The First Magazine on Art & Culture

Educational Art & Culture Magazine R June-July 2007 Volume-3, Issue 14 Rs.50 Taj Mahal

‘The Crown Palace’

Heritage

New Wonders

Great Master

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 1 R

An Educational Art & Culture Magazine

Our Readers (Print / Digital Publications) n Schools n Colleges n Training Institutes n Academicians n Professional / Amateurs / Upcoming artists (Visual, Performing, Fashion and Digital Art) n Art Galleries n Auditoriums n Various Ministries and Government Departments n National & International Organisations Art Lovers

Our Readers are from (Print / Digital Publications)

INDIA AMERICAS United Kingdom

CANADA AUSTRALIA SINGAPORE

Circulations Print Views - 15,000 and Digital Views - 5,000

We would like to be in touch with you through this publication to:

n Share, n Motivate, n Exchange, n Develope network, n Create a common platform n Promote unprivileged talents

Please share your contact details either by post to: Kalakriti Foundation Regd. Off: 130, Chitra Vihar, Vikas Marg, Delhi-110092 Tel: +91-11-22441433, Mobile: +91-9810241130, 9810929022 or Email at: [email protected], [email protected] Heritage Contents

The Sun Temple 13Konark

June-July, 2007 Volume-3, Issue 14 Rs.50 Executive Members Archana Shastri The Crown Palace Prashant K. Sarkar Kirti B. Sarkar A celebration of 16 Dr. Prajapat R.K. women’s love World Around Us Editor Prashant K. Sarkar Managing Editor Tulips...... 4 Parag Kumar Mandale

Creative Director Letters...... 6 Kirti B. Sarkar Graphic Designer News & Products...... 7-12 Ashish Dhar Events Heritage...... 13-15 Sushanto Kar Anil Saxena Correspondents World Around Us...... 16-21 Anjalee Gupta, Finacial Advisor Web Watch...... 22-23 Prem Shankar UôÉä]õÒ-ºÉÒ-¤ÉÉiÉ Regd. Off: ...... 25 Kalakriti Foundation 130, Chitra Vihar, Near Preet Vihar, Listing...... 26 Vikas Marg, Delhi-110092 Tel: 22441433, 42441175 Just Think!...... 27-28 Cell: 9810241130 Email:[email protected], [email protected] 29-31 Printed & Published by Prashanto K. Sarkar on The behalf of Kalakriti Foundation. Printed at: Options Printofast 46, Patparganj Industrial Area, Delhi-110092 Editor Prashant K. Sarkar All Rights Reserved. Great

KalaShristi is intended for those interested and involved in various Visual art, Performing art, Cultural Heri- tage, Cultural Tourism related activities. It is hoped that it will serve to foster a growing network by keeping the community up-to-date on many activities in this wide Master and varied field. Your involvement in proving relevant information is essential to the success of this endeav- our.

KalaShristi does not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in this issue are those of the contributors. It Your suggestions are very important for the betterment of this magazine, is not responsible for any loss to anyone due to the please feel free and send us your suggestions, commentsat information provided. [email protected] or [email protected]

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 3 Prize winning entries

“Tulips” a section of KalaShristi magazine, specially designed Tulips for the children who want to share their creative talents with us. We would appreciate their initiatives and encourage them by pub- lishing the same in the magazine. Kindly send your entries with name, age, class, address, contact numbers in capital letters in a separate sheet.

Send your entries alongwith your photograph and get attractive prizes. Prizes sponsored by: Dr. Priti Lal MD, New Jercy, USA. Project Yamuna

The beautiful banks of river Yamuna, the grandeur of its spar- kling water, strong enough to guard the robust Red Fort, wit- nessed the making of Delhi it wit- nessed the long dramatic past. With the advancement in every field of life, the river had to take a back seat, was forgotten be ev- ery one, worshipped once in a while, remembered for selfish pur- pose, used to carry the burden of dirty industrial waste, unwanted material.

The students of Kalakriti once again wanted to see the sparkle back in the river Yamuna, so de- cided to make a Mural (mixed me- dia) to spread the message to save Yamuna amongst all the chil- dren and adults alike. Mural on River Yamuna (mixed media) created by Kalakritians

Kalakritians from left to right: Kanupriya, Anureeta, Shruti, Amisha, Fiza, Abhay, Sanjeev, Druv, Azhar, Nitya, and Nimesh

4 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi Editorial

The article by Parag Mandle should be read by every

parent and by every child. Simplicity that was a way of

life has slowly taken a turn towards showmanship, the

need to boost about once wealth. The younger generation

is following the foot steps of the elders. For attending

school, children need so many costly accessaries that the

focus has shifted from studying to showing off...

Let’s guide and help to make an educated, cultured and

healthy childhood so that the nation gets an educated,

healthy and cultured future leader.

Prashant K. Sarkar - Artist [email protected]

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 5 Letters

They say the journey of a thousand miles begins with a step, and clearly Kalakriti Foundation has taken that step in the making of a historical journey which I am sure will become a chapter worth reading in the time to come.

I have been hearing it through the grape-wines that Dada, as I fondly call him, (means elder brother in my mother tongue, Bengali) is trying to give shape and colour to his imaginations and after almost 3 years of hearing and neglecting I finally received pdf copies of two issues, February-March 2007 and April-May 2007, and I could not just explain in words the joy I had, it was absolutely thrilling, I repeat absolutely thrilling, to see such a creation, such an effort.

Shri. Prashant, As an avid lover of art, craft and culture I can see, feel and vouch that this masterpiece ‘Kalashristi’ is purely driven by devotion, devotion Your endeavour to launch an e-magazine of an artist, I say this because I know the people behind this effort free of cost giving opportunity to small very well, and what it must have taken, for them to make it to the liking children and those who are interested to of people like me, the two wonderful soul, who god created and brought co-operate and participate is felt to be a together, for them to create, recreate and share their piece of creation very good idea. with the world, given a chance I will certainly talk about the creators I wish you great success in this venture. of this masterpiece creation ‘Kalashristi’ sometimes later.

Thanking you Till then, happy reading.

P.Parameswaran From: An avid lover of ART.

Respected Prashant Sir,

laiknd egksn;] It is really a commendable efforts. I have been watching this magazine for quite some period of time and I congratulate one and all team fuf'pr gh KalaShristi if=kdk orZeku ifjos'k members of KalaShristi for their hard work and wish you all a grand dh ekSfyd vo/kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr if=kdk gSA success. eq>s bl if=kdk dh lcls vPNh fo'ks"krk ;g yxh fd de i`"B esa gksus ds ckotwn Hkh vaxzsth vkSj Regards Archana fgUnh ikBdksa dks viuh vksj vkd`"V fd;k gSA dyk {ks=k ls lacaf/r ikBdksa ds fy, mi;qDr tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA Dear Prashant, eSa ,d ikBd ds :i esa bl if=kdk dks 'kqHkdkekuk,a nsrk gwaA lkFk gh esjh ,d lykg gS fd KalaShristi magazine contains articles on personality of kids, beautiful photographs of birds and provided details of Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary dyk {ks=k ls lacaf/r vkys[k esa iQkUV LVkby esa as well as Mandu Fort. You had also appreciated the painting qualtiies ifjorZu dh xqatkbl gSA ewyr% if=kdk esa tks Hkh of school going kids and pasted the same under TULIP. vkys[k vkids }kjk izdkf'kr gqbZ gS og fuf'pr gh ikBdksa ds fy, jkspd gSA Apart from this, it is requested that you have to provide the information about any holy place of any religion in your magazine so that children eukst dqekj flag can read the same and increase their knowledge about the holy places. ik.Mo uxj] fnYyh Regards, [email protected] Anil Mehta

6 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi News & Products First ever India Club Action plan culture. So we decided to go Art & Culture at the UN The first public event of for it,’’ she said. Spice-India Club was held on Discover India The United Nations August 15, which was The paperwork took about a declared the best headquarters in New York so dedicated to the disabled. In year as any club formed travel magazine far has had as many as 70 fact the cultural performance within the UN needs to be clubs for its employees - itself was from students of approved by the United ranging from art and culture, the Bangalore-based Nations Staff Recreation health, and for countries like Academy of the Blind. Council, she said. Brazil, Italy, Portugal and France. Recognised by the United With the Indian Government Nations Staff Recreation celebrating a major India India was missing so far, Council, SPICE-India Club festival later this month even though a few thousand has drawn out an action coinciding with the General Indians and people of Indian plan of its activities in the Assembly session, the origin are said to be working coming months said Man formation of SPICE-India either at the UN Mohan Soni, its vice Club could not have come at headquarters or various president. a better time. wings of the UN like UNICEF. http://www.ndtv.com Soni, who works in the Art of the matter: Discover India, the But this is not the case Statistics Division of the UN, Curating exhibits takes country’s oldest and largest anymore! said SPICE-India Club is circulated travel magazine, planning to organise an off in India was adjudged the “Best A group of Indians working Indian film festival at the UN Travel Magazine” in India by at the UN have come which would screen the best It’s a development in the art the Indian Association of together to form the first ever of films from Bollywood. scene that is picking up. Tour Operators (IATO), the Indian club at the United Together with their own apex body of the tourism Nations. “We are in constant contact professional pursuits, industry, at its annual with the cultural division of reputed artists are also convention held at Hotel Christened as Society for the Indian Consulate in New getting actively involved in Ashok in Delhi from Promotion of Indian Culture York so as to organise more curating exhibits. This is September 1-3. and Experience (SPICE), and more classical primarily happening where India Club in the very first performances at the UN these well-known names are Editor Rajesh Kumar from month of its existence has headquarters,’’ he said. focusing on selecting and Media Transasia India Ltd attracted the attention of not providing exposure to (MTIL) received the award only the Indians and PIOs Promoting culture young and talented ones from Union Minister of Civil working at the UN SPICE-India Club has also who may not be always Aviation Praful Patel. headquarters but also started preparation for an getting the opportunity to people from other countries ‘’India Food Festival’’ at the get showcased in art Discover India is India’s of the world including Italy UN headquarters wherein galleries and progressing to cultural window to the world. and France. the best of chefs from India the next level of public It deals with themes like art would be invited to prepare recognition. & culture, tradition & “This shows, the interest traditional and popular heritage and travel & among people about India. Indian food. Among some of the tourism. With over 4000 There is great enthusiasm renowned names who are members covering all among people here,’’ The club would also known to have curated art segments of tourism Promela Suri, president celebrate popular Indian exhibits and events in recent industry, IATO today enjoys SPICE-India. festivals like Diwali and Holi. times are Jogen Chowdhury, international recognition. It Bose Krishnamachari, works more closely with “Our objective is to promote Promela said the idea to have Chintan Upadhyay and other tourism associations in Indian art and culture at UN an India Club was more than Ghulam Mohammad Sheikh, US, Nepal and Indonesia. Its headquarters, which every a year old when she and just to name a few. Jogen 25th annual convention was day receives thousands of some of her friends felt the Chowdhury’s curated exhibit inaugurated by Minister of visitors from all over the need for it. in Kolkata at well-known art Tourism & Culture Ambika world, besides offering a gallery Aakriti has just taken Soni along with IATO platform for the Indians “While other countries had off. president Subhash Goyal working here,’’ said Promela their own club, we despite here on September 1, 2007. who works in the Office of there being so many Indians The show features 20 young http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com the Under Secretary General did not have a platform to artists who have either Department of Management. promote our great art and graduated from art schools KalaShristi June-July, 2007 7 News & Products in Shantiniketan or Kolkata. show had travelled to this genre had an uneven newspaper, preferably with a “I did not consciously come different cities in India. growth-varying in quality regular column. into curating shows. This Interestingly, Chintan and acceptability from one mainly transpired because I Upadhyay is learnt to be linguistic State to the other. In new India (between 1950’s was drawn to putting curating an art camp every and 1980’s) these critics were together shows for the year while Ghulam Sheikh The writers in different not only much sought after younger lot of artists who are curated the birth centenary Indian languages achieved but also formed part of the mostly just out of college. exhibit of famed Bengal their success and popularity artists’ community at large. And, either for personal School painter Binode Behari primarily through their Mulk Raj Anand, Krishna reasons or their social and Mukhopadhyay. readers over a period of time. Chaitanya, Charles Fabri, economic background, they The performing artists had Subudu et al, walked and don’t get the opportunity to “Jogen Chowdhury’s recent clearly two sets of wrote with erudition and get a positioning in the art show in Kolkata’s Aakriti Art audience—rural and urban. authority. Through ’nineties circuit. But in the same Gallery has brought together For this purpose, rural also this breed started breath, they are talented and a mix of young talents. It includes semi-urban disappearing. Excepting a creative,”. provides an opportunity to audience in small towns few, most of the English the buyer to pick up works where the performing artists newspapers have no space Mr Chowdhury said younger at reasonable prices which were part and parcel of the for such ‘unproductive’ artists need to be shown the could turn out to be a society which recognised activities. Of course they right direction and given a worthwhile investment in and promoted the good have a regular column for holistic perspective. Parallel future since they have been artists through community weekly reviews on cinema to one’s culture and hand-picked by an expert performances. A performer which is a high voltage traditions, artists who are eye. In tandem, it allows like Teejan Bai of ‘Pandavani’ economic activity but these just starting out with their seasoned collectors to add fame never needed the reviews hardly influence the professional career should variety to their collections. support of any critic to make box office success. be aware of the globalisation The art scenario certainly her art reach to the world. process. Thus, their works needs more shows like To see a scholarly review of must reflect modernism and these,” an art market source This is, however, not to painting exhibitions or the originality at the same time. said. suggest that the art critics works of a new artist in a http://economictimes.indiatimes.com are of no consequence. As a newspaper page is a thing of “We have to give this fresh genre scholarly or informed the past. The performing crop of artists an insight into Art Corner criticism has an important artists, however, manage to the historical backdrop and, Art in the scales of time place in the creative pursuit get some space depending in step, current Creative arts and literature of the people. They bear a on their contacts and the kind developments in the art survived the test of time seal of authenticity about an of show they put up. The world. In this context, I have through their appreciative artist or a form in a given time quality of reviews is selected artists who exude a audience and readers. How and place, which may deteriorating fast—the lot of potential. An exhibit in much does a critic contribute acquire historical importance critics appear to be losing an established gallery to the success or otherwise in future. perspective and the dancers encourages an unknown or of an artist or a writer? unwilling to accept any lesser known artist and gives Authors like Shakespeare, The city-bound artists are a criticism. him or her some amount of Kalidas, Tolstoy and works different group altogether. mileage. After all, none can like Mahabharata, They are ambitious and In any case the critics tribe deny the role and influence Ramayana, Monalisa and aggressive. They are ready is declining steadily. Who is of galleries and the market many more have survived to compete; they need to blame—the media or the today,” Mr Chowdhury said. the changing tastes of recognition. They need more changing cultural ethos of Around five years ago, he generations. Dancing money for their sustenance our people? According to a had been instrumental in legends like Balasaraswati, and right contacts to website, there is a Dance organising a show of Rukmini Devi, Sitara Devi, succeed. Critics Association in the selected young artists in Gopikrishna, Kelucharan USA, having nearly three Delhi. Some of them like Mahapatra, etc. needed little This is where you need the hundred members—both Prasanta Sahu, Mithu Sen help from the critics to support of critics for good freelance and full-time. India and Asim Purkayastha are achieve what they did. reviews which help you to certainly has a more vibrant carving a niche for Nevertheless we have a reach Academy and other cultural life which deserves themselves now. whole range of critics— forums. And of course to greater attention. literary, dance, music, stake your claim to awards http://www.organiser.org Bose Krishnamachari, on his theatre, art—some of whom and honours. It need not be part, had curated an are celebrated names in their underscored that just any exhibition of 69 young artists own right. Critique of art and critic will not do. It has to be who hailed from Kerala. The literature is basically an one writing in an English English tradition. In India 8 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi News & Products proper art market ecosystem Moving ahead Karnataka is phenomenal. It Prospects which addresses issues like was subsequently Art Insurance, Authentica- registered under the Bombay Indian Art Lacks a tion, Art Valuation, State of Government Society Proper Art Market the Art Restoration & Ware Registration Act on April 25, Eco System Housing facilities which are 1930. altogether missing or in their infancy. KHRS was set up with the There is a lack of a compre- intention of educating hensive information & ser- Well, help may just be at The Karnataka Historical people about the heritage of vices provider in the Indian hand, with a site called Smart Research Society in Karnataka and instill the Art Market. This needs to & U which addresses these Dharwad has been spirit of patriotism among be addressed & already the problems. It is an art commu- contributing its mite for the general public. art market is seeing the nication portal and e-maga- promotion of historical, emergence of service pro- zine to facilitate the art com- cultural and literary aspects The society is engaged in vider like Smart & U who munity, where the market of the State. Sachin publishing books and seek to address this need. dynamics of demand & sup- Melligatti profiles one of booklets apart from holding ply will govern prices as the premier research seminars and workshops on Art is the new buzz word, the against price manipulation institutes of South India. historical, cultural and new trendy indulgence ac- by any individual or groups. literary aspects of the State. cessible to the casual viewer, This site provides a compre- Since its inception in 1914, the investment seeker & se- hensive information on Art the Karnataka Historical KHRS Chairman A R rious art collector. The inter- News, Art Events, Art Advi- Research Society (KHRS) in Panchamukhi says, “In 1936, est in art is at an all time high sory, Art related services like Dharwad has engaged itself the society had organised & almost all seem to be jump- Insurance, Warehousing, in the promotion of history, the 600th anniversary of the ing on to the bandwagon to Courier, Framers etc and also culture, art and literature of establishment of the have a piece of the cake. a platform to bring the buyer Karnataka in more ways than Vijayanagara Empire. It was Understandably so, as art & seller of art in direct con- one. attended by a large number has given the maximum Re- tact with each other enabling of people and the event turn on Investment as com- them to transact directly & The society has come out turned out to be historic.” pared to any other asset privately without the need to with several mega projects to class. However, the market is pay commissions! This is the commemorate the golden On that occasion, he says, not without it’s set of chal- first site of it’s kind that the jubilee of the unification of the KHRS also brought out lenges, for e.g. Artists, aware Indian Art Market is seeing. Karnataka, one of them being a souvenir named of the trend in the art market, the publication and ‘Vijayanagara Sixth produce overpriced works Smart & U also promotes republication of Kannada Centenary Commemoration which lack content & depth; promising & upcoming art- books. On the occasion, the Volume’, both in Kannada the emergence of Art Funds, ists who don’t have a plat- society plans to reprint 50 and English, which proved which have pumped money form to exhibit, by providing books written by eminent to be a milestone in the into art as an ‘asset class’ them the space to exhibit & scholars and historians. The history of KHRS. have a real danger of quickly sell their works. In addition books which are under print and artificially increasing the they are also involved in pro- will be released during the Mr Panchakamukhi says that price; relatively new artists moting art through Cultural closing ceremony of the great personalities like Alur are commanding a level of Camps to nurture art talent Suvarna Karnataka Venkatrao, Nittur Srinivas price that has gone up too and support it under the um- celebrations to be held in Rao, V K R V Rao, R S quickly & too fast; the lack brella of the Smart & U Vi- Bangalore in the month of Panchamukhi, D P of transparency in the way sual Arts Foundation. October 2007. Karmarkar, R G Deshpande the auction market & the Art and others have served the Galleries function; the lack of It may not be there yet, but KHRS, one of the premier KHRS in various capacities buyer sophistication in the the site has set a precedent research centres of South and contributed greatly for Indian Market, which has for all others to emulate...i.e., India, was formally its development. seen the surge of investors providing the Indian Art established on the day of rather than art collectors and Market & Art Lovers a Vijayadashami in 1914. It was Till date, the KHRS has last but not the least a se- proper Art Market Ecosys- the dream child of Karnataka published over 50 books in vere dearth of spaces where tem, which is the need of the Kulapurohit Late Alur Kannada, English and artists can exhibit their hour! Venkatrao, Rama Rao Sanskrit. It is also bringing works. http://www.newswiretoday.com Naragundkar, N S out a half-yearly journal on Rajapurohit and R Kadapa research articles written by Most importantly what the whose contribution to the eminent scholars. Indian Art Market lacks is a rich cultural heritage of KalaShristi June-July, 2007 9 News & Products “These invaluable books will At this juncture, his The decision propelled him who participate in native art make Kannadigas proud of journalist friend Melligatti in a new direction, combining markets. In Santa Fe, that one the rich cultural, historical suggested to Prof Menezes his Osage roots with a weekend of sales alone can and literary treasure of our to announce that closing contemporary approach that sustain a family for most of a State. They also serve as down the college was sets him apart from many year. background material for impossible as admissions to American Indian artists. students and researchers of the first year degree course Lawrencians can see his “The other side of it is I do history,” says Mr were already over. work starting Friday at the think, particularly today Panchamukhi. Lawrence Arts Center, 940 when we’re getting more and This suggestion proved N.H. The exhibition is one of more native people trained in Though KHRS has planned fruitful and the prestigious several events marking the mainstream institutions, that the mega project of college was saved from being weekend that would have it’s really important for publishing 50 research works closed down. The college launched the 19th annual younger artists to push the to mark the Golden Jubilee was thus saved from fading Lawrence Indian Art Show. boundaries and really of Karnataka Unification, it into history. Funding and management challenge the public’s is facing a severe financial http://www.deccanherald.com difficulties canceled that perceptions of what native crunch. juried exhibition, and the arts art is,” Akers says. “That is center filled the vacancy with where innovation occurs.” “It would be of great help if “Paintings by Norman the Government provides Akers.” Life symbols sufficient funds for the Born in Fairfax, Okla., in 1958, same,” says Mr The one-man show will Akers grew up in the Osage Panchamukhi. complement the more Nation — a rural setting in traditional work being northeast Oklahoma. Timely advice peddled at the Haskell Indian Moving to Kansas City in The Karnataka College of Art Market on Saturday and 1977 to attend the Art Dharwad, one of the Sunday, says Rick Mitchell, Institute represented a major prestigious educational arts center gallery director. change in his life. institutions of North On giant canvases, Akers Karnataka, faced several layers landscape elements “I really hadn’t been to the difficulties in its initial years. with animals, human figures, city before,” says Akers, It was even on the verge of Painter pushes and objects from nature and now 49. “I found being in being closed down, but for boundaries of technology. The paintings school with kids from St. the suggestion of veteran native art read like storybooks, with Louis and Denver and journalist M V Melligatti of symbols creating a visual Chicago had a major impact Dharwad. The details are Solo exhibition by Norman language. And although on me. I think I realized just being mentioned in the book Akers replaces canceled they’re a departure from the how much I really didn’t ‘Prominent personalities of Lawrence Indian Art Show expressionist Southwest know, and I found that I kind Dharwad’, being brought For a while, Norman Akers landscapes he hawked 20 of embraced that idea of not out by KHRS. sold art at the renowned years ago in Santa Fe, N.M. knowing and spent a lot of Santa Fe Indian Market. It — stereotypical images that time just looking in the library The college, set up in 1920 was the 1980s, and he’d just many collectors associate at a lot of contemporary and by Dewan Bahadur Rodda graduated from the Kansas with native art — they’re very historical art.” and R C Aratal, received a City Art Institute. much rooted in his Osage Government Order asking “I have to admit it was one identity. Akers studied painting with the college to close down. of the rare times I was making Lester Goldman, dropped This happened during the a living off of my work,” “I’ve had some people look out after three years to travel 40s. Prof Menezes, the acting Akers says. “But what I at my work and say, ‘That’s and look at art in Europe, and principal of the college, was found is the work I was not Native American, and returned to finish his degree asked to stop admissions to producing I was becoming therefore you don’t know in 1982. But then the dilemma the degree course the college less and less engaged with. where you come from,’” says of how to make a living with offered. With hardly three “It was very commercial Akers, who teaches drawing a B.F.A. presented itself, and days left for the work that I knew the public and painting at Santa Fe’s Akers enrolled in the commencement of the new would buy. Basically, it was Institute of American Indian museum studies program at academic year, Prof Menezes a product.” Arts. “I think people have a the Institute of American consulted his staff members tendency to judge based on Indian Arts. He earned a and friends for steps to That didn’t sit well with what they’re seeing.” certificate in that field and overcome the crisis. Akers, so he ditched the worked for a time as a studio market and enrolled in He’s quick to note that he artist before heading to the graduate school. would never criticize people University of Illinois, 10 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi News & Products Urbana-Champaign, to tackle support from the enterprise. their voice against those his master’s degree. Up until then, the arts center who interfere with artistic had supplemented the juried freedom. Now he supplements his art exhibition with a solo show career with a professorship. by a contemporary native “Unfortunately, for some “Teaching has afforded me artist. time past, one notices with the luxury of not having to great anguish and concern, deal with the market,” Akers “We’re going back to that motivated attacks on artists says. “So I’ve been able to format … from now on,” and their works, which are explore my own ideas.” Mitchell says. Judy Billings, against our national ethos director of the Convention and undermine their basic The rhythms of Chief among those concepts and Visitors Bureau, says her fundamental right,” Sivamani is the notion of connection organization broke ties with Chatterjee said while Percussionist Sivamani and disconnection — to a the juried exhibition because conferring the Lalit Kala performed at an art do in the land, a place, a home. For of management issues with Ratna award on 13 eminent capital recently, and it drew example, trees often show up fundraising and artist artists for their contribution many from Delhi’s social in his work. In most cases, relations by Maria Martin, in the field of visual art and circuit to the show. they’re floating between the the show’s coordinator. sculpture. earth and sky with their roots Billings declined to elaborate. Art and Music: and tops half-severed, half- For her part, Martin remains “Such dastardly acts amount After art and fashion, it’s reaching out, trying to attach hopeful that she’ll be able to to illegal censorship, and time for art and music now. to something. revive the juried exhibition inhibit artists’ creativity by Percussionist Sivamani next year — for what would causing an atmosphere of performed at an art do in the “I was born in Oklahoma, and be its 20th anniversary — intolerance and hatred,” he capital recently, and the Osage County is my home. with a streamlined format, a said. Exhorting people to sounds of his drums, Even though I’m living in new venue and renewed stand up and raise their voice spoons, conches and other Santa Fe, I still do not support from another against those who “put instruments drew many from consider that my home,” umbrella agency. restraints on and interfere Delhi’s social circuit to the Akers says. “Over the years, with our artists’ creative show. I’ve tried to create a personal “We were not able to secure freedom”, he said symbology of images from the grant funding that we “reinforcing freedom of Energy Unlimited: various sources that use for everything but the expression and Sivamani gave an somehow are part of my life. prize money,” she says. consolidation of democratic electrifying performance, Collectively, they come “Some years you’re real spirit are the collective dancing between a row of together to communicate successful; others you’re responsibility of all of us instruments. And after an something about my not.” which we all should be ready hour-long show, he smiled experience.” to shoulder”. and said, “This is nothing. I “We’re still bringing in some have played for hours at a Future plans of the finest Indian artists in The award was instituted in stretch many times.” But the Akers has 13 paintings in the the country to participate in 2004 by Lalit Kala Akademi, surprise of the evening was Lawrence show; it doesn’t the two-day market, and the an autonomous body of the actor Parvin Dabas, who had take long to fill a large gallery Lawrence Arts Center will Ministry of Culture that come on the invitation of a with 60-by-70-inch canvases. exhibit the work of a works for the promotion of friend. In a casual denim “They look great in the wonderful contemporary visual art, including painting, jacket and jeans, he looked gallery,” says Mitchell, the artist who is doing some very sculpture, ceramics and cool and enjoyed his night exhibition director. “The exciting pieces that I think photography, to promote the out thoroughly. gallery’s just made for the public will really enjoy.” works of prominent artists. Norman’s work. It’s big, http://www2.ljworld.com Chatterjee said in a multi- Combo Offer: colorful, interesting, religious and pluralistic Somnath urges Dressed in white, Alka meaningful.” society, artists are in a better Pande, art curator and people to stand up position to promote the spirit organiser of the show, said, Mitchell contacted Akers for artistic freedom of co-existence, national “Art as an investment has when he found out the New Delhi, Sept. 11 (PTI): unity and social integration. become popular. Culture is Convention and Visitors Expressing concern over “They should by their the soul of our country and Bureau, which had produced “motivated attacks” on creations contribute both art and music are the Lawrence Indian Art artists and their works, Lok meaningfully to the cause of important parts of it. Today, Show since it moved in 2003 Sabha Speaker Somnath unity and for our composite we have both here. Sivamani from Kansas University’s Chatterjee yesterday said it culture to grow and flourish,” represents this incredible anthropology museum to the is the collective he added. cultural diversity.” arts center, had pulled its responsibility of all to raise http://www.hindu.com http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com KalaShristi June-July, 2007 11 News & Products specially developed for Low-power digital applied over an electrode Technology resistance against fading, displays could mount array, such as an active matrix smudging and accidental offensive on outdoor TFT back plane, using Epson launches water spillage. conventional printing print EPSON Stylus methods. CX5500 Award-winning print system and fast printing speed A new digital display Arsenault said the first Despite it’s attractive price technology being developed commercial products could proposition, the EPSON by scientists in Bristol and appear within a year or two. Stylus CX5500 punches Toronto could threaten Shelf-edge displays are likely above it’s weight with the printed billboards thanks to the first market, because the award-winning Micro- reduced power needs and panels are small and, Piezo* print head system better colour handling. therefore, cheaper. and Variable Sized Droplet Technology (VSDT). Both The technology, dubbed P- But there’s no limit to the technologies combine to Ink, controls the colour of size, and the next target for offer high print accuracy individual pixels, while P-Ink will be digital Epson, a world leader in current technologies can digital imaging, today and reliability, with the billboards. Due to the low ability to produce subtle only create colour by power usage, P-Ink announced the launch of the grouping pixels in trios and EPSON Stylus CX5500 All in tone gradation in images. billboards could be powered Matched with print applying red, green and blue by batteries or solar panels, One. 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In the world of media, it amazing feature will help such as overexposure and means the ability to create reduce the cost of long term red eye correction to ensure A bigger dampener is the the spot colours demanded printing as users can now optimum printouts. For easy current viewing angle, which by brand logos, and the choose between Epson’s image management, the is currently hobbled to ability to optimise the colour Standard ink cartridges and EPSON Creativity Suite between plus or minus 30°. spectrum for specific effects. Low Cost ink cartridges. provides reliable help in Arsenault said he expects to finding and sorting out your improve this in the same way It requires less than 3v of To further decrease the cost personal collection of digital manufacturers improved the power, and only draws of printing, EPSON’s images. viewing angles for LCD energy when changing INKdividual system allows displays, with the colours, which would users to only replace the The EPSON Stylus CX5500 application of diffusion otherwise remain static. colour which has run out is priced attractively at components. instead of changing the full Rs.5499 (MRP). As for the ink The technology is being set of inks at the same time. cartridges, the Standard inks Arsenault described P-Ink as commercialised by Opalux, are priced at Rs.460 (MRP) “inherently stable”. It has co-founded by University of Quality printouts assured while the Low Cost inks are been thermally tested Toronto chemist Dr André Epson’s revolutionary priced at Rs.250 (MRP). The between -10 and 100°C, Arsenault. DURABrite Ultra inks to Stylus CX5500 comes with a although Arsenault said deliver the high quality and 2 year warranty and is that, for digital billboards, it Arsenault told durable prints consumers are available from August 2007 will need to be tested at - printweek.com that the layer familiar with from Epson. across the country. 40°C. of photonic crystals could be DURABrite Ultra inks are http://www.moneycontrol.com http://www.printweek.com 12 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi Heritage

KonarkKonark (The(The SunSun Temple)Temple) T he temple city of Konark is situated in the eastern state of Orissa at a distance of around 65 km

from Bhubaneswar and 35 km from Puri. The city extends between longitude 86.08°E and latitude 19.53°N.

The temple was built by Raja Narasimhadeva to mark a military victory. Since the rulers used to worship the

Sun, the temple was conceived as a chariot for Surya, the Sun God. The whole structure is in the form of a

giant horse drawn chariot of the Sun. Together, the 24 wheels of the Chariot and the 7 horses drawing it

symbolize the passage of time. The front of the main entrance has two giant stone lions crushing elephants.

As you climb up the stairs, you’ll see statues of horses on both side. All over the walls of this huge temple are

beautiful carvings, sculptures and bas-reliefs (figures projecting from a plain background). Among them are

thousands of images of gods, goddesses, men and women and scenes from life in the 13th century.

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 13 Heritage

History Konark derives its name from Konarka, the presiding deity of the Sun Temple. Konarka is actually a combination of two words, Kona (corner) and Arka (sun), which, when combined, means the sun of the corner. Konark was one of the earliest centres of Sun worshipping in India. The place finds mention in the Puranas as Mundira or Mundirasvamin, a name that was subsequently replaced by Konaditya or Konarka. Apart from the Puranas, other religious texts also point towards the existence of a sun temple at Konark long before the present temple. Konark was once a bustling port of Kalinga and had good maritime trade relations with Southeast Asian countries. The present Sun Temple was probably built King Narashimhadev I (AD 1238-64) of the Ganga dynasty to celebrate his victory over the Muslims. The temple fell into disuse in the early 17th century after it was desecrated by an envoy of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. However, legend has it that the temple was constructed by Samba, the son of Lord Krishna. It is said that Samba was afflicted by leprosy, brought about by his father’s curse on him. After 12 years of penance, he was cured by Surya, the Sun God, in whose honour he built this temple. Sun temple has been declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

Architecture The massive structure of the temple, now in ruins, sits in solitary splendor surrounded by the drifting sands. The entire temple has been designed in the shape of a chariot carrying the Sun God across the heavens. The huge intricate wheels of the chariot, which are carved around the base of the temple, are the major attractions of the temple. The spokes of these wheelsserve as sundials, and the shadows formed by these can give the precise time of the day. The pyramidal roof of the temple, made of sandstone, soars over 30 m in height. Like the temples at Khajuraho, the Sun Temple at Konark is also covered with erotic sculptures.

14 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi Heritage

It took 16 years to complete.

1,200 artisans and

12,000 labourers

were employed

on the task.

The Legends No one really knows why a temple was erected here, but say the wheels represent the 24 hours in a day and others there are many legends to account for its appearance. The say the 12 months in its concept. The seven horses make up most popular concerns ‘Samba’, the son of Lord Krishna. the seven colours of the prism. The surface of it is intricately Samba was inordinately proud of his beauty. So proud that carved with some of the most fantastic sculpture seen in he once made the mistake of ridiculing a celebrated sage, India. Both the main Deul and the Jagamohana, the ruins of ‘Narada’, who was not renowned for his looks. Narada was the dancing hall and of the Mayadevi Temple in the Sun not amused. Always mischievous, he decided to have his Temple compound, are covered with platforms, horses, floral revenge on the arrogant boy. He managed to lure the motifs, colossal mythical animals, whimsical depictions of unsuspecting Samba to the pool where his stepmothers, the daily life, trade, erotic sculptures of amorous dalliances, luscious consorts of Krishna, were bathing in joyful abandon. war and trade and erotic imagery of human love manifested When Krishna heard that his son had become a peeping in countless forms as marvelous and detailed as those seen tom, he was furious and cursed him with leprosy. Realizing at Khajuraho. later that the innocent boy had been tricked by Narada’s cunning, Krishna was mortified. But he could not revoke his There are also huge animal statues: two lions guard the course; all he could do was advise his son to worship the pyramidal entrance, and on each side of the temple is a sun god ‘Surya’, healer of all diseases, and hope for a cure. colossal war elephant, and a war horse trampling on fallen After twelve years of penance and worship, Samba was at warriors. The pyramidal roof of the temple, made of last instructed by Surya to go and bathe in the sea at Konark. sandstone, soars over 30 m in height and constructed with He did so and was cured of his awful affliction. Samba was great precision. so delighted that he decided there and then to erect a Surya temple on these spot. It was called “Konark”, “Place of the The temple looks particularly impressive in the evening as it Sun,” from which the modern name comes. is illuminated between 6 and 9pm. Today the amphitheater with the Sun Temple at the backdrop is the venue of classical The temple is a brilliant chronicle in stone, with impressive dance during the Konark Dance Festival in winter. sculptures. It took 16 years to complete. 1,200 artisans and 12,000 labourers were employed on the task. In its original How to get there form. the total height of the temple was 227 feet and the temple is set in the middle of a spacious compound which Place : Konark, Orissa lies about 2m below the surrounding land. The temple Significance : World Heritage Site consists of a Deula, a Jagamohana and pillared Natamandapa. Best Season : October and March The Deula and Jagamohana stand close to each other above Air: Nearest airport is Bhubaneswar, 65km away. a high platform but the Natamandapa is a detached structure. Rail: Nearest railhead is Puri on South East Railways, 35km The super structure of main shrine i.e.Deula has fallen down away. so also the super structure of the Natamandapa. The Road: 35km from Puri on the Marine Drive, 65km from Jagamohana is intact. The joint structure of the Vimana (The Bhubaneswar, Konark is connected by an all-weather road. main sanctum) and Jagamohana were conceived in the form Regular bus services operate from Cuttack, Puri and of a Chariot (Ratha) of the Sun,drawn by seven impetuous Bhubaneswar Sources: horses, the chariot having 12 pairs of 8-spoke wheels. Some www.orissatv.com and www.cultureholidays.com World Around Us

W rldAround Us The New 7 Wonders of the World were announced during the Official Declaration ceremony in Lisbon, Portugal on Saturday, July 7, 2007 - 07.07.07. The New 7 Wonders of the World, as announced in random order at the Official Declaration Ceremony on 07.07.07, are: The Great Wall of China, Petra, Chichén Itzá , the Statue of Christ Redeemer, the Colosseum, Machu Picchu and the Taj Mahal. More than 100 million votes were cast worldwide. The New 7 Wonders are all equal – there is no rank among the list.

Christ the Redeemer, Brazil Machu Picchu, Peru Petra, Jordan

Great Wall of China, China Colosseum, Italy

Actresses Hilary Swank and Bipasha Basu and actor Ben Kingsley hosted the ceremonies in Lisbon’s Benfica Sta- dium.

Bernard Weber, who launched the New7Wonders Founda- tion to unite the world by honoring our common heritage, announced the organization’s next project: The New7Wonders of Nature. Amir Dossal, executive director of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, recognized the New7Wonders Foundation’s ongoing efforts to promote the UN’s Millennium Development Goals. Chichen Itza, Mexico 16 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi World Around Us

The Crown Palace A celebration of woman’s love

Prince Khurram, who would become Shah Jahan, was born in India in the same month as the

Prophet Mohammed in the auspicious year 1,000 of the Islamic calendar (January 15, 1592). He was named Khurram, which means “joyous,” by his doting grandfather Akbar, who said the birth

made the world glad. “He was born during the height of Akbar’s power,” says art historian

Shobita Punja, “when most of India came under Mughal rule. He was very well educated, had

brilliant teachers, and was quite an aesthete. He really was a very cultured human being.”

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 17 World Around Us

Prince Khurram was a handsome youth, “possessed of a purposes. But although Shah Jahan had three regular wives, sharp wit, a wonderful memory, a love for details and the Mumtaz became his favorite and bore his only children. The capacity to master them.” Legend has it that the young Prince would not part with her even on his numerous military prince charmed Arjumand Banu Begum (later named campaigns. In his suffering, she sustained him; in his glory, Mumtaz Mahal) at the Royal Meena Bazaar during the she inspired him to acts of charity and benevolence. Both Moslem New Year festival, where merchants brought fine comrade and counselor, she was beloved by him for her cloth, precious jewels and other goods for the harem and unswerving loyalty and by his people for her wise and nobles of the court compassionate guidance. Agra, once the capital of the Mughal Empire during the 16th Though court poets celebrated the young girl’s beauty, and early 18th centuries, is two and a half hours by express no contemporary likenesses of train from New Delhi. Tourists her are known to exist. from all over the world visit According to author and art Agra not only to see the ruins historian Milo Beach, “There of the red sandstone fortress are paintings that are labeled built by the Mughal emperors ‘Mumtaz Mahal,’ but they are Taj is in itself symbolic but to make a pilgrimage to Taj simply generalized depictions Mahal, India’s most famous of a Mughal beauty. There’s architectural wonder. In a land virtually no contemporary of the different sides from where magnificent temples and account of her, because none edifices abound to remind of the historians would have which to view a beautiful visitors about the rich had contact with her.” Under civilization of a country that is Mohammed’s law of “purdah,” woman. The main gate slowly but surely lifting itself the law of the veil, women were into an industrialized society. obliged to hide their faces from is like a veil to a The postcard picture of Taj public view. The only women Mahal falls short to convey the depicted in paintings were woman’s face which legend, the poetry and the court dancers and entertainers; romance that shroud what it was taboo to paint royal Rabindranath Tagore calls “a women. should be lifted teardrop on the cheek of time”. Taj Mahal means “Crown “Royal women were kept in delicately, gently and Palace” and is in fact the most seclusion, but that has nothing well preserved and to do with the power they without haste on the architecturally beautiful tomb in held,” adds Beach. “They the world. It is best described clearly were extremely by an English poet, Sir Edwin powerful. Shah Jahan’s father, wedding night. In Arnold, as “Not a piece of Jahangir, married a woman architecture, as other buildings named Nur Jahan who was indian tradition the veil are, but a proud passion of an really the person who ran the emperors love wrought in living empire for the second half of is lifted gently to reveal stones.” It is a celebration of Jahangir’s reign, when he woman’s love, exquisitely became addicted to opium and the beauty of the bride. potrayed in marble. And that’s alcohol. He barely functioned the way to appreciate it ! as an emperor, and she ran the country.” Taj Mahal stands on the bank “Little fact about Mumtaz except that she was the daughter of River Yamuna, which otherwise serves as a wide moat of Asaf Khan, who was the Prime Minister for Shah Jahan defending the Great Red Fort of Agra, the centre of the and son of the Prime Minister for Jahangir whose sister, Mughal empire until they moved their capital to Delhi in Nur Jahan, married Jahangir. You cannot be more closely 1637. It was built by the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan in related to the Imperial family than that. Many of Asaf 1631 in the memory of his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal, a Khan’s cousins and other relatives were also placed in Muslim Persian princess. She died while accompanying her positions of enormous power in the Mughal court. So husband in Behrampur in a campaign to crush a rebellion, Mumtaz Mahal probably had a very important and after giving birth to their 14th child. Her death so crushed influential role in her husband’s life.” the emperor that all his hair and beard were said to have grown snow white in a few months. Before marriage to Mumtaz, the Emperor Jahangir had arranged two other marriages for his son for political

18 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi World Around Us

When Mumtaz was still alive, she extracted four promises from the emperor: first, that he build Wonder Date of Location / Notable features / the Taj; second, that he should marry again; third, construction Builder Attributes that he be kind to their children; and fourth, that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. He Great Wall 5th century China Longesthuman made kept the first and second promises. Construction of China BC - structure ever known / 16th century Perseverance, Persistence began in 1631 and was completed in 22 years. Twenty thousand people were deployed to work Petra unknown Jordan Engineering, on it. It was designed by the Iranian architect Protection Istad Usa and it is best appreciated when the architecture and its adornments are linked to the Christ the Opened 12 Rio de Janeiro, Welcoming, Openness passion that inspired it. It is a “symbol of eternal Redeemer October 1931 Brazil love” (statue)

Having buried her down at Behrampur, it was Machu c.1450 Cuzco, Peru Community, Dedication time for the emperor to keep his promise and Picchu build a tomb there itself. But by and by , it was felt that it was virtually impossible to transfer all Chichen Itza c.600 Yucatán, Mexico Worship, Knowledge the marble there, as it would cost an entire fortune and an entire lifetime. So, when Agra was chosen Colosseum Completed Rome, Italy Joy, Suffering as the only alternative, astonishingly her grave 80 AD was uprooted and brought to Agra, only to be finally transferred to the monument, completed Taj Mahal Completed Agra, India Noted to be the monu twenty two years later. c.1648 ment of love and pas sion since it was built by Shah The Taj rises on a high red sandstone base Jahan in memorial of his wife, topped by a huge white marble terrace on which Mumtaz Mahal when she rests the famous dome flanked by four tapering died. It was her tomb, and minarets. Within the dome lies the jewel inlaid once Shah Jahan died he was cenotaph of the queen. So exquisite is the buried alongside his beloved workmanship that the Taj has been described as wife. Over 16 years were re “ designed by giants and finished by jewellers”. quired to prepare this mas The only asymmetrical object in the Taj is the sive monument of makrana casket of the emperor which was built beside the marble / queens, as an afterthought. The emperor was Love, Passion deposed by his son and imprisoned in the Great Red Fort for eight years but was later buried in the Taj. During milky white in the evening and golden when the moon shines. his imprisonment he was barred from visiting Taj. What he These changes, they say, depict the different moods of could have was just a little view of Taj in a reflection of a woman. diamond. Different people have different views of the Taj but it would As a tribute to a beautiful woman and as a monument for be enough to say that the Taj has a life of its own that leaps enduring love, the Taj reveals its subtleties when one visits out of marble, provided you understand that it is a monument it without being in a hurry. The rectangular base of Taj is in of love. As an architectural masterpiece, nothing could be itself symbolic of the different sides from which to view a added or subtracted from it. beautiful woman. The main gate is like a veil to a woman’s face which should be lifted delicately, gently and without Year of Birth - 1592 haste on the wedding night. In indian tradition the veil is lifted gently to reveal the beauty of the bride. As one stands Real Name - Khurram inside the main gate of Taj, his eyes are directed to an arch which frames the Taj. Father - Emperor Jahangir Mother - Princess Manmati The dome is made of white marble, but the tomb is set against an awesome backdrop of the river and it is this background Marriage - Married Arjumand Bano (Mumtaz Mahal) that works its magic of colours through their reflection and in 1612. She died in 1631, giving birth to his 14th transforms the view of the Taj. The colours change at different children. hours of the day and during different seasons. Like a jewel, the Taj sparkles in moonlight when the semi-precious stones Died - 1666 inlaid into the white marble on the main mausoleum catch Rule Period - 1627 to 1658 the glow of the moon. The Taj is pinkish in the morning,

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 19 World Around Us

Calligraphy Throughout the complex, passages from the Qur’an are used as decorative elements. The calligraphy is a florid and practically illegible thuluth script, created by the resident Mughal court’s Persian calligrapher, Amanat Khan who signed several of the panels. As one enters through the Taj Mahal Gate, the calligraphy reads “O Soul, thou art at rest. Return to the Lord at peace with Him, and He at peace with you.” The calligraphy is made by jasper inlaid in white marble panels. Some of the work is extremely detailed and delicate, especially that found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb. Higher panels are written slightly larger to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below.

Recent scholarship suggests that Amanat Khan chose the passages as well. The texts refer to themes of judgment: of doom for nonbelievers, and the promise of Paradise for the faithful. The passages include: Surah 91 (The Sun), Surah 112 (The Purity of Faith), Surah 89 (Daybreak), Surah 93 (Morning Light), Surah 95 (The Fig), Surah 94 (The Solace), Surah 36 (Ya Sin), Surah 81 (The Folding Up), Surah 82 (The Cleaving Asunder), Surah 84 (The Rending Asunder), Surah 98 (The Evidence), Surah 67 (Dominion), Surah 48 (Victory), Surah 77 (Those Sent Forth) and Surah 39 (The Crowds). Abstract geometric decoration Abstract forms are used especially in the plinth, minarets, gateway, mosque, and jawab, and, to a lesser extent, on the surfaces of the tomb. The domes and vaults of the Exterior decoration Nearly every surface of the entire complex has been decorated. The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest to be found in Mughal architecture of any period. As the surface area changes — a large pishtaq has more area than a smaller — the decorations are refined proportionally. In line with the Islamic prohibition of the use of anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements come in basically three categories: n Calligraphy n Abstract geometric elements n Vegetative motifs The decorative elements were created in three ways: sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms. (The incised n Paint or stucco applied to the wall surface painting technique is to scratch a channel in the stone, and n Stone inlay to then lay a thick paint or stucco plaster across the surface. The paint is then scraped off the surface of the stone, leaving n Carvings paint in the incision.) n Calligraphy on large pishtaq 20 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi So exquisite is the workmanship Priyasha that the Taj has been described as “ designed by Floor Plan of Taj Mahal Ortho giants and finished by jewellers”. Centre On most joining areas, herringbone inlays define the space between adjoining elements. White inlays are used in the sandstone buildings, dark or black inlays on the white marble of the tomb and minarets. Mortared areas of the marble Dr. Prajapat R. K. buildings have been stained or painted dark, creating MBBS, D.N.B. (Ortho) geometric patterns of considerable complexity. Floors and walkways throughout use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns.

Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal steps far beyond traditional decorative elements. One may say without exaggeration that this chamber is a work of jewellery. Here the inlay work is not pietra dura, but lapidary. The inlay material is not marble or jade but precious and semiprecious gemstones. Every decorative element of the tomb’s exterior has been redefined with jeweler’s art.

The jali The octagonal marble screen or jali which borders the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels. Each panel has been carved through with intricate piercework. The remaining surfaces have been Jali screen surrounding inlaid with semiprecious stones in X-ray Facility the cenotaphs extremely delicate detail, forming twining vines, fruits and flowers. 9am to 9pm

Materials The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia. Over 1,000 elephants were used to transport Clinic: Priyasha Ortho Centre building materials during the construction. The translucent L-23 A, Dilshad Garden, Delhi-110095 white marble was brought from Rajasthan, the jasper from Tel: 22113070 Punjab, jade and crystal from China. The turquoise was from Timings: 6pm-9pm (Mon-Sat) & 10am-12pm (Sunday) Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia. In all, twenty eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble. http://en.wikipedia.org 9811111868

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 21 Web Watch Child Development: 13- to 16-Year-Olds

Middle adolescence is a time of blossoming development - the insecure, inwardly focused 13-year-old becomes a cheer- ful, charming 16-year-old looking toward the future. During Nancy Firchow Writer and former librarian for this time your child's thinking skills take a decidedly adult Schwab Learning turn, his body matures, and friends and social networks out- USA side the family become increasingly important. Now is when you will really begin to get a glimpse of the adult your child will become.

Physical Development Both Girls and Boys n Boys and girls still exhibit markebly different levels of physi- Always hungry; appetite is great cal maturity as they enter middle adolescence. Girls' rapid n Need for sleep increases; may sleep quite late on week growth is generally tapering off, while many boys have yet to ends see the beginning of their much anticipated growth spurt. By the end of this period most girls will be near their adult height; n Oily skin and acne may be problematic boys may continue to grow until age 18 or 19. n Sweating increases Girls n n Growth in height continues, but at a slower pace than Rapid growth may cause clumsiness and lack of coordi earlier; adult height is reached by age 16 or 17 nation n n Breast development continues Sexual desires and fantasies increase n Pubic hair thickens, darkens, and takes on adult triangu Intellectual Development lar pattern Between 13 and 16 your child's ways of thinking about him- self, others, and the world shift to a much more adult level. He n Underarm hair thickens enters middle adolescence with a focus on things he can n Hips widen; fat deposits in buttocks, legs, and stomach experience here and now, and moves to being able to imagine increase the range of possibilities life holds. Expect the following changes as a progression of development rather than as age- n Menstrual periods become regular; ovulation is estab based milestones: lished; pregnancy becomes possible n Arguing skills improve (and are demonstrated often and Boys with great passion) n Rapid growth in height and weight n Reasoning skills improve: n Muscles fill out and strength increases dramatically - begins with the ability to apply concepts to specific n Voice deepens examples n Pubic and underarm hair appears and thickens - learns to use deductive reasoning and make educated guesses n Body hair increases - learns to reason through problems even in the ab n Penis, scrotum, and testes enlarge sence of concrete events or examples n Ejaculation and nocturnal emissions occur - becomes able to construct hypothetical solutions to a problem and evaluate which is best 22 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi Web Watch

14-Year-Olds n Generally happy and easy-going n Recognizes own strengths and weaknesses n Finds many faults with, and is embarrassed by, both par ents n Likes to be busy and involved in many extracurricular activities n Social circle is large and varied; includes friends of both sexes n Focus on the future develops n Very anxious to be liked - begins with a present focus, mixed with some fantasy n Interest in the opposite sex is strong

- learns to recognize that current actions can have an 15-Year-Olds effect on the future n May be quarrelsome and reluctant to communicate - starts to set personal goals (and may reject goals set n Strong desire for independence; wants to be free of by others) family n n Decision-making skills improve: relationship with siblings may be better than with par ents - begins to independently differentiate right from wrong n friends are very important; may have one or two "best and develops a conscience friends" - learns to distinguish fact from opinion n dating and romantic relationships are commonplace

- learns to evaluate the credibility of various sources of 16-Year-Olds information n relationship with family is easy and giving - becomes able to anticipate the consequences of differ n feels comfortable in own skin; secure sense of self ent options n starts to view parents as people, rather than rule-makers - may challenge the assumptions and solutions pre n friendships are very important sented by adults n most have many friends of both sexes with shared Social & Emotional Development interests During this period your child will continue to be an emotional n romantic relationships can be quite intense pendulum: happy and at ease one year, troubled by self doubts the next. These swings will smooth out as your teen And Finally … approaches the end of high school and gains more confi- Remember that growth and development are influenced by dence in his own independence. many factors - including genetic, social, and cultural - and that each child is an individual who will develop at his own 13-Year-Olds pace. The milestones presented here are averages; your child n Uncertain, unhappy, and sensitive may progress more quickly or a little more slowly. You can help your child through this period of great change by show- n Withdrawn; spends a lot of time alone; needs privacy ing support and listening to his worries and concerns. And n Convinced that everyone else is watching and judging as always, if any aspect of your child's development seems n Very concerned with body image very atypical, talk to his pediatrician and encourage your n Self-esteem at a low ebb teen to ask questions as well n www.schwablearning.org Not sociable with adults About the Contributor n Nancy Firchow is a freelance writer and former librarian for Schwab Learning. She has a Masters Friendships tend to be group-focused; more squabbling degree in Library Science and has also worked as a medical research librarian. Read more articles by Nancy Firchow, M.L.S. than a year ago © 2004 Charles and Helen Schwab Foundation Created: 01/30/2004 KalaShristi June-July, 2007 23 Unleash your Creative Talents at

R Kalakriti A school with wide spectrum of creative activities for all age group from 6 years onwards

Title: Face in mix media created by Kalakritian Dharmendra Arora, Age: 29 years Courses Offered: (Hobby and Professional) Visual Art: Fine Art Applied Art Clay Modelling Papier Mache Ceramic and Art & Craft Join For Performing Art: Hidustani Classical Vocal/Light Indian & Western Instruments -Keyboard and Professional courses -Guitar and practice on

Admission strictly on aptitute test basis. Friday, Saturday & Examinations will be conducted through: Sundays Akhil Bharatiya Gandharv Mahavidyalaya and We do not have Kalakriti Foundation, Delhi any Branch. For details pleaase contact at: Madhu Vihar Branch Kalakriti School of Art & Culture (KSAC) An institute managed by Kalakriti Foundation (Regd.) has been shifted to 130 Chitra Vihar, Near Preet Vihar, Vikas Marg Delhi-110092, INDIA Tel: +91-11-22441433Mobiles: 9810241130, 9810929022Email: [email protected] and Chitra Vihar [email protected]: www.kalakritifoundation.com Visiting Hours: 5pm to 7pm (only on Saturdays with prior appointment) UôÉä]õÒ-ºÉÒ-¤ÉÉiÉ ºÉSÉ ºÉä Eò®úÉBÆ ºÉɨÉxÉÉ iÉÉÊEò ¤ÉSSÉä ºÉ¨ÉZÉ ºÉEäò +ɺÉÉxÉÒ ºÉä ={ɱɤvÉ SÉÒVÉÉå EòÉ ¦ÉÒ ¨ÉÚ±ªÉ

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KalaShristi June-July, 2007 25 Listing

Art and Fashion Performing Art Apeejay Institute of Design Satyam International Polytechnic Kalakriti School of Art & Culture Bharatiya Kala Kendra 54, Tuglakabad Institutional Area, for Women Head Off: 130, Chitra Vihar, Near Koparnikas Marg, Mandi House, Badarpur Road, Meherauli-Gurgaon GD Block, Metro Station, Pitam Coffee Home, Vikas Marg, Delhi-92 New Delhi-1 Road, New Delhi-62 Pura, New Delhi-54 Tel: 22441433, Mobile: 9810241130 Tel: 23386418/6251 Tel: 29957050, 29955459 Tel: 27313042, 27317069 Sharda Ukil School of Art Bharatiya Sangeet Mahavidyalaya Bharti College South Delhi Polytechnic for 66, Janpath, Connaught Palce, A-59, Lane No. 4, Madhu Vihar, C-4, Janakpuri, Delhi Women New Delhi-1 I.P. Extension, Delhi-92 Tel: 25547328 A-3, South Extension-I, Ring Road, Tel: 23321372 Tel: 22457565 Mobile: 9899257565 College of Art New Delhi-49 Wigan and Leigh Fashion School Gandharva Mahavidyalaya 20-22, Tilak Marg, New Delhi-1 Tel: 24624049, 24699855 401-402, Skipper Corner, 88 Nehru 212, Deen Dayal Upadhaya Marg, Tel:23383612, 23387485 Exe Fashion Palace, New Delhi-19 New Delhi-1 Eikon Academy B-21, Chander Nagar, Near Main Bus Tel: 26421861 Tel: 23238784, 23433791 M-39, Outer Circle, Connaught Place Stand, Krishna Nagar, Delhi-61 Graphics and Animation Kalakriti School of Art & Culture New Delhi-1 Academy of Fashion and 130 Chitra Vihar, Near Preet Vihar, Tel: 55308555-58, 55306445-48 Designing Anitoons Animation Academy Vikas Marg, Delhi-110092 International Institute of Fashion A-27, II Floor, Lane No. 2, Madhu H-14/11, Malviya Nagar, Tel: 22441433 Mobile: 9810241130 Technology (IIFT) Vihar Market, I.P. Extension, Delhi- New Delhi-17 Sangeetalaya H-12, South Extension-1, New Delhi 92 Tel: 26673462 A-44, Lane No. 19, Madhu Vihar, Tel: 26510961 Tel: 22533318, Mobile: 9312241928 Arena Multimedia I.P. Extension, Delhi-92 JD Institute of Fashion Trump and Gates Institute of 2/3, West Patel Nagar, Main Road, Tel: 22012785 Mobile: 9818515949 Technology Fashion New Delhi Swaranjali C-7, Behind CBSE Building, H-108, II Floor, Connaught Place, Tel: 2588801 327, Gagan Vihar, Opp. DAV School, Preet Vihar, Delhi-92 Opp. Marina Hotel, New Delhi-1 Bit Computer Education Mausam Vihar, Delhi-92 Tel: 22012838, 22019172 Sai School of Interior Designing 63, Vijay Block, Laxmi Nagar, Vikas Tel: 30911389 National Insitute of Fashion D-4, Kalkaji, South Extension, Near Marg, Delhi-92 Triveni Kalasangam Technology (NIFT) Neheru Palace, New Delhi Tel: 22019175 Mobile: 9868027778 Tansen Marg, Mandi House, NIFT Campus, Near Gulmohar Park, Tel:26220367, 26227660 Reliance Computer Academy New Delhi-1 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 Delhi Insititute of Fashion 4/75, II Floor, Sector-4 Vaishali Tel: 23356139, 23718833 Tel: 26965080, 26866414 23, Raja Garden, New Delhi-15 Tel: 95120-2777111 National Institute of Fashion Tel: 25116362, Mobile: 9891343601 Mobile: 9810204340 Design Jamia Millia Islamia Media Mates Academy 100, New Rajdhani Enclave, Maulana Mohaommad Ali Jauhar B-10, II Floor, Central Market, Lajpat II Floor, Vikas Marg, Delhi-92 Marg, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi Nagar, New Delhi For Advertisement Tel: 22025001, Mobile: 9810059022 Tel: 26831717 Tel: 55350505 Mobile: 9212190040 Indraprastha College for Women Lisa Institute of Fashion Niit Leda (Multimedia) 31, Shamnath Marg, Daryaganj, G-86(Above Sagar Ratna), Preet A-3, Priya Dharshani Vihar, Delhi-92 Please New Delhi-1 Vihar, Vikas Marg, Delhi-92 Tel: 22446322 Tel: 23954085, 23954086 Tel: 22515714, 22429336 SAE Technology College Maharaja Agrasen College Pearl Academy of Fashion D-72, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 Call: 9810241130 Mayur Vihar, Pahese-I, Pkt-IV, Delhi A-21/13, Naraina Industrial Area, Tel: 51631195 Tel: 22716039 Phase-II, New Delhi-28 Tel: 5147764, 51417693-94

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26 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi Just Thnik !!! AA SportySporty EncounterEncounter

Indian Women's Hockey Team A surprise gold in Manchester announced the return of India’s international Hockey power, but in Melbourne they will be hoping to pick up a less controversial victory. Despite dominating the Asian competition, a disappointing appearance in Athens has left the squad more determined than ever to defend their Commonwealth champion status. http://www.melbourne2006.com.au

“ W omen’s hockey!” Mudit couldn’t believe it! Someone had made a film on women’s hockey and Dad was planning to take him to see it as a birthday treat! No way! He would be the laughing stock among his friends. “Dad, Can’t we go to see something else. Like Rush Hour 3” he asked his Dad. “I heard this one’s an extremely good film,” his father replied. “Actu- ally, Dad I don’t think there’s any need to spend so much money on a birthday treat.” Mudit was now desperate.

KalaShristi June-July, 2007 27 Just Thnik !!!

“I can buy my friends some ice cream or something.” ‘But Mudit, “The way he killed Shishupala with it.” “Krishna loved I’ve already bought the tickets. I’m sure it’ll be interesting” the discus and was skilled at it just as Arjuna & Karna were his Dad assured him. Mudit’s grandpa was watching the proficient at archery and Bhima, Balarama & even Duryodhana scene and realized something was wrong. “Hockey is as in- were expert with the gaddha (mace).” added Grandpa. “Didn’t teresting game as cricket, you know” he said quietly. Mudit women participate in any sports?” asked Easha. “Of course, was shocked. What was grandpa saying! Grandpa, who they did. never missed a single cricket match whether ODI or test se- ries. “Cricket can’t be compared to hockey.” He said, immedi- Women too excelled in sports like archery, quail fighting, ately. That’s true” said Grandpa. etc.” said grandpa. “Strangely, even Gautama Buddha, who preached non-violence, was an ace at archery, chariot-racing “But did you know that hockey is our national sport?” he and hammer-throwing.” He added. !” “If the ancient people pointed out, “Whereas cricket came to us from the Britishers”. who played the game did not call it hockey, why is it called so “And, I’m told, hockey is a very ancient game which has by us?” asked Mudit. “Hockey probably comes from the been played for centuries” Easha piped up. Mudit got even French word called ‘ hockie’, which comes from the French more annoyed at his sister’s interference. “As if you know word hocquet, “So, that means the French brought hockey anything about either hockey or cricket” into the modern world?” asked Easha. ‘No. he almost shouted at her. “Of course, I Strangely the modern game as we now play know!” she retorted, “We sometimes play it is actually field hockey, and was evolved hockey during PT period”. “You call what in the British Isles in the 19th century. It you play hockey. You don’t even hold the was popular English game adapted from the stick right” Mudit replied. “But, she’s right Irish game of hurling”. you know. Hockey was played even dur- ing the Egyptian civilization” Grandpa in- “So, hockey is a mixture of somany games tervened hastily. He could see Easha was from different regions?” asked Easha. “Yes.” beginning to feel bad. “Buried deep in said grandpa. “But no one plays hockey Egypt in the village of Beni Hasan, one here.”Protested Mudit.” He was still not tomb shows two men with sticks with convinced that hockey could be anyway curved ends and standing just like in a better than cricket. “Everyone plays cricket. hockey match” Grandpa continued. And, look at Sachin Tendulkar & Kapil Dev. They are such heroes”. “Beta, India were “Wow!” even Mudit couldn’t help feeling Olympic champions for 6 continuous years!” impressed. “Yes. Other civilizations like the ”Mind blowing!” exclaimed Mudit. He Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Persians and thought he should share all this with Aditya, Ethiopians played different variations of the the game. And his best friend. “And, Balbir Singh was the hero in Indian when Christopher Columbus found the New World, i.e. the hockey – who played in the Indian teams of 1948, 1952 and Americas, the Aztec Indians of Central America were all play- 1956 and scored 5 of the six goals during the finals in Helsinki ing a similar game, but they called it Cheuca “There are a lot in 1952 which India won 6-1!.” of ancient sports which we still play under different names” continued grandpa. “Like?” asked Easha. “Kabaddi, which Mudit was by now extremely impressed. Just then he sighted is an ancient game played to develop self-defense, quick Aditya with bat & ball “Coming to play cricket?” asked responses to attack, sharpen the reflexes. Today kabaddi Aditya. “No, I’m going to see ‘Chak De India” shouted Mudit. has gained international recognition.” said grandpa. “I read “What, that movie about women’s hockey?” asked Aditya, somewhere that ludo was also called Pachisi. Is it correct?” incredulously. “Its India’s national sport” replied Mudit asked Easha. “Yes. It was played by family members who proudly wanted some kind of entertainment during hot afternoons.” Shyamala mani Iyer “Actually, out ancient people were very conscious of the value of good health and exercise. Physical fitness was stressed in every religion, Hinduism, Buddhism or Islam. So, a lot of sports were played like archery, wrestling, called Mullayuddha, javelin throw, discus throw, etc which are all Share News, Views on art related Policies & part of the Olympics today.” “Krishna killed Kamsa in a Issues, Technological update and wrestling match” said Mudit, excitedly. He remembered the introduce Products with us. story of Krishna he had watched on television. “Yes. Krishna was expert at Mullyuddha, which means body combat. Bhima and Jarasandha were also expert wrestlers. Send details with high resolution images in (JPEG/TIFF/PDF) Two very important events in the Mahabharata are connected to [email protected] with wrestling – when Krishna killed Kamsa and when Bhima [email protected] killed Jarasandha.” explained grandpa. “Krishna was also wonderful with the Sudarshana chakra, wasn’t he?” asked 28 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi The Great Master NandalalNandalal BoseBose The Indian Great Master of 20th century

Died on April, the 16th 1966, in Calcutta.

Woman Commits Sati Painting by Bose shows a devoted wife undergoing Sati ritual.

Born in Bihar on December 1882, Nandlal Bose rose to become one of modern India’s

most important artists. A product of GCAC, Bose was mentored by Havell and

Abanindranath. His integrity and intent idealism were reflected as well as widened

with his nationalistic consciousness, his commitment for classical and folk art,

along with its underlying spirituality and symbolism, and a responsibility towards

shaping the self-consciousness, choices and moral virtues of the people. The early

philosophical inspirations came from Havell, Coomaraswamy and Sister Nivedita,

while his interactions with the Japanese painters in Calcutta influenced him to realize

the significance of the artistic heritage. KalaShristi June-July, 2007 29 The Great Master

the works of European masters (like Raphael’s Madonna) and the style of Raja Ravi Verma’s (as seen in Mahashveta). When he was yet feeling his way, Bose was elated when he suddenly recognized his future Guru, Abanindranath Tagore, from his paintings like ‘Buddha’ ‘Sujata’ and ‘Bajra-Mukut’

Too shy to ask Abanindranath to accept him as a disciple, Bose took his classmate Satyen to speak to the Guru on his Buddha, Yashodhara, and Rahul behalf. Bose went with some paintings. Not only Painting of Ajanta copied by artist Nandalal Bose Abanindranath Tagore, but Havell and Lala Iswari Prasad examined them and appreciated the maturity of lines and The Indian renaissance formed the full vision of the experimentation in his works. Some were copies of European magnificent yet ruined past in Abanindranath Tagore. paintings but among the originals ‘Mahasveta’ won Havell’s Though it was pervaded with western realism, its nostalgic admiration while ‘Ganesh’ won over Lala Iswari Prasad. milieu asserted more of the national and Pan-Asian culture than the topical issues. After this advent, therefore, an intense Bose picked up a lot from Abanindranath. His method of need was felt for identifying indigenous sources of teaching, simple and engaging as it was, enlivened the inspiration, and evolving a new artistic language, which classroom atmosphere and inspired rapt attention from his would wed art to life. The key role here belongs to Nandalal disciples. Stories from the history of India, the Ramayana Bose (1882-1966). and the Mahabharatha were woven into his classes. Buddha’s stories, Goddess Kali, Krishna, Shiva’s Thandava At fifteen, Nandalal went to Calcutta to continue his Dance narrated in the classes fired Bose’s imagination. There education. There he studied at the Central Collegiate School were others inspired by ‘Bethala Panchavimshathi’ stories. for his Entrance Examination and then joined the General ‘Sati’ was one of his works of this period, which won much Assembly College to study for the F. A. examination. But his praise passion remained art. All his time was spent collecting books and magazines to study the works of great painters. Even Bose’s original style was recognized by famous artists and the money meant for his school fees went into art. He failed art critics like Gaganendranath Tagore, Anand in the F. A. examination, then joined the Metropolitan College Coomaraswamy and 0. C.Ganguli. He was also greatly where again he did not pass the examination. Nothing encouraged by Sister Nivedita who became a great friend of persuaded him away from art. the artist.

Nandalal incessantly kept learning to paint, picking up model- Along with being a great painter, Nandalal Bose played a drawings, still-life, etc. from his cousin Atul Mitra, copying leading role in the renaissance of art in India along with Asit 30 June-July, 2007 KalaShristi The Great Master

Gandhari in Balcony

Kumar Halder, Surendranath Ganguli, Samarendra Gupta, complexity to his soulful washes. The Sabari cycle of Kshitindranath Majumdar, Surendranath Kar, K. Venkatappa, temperas, with their thick opaque pigments, exhibit a post- Hakim Mohammed Khan, Shailendranath Dey, Durga Simha impressionist inheritance, at the same time giving an etc, who were all inspired by Abanindranath Tagore. expressionistic impact with coarse, belligerent strokes and jagged areas. A transition from figuration to a dominance of Bose drew rich inspiration also from Rabindranath Tagore. landscapes was also spotted in his works in the 1930’s. Bose’s When he founded the Kala Bhavan in Santiniketan versatile experimentation blended all such inspirations Rabindranath invited Nandlal Bose to have a free hand with beautifully in his series on the ‘Chaitanya’, while the rural the institution. He said “rarely did one come across in one Bengali ‘pata’ influenced his vibrant depiction of village life person such a union of intelligence, sympathy, skill, in the ‘Haripura-Posters’. His skillful combination of experience and insight”. The Tagores left it to Bose to work stylization with the realistic pinnacled in the ‘Natir-Puja out a cogent agenda in the field of art and try them out in Murals’ and the free and sparse preparatory drawings. practice. Without going into the argumentation of modernism or post-modernism, Bose approached the situation in a home- Internally restless, Nandlal Bose always carried with him a spun way. His focus was on the awakening of the creative stack of blank cards, a slab of ink and brush. Ever sensitive potentials of each individual. to the stimuli surrounding him, he used to give in to his impulses to record these, recall old images and invent new Bose’s experimentation and versatility enfolded numerous ones, through small spontaneous sketches in monochrome. influences and traits. Ancient and folk traditions co-existed Nandalal Bose always kept the habit of realistic sketching with the naturalism and Modernist persuations. Tested on the spot and doing finished drawings of sceneries, people, conventions of art did not counter his involvement with animals and vegetation. Fundamental directness, seasoned actual life-people and impetus. Artistic subtleties and ethereal detail, a convincing overall finish and emotion marked his tones were frequently flavoured with vigor and energy. His expression. mellow, restrained washes allied with the rythmic, yet strong line dictating his compositions. Bose was relegated at times as a partisan idol, a prominent leader of the nationalist backlash against colonialism. Yet The historic artistic tradition of India coupled with several despite his nationalistic bent, Bose was not a defensive contemporary inspirations gave birth to an overlapping of antagonist. He aimed to nourish the source streams of India’s styles in Nandlal’s creativity. His school project of copying creative genius, so as to make its stand with the world healthy the Ajanta murals lent tranlusence and a classical linearity and fruitful to his style. Similarly, the emphasis on a unity between art and natural rusticity during the Kala Bhavan experience http://www.indianartcircle.com afforded the flat spaces of Mughal and Rajasthani traditions to his work, while the Sino-Japanese influences imparted KalaShristi June-July, 2007 31 EVENTS ! You can rely on us...... for various cultural events: Vocal Classical / Light Instrumental Classical / Light Fusion Dances Classical & Folk Theater

An Instrumental Light show by Kalakriti during an International Conference ‘eINDIA-2007’ at Taj Palace, New Delhi

A Fusion show by Kalakriti during an International Conference ‘eINDIA-2007’ at Taj Palace, New Delhi

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