Preface Gregor Johann Mendel, an Austrian priest (1822-1884), discovered universal heredity rules, i.e. the "Mendel's laws," in the 19th century. With a few exceptions, not only the horses but also the humans receive their own genes from their parents under the said laws. Nevertheless, we may be unrestrained when discussing the breeding of Thoroughbred, so that the laws established even more than one century ago is likely to be ignored. It is possible to trace the Thoroughbred's pedigree back to around 1700, but the fact that the records of those days are suspicious has been coming out after detailed scientific verification. I have heard a proverb saying, "History is a fabrication generally accepted." Still, are you going to overlook such suspicious records? Taking account of the foregoing, I would like to discuss the topics of the following chapters, provided that they are based on the contents of the previous version of this book adding some new opinions, containing the articles that I wrote for some publications. 1. What Is Scientific Importance of Dam Lineage? 2.What Is Truth in Pedigree Record? 3. What Is Heredity Mechanism of Coat Color? 4. What Is Inbreeding? 5. What ls Truth in All Sorts of Pedigree Theories? 6. What ls Essential to Future Breeding in Japan? 1. What Is Scientific Importance of Dam Linease? Seekinq Better Layout of Tree Diagram When you look up some noun word, the paper dictionary will instantly give you many of not only the related words, e.g. the forms of verb, adverb and adjective, but the relevant idioms, illustrative sentences, etc., as well as the meaning of the original word. Meanwhile, the electronic dictionary will not do so due to its limited screen size. The foregoing goes for the Thoroughbred's pedigree. For instance, each page of "FAMILY TABLES OF RACEHORSES VOL.IV" shows the detailed tree diagram of each dam lineage, which makes you easily make out the degree of the lineage's prosperity. Howeveq not only the ordinary racing fans but also the breeders would not browse "THOROUGHBRED FAMILY TABLES IN JAPAN" very much, to say nothing of "FAMILY TABLES OF RACEHORSES" that is expensive, limited in quantity and all written in English. Taking it into account, this book is made up as a brief version of them in a sense, containing the dam lineages of all the winners of GI races from January 2013 through June 2017 (as well as the winners of Japanese GI races born in or after 2001) for this edition. As far as the Japan's Gl winners of 2016 are concerned, Makahiki, the winner of Tokyo Yushun (Japanese Derby), and Satono Diamond, the winner of both Kikuka Sho and Arima Kinen, are of the Argentine dam lineage. The Japan's breeding circles swept by the genes of Sunday Silence will more accelerate import of mares of unrelated lineages from South America etc. in order to avoid the risky inbreeding. Nevertheless, the Japan's racing circles are especially lacking in the pedigree information of South America and Oceania. Therefore, I take great pains collecting the maternal pedigree information of the Gl winners of those countries when adding them to the tree diagrams of dam lineages. The layout of the tree diagrams of this book is settled after a great deal of trial and erroq and thus it - 4l- sometimes takes half a day when adding only one GI winner to the diagram for seeking the better layout. Mitochondrion as Profound Organelle The importance of maternal lineage has been well acknowledged. However, have you ever considered the scientific grounds of it? "Mitochondrion" is organelle, which you must have learned at school. Meanwhile, both humans and horses respire, of course. The "respiration" means gaining energy from organic matter such as carbohydrate, fat, protein, etc. resulting in synthesizing adenosine triphosphate as called "ATP." ATP stores up highly-efficient energy and internally distributes it into every organ for living, that is to say, "stamina source," which is synthesized at mitochondrion. Genes exist in given chromosomes (DNA) in nucleus, a half of which are from its father and the other of which are from its mother. In other words, a life comes into existence by fertilization of a sperm and a ovum. In spite of the foregoing, mitochondrion has its own genes as well, which suggests that it was an individual organism; thus it is considered that the larger organism "cell" took in the smaller mitochondrion around two billion years ago. Both human and equine mitochondria are said to have a given number of their own genes related to the athletic ability, according to the latest scientific report. The mitochondrial genes are maternally inherited, as so-called the "maternal inheritance," which is an exception of the "Mendel's laws." Of course, sperm has its own mitochondrion as well as the mitochondrial genes, but the said genes are especially selected for dissolution immediately after fertilization. It is biologically assumed so far that sperm becomes exhausted after pushing forward to ovum with its flagellum moved vehemently and such exhaustion deadly damages the genes concerned. It is considered that such damaged genes will adversely affect the offspring and therefore be forced out in full conformity with Nature.It reminds us of such father as devoted to his family just working, working and working away, but finally walked out on... Under the circumstances, the respective genetic quantities inherited from the respective great-grandams, which are (i) dam of sire of sire, (ii) dam of dam of sire, (iii) dam of sire of dam and (iv) dam of dam of dam, are equal, i.e. l2.5Yo, but the mitochondrial genes are inherited from (iv) only. "Sire Lineage" having its ups and downs is merely forthe sake of classification of the respective sub-lineages in a sense, while "Dam Lineage" definitely carries a meaning in genetics, i.e. biology. Tracing the maternal line of Cold Ship, i.e. back to Point Flag, Pastoralism, Tokuno Eighty..., the name of Fairy Maiden (born in 1924) imported to Japan by Shimofusa Coryo Farm early in the Showa era will come out as the Eth dam (on the page 16-h-l of this book). The lineage of Fairy Maiden produced Kumohata and Haku Chikara as the first-rate stars around the World War ll. Tracing the matemal line of Special Week, i.e. back to Campaign Girl, Lady Shiraoki, Miss Ashiyagawa..., tracing the matemal line of Meisho Samson, i.e. back to My Vivien, Will Princess, Yell..., or tracing the maternal line of Vodka, i.e. back to Tanino Sister, Energy Tosho, Comice Tosho..., the name of Florries Cup (bom in 1904) imported to Japan by Koiwai Farm in the Meiji era will come out as the gth, lOth or llth dam ofeach ones (on the page 3-l-1). The lineage ofFlorries Cup produced Katsurano Haiseiko, Nihon Pillow Winner. etc. as well as Kodama that is the first-rate star horse about halfa century ago. The quantity of Vodka's genes inherited from her 11th dam Florries Cup, i.e. the receiving quantity of the genes in nucleus, is (1/2)'r:112048 +0.059/0, i.e. nearly zero; however, Vodka inherited all the mitochondrialgenes of Florries Cup through her 1st,2nd,3rd,4th,5th, 6th,7th,8th,gth and lOth dams. As you know, the "dam Vodka" is capable of making the lineage of Florries Cup more thriving. 42 Mystery about Maternal Inheritance "Biwa Hayahide and Narita Brian," "Phalaenopsis and Kizuna" and "Galileo and Sea the Stars" are the first-rate half-siblings having different sires, respectively. A dam can give birth about ten times at the very most. Remember that even a first-rate sire hardly produces plural first-rate crops by its first ten mating, so thatthe above-mentioned half-siblings can be deemed the fruits of "matemal power," which can catch glimpses of mitochondrion. A question has just arisen. There are various maternal lines even in a given lineage. some of which often produce a lot of first-rate horses, but some of which hardly produce them, for instance. Does it mean that the genes of certain lines have been mutated favorably? If such a mutation did not come about, all the horses of a given maternal lineage must have the identical genes, and it might be just as well to refer to any of the horses of the maternal line of Florries Cup as "the one of Lineage 3" accordingly. The "maternal power" of Urban Sea as well as her German matemal line is perceived through the two Epsom Derby winners, i.e. Galileo and Sea the Stars. Urban Sea is of Lineage 9. Notwithstanding, do you perceive the said power through any dams of Lineage 9? Urban Sea produced four GI winners and many of her close maternal relatives are the first-rate such as her half-brother King's Best that is the winner of the Two Thousand Guineas; therefore, such a line is considered most extraordinary. In the meantime, a few papers report that there are some mismatches within the mitochondrial genes of the Lineage t horses, which is detailed in the following chapter "2. What Is Truth in Pedigree Record?" Furthermore, Pacificus, which is the dam of Biwa Hayahide and Narita Brian, and Catequil, which is the dam of Phalaenopsis and Kizun4 are half-siblings, that is, there are many first-rate ones in the close maternal relatives of them. Even if you explain that the said fact is because such sires as having high compatibility with the maternal line concemed were mated to the dams of the said line repeatedly, it will be still insufficient anyway.