Vol. 29 / No. 3 / Fall 2019

IndependentNEWSLETTER OF THE

Give Seniors the Fairness They Deserve

IN THIS ISSUE By John C. Goodman

1 Give Seniors the America’s senior citizens suffer discrimination Fairness They Deserve from several unwise government policies. Social Security recipients lose benefits if they earn even a modest amount of wage in- 2 Executive Director’s come. Their savings is often double taxed. Medicare won’t let seniors Letter consult with doctors via email or iPhone. Nor can they have a Health Savings Account to pay bills not covered by health insurance. And 3 New Book: millions lose out on Social Security and Medicare benefits they’ve Liberty in Peril worked and paid for because they can’t navigate the complexities. Here’s how America can treat seniors better: Bring Social Security into the 21st Century. Roughly 90 percent 4 Independent Institute of seniors begin collecting Social Security benefits before they reach in the News the full retirement age. Yet if they get a job and earn one dollar more than $17,640, they will lose 50 cents in Social Security benefits due 5 The Independent to the earnings penalty. Review: Is Social When Social Security’s earnings penalty is combined with the Social Security benefits tax and other taxes, middle-income senior workers Justice Just? can lose as much as 95 cents of every dollar of wages—the highest tax rate in the nation. 6 Golden Fleece® Award: These nonsensical taxes are unfair—and unnecessary. We could Housing Aff ordability abolish the earnings penalty tomorrow without any net loss of revenue Crisis for the government. Stop the double taxation of senior savings. By pushing up tax rates on pension income, IRA withdrawals, and capital gains and 7 Jordan B. Peterson on dividend income, the Social Security benefits tax also creates unfair Individual Sovereignty double taxation on savings. One way that seniors might avoid this problem is to stop making 8 Sharing Pathways to IRA withdrawals—leaving the funds until they are really needed, or Free Societies maybe passing the assets on to their children. But beginning at age 70½, federal law requires mandatory withdrawals from IRAs and other tax-favored accounts, which are then subject to punitive taxation. In a country with too little saving, too much borrowing, and too much debt, anti-savings policies make no economic sense. Bring Medicare into the 21st Century. Seniors are held hostage by antiquated laws that prevent them from talking to their doctors by phone or email, the way many non-seniors do. One way to modernize the system is to end the restrictions that prevent Medicare Advantage plans and Accountable Care Organizations from taking full advantage of telemedicine. Also, Medicare should allow for (continued on page 7)

John C. Goodman is a senior fellow at the Independent Institute, President of the Goodman Institute, and author of the forthcoming Independent Institute Th e Power of Independent Th inking book, Care for America: A Better Social Safety Net. An earlier version of this INDEPENDENT.ORG column ran in Forbes, 4/15/19. 2 INDEPENDENT

Executive Director’s Letter “Leave us alone so we can be together.”

this arises without being dictated their own,” then the situation is ripe by bureaucrats. A free society is for the abusive extension of state like choosing your own schoolyard power. Nature abhors a vacuum. friends rather than having the Totalitarianism, whether in its teacher assign them to you. socialist or fascist forms, exploits Historically, this reflects a “classi- such vacuums. The cardinal sin cal liberal” outlook. Part of the ge- of totalitarianism is to insist that nius of this outlook is to distinguish society conform to the state and society from the state: It is not the to require that culture—indeed, role of the state (i.e., government human nature itself—reflect gov- power) to control society or to de- ernment policy. But human nature GRAHAM H. WALKER termine its features. The state can is not a creation of the state, and Executive Director stifle society but cannot create it, should not be under the thumb of At the Independent Institute, we be- because society is the flowering of the state or public policy. lieve that individual liberty—in the human freedom. Therefore lovers of liberty want context of constitutionally limited It would be a mistake to try, more than just limits on govern- government and free markets—pro- somehow in the name of freedom, ment power; we also want to foster duces great results. to liberate individuals from the influ- a society with a humane culture. Our defense of individual liberty ence of society—family, community, We celebrate the many ways that does not arise out of a philosophy faith, art, etc. That would scarcely be people provide for the common that says to the world, “Leave me human! Human dignity shows itself good without resorting to govern- alone.” Rather, we defend liberty best when we bind ourselves freely to ment—successful profit-making from a philosophy that says specif- one another in affection or at least businesses, of course, and also a ically to the government, “Leave us respect and mutual tolerance. In this multitude of other ventures like alone so we can be together.” way we fulfill the ethical framework cooperatives, philanthropies, pri- Where individuals are free and of natural law, and we forge natural, vate medical insurance pools, and government is limited, people have living links to those who went before NGOs of all kind. the incentive to engage in commer- us and to generations yet to come. Our now-classic book, The Vol- cial transactions for mutual benefit. The point of liberty is not to untary City: Choice, Community, They also have the leeway to estab- protect the individual against the and Civil Society, set forth non- lish educational, artistic, familial, influence of society but rather governmental cooperative solutions and religious relationships that are against the coercion of the state. even in areas where most people not transactional—relationships The stronger civil society is, the think only of government—such that often involve self-sacrifice for less need there is for coercive state as in urban planning, courts, po- others, especially children. All of power. Conversely, when the vol- licing, and education. At the risk of untary bonds of mutual association oversimplification, the message can weaken, and individuals are “on be distilled to one sentence: “Thank you, teacher, but I’ll choose my

EXECUTIVE STAFF own friends—lots of them!” David J. Th eroux Founder, President, George B. N. Ayittey and Chief Executive Offi cer Senior Fellow Mary L. G. Th eroux Bruce L. Benson Senior Vice President Senior Fellow Sally S. Harris Martin Buerger Ivan Eland President, Saint James Place, Inc. Senior Fellow Herman Belz Vice President and Sarah A. O’Dowd Professor of History, Chief Financial Offi cer Senior Vice President, Williamson M. Evers Lam Research Corporation University of Maryland Graham H. Walker Senior Fellow Thomas Bethell Executive Director John C. Goodman Gary G. Schlarbaum, Author, The Noblest Triumph: Property William F. Shughart II Senior Fellow Ph.D., CFA and Prosperity Through the Ages Research Director and Senior Fellow Managing Director, Stephen P. Halbrook Palliser Bay Investment Management Boudewijn Bouckaert Christopher B. Briggs Senior Fellow Professor of Law, Senior Director of Publications Lawrence J. McQuillan Susan Solinsky University of Ghent, Belgium and Public Aff airs Senior Fellow Co-Founder, Vital Score Allan C. Carlson Carl P. Close Benjamin Powell David J. Teece, Ph.D. President Emeritus, Howard Center for Research Fellow, Executive Editor for Senior Fellow Chairman and CEO, Family, Religion, and Society Acquisitions and Content Berkeley Research Group, LLC Randy T Simmons Robert D. Cooter Paul J. Theroux Senior Fellow David J. Theroux Herman F. Selvin Professor of Law, Technology Director Founder and President, University of California, Berkeley Alexander Tabarrok The Independent Institute Stephen Thompson Senior Fellow Robert W. Crandall Development Editor, Books Mary L. G. Theroux Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution Alvaro Vargas Llosa Former Chairman, Garvey International Alisha Luther Senior Fellow Richard A. Epstein Manager, Marketing, Sales and Events New York University Richard K. Vedder BOARD OF ADVISORS Robert M. Whaples Senior Fellow A. Ernest Fitzgerald Managing Editor and Co-Editor, Author, The High Priests of Waste The Independent Review Leszak Balcerowicz Professor of Economics, George F. Gilder Christopher J. Coyne BOARD OF DIRECTORS Warsaw School of Economics Senior Fellow, Discovery Institute Co-Editor, The Independent Review John Hagel III, J.D. Jonathan J. Bean Steve H. Hanke Michael C. Munger Co-Chairman, Center for the Edge, Professor of History, Professor of Applied Economics, Co-Editor, The Independent Review Deloitte & Touche USA LLC Southern Illinois University Johns Hopkins University Newsletter of the Independent Institute 3

NEW BOOK Randall G. Holcombe Liberty in Peril: Liberty in Democracy and Power in American History Peril DemocracY The United States of Amer- promote people’s and Power ica was, in Lincoln’s famous economic well-be- in American words, “conceived in liberty.” ing while also pro- History Within two centuries, how- tecting their rights. M ever, a different lodestar had At first, they aimed foreword by Barry R. Weingast become fixed in the cultural mainly at limiting INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE firmament: the political prin- the economic power of the new industrialists, ciple of “democracy” (major- but soon they sought to create and expand ity rule). This move from liberty to democracy was government programs like Social Security for a seismic shift in the political landscape. older Americans, and welfare programs that Liberty in Peril: Democracy and Power in targeted the economically disadvantaged, even American History, by Independent Institute Research as such programs crowded out more effective Fellow Randall G. Holcombe with a foreword by private, mutual aid and other institutions. Barry R. Weingast, tells the story of this monumental • President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society was the transformation—and its negative effects on the consti- triumph of democracy. Until the 1960s, the federal tutional imperative to protect individual rights from government expanded in scope and power mainly government abuses, no matter how “citizen-driven” and in response to what people perceived were major “democratic” those abuses may be. In doing so, Hol- problems. In contrast, the Great Society reforms combe provides readers with a powerful lens through were enacted at a time when things were getting which to see hidden ramifications of the latest news better. They established anti-poverty programs headlines, opinion polls, court decisions, and political as poverty rates were falling and health care trends, as well as insights for a better understanding of programs as health indicators and life expectancy American history. Here are a few highlights: were improving. The Great Society programs • Pundits ignore the shift from a liberty ethos to a de- were created because they were popular, and mocracy ethos, but the oversight perpetuates distorted firmly established democracy as the primary prin- views of history and current events. The distortions ciple underlying government, displacing liberty. are profound because the clash between liberty • When public policy is designed to further the (understood by the Founders as freedom encum- interests of citizens as determined by democratic bered only by individual-rights protections) and decision-making, liberty is threatened because pol- democracy (majority rule on a growing array of icies favored by a majority have often compromised issues) is fundamental and pervasive: it’s a philo- individual rights. Even more threatening, well-or- sophical conflict played out daily in the nation’s ganized minorities can often use the democratic courts, in media headlines, and in the minds of decision-making process to further their interests a populace bewildered and disheartened by the at the expense of the majority. decline of the American dream. Liberty in Peril provides badly needed firepower • The Progressive Era was a turning point in the way to halt popular threats to individual rights and to Americans viewed the role of government. Pro- help fulfill the U.S. Constitution’s ambition to gressives championed an expansive role for the “secure the blessings of liberty.” Few books even federal government, one that sought to actively attempt to do as much as Liberty in Peril achieves.

For more information, see www.independent.org/books

James J. Heckman Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, P. J. O’Rourke University of Chicago Author, Don’t Vote! – It Just Encourages Wendy Kaminer the Bastards and The Baby Boom Contributing Editor, The Atlantic James R. Otteson Jr. Lawrence Kudlow Professor of Economics, Wake Forest Pascal Salin Director, National Economic Council University Professor of Economics, University of Paris, France John R. MacArthur Thomas J. Peters, III Publisher, Harper’s Magazine Co-Author, In Search of Excellence: Vernon L. Smith Lessons from America’s Best-Run Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences, Deirdre N. McCloskey Companies Chapman University Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago Charles E. Phelps Joel H. Spring Provost and Professor of Political Professor of Education, Queens College William Tucker J. Huston McCulloch Science and Economics, University of and Graduate Center, City University Author, The Excluded Americans: Professor of Economics, Rochester of New York Homelessness and Housing Policies Ohio State University Daniel N. Robinson Rodney W. Stark Richard E. Wagner Thomas Gale Moore Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Distinguished University Professor of Hobart R. Harris Professor of Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution Philosophy, Georgetown University the Social Sciences, Baylor University Economics, George Mason University Charles A. Murray Paul H. Rubin Richard L. Stroup Paul H. Weaver Emeritus Scholar, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Adjunct Professor of Economics, Author, News and the Culture of American Enterprise Institute Economics, Emory University North Carolina State University Lying and The Suicidal Corporation June E. O’Neill Bruce M. Russett Arnold J. Trebach Walter E. Williams Director, Center for the Study of Busi- Dean Acheson Professor of Professor of Criminal Justice, Distinguished Professor of Economics, ness and Government, Baruch College International Relations, Yale University American University George Mason University 4 INDEPENDENT

Independent Institute in the News

Center on Law and Justice “We might also consider whether we have squan- dered the essence of our Revolution by creating an omnipotent national government that rivals the British Parliament—the entity Madison blamed for causing the colonies to take up arms.” —William J. Watkins Jr. in The Hill, 7/9/19

SR. FELLOW RICHARD VEDDER ON Center on Peace and Liberty FOX BUSINESS NETWORK 5/1/19 “Most of the power in the Constitution is actually Center on Global Prosperity with the Congress, so any executive aggrandize- ment over the years and centuries can be taken “Sooner or later Beijing will take up the extradition back by the Congress tomorrow if they want to. proposal again through its Hong Kong stooges. But they don’t do that because they’re politically It will also continue, as it has for the past decade scared, or just by custom they’ve become timid.” especially, to encroach on the region’s liberties, —Ivan Eland on C-SPAN’s Washington Journal, eroding the special status Beijing granted Hong 5/28/19 Kong in negotiations with the British prior to the colony’s 1997 handover to China.” —Alvaro Vargas Llosa in FoxNews.com, 6/19/19

Center on Healthcare Choices

“The Trump administration is clearly pushing the envelope—in many cases acting to fill a void left by Congress. These changes will result in a very different health care system. It will be one that SR. FELLOW IVAN ELAND ON C-SPAN’S WASHINGTON JOURNAL 5/28/19 is shaped more by individual choice and market Center on Entrepreneurial Innovation forces than by rules and regulations.” “California needs permanent decentralization and —John C. Goodman in Forbes, 7/12/19 independent action. Without it, excess fuels will Center on Educational Excellence spark new megafires that destroy more homes and kill more Californians. Much of this destruction “[Today] students spend more time on recreation will have been preventable.” and partying than on academics, and most pro- —Lawrence J. McQuillan in The Orange County fessors are not often found during daytime hours Register, 7/9/19 in the office, classroom, laboratory or the library. “Americans need a reliable supply of affordable elec- Where are they? What are they doing? Why can’t tricity. But if too much weight is placed on wind and students and faculty show the same work ethic that solar systems and not enough on conventional power made our market-disciplined nation the wealthiest plants, the result will be far too little electricity, with place in history?” potentially grievous economic consequences.” —Richard K. Vedder in , —William F. Shughart II in The Hill, 6/25/19 4/11/19

VISIT OUR NEWSROOM AT INDEPENDENT.ORG/NEWSROOM TO READ THESE ARTICLES AND MORE. Newsletter of the Independent Institute 5

THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW Is Social Justice Just?

Headline news about economic argues that today’s social justice inequality, groups disparities, and advocacy should follow their lead discrimination usually sets off by drawing on Aristotelian and impassioned calls to bring about Thomistic theories of human “social justice.” But what exactly nature and community. John A. is social justice, and how does it Moore (Walsh College) argues differ from the plain-vanilla kind? that the spiritual and civic needs The Independent Review’s of less-fortunate people are best Summer 2019 symposium—per- advanced through grassroots haps its most probing ever—of- campaigns, not top-down gov- fers fresh insights. ernment programs, for reasons TIR editor and economic best articulated by Catholic con- historian Robert M. Whaples servative writer Michael Novak. (Wake Forest Univ.), in his intro- Anthony Gill (Univ. of Wash- ductory essay, describes the term ington) argues that one of the best “social justice” as a philosophical THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW ways to advance social welfare is SUMMER 2019 Rorschach test: some people to ensure that individuals have view it as the moral fairness of as disparities arising from gov- opportunities to engage in ex- the rules and norms that govern ernment barriers to entry or from change with each other. society, whereas others see it as interest-group rent-seeking, argue R. Scott Smith (Biola Univ.) an incoherent rationalization for Vincent J. Geloso (Bates Col- offers an original philosophical coercion and wrongdoing. lege) and Phillip W. Magness critique. To wit: the social justice Many would equate social (American Institute of Economic movement claims to advocate justice as a cause of the left, but Research). certain universal values, whereas such political labeling oversimpli- Jacob T. Levy (McGill Univ.) social justice theories presuppose fies the issue, suggests James R. argues that academic interest in nominalism, the doctrine that Otteson Jr. (Wake Forest Univ.) the social justice framework of no two things in reality have in his prize-winning contribu- welfare-state philosopher John abstract, universal attributes in tion. Advocates of individual lib- Rawls diverts attention from common. erty might win followers among solving the world’s true injustices. No critique of social jus- the social justice crowd, he argues, Daniel J. D’Amico (Brown Uni- tice can be complete, conclude if they begin championing the versity) notes that F. A. Hayek’s Stefanie Haeffele and Virgil benefits of classical liberalism’s analysis of “the knowledge prob- Henry Storr (both of George opt-out provision: our right to lem” shows that social justice the- Mason Univ.), unless it deals with refuse any request or demand ories built on Rawls’s framework this claim: injustices can result made by people whose behavior are flawed and unstable. when societal rules and norms clashes with our own values. Kevin D. Vallier (Bowling predictably favor some groups or In contrast, Daniel Guerrière Green State Univ.) argues that players and work to the disadvan- (California State Univ. at Long Hayek actually held a concept tage of others. Beach) sees little value in outreach of social justice even though the to social justice advocates, argu- Nobel laureate wrote a book sub- See www.independentreview.org ing that their efforts undermine titled The Mirage of Social Justice. one of Western civilization’s Adam G. Martin (Texas Tech To download, please visit the: greatest achievements: the discov- Univ.) critiques interpretations of • Apple App Store ery, protection, and promotion of Hayek’s concept of spontaneous • Amazon App Store the uniqueness of the individual. order (i.e., social order that arises • Magzter Digital Newsstand To be sure, classical liberals without central planning) made Single Issues: $2.99 Annual Subscriptions: $9.99 have landed heavy blows on by “pro-Hayek” advocates of standard conceptions of social social justice. justice. These criticisms, however, The term “social justice” was should not dissuade them from coined by Italian priests in the advocating the elimination of nineteenth century. James R. certain group differences, such Stoner Jr. (Louisiana State Univ.) 6 INDEPENDENT

CALIFORNIA GOLDEN FLEECE® AWARDS California’s Housing Affordability Crisis

California is the national poster child for expensive housing. The average home price in the state is about 250 percent above the national average, while average monthly housing rents are about 50 percent above national levels. Normally, businesses and entrepreneurs respond to rising prices by increasing supply and thereby dampening price increases. But this does not happen in California because regulatory obstacles impede housing construction. For this reason the Indepen- dent Institute gave its ninth California Golden average of $6,000, with the differential being Fleece® Award to the state and local politicians, much greater in some California communities. government planners and regulators, and anti-devel- Cities should eliminate impact fees and use opment activists who obstruct new housing. private provision of services. Independent Institute Senior Fellow Lawrence • Eliminate rent controls and “affordable housing” J. McQuillan diagnoses the housing crisis and mandates, which discourage housing by making it prescribes corrective measures in Reclaiming the less profitable. Such measures act like a tax on de- California Dream: Removing the Obstacles to Fast velopers, property owners, and market-rate home- buyers, thereby decreasing housing availability. and Affordable Housing Construction. • Eliminate pro-union regulations that drive up “The only solution to the housing problem is to the cost of labor. Project labor agreements and build our way out of the problem,” McQuillan writes. “prevailing wage” legislation attenuates freedom “An increased housing stock will ease the upward of contract between employers and employees, price trend, improve access, ease homelessness, and and increase construction costs in California. speed-up wildfire recovery for tens of thousands of • Encourage entrepreneurial innovation. Entrepre- Californians who desperately need relief.” neurs would provide fast and affordable housing Here are some of his recommendations: if only they were allowed to enter markets, • Deregulate zoning and land-use restrictions, espe- compete, and build units at the price points cially those that impede multi-family apartment demanded by consumers. Examples of quick, buildings. For the average California city, adding inexpensive, and increasingly high-quality hous- a new land-use regulation reduces the housing ing include modular or “prefabricated” homes, stock by about 40 units per year. so-called “tiny homes,” and futuristic 3D-printed • Streamline building-permit approvals to speed homes, which in some cases can be built in 24 up construction and reduce costs. In many parts hours for as little as $5,000. of the country, a developer can build multiple • Empower neighborhood associations to contract projects in the time it takes to permit and build with developers. Under the current approach one project in California. in California, established residents incur zero • Abolish the California Environmental Quality cost for voting against, or otherwise opposing, Act. CEQA is used to thwart or delay residential a housing project. To end the bias against de- housing. In Southern California, 80 percent velopment, private “neighborhood associations” of CEQA lawsuits hindered development in could be established to negotiate with developers, “infill” areas surrounded by existing develop- requiring direct compensation of members for ment, whereas only 3 were filed by established any negative spillover effects. environmental organizations. • Make building housing a constitutional right. The • Eliminate unnecessary state building codes and quickest exit from the regulatory thicket might transfer authority to local governments. The solar be to amend the California Constitution to panel mandate, which goes into effect January establish an individual right to build residential 1, 2020, is the latest example of costly state housing. If housing opponents wished to alter or regulation. Some estimate that it will raise new end a development project, they could do so only home prices by $10,000 to $30,000. through the voluntary agreement of builders. • Eliminate expensive development impact fees. Local fees average more than $22,000 per single-family The California Golden Fleece® Award report is home, about three-and-a-half times the national available at www.independent.org/cagoldenfleece/. Newsletter of the Independent Institute 7

REACHING MILLENNIALS Jordan B. Peterson on Individual Sovereignty

Dr. Peterson showed, they’re vital: they cut to the foundation of political freedom and the founding of the United States of America. Paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that people are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that they’re equal, and that government is to govern by the consent of individuals.” Those propositions, however, are no longer accepted by a large num- On May 2, renown psychologist and public ber of people in the modern intellectual world, intellectual Jordan B. Peterson addressed a sold-out especially among post-modernists, Marxists, and audience hosted by the Independent Institute at the collectivists on the left and right. historic Marines’ Memorial Theater in San Francisco. Titled “The Meaning and Reality of Individual Sovereignty” and drawing on his international bestseller, 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos, Dr. Peterson addressed questions often brushed aside in the public square: Why did the West place such great emphasis on individual sovereignty? How did this ethos contribute to freedom and human well-being? Why is individual sovereignty now under attack by critics on the left and the right As if explaining those issues wasn’t sufficiently who offer the alternative of collective identity? ambitious, Dr. Peterson also explained how civili- Those questions are not merely academic, zation-level questions about individual sovereignty relate to everyday personal challenges such as fac- ing life’s biggest obstacles, improving oneself and society, exploring the meaning of life, and securing the institutions of free societies. After his presentation, Dr. Peterson was joined in a conversation with Independent Institute Ex- ecutive Director Graham H. Walker and Senior Vice President Mary L. G. Theroux. To watch the video of this event, visit www.independent.org/multimedia/

GIVE SENIORS THE FAIRNESS THEY DESERVE (continued from page 1) concierge doctors, which at $100 a month have stand Social Security’s complicated rules. become very affordable. Medicare rules are also a landmine full of Give seniors access to Health Savings Ac- costly penalties for the unwary. Seniors with counts. Seniors are the only people in our society COBRA coverage (extension of health benefits who are not allowed to contribute to tax-free ac- after job termination), post-retirement health counts for paying medical expenses not covered by care, and even Obamacare plans (through an health insurance. We must end this unfair discrim- exchange) often must pay penalties because they ination. We should also consider having Medicare don’t enroll in Medicare Part B at the proper time deposit money into the HSAs of seniors willing to due to the confusing rules. manage their own primary care dollars. This move Social Security and Medicare should be de- could encourage thrift and enable seniors to access signed to help beneficiaries maximize benefits the best health care the market has to offer. they have paid for and are entitled to—not trick End robbery by red tape. Social Security people into making bad choices. The above beneficiaries are losing $10.6 billion a year due to recommendations would give America’s seniors bad choices about when to start claiming benefits. more options and more of the dignity they so They make bad choices because they don’t under- richly deserve. 8 fellow travelers: nation? We takemultiplepathsthatattractdiverse anddignity.worth How dowe pursueourdesti- prosperous, free societiesgrounded inhuman tious asitisunique:toboldlyadvance peaceful, The Independent Institute’s missionisasambi- Sharing thePathways to Free Societies mative writingsontopicsthatinterest you most. Search ourwebsite’s “Issues” for infor- directory professional associates,andcommunitygroups. Fellows’ insightswithfriends,familymembers, pendent makes it easy for membersto share our • • •

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