROUND Participatory Budgeting (PB) It is important to remember that PB is not empowers communities, about giving away power or reducing gets more people involved the influence of elected politicians. It in democracy and improves is about sharing responsibility more widely. Only a fixed and relatively small local public services. amount of total public spending is It has a proven track record of opened up to public decision making increasing levels of participation, through PB. But often they are the funds engagement and empowerment in a most important to local people, and range of community settings. trusting citizens can have a big impact on their respect for and engagement Major developments such as devolved with representative democracy. Community Budgets, elected Police Commissioners and the establishment There is no fixed definition because of NHS Clinical Commissioning innovative PB projects constantly Groups all cry out for effective ways challenge existing explanations. of letting local people have an input However the short definition is: on spending priorities. ‘Local people deciding PB has been evolving in the UK on how to allocate since 2000, when a delegation of part of a public budget’ community activists from Salford and Or…… Manchester visited Brazil to understand how PB works and how it might be ‘If it feels like we have decided, implemented in the UK. it’s PB. PB was first introduced in the city of If it feels like someone else Porto Alegre in Brazil, in 1989 when has decided, it isn’t.’ public funds were very restricted and demands for democratic reform were strong.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperation Jackson: Building Economic Democracy
    REPORT AUTHOR Kathryn Cai, PhD The Partnership for Working Families is a national network of 20 powerful city and regional affiliate groups based in major urban areas across the country. The Partnership advocates for and supports policies and movements that build more just and sustainable communities where we live and work. Taking lessons learned at the local level and applying them to the national con- versation, the Partnership builds a framework for addressing climate change, inequality, racial and social injustice. For more information, visit us at www. ForWorkingFamilies.org. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Mariah Montgomery for her substantial contributions and edits to this report and to Lauren Jacobs for the influential thinking that has shaped this work. The Partnership would also like to thank the following people on our staff and in the Partnership network whose work and ideas helped shape this report: Amisha Patel, Esther Handy, Elena Perez, Anne Barnett, Dr. Kyra Greene, Marcos Ceniceros, Maria Noel Fernandez, Deanna Kitamura, Jahmese Myres, and Edgar Beltrán. Finally, thank you to the following individuals who facilitated our 2019 learning trip to Barcelona: Lucas Shapiro, Kate Shea Baird, Daniel Cruz, Elena Tarifa, and Anke Kleff. Design and layout by Design Action Collective TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Our Vision .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Significant Contribution to Participatory Democracy
    PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy Yves Cabannes Yves Cabannes was the SUMMARY: This paper describes participatory budgeting in Brazil and else- regional coordinator for Latin America and the where as a significant area of innovation in democracy and local development. It Caribbean of the Urban draws on the experience of 25 municipalities in Latin America and Europe, Management Programme selected based on the diversity of their participatory budgeting experience and (UN–Habitat) from 1997 to 2003, and is advisor to the their degree of innovation. The paper provides a systematic analysis of the range Porto Alegre Municipality of experience that can be included in participatory budgeting – in terms of the on the network on level of funds being considered, the extent of control and mode of involvement of participatory budgeting and municipal finance. local citizens, the relationship with local government, the degree of institution- alization and the sustainability of the process – and it considers the questions that Address: PGU–ALC Programa de Gestión are raised by this diverse set of possibilities. Urbana, García Moreno 751 entre Sucre y Bolivar, Quito, Ecuador; tel: (593 2) 2583 961/ 2282 361/ 2282 364/ I. INTRODUCTION 2282 371; fax: (593) 2 2281 994; e-mail: pgu@pgu- ecuador.org IN THE LAST 15 years, participatory budgeting (PB) has become a central topic of discussion and significant field of innovation for those involved in This paper was extracted democracy and local development. According to our estimates, around 250 from a longer document prepared for the Porto cities are currently applying PB.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY SERIES 39498 Public Disclosure Authorized PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Edited by ANWAR SHAH Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING Introduction to the Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series Anwar Shah, Series Editor A well-functioning public sector that delivers quality public services consistent with citizen pref- erences and that fosters private market-led growth while managing fiscal resources prudently is considered critical to the World Bank’s mission of poverty alleviation and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This important new series aims to advance those objec- tives by disseminating conceptual guidance and lessons from practices and by facilitating learning from each others’ experiences on ideas and practices that promote responsive (by matching public services with citizens’preferences), responsible (through efficiency and equity in service provision without undue fiscal and social risk), and accountable (to citizens for all actions) public governance in developing countries. This series represents a response to several independent evaluations in recent years that have argued that development practitioners and policy makers dealing with public sector reforms in developing countries and, indeed, anyone with a concern for effective public gov- ernance could benefit from a synthesis of newer perspectives on public sector reforms. This series distills current wisdom and presents tools of analysis
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Budgeting in Poland: Quasi-Referendum Instead of Deliberation
    Participatory Budgeting in Poland: Quasi-Referendum Instead of Deliberation Dawid Sześciło* UDK 336.14:352(438) 342.573:352/353(438) Original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad Received / primljeno: 12. 11. 2014. Accepted / prihvaćeno: 17. 4. 2015. Participatory budgeting (PB) is a global phenomenon ex- emplifying a shift towards collaborative and participatory governance. This umbrella term embraces a huge variety of mechanisms of public participation in the budgetary process: from advanced consultation to a specific type of direct democracy. This article presents the results of an ex- tensive analysis of the Polish model of PB applied in nine municipalities of different size. It demonstrates that the model disseminated in Poland is based on quasi-referen- dum that guarantees the citizens direct impact on local budgets. However, participation is limited to a minor part of local budgets and it is not accompanied by public delib- eration over strategic issues. Therefore, the Polish model of PB does not offer a genuine shift towards participatory local governance. Key words: participatory budgeting, governance, New Pub- lic Governance, Poland, local government * Dawid Sześciło, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Law and Administration, Public Administration Research Group, Poland (doc. dr. sc. Dawid Szcescilo, Fakultet za pravo i upravu, Sveučilište u Varšavi, Poljska, e-mail: [email protected]) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMPARATIVE CROATIAN Sześciło, Dawid (2015) Participatory Budgeting in Poland ... HKJU – CCPA 15(2): 373–388 374 1. Introduction The expansion of participatory budgeting (PB) appears to be the most remarkable phenomenon in local governance in Poland in recent years. Increasing popularity of this method of the formulation of local budgets is a result of its global dissemination and specific trends in the Polish local government.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Budgeting
    Category: Public Expenditure & Budgets 1 Tool: Public Revenue Reporting and Monitoring Participatory Budgeting Carmen Malena and Mahi Khallaf, CIVICUS Tool summary Participatory Budgeting (PB) is a process whereby citizens directly participate in the allocation of a defined part of a government‟s budget. PB initiatives are typically initiated by local government authorities, frequently in response to demands from community groups, CSOs and/or citizens for a greater say in deciding how and where public resources should be spent. Participatory budgeting creates opportunities for educating and empowering citizens and for strengthening citizen-government relations. PB also helps to promote government transparency and accountability, and the responsiveness and effectiveness of government programmes and services. PB initiatives usually have a specific aim of involving traditionally excluded political actors such as the poor, women, youth and other disadvantaged social groups, giving them the opportunity to directly influence local public spending. What is it? Participatory Budgeting (PB) aims to involve citizens in deciding how a defined portion of public resources will be allocated. It attempts to ensure that public spending is consistent with citizens‟ needs and priorities. PB is a process through which the residents of an area, be it a neighbourhood, village, city or local authority area, directly participate in the allocation of a portion of the local government budget or the budget of a specific government sector such as for e.g. maternal health, public transport etc. or an agency like for e.g. a school, health centre etc. PB enables citizens to get informed about available public resources, engage in prioritizing the needs of their locality collectively, propose projects, investments and services and allocate resources in a democratic and transparent way.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING in BRAZIL 1 The
    Running Head: PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING IN BRAZIL 1 The Effectiveness of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Accomplishments and Potential Improvements Maria Julia Muller Bortolucci University of North Georgia PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING IN BRAZIL 2 Abstract In the 1990s, the Workers’ Party (PT) of Brazil introduced an idea that changed democracy in the country and eventually in the world. The idea of Participatory Budgeting (PB) was first put into practice in Porto Alegre, a city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). After its successes in Porto Alegre, the system spread throughout Brazil, and eventually to the rest of the world. Its spread started with the recognition of its success by the United Nations. The idea, then, spread to Latin America, Africa, and eventually Europe and the other continents of the world (Gomez, Insua, & Alfaro, 2016). In 2012, Latin America and Europe were the regions of the world with the largest numbers of PB systems with at least 511 and 174 municipalities with PB in Latin America and Europe, respectively (Helena & Lüchmann, 2014). The spread and development of different PB systems was also accompanied by criticisms about its theory and practice. Critics have evaluated the democratic nature of PB and the institutions that might be working as obstacles. Thus, the goal of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the PB system in Brazil since it was implemented in the 1990s; this will be made by discussing the successes, obstacles, and potential reforms of PB in Brazilian municipalities. Keywords: participatory budgeting, democracy, welfare, inequality, Brazil, Workers’ ​ Party (PT). PARTICIPATORY BUDGETING IN BRAZIL 3 The Effectiveness of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Accomplishments and Potential Improvements In the 1990s, the Workers’ Party (PT) of Brazil introduced an idea that changed democracy in the country and eventually in the world.
    [Show full text]