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A Comparative Study on the Prospects of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in Sweden
A comparative study on the prospects of sustainable aviation fuels in Sweden Daniel Katebi Olle Hoffman Carlsson Kandidatexamensarbete KTH – Skolan för Industriell Teknik och Management Energiteknik EGI-2020) Bachelor of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2020 TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:220 SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor of Science Thesis EGI-2020 TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:220 Approved Examiner Supervisor Dilip Khatiwada Dilip Khatiwada Commissioner Contact person -2- Sammanfattning Flygplansindustrin behöver röra sig mot en mer hållbar framtid för att nå Europeiska Unionens klimatmål (att nå en klimatneutral ekonomi senast 2050), och under de senaste åren har intresset för hållbara flygplansbränslen ökat markant. I denna rapport sammanställde och jämförde vi olika produktionsvägar och råmaterial utifrån ekonomiskt-, tekniskt- och klimatperspektiv för långsiktig implementation. En litteraturstudie utfördes för att samla information om hållbara flygplansbränslen. Det finns ett flertal sätt att producera hållbara flygplansbränslen och denna rapport jämför tre olika produktionsvägar: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), hydrotermisk förvätskning (HTL) och elektrobränslen. Av dessa har enbart HEFA godkänts för användning som flygbränsle (april 2020). Rapporten jämförde även tre olika råmaterial: biomassa från skogen, matlagningsolja samt matavfall ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Jämförelsen utfördes med en Pugh-matris som var baserad på: minskning i växthusgasutsläpp, teknisk mognadsgrad (hur långt i utvecklingen har produktionsväggen kommit), kostnaden för bränslet, effektivitet och potentiell bränslemängd (hur stor del av svenska jetbränslekonsumtionen kan vardera produktionsväg täcka). För att sätta jämförelsen i ett långsiktigt perspektiv vägdes jämförelseparameterna till: potentiell bränslemängd - 30%, minskning i växthusgasutsläpp - 30%, pris – 20%, avkastning – 10% och bränslet mognadsgrad – 10% av total 100 poäng. -
Biofuels, Electrofuels, Electric Or Carbon-Free?: a Review of Current
1Biofuels, Electrofuels, Electric or Carbon-free?: A review of current and emerging Sustainable 2Energy Sourcing for Aviation (SESA) 3Pimchanok Su-ungkavatin1*, Ligia Barna1, Lorie Hamelin1 41 Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), INSA, INRAE UMR792, and CNRS UMR5504, Federal University of Toulouse, 135 5Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France 6* Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected] 7Abstract 8Climate neutrality is becoming a core long-term competitiveness factor within the aviation industry, as demonstrated 9by the several innovations and targets set within that sector, prior to and especially after the COVID-19 crisis. 10Ambitious timelines are set, involving important investment decisions to be taken in a 5-years horizon time. Here, 11we provide an in-depth review of alternative energy sourcing technologies for aviation revealed to date, which we 12classified into three main categories, namely liquid fuels (biofuels, electrofuels), electric aviation (all electric and 13hybrid), and carbon-free options (hydrogen-based, solar-powered). For liquid fuels, 10 pathways were reviewed, for 14which we supply the detailed process flow picturing all input, output, and co-products generated. The market uptake 15and use of these co-products were also investigated, along with the overall international regulations and targets for 16future aviation. As most of the inventoried pathways require hydrogen, we further reviewed six existing and 17emerging carbon-free hydrogen production technologies. Our review also details the five key battery technologies 18available (lithium-ion, advanced lithium-ion, solid-state battery, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air) for aviation, as well as 19the possible configuration schemes for electric propulsion (parallel electric hybrid, series electric hybrid, all electric, 20partial turboelectric and full turboelectric) and reflects upon the inclusion of hydrogen-powered fuel cells with these 21configurations. -
Improving Microbial Electrosynthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) From
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/214577; this version posted November 7, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Improving microbial electrosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from CO2 by Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 using an immobilized iron complex modified cathode Karthikeyan Rengasamy, Tahina Onina Ranaivoarisoa, Rajesh Singh, Arpita Bose* Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. Abstract Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a promising bioelectrochemical approach to produce biochemicals. A previous study showed that Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 can directly use poised electrodes as electron donors for photoautotrophic growth at cathodic potentials that avoid electrolytic H2 production (photoelectroautotrophy). To make TIE-1 an effective biocatalyst for MES, we need to improve its electron uptake ability and growth under photoelectroautotrophic conditions. Because TIE-1 interacts with various forms of iron while using it as a source of electrons for photoautotrophy (photoferrotrophy), we tested the ability of iron-based redox mediators to enhance direct electron uptake. Our data show that soluble iron cannot act as a redox mediator for electron uptake by TIE-1 from a cathode poised at +100mV vs. Standard Hydrogen electrode. We then tested whether an immobilized iron-based redox mediator Prussian Blue (PB) can enhance electron uptake by TIE-1. Chronoamperometry indicates that cathodic current uptake by TIE-1 increased from 1.47 ± 0.04 to 5.6 ± 0.09 µA/cm2 (3.8 times) and the production of the bioplastic, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) improved from 13.5 ± 0.2 g/L to 18.8 ± 0.5 g/L (1.4 times) on electrodes coated with PB. -
Seasonal Energy Storage Potential Assessment of Wwtps with Power-To-Methane Technology
energies Article Seasonal Energy Storage Potential Assessment of WWTPs with Power-to-Methane Technology Zoltán Csed˝o 1,2, Botond Sinóros-Szabó 1 and Máté Zavarkó 1,2,* 1 Power-to-Gas Hungary Kft, 5000 Szolnok, Hungary; [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (B.S.-S.) 2 Department of Management and Organization, Corvinus University of Budapest, 1093 Budapest, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 August 2020; Accepted: 18 September 2020; Published: 22 September 2020 Abstract: Power-to-methane technology (P2M) deployment at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for seasonal energy storage might land on the agenda of decision-makers across EU countries, since large WWTPs produce a notable volume of biogas that could be injected into the natural gas grid with remarkable storage capacities. Because of the recent rapid increase of local photovoltaics (PV), it is essential to explore the role of WWTPs in energy storage and the conditions under which this potential can be realized. This study integrates a techno-economic assessment of P2M technology with commercial/investment attractiveness of seasonal energy storage at large WWTPs. Findings show that a standardized 1 MWel P2M technology would fit with most potential sites. This is in line with the current technology readiness level of P2M, but increasing electricity prices and limited financial resources of WWTPs would decrease the commercial attractiveness of P2M technology deployment. Based on a Hungarian case study, public funding, biomethane feed-in tariff and minimized or compensated surplus electricity sourcing costs are essential to realize the energy storage potential at WWTPs. Keywords: seasonal energy storage; power-to-methane; wastewater treatment plants; techno- economic assessment 1. -
Development of a Scalable Microbial Electrolysis Cell and Investigations of Exoelectrogenic Pure and Mixed Communities
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALABLE MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL AND INVESTIGATIONS OF EXOELECTROGENIC PURE AND MIXED COMMUNITIES A Dissertation in Environmental Engineering by Douglas F. Call © 2011 Douglas F. Call Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 The dissertation of Douglas F. Call was reviewed and approved* by the following: Bruce E. Logan Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee John M. Regan Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering Brian A. Dempsey Professor of Environmental Engineering Ming Tien Professor of Biochemistry Peggy Johnson Professor of Civil Engineering Head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) combine the fields of microbiology and electrochemistry for the production of electricity, gaseous fuels, or chemicals from biodegradable material. Advancing these systems towards large-scale applications requires improvements in both reactor designs and our understanding of the microbial ecology of exoelectrogenic biofilms. The work described in this dissertation addresses these areas through the development of a scalable microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), characterization of exoelectrogenic biofilms using the molecular technique fluorescent in- situ hybridization (FISH), and investigation into the current-producing and substrate- utilizing capabilities of the exoelectrogenic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens. Stainless Steel Brush Cathodes. MECs are a promising alternative method for producing hydrogen (H2) from biomass, yet they have been limited to the lab scale due in part to the inherent non-scalability and costs of electrodes. To address this problem, I investigated alternatives to the traditionally used platinized cathode. -
Microbial Electrolysis Cell Platform for Simultaneous Waste Biorefinery and Clean Electrofuels Generation: Current Situation, Ch
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 63 (2017) 119À145 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Energy and Combustion Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pecs Microbial electrolysis cell platform for simultaneous waste biorefinery and clean electrofuels generation: Current situation, challenges and future perspectives GuangyinTagedPD1XX ZhenD2XaX,b,*, XueqinD3XX LuD4XcX,**, GopalakrishnanD5XX KumarD6XdX, PD7XXeter BakonyiD8XeX, KaiqinD9XX XuD10XbX,**, YoucaiD1XX ZhaoD12XfX TagedPShanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China b Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan d Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam e Research Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem ut 10, 8200 Veszprem, Hungary f The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, PR China ARTICLETAGEDP INFO ABSTRACTTAGEDP Article History: Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) holds the flexible potentials -
The Role of E-Fuels in the Transport System in Europe (2030–2050) (Literature Review)
A look into the role of e-fuels in the transport system in Europe (2030–2050) (literature review) Introduction As part of Concawe’s Low Carbon Pathways project, this In December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change convened article presents a literature in Paris for the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21). The conference was an important step towards review on e-fuels, which aims to addressing the risks posed by climate change through an agreement to keep the global temperature build a better understanding of increase ‘well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ and drive efforts to limit it to 1.5°C above pre- e-fuel production technologies industrial levels. To achieve these goals, the European Union (EU) is exploring different mid-century and implications in terms of scenarios leading to a low-carbon EU economy by 2050. efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, technology readiness level, environmental impact, In line with the EU’s low-emissions strategy, Concawe’s cross-sectoral Low Carbon Pathways (LCP) investment, costs and potential programme is exploring opportunities and challenges presented by different low-carbon technologies to demand. It is a summary of the achieve a significant reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with both the manufacture exhaustive literature review and use of refined products in Europe over the medium (2030) and longer term (2050). which is due to be published by the end of 2019. In the scenarios considered by the Commission (P2X, COMBO, 1.5 TECH and 1.5 LIFE) e-fuels are presented as a potential cost-effective technology that could be used to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement, i.e. -
Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2020 Published by Johnson Matthey © Copyright 2020 Johnson Matthey
ISSN 2056-5135 Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2020 Published by Johnson Matthey www.technology.matthey.com © Copyright 2020 Johnson Matthey Johnson Matthey Technology Review is published by Johnson Matthey Plc. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. You may share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. You must give appropriate credit to the author and publisher. You may not use the material for commercial purposes without prior permission. You may not distribute modifi ed material without prior permission. The rights of users under exceptions and limitations, such as fair use and fair dealing, are not aff ected by the CC licenses. www.technology.matthey.com www.technology.matthey.com Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Contents Volume 64, Issue 3, July 2020 234 Guest Editorial: Johnson Matthey Technology Review Special Edition on Clean Mobility By Andy Walker 236 Powering the Future through Hydrogen and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells By Bo Ki Hong, Sae Hoon Kim and Chi Myung Kim 252 Exploring the Impact of Policy on Road Transport in 2050 By Huw Davies 263 Sustainable Aviation Fuels By Ausilio Bauen, Niccolò Bitossi, Lizzie German, Anisha Harris and Khangzhen Leow 279 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Drivers and Future Station Planning By Scott Kelley, Michael Kuby, Oscar Lopez Jaramillo, Rhian Stotts, Aimee Krafft and Darren Ruddell 287 Battery Materials Technology Trends and Market Drivers for Automotive Applications By Sarah Ball, Joanna Clark and James Cookson 298 Adaptable Reactors for Resource- and Energy-Efficient Methane Valorisation (ADREM) By Emmanouela Korkakaki, Stéphane Walspurger, Koos Overwater, Hakan Nigar, Ignacio Julian, Georgios D. -
Assessing the Sustainability Implications of Alternative Aviation Fuels
WORKING PAPER 2021-11 © 2021 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION MARCH 2021 Fueling flight: Assessing the sustainability implications of alternative aviation fuels Authors: Nikita Pavlenko, Stephanie Searle Keywords: Aviation, biofuels, low-carbon fuels Aviation faces large technical barriers to making a transition to hydrogen or electricity- powered airframes, so the industry will probably have to rely on liquid fuels through 2050. That is particularly true for the medium- and long-haul flights that generate two- thirds of aviation emissions. If the industry is to meet its long-term climate goal of cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 50% by 2050 without curbing traffic growth or using out-of-sector carbon offsets, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) will need to play a key role. SAFs can be used to generate in-sector GHG reductions when they supplant conventional petroleum jet fuel. In 2018, less than 0.01% of aviation fuel came from alternative sources (Hupe, 2019; Graver, Zhang, & Rutherford, 2019). While reducing petroleum consumption in aviation is an important objective for decarbonization, the specific types of alternative fuels used to displace petroleum will determine the net climate impact of any alternative fuels policy. A fuel’s feedstock and its conversion process—together called the fuel pathway—determine the fuel’s life-cycle GHG emissions. The European Union’s recently announced Green New Deal framework calls for a clear regulatory roadmap for the decarbonization of aviation, to be achieved using a combination of new technology, SAFs, modal shift, and improved efficiency (European Parliament, 2020). As part of this effort, the European Commission announced the ReFuelEU initiative to deploy SAFs to decarbonize EU aviation (European Commission, n.d.). -
Extracellular Electron Transfer from Cathode to Microbes: Application for Biofuel Production Okkyoung Choi and Byoung‑In Sang*
Choi and Sang Biotechnol Biofuels (2016) 9:11 DOI 10.1186/s13068-016-0426-0 Biotechnology for Biofuels REVIEW Open Access Extracellular electron transfer from cathode to microbes: application for biofuel production Okkyoung Choi and Byoung‑In Sang* Abstract Extracellular electron transfer in microorganisms has been applied for bioelectrochemical synthesis utilizing microbes to catalyze anodic and/or cathodic biochemical reactions. Anodic reactions (electron transfer from microbe to anode) are used for current production and cathodic reactions (electron transfer from cathode to microbe) have recently been applied for current consumption for valuable biochemical production. The extensively studied exoelectro‑ genic bacteria Shewanella and Geobacter showed that both directions for electron transfer would be possible. It was proposed that gram-positive bacteria, in the absence of cytochrome C, would accept electrons using a cascade of membrane-bound complexes such as membrane-bound Fe-S proteins, oxidoreductase, and periplasmic enzymes. Modification of the cathode with the addition of positive charged species such as chitosan or with an increase of the interfacial area using a porous three-dimensional scaffold electrode led to increased current consumption. The extracellular electron transfer from the cathode to the microbe could catalyze various bioelectrochemical reductions. Electrofermentation used electrons from the cathode as reducing power to produce more reduced compounds such as alcohols than acids, shifting the metabolic pathway. Electrofuel could be generated through artificial photosynthe‑ sis using electrical energy instead of solar energy in the process of carbon fixation. Keywords: Bioelectrochemical synthesis, Extracellular electron transfer, Cathodic electron, Electrofuel Background and/or cathodic reactions. BES has two categories An eventual replacement of fossil energy source with according to the direction of electron flow, microbial fuel sustainable energy system is unavoidable. -
Biogas Upgrading / CO Reduction Using Renewable Hydrogen And
Biogas Upgrading / CO2 Reduction Using Renewable Hydrogen and Biocatalysts U.S. Department of Agriculture and Department of Energy Circular Carbon Economy Summit Denver, CO July 24-25, 2018 1 SoCalGas Largest U.S. natural gas distribution utility 140 years young Population 21 million 8,000 employees 1 Tcf/year 2 SoCalGas Transmission System Our Focus: Customer Needs and Emerging Trends Industry Themes Implications Solutions • Rising utility bills • Appliance energy efficiency • Develop technologies to meet air quality standards Affordability • Large percentage of customers on assistance • Utilize existing infrastructure and domestic supplies • Need to continue to provide affordable energy of natural gas • Acute public heath problem • Appliance emission standards • Renewable natural gas for transportation • Transportation is 80% of NOx Air Quality / NOx • Low Nox engines • Potential to replace diesel with clean fuels • Fuel cells • Demand for renewable gas • Renewable gas from biomass and excess wind & Greenhouse Gas • Wind and solar overgeneration (duck curve) solar power (power-to-gas) Emissions • Depressed power prices • Hydrogen for fuel and pipeline blending • Growing need for energy storage solutions • Electric and gas grid integration • Carbon up-cycling • Pipeline Monitoring Reliability and • Leak detection • Enhance pipeline safety Safety • Monitor and reduce methane emissions • Distributed energy applications • Robust power reliability 4 RD&D Objectives (PUC Code 740.1) 1. Environmental improvement 2. Public and employee safety 3. Conservation by efficient resource use or by reducing or shifting system load 4. Development of new resources and processes, particularly renewable resources and processes which further supply technologies 5. Improve operating efficiency and reliability or otherwise reduce operating costs 5 Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) End-Use Appliances Clean Transportation Emerging Technologies Low-carbon Resources . -
Global Production of Bio-Methane and Synthetic Fuels -Overview
BIOMETHANE AND SYNTHETIC FUELS 2019-05-06 Global production of bio-methane and synthetic fuels - overview Stefan Heyne Pontus Bokinge Ingrid Nyström BIOMETHANE AND SYNTHETIC FUELS Global production of bio-methane and synthetic fuels - overview Stefan Heyne, Pontus Bokinge, Ingrid Nyström CIT Industriell Energi AB 2019-05-06 i ii BIOMETHANE AND SYNTHETIC FUELS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study provides an overview of current and future global production of bio-methane and synthetic fuels for use in the transportation sector. The study is made by CIT Industriell Energi on assignment of the Norwegian environment agency. The report complements an earlier report that gives an overview of value chains for the production of liquid advanced biofuels. Together these two reports give a quite complete picture of potential renewable fuel production in the shorter (5- 10 years) term. In addition, they describe the most relevant value chains for this time perspective and some of their more vital linkages. The current report includes two very different groups of transport fuel value chains – partly bio- methane which is fairly well-established; partly synthetic fuels, which are currently on a much lower technology readiness level. It should be pointed out that there is no specific logic behind putting these two groups into the same report, other than that they were not included in the former report. Consequently, the scope and methodologies for each of the groups differ, and they are therefore summarized separately below. Production of bio-methane for use in the transportation sector Production of bio-methane, currently as well as in the near future, is mainly based on the value chain of anaerobic digestion.