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Future Skills in a Digital World Skills of the Intelligence Age Contents Future Skills in a Digital World Skills of the Intelligence Age Contents 1 Critical thinking 1 1.1 History ................................................. 1 1.2 Etymology ............................................... 1 1.3 Definitions ............................................... 1 1.4 Logic and rationality .......................................... 2 1.4.1 Inductive versus deductive thinking .............................. 2 1.4.2 Critical thinking and rationality ................................ 2 1.5 Functions ............................................... 2 1.6 Procedure ............................................... 2 1.7 Habits or traits of mind ........................................ 3 1.8 Research ................................................ 3 1.9 Education ............................................... 3 1.9.1 Efficacy ............................................ 4 1.10 Importance in academia ........................................ 4 1.11 See also ................................................ 5 1.12 References ............................................... 5 1.13 Further reading ............................................ 6 1.14 External links ............................................. 7 2 Intellectual honesty 8 2.1 See also ................................................ 8 2.2 References ............................................... 8 2.3 Further reading ............................................ 8 3 Collaboration 9 3.1 Classical examples of collaboration .................................. 9 3.1.1 Trade ............................................. 9 3.1.2 Community organization ................................... 10 3.1.3 Collaboration under capitalism ................................ 10 3.1.4 Game theory ......................................... 10 3.1.5 Military-industrial complex .................................. 10 3.1.6 Project management ..................................... 11 3.1.7 Academia ........................................... 11 i ii CONTENTS 3.1.8 Classical music ........................................ 12 3.2 Contemporary examples ........................................ 12 3.2.1 Arts .............................................. 12 3.2.2 Ballet ............................................. 13 3.2.3 Business ............................................ 13 3.2.4 Education ........................................... 13 3.2.5 Music ............................................. 14 3.2.6 Entertainment ......................................... 14 3.2.7 Publishing ........................................... 15 3.2.8 Science ............................................ 15 3.2.9 Medicine ........................................... 15 3.2.10 Technology .......................................... 15 3.3 Wartime collaboration ........................................ 16 3.4 See also ................................................ 16 3.5 References ............................................... 17 3.6 Further reading ............................................ 18 4 Observation 19 4.1 Observation in science ......................................... 19 4.2 Observational paradoxes ........................................ 20 4.3 Biases ................................................. 20 4.3.1 Confirmation bias ....................................... 20 4.3.2 “Cargo cult” science ...................................... 20 4.3.3 Processing bias ........................................ 21 4.3.4 Observational bias ....................................... 21 4.4 Observations in philosophy ...................................... 21 4.5 See also ................................................ 21 4.6 References ............................................... 21 5 Attention 23 5.1 Contemporary definition and research ................................. 23 5.2 Selective and visual .......................................... 24 5.3 Neuropsychological model ....................................... 24 5.4 Multitasking and divided ....................................... 25 5.5 Simultaneous ............................................. 25 5.6 Alternative topics and discussions ................................... 25 5.6.1 Overt and covert orienting .................................. 26 5.6.2 Exogenous and endogenous orienting ............................. 26 5.6.3 Influence of processing load .................................. 27 5.6.4 Clinical model ......................................... 27 5.6.5 Neural correlates ....................................... 27 5.6.6 Cultural variation ....................................... 28 CONTENTS iii 5.6.7 Modelling ........................................... 29 5.6.8 Hemispatial neglect ...................................... 29 5.6.9 Attention in social contexts .................................. 29 5.7 History of the study .......................................... 29 5.7.1 Philosophical period ..................................... 29 5.7.2 1860–1909 .......................................... 30 5.7.3 1910–1949 .......................................... 30 5.7.4 1950–1974 .......................................... 31 5.8 See also ................................................ 31 5.9 References ............................................... 32 5.10 Sources ................................................ 35 5.11 Further reading ............................................ 35 6 Awareness 36 6.1 Concept ................................................ 36 6.2 Self-awareness ............................................. 36 6.3 Neuroscience ............................................. 36 6.3.1 Basic awareness ........................................ 36 6.3.2 Basic interests ......................................... 36 6.3.3 Changes in awareness ..................................... 36 6.4 Living systems view .......................................... 37 6.5 Communications and information systems .............................. 37 6.6 Covert awareness ........................................... 37 6.7 Other uses ............................................... 37 6.8 See also ................................................ 38 6.9 References ............................................... 38 6.10 External links ............................................. 38 7 Organizing Knowledge Cognitively 39 7.1 Concepts ............................................... 39 7.2 Feature Lists ............................................. 39 7.3 Prototypes .............................................. 39 7.4 Exemplars ............................................... 39 7.5 Schemes and Scripts ......................................... 39 7.6 Personal Theories ........................................... 40 7.7 External links ............................................. 40 8 Organizing (management) 41 8.1 History ................................................. 41 8.2 Characteristics ............................................ 41 8.3 Purpose ................................................ 41 8.4 Applications .............................................. 42 iv CONTENTS 8.4.1 Structure ........................................... 42 8.4.2 Work specialization ...................................... 42 8.4.3 Chain of command ...................................... 42 8.4.4 Authority, responsibility, and accountability ......................... 42 8.4.5 Delegation ........................................... 42 8.4.6 Types of authority (and responsibility) ............................ 42 8.4.7 Span of management ..................................... 43 8.4.8 Tall versus flat structure .................................... 43 8.4.9 Centralization, decentralization, and formalization ...................... 43 8.4.10 Departmentalization ...................................... 43 8.4.11 Importance of organizing ................................... 43 8.5 See also ................................................ 43 8.6 References ............................................... 43 9 Goal setting 44 9.1 History ................................................. 44 9.2 Concept ................................................ 44 9.3 Goal commitment ........................................... 44 9.3.1 Goal–performance relationship ................................ 45 9.3.2 Feedback ........................................... 45 9.3.3 Honing goal setting using temporal motivation theory .................... 45 9.3.4 Employee motivation ..................................... 45 9.4 In business ............................................... 46 9.5 In personal life ............................................. 46 9.6 Limitations .............................................. 46 9.7 Developments in theory ........................................ 46 9.7.1 Goal choice .......................................... 46 9.7.2 Learning goals ........................................ 46 9.7.3 Framing ............................................ 47 9.7.4 Affect ............................................. 47 9.7.5 Group goals .......................................... 47 9.7.6 Goals and traits ........................................ 47 9.7.7 Macro-level goals ....................................... 47 9.7.8 Goals and subconscious priming ............................... 47 9.7.9 General action and inaction goals ............................... 47 9.8 See also ................................................ 47 9.9 References ............................................... 48 10 Personal development 51 10.1 Overview ..............................................
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