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Histoire Ancienne De 'Ana' A, Atoll Des Tuamotu

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Histoire Ancienne De 'Ana' A, Atoll Des Tuamotu . ., ... Histoire ancienne de 7Ana7a, atoll des Tuamotu i 1. 1.. L’atoll de ’Ana’a dans l’archipel des Tuamotu situé à 17027’ de latitude Sud -et 14705’ de longitude est actuellement surtout connu des étrangers fréquentant l‘archipel des Tuamotu - souvent $es peintres - pour la beauté de son lagon dont le vert pâle se-reflète quelquefois dans-les nuages signalant de très loin aux capitaines des goëlettes la position de l’île basse. Pour les , . habitants des Tuamotu, ’Ana’a évoque d‘autres résonances, celles des courses sur la mer des féroces (( parata 1) : les guerriers anciens aux chevelures défaites, justement nommés d’après le nom de l’un des plus terrifiants requins mangeur d‘hommes. Le meilleure introduction à cet article serait sans doute la lecture des chapitres que dans ses (( Voyages aux Iles du Grand Océan )) J. A. Moeren- hout a consacré ?I ce qu’il appelle (( les îles archi,pélagiennes 1) et (( l’Archipel Dangereux 1) c’est-à-dirè aux Tuamotu et ?I ‘Ana’a alors connue sous le nom (( d’Ile ,de la Chaîne D. A cet égard la relation du 12 mars 1829 du ’Ana’a du tout début.de la période européenne au moment où les insulaires qui venaient . d‘adopter la religionchrétienne étaient supposés (( être doux et traitables )) est aussi dramatique que suggestive l. A juste titre l’Annuaire des Etablisse- ments Français de l‘Océanie publié en 1863, pouvait-il écrire que (( l’île d‘Anaa est toujours cinsidérée par les insulaires des Tuamotu comme la plus impor- tante de l’archipel )) signalant immédiatement & la suite qu’elle était la plus peuplée avec 1.300 habitants 2. ’Ana’a dont la population est aujourd’hui de I L’ordre de 400 habitants rasserqblés dans le seuLvillage de Tukuhora a effecti- -4 ..1? vement dans le passé été l’atoll le plus peuplé. L‘expédition navale américaine de 1838-1842 qui avait tenté un recensement de l’archipel l‘estimant à onnait 5.000 habitants. POU.’ elon Kenneth P. Emory HQUT :Voyages aux îles du Gra Reproduction de I’édition t2DCGVXXVII, par la Librairie Maisonneuve, Paris. tome premier, p. 176 . .. ^_I.--- ... .- I. .. r. ,. .. .. .- 0' alentours des années 1820, la plupart des (( prisonniers )) retournèrent dans les atolls dont ils étaient originaire. Aujourd’hui dans toutes les Tuamotu du Centre et de I’Ouestr !‘examen des généalogies du siècle dernier se rapportant ?I ?I cette même époque confirme largement ce fait par le nömbre de personnes nées & ’Ana’a qu’il s’agisse des captifs ou de leurs conjoints (souvent originaires de ’Ana’a). Au cours du XVIII~siècle, cette population se distribuait en cinq, ,. I- . ... .. 1 :; . de Taiaro avec son-oncle paternel qui avait pu lui tiansmettre son savoir. :;. -' .. ' .. ' Le " matériel reproduit est authentiquement polynésien et bien 'que frag- -, '-: i- mentaire constitue sans doute l'ensemble le plus 'complet dont on dispose, I . ,un atoll des Tuamotu. Certaines inconséquences sont caractéristiques de la ',,:. sf ition orale. Pour l'historien il s'agit sans"aucun doute d',un document brut , " . .. devra4tre soumis h. une sévère critique. Le caractère fragmentaire du- , . .^ atériel tient surtout à la manièr! dont Paea a-Avehe l'a, présénté, manière .. i. , . sentiellement polynésienne., Le récitant après avoir ìléclamé .,.un chant, -.: relève arbitrairement le nom de l'un des personnages. dont il: est- quèstion le récit et enchaîne immédiatement sur d'autres traditions concernant personnage, traditions qui 4 leur tour le lancent dans d'autrres' directions.* i. e' I1 est -inutile d'insister sur les inconvénients que présente èet enchaînement' r:' I.y '' de s,équences linéaires qui laissent de côté toutes les traditions se rapportant x.personnages ou événements négligés'. La seule méthode logique consist eirer systématiquement tous les noms et événements dont il est question . ' dans les-différents chants et récits et de'les reprendre les uns après les'autres en s'efforçant de rassembler toutes les connaissances qui s'y rapportent. -11 s'agit d'une exploration périphérique qui 'gagne de proche en proche, très similaire 8'celle utilisée .par C1. Le;vi-Strauss dans son traitement des mythes , indiens du Brésil (Le Cru et le Cuit):' t.évident. que'par ce seul fait les traditions de 'Ana'a 'sont incomplètes endant la div&ion des traditions ' - * en périodes (telles .qu'elles correspcndent aux'cliapîtres) introduit un correctif ""'.,' I..- ,I et permet en retraçant les' grandes époques.-de l'histoire -de 'Ana'a de fournir' 1.i'. ' . - un guide pour celle de l'eñsemble des TuamotÚ du Centre et de'l'Ouest régions ; qui ont toui ours subit les .conséquences. des.initiatiges leurs belliqueux et 1.:. .- . I . "., ... redoutables voisins. I. .. _. ", Les traductions - ont posés quelques pioblèmes. e est .nécessaire de . distinguer entre la tradition du texte et celle des chants qui figurent -dans %e texte. Le texte général comme il a été dit a.été recueilli par le Dr. Em,ory,en - . dialecte Paumotu, de largeS.parties ayant été d'ailleurs rédigées par Paea' a Avahe. L'originalité de Kenneth Emory a consisté (très consciemment) à suivre de très près la .tradition polynésienne avec le souci constant de sauve- ,* . garder les. expressions mêmes de ses informateurs évitant de trahir leurs pen- .. -. - sées mêmes 31fallait pour cëla accepter certaines confusions, La 'présente ,. , - traduction française' s'est conformée au même principe ,et 'a suivi les deux textes américain et paumotu. .Les chants dont-un certain nombre avàíent été traduits par le remarquable 6onnaisseur',.de la -langue polynésienne" qu'était Frank J. Stimson soulèvent des difficultés'toutes différentes. I1 s'agit de textes . I .:. :. ârchâYques qui pour la plupart ne sofit pratiquement plus compris aujourd'hui . g :;.::;; ~ ou au contraire. peuvent 'quelquefois -être compris de différentes manières, peut être selon des codes ordonnant les différentes significations en étages ; -. I . .,.; , .i .- . ,. , . _.. .. ..,. - .I. ..,_ . I - .. .. .-".- . -._.. .- . ', ' .- . , _'. I_ .-, ... t,. ,. " .., . :... ~ *" . : . ". .. .... .,... .. ._ I. 'I_. I . ' -' " . ' i... I . .. ~I ,- .. ..: ., , .^ , _. _. .- I j’ai retraduit autant que possible ces chants à partir du polynésien en m’aidant ‘ de la tradúction américaine et en suivant la version que Stimso-n avait sélectionné. La traduction française sans aucun doute beaucoup moins Poé; tique est néanmoins plus aisément utilisable. Enfin je tiens à remercier M. Bengt DaGelsson qui a pris la peine de revoir de très près le manuscrit français et avec lequel nous avons convenu d’un certain nombre de changements visant à rendre le texte plus clair et à l’alléguer tout en lui conservant sa valeur d‘échantillon. Certaines notes de Frank ‘ Stimson ont été revues et il leur a été substituées les définitions qu’il donne dans son dictionnaire posthume 2. Des chants très dificiles à traduire dont on ne pouvait être-sûr ont été supprimés. Suivant l’avis de Bengt Danielsson que les Européens. Ceci ressort a, ancien nom de ’Ana’a qui se r s .\ Mapu répondit ;(( teie kautira ioMap-o lei kokotì i nga peautngaru e hitu no Nganaia 1) (( c'est l'embarcation de 'Mapu qui a traversé les sept vàgues de )). ._<t- 'Ana'a Te Manava accueillit paisiblement les nouveaux arrivés parce qu'ils (( appartenaient )) (?) h 'Ana'a. C'est ainsi que Mapu Tererere put débarquer à.Kakavere dans ¡e' district de Tekahora. (Ce terme de kakavire qui.signifie K s'entortiller sur soi même comme une feuille de pandanus séchée sur le feu )). vient de ce-bue la pirogue .de .Mapu avait été amarée 'à cet .endroit .pã. .une .I 2 corde .de pandanus ainsi traitée). .\., . '. .._m ,. " Dans cette relation, Te-ipol'i-teKura' qui accompagna Te-ípo-'i-te-Marama .'semble: etre Te-KÚra, ,la. .mère.- de Tangihia,: ancêtre .éponyme du premier I ' ngäti '.de 'Ana'a'z.. Paea -dit '@e- Te-Kura.' venait d'un monde supérieur non' humain .appelé Paparang (no.rungü mui ki te 'papdrangi)'3. Elle vivait .seule ' dans la partie immergée de'l'île jusqu'au jour. où Nganä un être fabuleux sur- gissant de sa. demeure sous-marine située .dans-la mer.> la base'de '.Ana's ' voulut la prendre pour .femme: Te-Kura désirait' aup&ava,nt. obt& le '. consentement de ses frères qui vivaient loin sur l'océan. Impatient, Nganä la saisit et était sur le point de l'entraîner avec lui sous terre à Havaiki lorsque . les frères de Te-Kura les rejoignirent. Ils .combattirent et .Nganä ramené 5 la surface sur la terre de .'Ana's fut mis en pièces. C'est pour cela qúe l'île-fut appelée Ganä mot altéré par Ia suite en 'Ana'a ;jusqu'alors elle était nommée Hae-rangi 4. '- . .. '. .. .- 1. Mapu Teretere dont il va ètre' à nouveau. question est considéré tantôt comme bri- ginaire des Iles sous le Vent dans l'Archipel de la Société, tantôt comme originaire de "... Marangai dans les 1ointaines.Tuamotu'de l'Est: I1 est probable qu'il s'agit dsdeux per- -. sonnes différentes et il se produit assez souvent des confusions. .* I. 2. Pour la définition de ngüti qui se rapporte' à un groupement de descendance localisé . ,-', .. *: , voir note 13. " I. , .. ., ' D'après Frank STIMSONPaparangi signifie' (( le niveau Te plus bas du ciel, le ciel 3. .. demeure du Dieu Atea. p. ' , ." 4. Le passage de'Nganaia ou Nganä à"Ana's ne s'explique pas. Bengt:Danielsson . pense que les premiers'missiopnairesvoulantmarquer la longueur du second (( a ? de Nganä. _: . .. p,- .. .. '. : I) I a,.. ._ .i . L. .... - ., -1 .- .: fi - , '. , .. ... ,, . ,, - ..%, , ..... -. " .... -_ ,. , .. .* I. ., , * .... F. ~ 'I ,. - I . I. .. , .. s'agit que de 'Anala : -- des tempêtes. Des génies d'ordre inférieur prenant d'après ses ordres la forme it. a riche possess ré, demeure des .._* . .1 .* - . 'sociÉTB DES OCÉANISTES:. 4. - .les généalogies Te-Kura de la compagne de TeiUhi-tara-mea.
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