Tubulanus Sexlineatus Class: Anopla Order: Paleonemertea the Six-Lined Ribbon Worm Family: Tubulanidae

Phylum: Nemertea Tubulanus sexlineatus Class: Anopla Order: Paleonemertea The six-lined ribbon worm Family: Tubulanidae

Taxonomy: The genera Tubulanus and from which it is separated by a Carinella were described by Renier (1804) constriction (Fig. 2b). Distinct dark and Johnson (1833), respectively, and were cephalic furrows extend from sub- synonymized by Bürger in 1904 (Gibson terminal proboscis pore (Figs. 2b, 2c), 1995). Melville (1986) and the International and lateral transverse grooves are Code of Zoological Nomenclature determined present just above the constriction that the family name Tubulanidae takes which separates head from trunk (Fig. precedence over its senior subjective 2b) (Order Paleonemertea). Well- synonym Carinellidae (Ritger and Norenburg developed cerebral sense organs 2006). Synonyms for T. sexlineatus include (sensory pits and dorsal grooves) and C. sexlineata and C. dinema. lateral sense organs (rounded pits next to fifth horizontal ring) (Figs. 1, 3) Description are present. Nephridia are well Size: Individuals are 20 cm in length, on developed and exit via pores near the average, but can extend to 1 m (Haderlie anterior end of the lateral sense organ 1975; Griffin 1898). The illustrated specimen (Coe 1905) (Fig. 3). 25 cm in length and 1.5–2 cm in width (from Posterior: Flattened and light in color Coos Bay). around anal pore. No caudal cirrus Color: Most commonly dark brown with more (Fig. 1). than 150 regular horizontal bands and 5–6 Eyes/Eyespots: No ocelli (Order longitudinal lines (Coe 1905). One of these Paleonemertea). lines is mid-dorsal and two are dorso-lateral. Mouth: Directly behind brain (Class Anopla) Two are ventral, dividing ventrum into three and not connected to proboscis pore. Mouth parts (Fig. 2b). If six lines are present, the is situated ventrally just behind transverse sixth is a faint mid-ventral line. Horizontal grooves (Fig. 2b) (Haderlie 1975) and bands begin at the tip of the head and only between horizontal pigment bands one and about half of them continue down through the two (Griffin 1898). lateral edge to the ventrum (Fig. 3). Bands Proboscis: Eversible (phylum Nemertea) are sometimes very wide in mid-section. The and, when not everted, coiled inside longitudinal lines vary in extension and are rhynchocoel (cavity). Proboscis short, without occasionally broken into spots (Griffin 1898; stylets (class Anopla) and rhynchocoel less Haderlie 1980). than half body length. Proboscis pore sub- General Morphology: Soft, elongate, non- terminal (Fig. 2b). segmented (Phylum Nemertea) (Fig. 1). Tube/Burrow: Their long, white, rather Body: Cylindrical body can be slightly transparent and tough tubes open at both flattened posteriorly (Order Paleonemertea; ends (Fig. 4) and are secreted by worm's Heteronemertea are often flat and ribbonlike, epidermis (Coe 1905). see Cerebratulus). Anterior: Head blunt, not snake-like Possible Misidentifications (order Paleonemertea) and not The brown color of Tubulanus completely retractable into body. sexlineatus, with both vertical and horizontal Often flattened dorsoventrally and markings, is quite distinctive, especially in disc-like. Head is wider than trunk, nemerteans without ocelli or lateral cephalic

A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12652 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected] grooves. There are several other species of Juvenile: Tubulanus in our area of which T. Longevity: sexlineatus and T polymorphus are most Growth Rate: The growth rate of most common and are recognizable from one nemerteans is unknown, however, most another by their dramatically differing species have some regenerative ability. pigment. The latter species is bright orange Tubulanus sexlineatus and T. polymorphus and lacks lines. Those with surface patterns are known to regenerate both anterior and which may provide a possible posterior ends (T. Hiebert, pers. obs.) misidentification include: T. cingulatus, Food: Predatory on polychaetes. which is deep brown with white rings, but has Predators: only four longitudinal lines, not 5–6 and is Behavior: subtidal; T. capistratus, is slender and brown with many narrow white rings but only three Bibliography longitudinal lines and is up to 1 m in length; T. albocinctus is deep red with many narrow 1. COE, W. R. 1905. Nemerteans of the white rings, but without any longitudinal lines. west and northwest coasts of North Because of the many identifying America. Bulletin of the Museum at characteristics, which are internal and not Harvard College. xlvii:1-318. visible, it is sometimes very difficult to 2. GIBSON, R. 1995. Nemertean genera distinguish among nemerteans without and species of the world: an annotated dissecting them. Ways in which the worms checklist of original names and flatten, contract, and coil are useful as aids description citation, synonyms, current to identification of live specimens. taxonomic status, habitats and recorded zoogeographic distribution. Ecological Information Journal of Natural History. 29:271-562. Range: Described by Griffin from specimens 3. GRIFFIN, B. B. 1898. Description of collected in Puget Sound, Washington and some marine nemerteans of Puget Alaska (Griffin 1898). Known range includes Sound and Alaska. Annals of the New Alaska to southern California (Coe 1905). York Academy of Sciences. xi:pp. 193- Local Distribution: Coos Bay sites in spoil 218. islands of lower bay and the open coast of 4. HADERLIE, E. C. 1975. Phylum Cape Arago. Nemertea (Rhynchocoela), p. 112- Habitat: Occurs in tubes among algae, 120. In: Light's manual: intertidal mussels, under rocks and on pilings. invertebrates of the central California Salinity: Collected locally at salinity of 30. coast. S. F. Light, R. I. Smith, and J. T. Temperature: Carlton (eds.). University of California Tidal Level: Intertidal (Coe 1905) and Press, Berkeley. collected at about +0.3 m. 5. —. 1980. Polychaeta: The Marine Associates: Found with terebellids and the annelid worms, p. 448-489. In: polynoid polychaete, Halosydna brevisetosa. Intertidal invertebrates of California. R. Abundance: Rather common (Coe 1905). H. Morris, D. P. Abbott, and E. C. Haderlie (eds.). Stanford University Life-History Information Press, Stanford, CA. Reproduction: The reproduction and 6. NORENBURG, J. L., and S. A. development of T. sexlineatus is not known. STRICKER. 2002. Phylum Nemertea, Larva: The larval development of T. p. 163-177. In: Atlas of marine sexlineatus is not currently known, but is invertebrate larvae. C. M. Young, M. suspected to have a planktotrophic, A. Sewall, and M. E. Rice (eds.). planuliform larva (Norenburg and Stricker Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 2002) with lateral cirri, as is observed in other 7. RITGER, R. K., and J. L. Tubulanus larvae (T. Hiebert, pers. obs.). NORENBURG. 2006. Tubulanus

Hiebert, T.C. and L. Hiebert. 2015. Tubulanus sexlineatus. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. riceae new species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae), from south Florida, Belize and Panama. Journal of Natural History. 40:931-942.