2019 SHORT RAINS FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

A Joint Report by the Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG)1 and Makueni County Steering Group (CSG)

February 2020

1Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health ,Ministry of Education & National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) 2Kenya Red Cross, WHH

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2020 Short Rains Food Security Assessment was conducted jointly by the Technical Working Group of the Makueni County Steering Group (CSG). The assessment developed an objective, evidence-based and transparent food security situation analysis following the October to December short rains season of 2019 taking into account the cumulative effect of the previous seasons and provide recommendations for possible response options based on the situation analysis. Specifically, the assessment sought to establish at livelihood and sub-county level the quality and quantity of the 2019 short rains and their impact on the food security pillars.

The main drivers of food insecurity were leaching in Mixed Farming (coffee/dairy/irrigation) livelihood zone as a result of heavy rains, livestock disease outbreak (Lumpy Skin Disease and Foot and Mouth Disease) in the Marginal Mixed farming livelihood zone, closure of livestock markets following quarantine order and infestation of irrigated crop especially tomato by Tuta absoluta and blight as well as invasive plant species in the Marginal Mixed farming livelihood zone.. The price of maize was still high retailing at an average price of Ksh 45 which was 11 percent above the 5-year long-term average (LTA). Food stocks are physically available in the households at 21 percent of LTA. Current stocks held by the households are expected to last about 3 months to May which is normal. Average projected/actual production of the three main crops is expected to be 59 percent above the LTA. However, have been cases of post-harvest losses already reported in the Marginal Mixed Farming zone. This was as a result of the extended rainy season which delayed harvest of the crop leading to rotting in some areas. Crops affected were green grams, maize and cowpeas.

Access to food was within the 5-year long term average range (although 48 percent below the same period last year) as indicated by the terms of trade (ToT), implying that from the sale of a goat one can get 90 kilograms of maize. This is expected to improve as the harvests continue and the local produce reaches the market. The heavy rains washed away some feeder roads thus hindering access to markets in some areas in the interior. Water for both domestic and livestock use was readily available since the average water consumption at household level was 20-40 litres per person per day. Food utilization was good since most households reported consumption of 2-3 meals a day with the composition of these meals being of diverse food categories. Pasture condition was good across all livelihood zones and was expected to last at least 3 months and browse will last into the long rains season. Majority of households had an acceptable food consumption score (88.9 percent) with 11.1 percent having borderline food consumption score. The average coping strategy index (CSI) was 1.2 (an improvement from 8.85 in the MAM season) implying that very few of the households were applying food consumption based coping strategies. The percentage of children at risk of malnutrition was stable, remaining below the 5-year long-term average through the period July- December, 2019. According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), the entire county was classified to be in Minimal (IPC Phase 1) meaning that more than four in five households are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without engaging in unsustainable strategies to access food and income

Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 County background ...... 1 1.2 Methodology and approach ...... 1 2.0 DRIVERS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY IN THE COUNTY ...... 2 2.1 Rainfall Performance ...... 2 2.2 Insecurity/Conflict ...... 2 2.3 Other shocks and hazards ...... 2 3.0 IMPACTS OF DRIVERS ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY ...... 2 3.1 Availability ...... 2 3.1.1 Crops Production ...... 2 3.1.2 Cereals stock ...... 4 3.1.3 Livestock Production ...... 5 3.1.4 Impact on availability ...... 8 3.2 Access ...... 8 3.2.1 Market Prices ...... 9 3.2.2 Terms of trade ...... 10 Milk Consumption ...... 11 3.2.5 Coping strategy ...... 11 3.3.2 Immunization and Vitamin A supplementation ...... 13 3.3.4Sanitation and Hygiene ...... 14 3.4 Trends of key food security indicators ...... 14 3.5 Education ...... 15 3.5.1 Enrolment ...... 15 3.5.2 Participation ...... 15 3.5.3 Retention ...... 16 3.5.4 School meals programme ...... 16 3.5.5 Inter Sectoral links where available ...... 17 4. Food Security Prognosis ...... 17 5. Conclusion and Interventions ...... 18 5.1 Conclusion ...... 18 5.1.1 Phase classification...... 18 5.1.2 Summary of Findings ...... 18 5.1.3 Sub-county ranking ...... 19 5.2 Ongoing Interventions...... 21 5.2.2 Non-food interventions ...... 21 5.3 Recommended Interventions ...... 36 5.3.1 Food interventions ...... 36 5.3.2 Non-food interventions ...... 36

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 County background Makueni County is located in the south- western part of the country. It borders County to the west, County to the North, County to the East and Taita Taveta to the South. It has a total population of 987,653 people (KNBS 2019 population Census) and covers an area of 8,009 square kilometers. The County is sub-divided into six sub-counties namely; Makueni, Kilome, Mbooni, Kaiti, East and Kibwezi West. There are three main livelihood zones namely Marginal Mixed Farming with approximately 40 percent of the total population, Mixed Farming (food Figure 1: Population Proportion by livelihood zone crop/livestock/cotton) and Mixed Farming (coffee/dairy/irrigation) livelihood zones constituting 30 percent each of the total population as shown in Figure 1. Other minor economic activities practiced in the county include: petty trade and small businesses, casual waged labor, firewood collection and charcoal burning. 1.2 Methodology and approach The purpose of the short rains’ assessment was to develop an objective, evidence-based and transparent food security situation analysis following the October-November-December short rains season of 2019, taking into consideration the cumulative effects of previous seasons and to provide actionable recommendations for possible response options based on the situation analysis. The exercise was carried out by Makueni County Steering Group (CSG). A technical working group was formed by the CSG to assess and analyze the food security situation for evidence-based decision support. The technical team, comprising of experts from relevant government sectors (both national and county) and key stakeholder organizations, reviewed the existing secondary data (sector reports, National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) bulletins and previous assessment reports), to establish the current food security situation and determine the trends. The team then conducted transect drives across all the three livelihood zones to assess and ground truth the current situation by conducting community dialogues, household interviews, market surveys and key informant interviews that yield both qualitative and quantitative data that explained the variations in household food security over time.

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2.0 DRIVERS OF FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY IN THE COUNTY 2.1 Rainfall Performance The county experiences bimodal rainfall patterns characterized by two seasons the March-April- May (MAM) long and October-November- December (OND) short rains. The onset of 2019 short rains onset was early, first dekad of October compared to third dekad of October during a normal seasonal. Both Temporal and spatial distribution was good and evenly distributed across space and time. The rainfall performance for the season was above the expected seasonal range with most parts receiving more than 350 percent of the normal. Moreover, the rains continued in January and February as opposed to the third dekad of December (cessation date given in the Kenya Meteorological Department Figure 2: Rainfall performance as percent of normal 2019 OND Forecast).

2.2 Insecurity/Conflict There were no reported cases of insecurity/conflict over resources during the period under review since the season performed well both within the county and the neighboring counties. 2.3 Other shocks and hazards Flash floods were witnessed in the lowlands areas: Ward, Nguu- Masumba (along Kiboko river), Kasikeu ward and along rivers (Thwake and ) and the landslides and mudslides in the hilly areas; Ilima (Matwiku), Kilungu and Kithungo-Kitundu wards were witnessed as a result of the heavy rains that was experienced during the season. This resulted to loss of shelter, properties, death of livestock in Kivani, loss of livelihood/Crops, displacement of 200 households, injury of 12 people, 3 households marooned, 1 missing person, 16 fatalities and damage to the infrastructural projects (Feeder roads and main roads).

Livestock disease outbreak was reported, Cases of: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and tick-borne babesios (red water) especially in Marginal Mixed Farming Livelihood zone and parts of the Mixed Farming zones.

There was infestation of irrigated crop in the Mixed Farming (coffee/dairy) zone especially tomato by Tuta absoluta and blight. Invasive plant species was witnessed in the Marginal Mixed Farming Livelihood zone especially in Masongaleni ward.

3.0 IMPACTS OF DRIVERS ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY 3.1 Availability 3.1.1 Crops Production The three major crops in all the livelihoods that contribute to food security are maize, green grams and cowpeas. In the mixed farming coffee and dairy zone, productivity of maize crop is comparatively high hence contributing to food security and incomes. In marginal mixed zone,

2 incomes from green grams contribute to food security substituting for low maize productivity. Green gram contribution towards cash income is high as compared to cowpeas and maize which are mostly for household consumption. The short rains season is more reliable in the County as it contributes to 98 percent of crop production as compared to long rain season hence contributing heavily to food and incomes. In the Mixed Farming livelihood zones, an average of 42 and 4.5 percent of income comes from food crops and cash crop respectively whereas in the Marginal Mixed farming zone, about 30 percent of income comes from food crop production. Crop production Table 1: Rain-Fed Crop Production Crop Area planted Long term average 2019 short rains Long term average (5 during 2019 (5 yr) area planted season produ yr) production during short rains during the short ction (90 kg the short rains season season (Ha) rains season (Ha) bags) (90 kg bags) Maize 97,400 87,500 854,700 643,700 Green grams 85,650 78,500 535,300 284,890 Cow peas 80,400 72,000 562,800 302,400

As a result of the heavy rains that were well distributed both in time and space across the county, a harvest that is above the three-year short-term average is expected for the three major crops. Maize, Green grams and cowpeas had an 11 percent; nine percent and 12 percent increase in area planted when compared to short-term average respectively. The production is estimated at 33 percent, 88 percent and 86 percent higher than the three-year average for maize, green-grams and cowpeas respectively. Total area under each crop at the county level increased significantly due to enhanced and prolonged rains achieved through the season. Weather dissemination from the department of agriculture in partnership with meteorological department was timely and accurate hence farmers prepared early. Input subsidy and market assurance from KCEP CRAL, Digifarm, and AVCD programmes also contributed significantly to the increase in area under crop. Enhanced capacity building of farmers as well as ASDSP, SIVAP and NARIGP also contributed to increased production and productivity. Crop infestations from pests such as Fall Army Worm were noticed in all livelihood levels though this did not cause any significant economic damage. Isolated cases of mudslides were reported in Kilungu division of Kaiti Sub County found in the Mixed Farming (food crop/livestock) livelihood zone washing away crop in farms. In Matuiku, Kyakatoni and Ithuma sub location in Kilungu (all found in the Mixed Farming (food crop/livestock) zone), gulley formation and heavy soil erosion resulted to loss of harvest by over 80 percent. Leaching occasioned by water logging also heavily contributed to the pulses yield losses in most parts of Mbooni, Kilungu and Kilome by over 80 percent. This however did not affect productivity in maize, sorghum or Millet.

Outbreak of small swarms of desert locusts was reported in Mbooni Kitundu-Kithungo ward, though they migrated outside the county without causing significant damages to crop or pasture. No major locust invasion was reported in the entire county. Roads destruction by heavy rains

3 impacted on marketing of produce, transportation of produce to markets and factory. Kwa Longo coffee farmers’ encountered difficulties in delivering coffee due to road damages. In the Marginal Mixed farming zone, flooding occurred in some few pockets in Masongaleni and Thange wards. This led to leaching of the crop. The extended rainy season led to post-harvest losses as the crops rotted in the farm in a few areas. In some areas farmers failed to dry the maize and green gram adequately which may eventually lead to losses as a result of afflatoxin.

Table 2: Irrigated Crop Production Crop Area planted Long term average 2019 short rains Long term average (5 during 2019 (5 yr) area planted season produ yr) production during short rains during the short ction (90 kg the short rains season season (Ha) rains season (Ha) bags) (90 kg bags) Tomatoes 430 550 5,230 18,050 Kales 724 640 10,340 8,800 Green maize 305 187 7,245 4675

Irrigated farming production and productivity increased across all livelihood zone levels due to enhanced rains that recharged water sources such as seasonal rivers, springs, underground wells, sub surface dams and farm ponds for green maize, kales, spinach and cabbages. For these crops high rainfall contributed to restriction of irrigation in open fields to supplementary irrigation, hence increasing production. Tuta absoluta attack on tomatoes reduced yields to approximately 29 percent of 3 year average production. Tomato crop losses associated with early and late blights averaged to more than 40 percent. Area under tomato crop reduced since farmers fail to plant tomatoes when rainfall is high due to high incidences of diseases experienced in periods of high rainfall. This have resulted production reducing leading to prices of tomatoes increasing four folds in the market 3.1.2 Cereal stocks Table 3: Quantities held currently (90 kg bags) Maize stocks held by Quantities of maize Long Term Average quantities held (90 held (90 kg bags) kg bags) at similar time of the year Household 110,500 91,400 Traders 75,200 51,230 Millers 1,550 1,400 NCPB 510 (50 kg bags) - Total 285,650 144,030

Stocks held at all levels is higher than long term average occasioned by enhanced rains which resulted to higher production, hence availability of food stocks from farms and from markets as a result of enhanced farm incomes. Most of the stocks held by traders were from outside the county (mainly western Kenya and north rift valley).

Current stocks held by the households are expected to last 3 months which is normal. There have been cases of post-harvest losses already reported in the Marginal Mixed Farming zone. This was as a result of the extended rainy season which delayed harvest of the crop leading to rotting in some areas. Crops affected were green grams, maize and cowpeas.

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3.1.3 Livestock Production The livestock subsector comprises of cattle, mainly zebu breed, across the three livelihood zones. Dairy cows are found mainly in Mixed Farming (coffee/dairy/irrigation) and Mixed Farming (Food crop/livestock/cotton) livelihood zones. Goats are predominant in the Marginal Mixed farming zones and Mixed farming (livestock/food crops/cotton). Sheep and chicken in all zones and beekeeping zones Mixed Farming (Food crop/livestock/cotton) and Marginal Mixed livelihood zone. During the season under review, livestock production contributed approximately 50 percent to cash income in the Marginal Mixed farming livelihood zone and 41 percent in the mixed farming coffee/dairy zone. In the Mixed Farming (crop and livestock production) livelihood zone, livestock production contributes 43 percent to cash income. The drought conditions resulted in increased sale of livestock and prices were high when the rains set in. The contribution of livestock especially in the Mixed Farming (dairy/coffee), and Mixed Farming (Crops/livestock) is expected to increase due to good feed availability and hence increased livestock products and higher prices. The upcoming milk processing plant at Kathonzweni Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society and the poultry abattoir at Kitise will provide ready market for milk and chicken farmers. Pasture and browse situation The fodder, browse and pasture condition were good in all the three zones. This is better than the long-term average. However, in some parts of Kilungu in the Mixed farming (food crop/livestock) zone and Mbooni in the Mixed farming (coffee/dairy) zone the cold, damp, water-logging conditions resulted in poor performance. Leaching was also common. In Kibwezi East and West invasive weeds covered grazing lands though the acreage was limited. The available pasture is expected to last up to the onset of the long rains. The pasture and fodder available are well above normal due to prolonged supply of moisture by above normal rains. Crop residues from the ongoing harvests will play a significant role in livestock feeding as bumper harvests are expected in all zones. Table 4: Pasture and Browse condition

Pasture Browse Livelihood condition How long to Factor Condition How long to Factors zone last (Months) s last (Months) Limitin Limiti g ng access access Cur Nor Cur Norm Cur Norm Curre Nor rent mal rent al rent al nt mal Marginal Goo Fair 3 3 None Goo Good 3 3 None Mixed d to d farming zones good Mixed Goo Good 3 3 None Goo Good 3 3 None farming d d (livestock/foo d crops)

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Mixed Goo Good 3 3 None Goo Good 3 3 None farming d d (coffee /dairy) Livestock Productivity Livestock body condition As summarized in the table below, the body conditions for all the livestock species in the three livelihood zones were good. The situation was as a result of the good pasture due to the good OND 2019 rains.

Table 5: Livestock body condition Livelihood zone Cattle Sheep Goat Camel Curr Norm Curre Norm Curre Normal Curre Normal ent al nt al nt nt Marginal Mixed Good Good Good Good Good Good N/A N/A farming zones Mixed farming Good Good Good Good Good Good N/A N/A (livestock/food crops) Mixed farming Good Good Good Good Good Good N/A N/A (coffee /dairy)

At the beginning of the rains, most cattle had poor body conditions due to the prolonged dry conditions that prevailed from July-October. Currently the body conditions are good across all livestock species. Livestock body condition for all species is expected to be good until the onset of the long rains season. The good body conditions should sustain high levels of productivity in terms of eggs, meat and milk. The livestock will also command good prices as farmers are under no pressure to sell. This is expected to further impact positively on household food security.

Tropical livestock units (Tropical Livestock Units) The TLUs during the period under review declined marginally due to prevailing severe drought conditions proceeding the OND season. Even though there were no major variations some households were forced to destock during the previous season which was characterized by drought conditions. Restocking ongoing supported by income from sales of green gram in marginal and mixed farming zones.

Table 6: Tropical Livestock Units (TLUs) by household income groups Livelihood Poor income households Medium income households zone Current Normal Current Normal

Marginal 3 3 7 7 Mixed farming zones

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Mixed farming 2 2 5 5 (livestock/food crops) Mixed farming 1 1 5 5 (coffee /dairy)

Birth rate There were no unusual birth rates compared to the normal situation. Nonetheless, given the good pasture and body conditions that have been prevailing during the 2019 OND rains, goats and sheep are expected to portray higher fertility and birth rates than normal. Nonetheless the overall number of kids, calves and lambs may be lower than long term average due to the increased off takes during the July-October drought. Compared to normal, milk availability was better in all the livelihood zones during the period under review. The milk may not all be produced in the households but some of it comes from the neighbours, for both cattle and goats. Milk production has been increasing over the seasons. The reasons for increase are due to consistent investment in the dairy sector as well as through improved milk distribution networks.

Table 7: Milk production, consumption and prices

Livelihood Milk Production Milk consumption Prices (Ksh)/Litre zone (Litres)/Household (Litres) per Household Current LTA Current LTA Current LTA

Marginal Mixed 0.45 0.5 0.25 0.25 60 60 farming zones Mixed farming 0.95 1 0.7 0.5 50 60 (livestock/food crops) Mixed farming 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.75 40 50 (coffee /dairy)

The drought conditions that prevailed in the July-October 2019 period impacted negatively on milking animals. A few of the animals were sold off. Dairy societies are recording slightly lower than normal milk deliveries for this period of the year. Though available, the pasture and feed are low in quality (low dry matter content) hence the reduced milk production. As dry conditions set in, normal production levels shall be recorded. Milk prices in larger parts of the county did not change much. The increased availability of milk means improved nutrition to household members.

Migration No migration of livestock was reported in any of the three zones. No migrations are expected in the next three months

Livestock diseases and Mortalities In the Marginal Mixed Livelihood zone, disease outbreak was reported in several wards: Kibwezi East sub-county (All wards) Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) reported; Ivingoni/Nzambani-Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), tick-borne babesiosis (red water).Kibwezi West sub-county: LSD and

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FMD reported in all wards while Mbooni: sub county Kalawa- LSD.Mixed farming (livestock/food crops): FMD in /Nziu, /Mulala. In the mixed farming (coffee /dairy) zone, no cases were reported. Chicken affected in Kibwezi E, West and Makueni by suspected infectious coryza. LSD vaccinations were conducted in Kibwezi West (Kikumbulyu North) and FMD in Kibwezi West (Thange, Ivingoni/Nzambani, Nguu/Masumba). However, the coverage was very low. These disease outbreaks could have a negative impact on animal health and th productivity at household level and even death if no contained. On February 14 2020 a quarantine notice was issued restricting movement of cattle, goats and sheep in the county. Transportation of their products is equally banned.

Water for Livestock The main sources of water for livestock were rivers, streams, earth dams and water pans. In all the three zones, water was more available than normal. Watering of the livestock is done by men, women and the youth. Children also help during the holidays and weekends. The watering frequency for livestock was normal and was done daily in the three livelihood zones. The livestock body condition can only improve given that there is adequate pasture and water in addition to the maize stovers from the on-going harvests. However, reported cases of livestock diseases may affect productivity and as a result a decline in milk and meat production. Table 8: Water for Livestock

Livelihood zone Return trekking Expected duration Watering distances (Kms) to last (Months) frequency(days) Current Normal Current Normal Current Normal Marginal Mixed 2-2.5 2-3 2 2 7 7 Mixed Farming 1 1-2 2 2 7 7 (livestock/food crop) Mixed 0.2-0.5 0.2-1 2 2 7 7 Farming(coffee/dairy)

3.1.4 Impact on availability Closure of all major livestock markets, ban on trade of livestock products, Post-harvest losses of maize especially in the Marginally Mixed Farming zone and pest infestation of tomatoes in the Mixed farming (dairy/irrigation) zone percent has reduced the amount that is available for consumption at household levels. The staple is however readily available in adequate volumes at market level. Although recently enforced, the ban on trade of livestock and livestock products (cattle, goats and sheep) will impact on household income and purchasing power which play a key role in supporting their food requirements at market level. Chicken markets have however not been affected and are fully operational. Milk produced as a result of availability of water for livestock and adequate pasture has ensured that children remain nourished. 1.2 Access The main markets in county are: Kathonzweni, Mbooni, Matiliku, Kibwezi, Kalawa, and Emali Market operations were normal for the cereal and non-food commodities and the situation likely to remain stable in the next six months. However, on February 14th 2020 a quarantine notice

8 was issued restricting movement of cattle, goats and sheep in the county. Transportation of their products is equally banned. The main market supplies for livestock and livestock products comes is from within the county while cereals and pulses (maize and beans) are mostly imported from In the absence of local supplies, traders sourced maize from Trans-Nzoia County, Busia, and Loitokitok. The traded volumes for livestock were noted to below normal at this time of the year. Farmers were particularly restocking big stock (bulls and cows) which had been sold in the drought period around July-August 2019 just before rainfall onset. Farmers were not under any stress to sell their animals as a result of the prevailing good conditions (water and pasture availability for livestock) and thus held on to their stock. This was the reason for the higher prices and lower volumes. The proceeds from the sale of farm crop mainly green gram was the main source of income for restocking. Green grams recorded high traded volumes since the harvest realized was 88 percent more than LTA therefore farmers had surplus to sell. Maize stocks from local production had not infiltrated the local markets hence the reason the price remained high at Ksh 45 although this is expected to go down in the coming month. Cowpeas and beans were readily available at the local markets though at high prices since the heavy rains affected production. Major markets in county for both livestock and food commodities are Kathonzweni, Matiliku, Mainery, Kambu, Kalawa, Makindu, Sultan-Hamud, Mbumbuni, Nunguni, Kasikeu and Emali Market. The sale of livestock was more dominant in the Marginal Mixed Farming Livelihood Zone while food-crops (Cereals and pulses) were more dominant in the Mixed Farming Livelihood Zone.

3.2.1 Market Prices Maize price The current average maize price was KSh 50 Average (2015-2019) 2019 2020 45 which is above the 2015-2019 long term average of KSh 30. There was 40 failure of the crop over the last two 30 seasons. Compared to the last 7 months the price has maintained a stable trend 20 due to the declined household stocks 10kg) / (Ksh. Price hence over-reliance on the market for the supply of the commodity. Higher prices 0 were recorded in the Marginal mixed Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec farming livelihood zone. Decrease in Figure 3: Maize Prices maize prices is expected from the month of March to June as a result of the ongoing harvests.

Goat price

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The current average goat price was KSh 3,900 which was relatively the same as 5000 Average (2015-2019) 2019 2020 that of last year. Compared to the 2015- 2019 long-term average for the period 4000 September 2019 to February 2020 the prices have been on an increase (above) 3000 due to the current favorable body condition attributed to the positive effect 2000 of 2019 OND rains. The ongoing off- (Ksh.) Price 1000 season rains are likely to continue impacting positively on the quantity and 0 quality of browse hence improved body Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep OctNovDec condition for the goats. Figure 4: Goat Prices 3.2.2 Terms of trade The terms of trade (TOT) expressed in Average (2015-2019) 2019 2020 terms of kilograms of maize bought from 140 the sale of a goat in the month of February 120 was 90 kilograms. Compared to the 4-year 100 long-term average, this was within normal 80 range and 48 percent below that of same 60 period in 2019. This difference with last 40 year’s price is as a result of the high maize 20

prices as the harvests have not been fully Kilograms of maize maize of Kilograms realized while the goat price remains goat a for exchanged 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov stable. Terms of trade and household purchasing power are expected to improve Figure 5: Terms of Trade as the goats’ body condition continues to improve, resulting to improved prices while that of maize steadily decreases. 3.2.3 Water access and availability Major water sources The major sources of water in the county include springs, piped schemes, earth dams, rivers and boreholes. The surface water sources across the three livelihood zones (Mixed Farming Coffee/Dairy, Mixed Farming Crop/Livestock and Marginal Mixed farming zones) were recharged to between 85-95 percent of their capacity and are expected to last for five months (up-to July 2020) compared to a normal of three Figure 6: Major Sources of Water months. One very notable issue however concerns the high siltation level in most dams following the heavy rains and erosion of the spillways. Although the dams may seemingly have filled to capacity, their water holding capacity was significantly reduced by the high siltation levels. This may imply that

10 the water may not last as expected. Most dams are now very shallow which may lead to high evaporation rate during the dry spell.

3.2.4 Food Consumption Food Consumption Score The county average was 85.3 percent with acceptable FCS and 14.7 at the borderline. Most households were consuming at least three meals a day with the meal composition being of diverse food groups.

Figure 7: Food Consumption Score, February 2020

Milk Consumption The average daily milk consumption per household remained stable at 1.2 litres when compared to the (2017-2019) Short Term Average of 1.1 litres. Compared to the long-term, the current milk consumption was normal at this time.

Figure 8: Milk Consumption, February 2020

3.2.5 Coping strategy Average mean CSI for the county was 2.5. The coping strategy index (CSI) in Mixed farming livelihood zone was 2.9, while in the marginal mixed farming zone was 2. Compared to last month the current CSI was low this implies that Households across all the livelihood zones were employing fewer coping mechanism to cope with lack of food Figure 9: Coping Strategy Index, February 2020

3.3 Utilization 3.3.1Morbidity and mortality patterns Upper respiratory infection for both children under 5 years of age and general population had a downward trend across the months July to December 2019 compared to that of 2018 the same

11 period. The decrease of upper respiratory infection was attributed to fact that short rains 2019 were unusually high which led to a reduction in dust levels. From community interviews ,it was noted that reduced morbidity case could be attributed to increased access to health services due to construction of additional health facilities and positive effect of Makueni Universal Health Coverage[UHC].There was decrease in diarrhoea cases for both children aged under 5 years and general population in month of July ,August and September, and increase in the trend in months of October, November and December 2019 Compared to the year 2018 for same months. The high prevalence of diarrhoea diseases was due to minimal use of safe water for domestic use and cultural believes linked with the boiling of water. Focus group discussions indicate 4 to 10 households treat their water for domestic use. There were no cases of cholera reported across the livelihood zones. Trends for diarrhoea cases increased on July to December 2019 compared to 2018 the same months. There was slight increase of cases of malaria in months of July to December 2019 compared to same period 2018.A decrease of typhoid cases in the months of July to December 2019 was recorded compared to the same period of 2018 Table 9: Trends in Morbidity for Under Fives Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Upper 201 363 264 222 180 308 329 460 262 260 243 181 225 Respirat 9 57 17 34 68 25 62 85 39 54 48 71 57 ory Tract 201 580 461 433 465 664 506 393 299 332 340 233 183 Infection 8 02 77 33 82 20 57 15 87 44 04 00 84 s (URTI) 201 130 135 157 104 166 139 144 132 157 132 250 263 7 65 97 82 43 45 98 46 65 51 96 98 31 Diarrhoe 201 415 310 335 291 384 369 279 215 228 247 322 311 a 9 1 0 8 7 3 3 6 7 7 0 8 7 201 762 595 562 614 792 655 761 476 629 608 391 347 8 9 4 4 8 6 6 6 9 4 1 4 2 201 396 347 326 281 412 228 200 213 232 244 300 303 7 8 8 5 0 1 6 6 7 0 0 5 0 Malaria 201 33 7 6 13 25 21 10 22 13 13 16 16 9 201 117 62 40 51 111 209 138 83 128 40 45 73 8 201 7 52 26 49 27 27 64 67 55 54 24 48 35

Table 10: Trends in morbidity for general population

Disease Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Upper 201 139 121 104 108 155 150 184 115 128 112 744 824 Respirat 9 43 87 16 69 02 74 32 85 27 36 0 8 ory Tract 201 170 155 160 163 192 156 164 128 151 136 872 630 Infection 8 90 68 66 91 35 43 70 28 07 76 6 7 s (URTI) 201 130 135 157 104 166 139 144 132 157 132 250 263 7 65 97 82 33 45 98 46 65 51 96 98 31

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Diarrhoe 201 326 228 192 209 258 265 436 278 384 367 390 379 a 9 7 9 1 4 5 8 2 3 4 9 2 9 201 295 227 231 266 308 258 117 224 240 237 139 117 8 4 4 0 3 3 7 9 4 9 2 1 9 201 296 222 267 228 262 131 122 123 140 154 208 216 7 8 1 5 6 0 9 3 2 2 7 1 9 Malaria 201 246 55 44 44 62 72 92 74 56 51 90 92 9 201 16 9 6 16 22 27 18 24 18 45 9 8 8 201 7 418 308 144 80 95 28 21 4 23 4 13 5

3.3.2 Immunization and Vitamin A supplementation The proportion of fully immunized children in months of July to December 2019 was 83 percent compared 2018 same months which was 91% therefore a decrease by 8 percent fully immunized children. This was still above the national target of 80 percent. Vitamin A for children aged 6-11 months and between12-59 months was at 93 and 88 percent in month of July to December, 2019. This was above the national of coverage 80 percent. During the months of July to December 2019, there was an increase of vitamin A supplementation compared the same months of 2018 due to laid strategies of Malezi bora week and also increased immunization coverage.

Table 11: Vitamin A supplementation all children

Year Percentage of fully immunized Percentage of children children in the county immunized against the Source DHIS MOH 710 mentioned diseases in the Vaccines and Immunizations county Source: (Nutrition survey if available) July to December 2019 83% 1. OPV 1 ____ 2. OPV 3 ____ 3. Measles ____ July to December 2018 91% 1. OPV 1 ____ 2. OPV 3 ____ 3. Measles ____

Table 12: Vitamin A supplementation as per age cohort

Year Children 6-11 months Children 12 to 59 months Children 6-11 Children 12 months to 59 months Received Total Received Total Proportion of Proportion of vitamin A Populati vitamin A Populati children children supplement on (6-11 supplementati on (12- Received Vit Received Vit ation months) on 59 A A Source> Source> DHIS months) supplementat supplementat DHIS MOH 710 ion in the last ion in the last MOH 710 Vaccines and 6 months 6 months Vaccines

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and Immunization Source: Source Immunizati s Nutrition Nutrition ons Survey Survey (If (If available) available) July to 93%912,86 13,698 88%(100,093) 112,763 No survey No survey Dec 2019 4) done done July to 102%(13,80 13,509 98.8%(109,818 111,207 No survey No survey Dec 2018 3) ) done done

3.3.3 Nutritional status and dietary diversity Majority of households were consuming at least 3 meals in a day of diverse food groups. The proportion of children (under-fives) at risk of malnutrition for the month of February was 5.9 percent of the 510 sampled children Compared to the 2015-2019 average, the current MUAC was below the normal range by 16 percent. It’s expected that the MUAC will improve more with the availability of milk and mango fruits mostly for the under-fives. Figure 10: Children at risk of malnutrition

3.3.4Sanitation and Hygiene Latrine coverage was reported at 93 percent in months of July to December 2019 compared to January to June 2019 which was 92 percent. It was noted 18% had own latrine 18%, 82% shared latrine and 1% open defecation. 3.4 Trends of key food security indicators Table 13: Food Security Trends in Makueni County

Indicator Long rains assessment, July Short rains assessment, Feb 2019 2020 % of maize stocks held 29,500(50 kg) bags or 25% 110,500(50kg) bags or 121% by households (county)

Livestock body Fair-poor good condition (MMF zone) Water consumption 15-20 20-40 (litres per person per day) Price of maize (per kg) 45 ksh 45 Ksh

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Indicator Long rains assessment, July Short rains assessment, Feb 2019 2020 Distance to 10-12 km 2-2.5km grazing(water) MMF zone Terms of trade 77 90 (pastoral zone)

Coping strategy index 8.85 2.4 Food consumption 61 %acceptable 38 % 88.9% acceptable,11.1% score borderline, 1% poor borderline

3.5 Education 3.5.1 Enrolment Enrollment increased by 22percent and 1.7 percent in ECD, primary and secondary respectively. It decreased by 3.4 percent in primary schools. Increase attributed to inward transfers in ECD and primary schools and implementation of government policy of 100 percent primary to secondary school transition played a huge role.

Table 14: Enrolment Rates

Term III 2019 Term I 2020 (includes new Comments students registered and drop- (reasons for outs since Term III 2018) increase or decrease) Enrollment № Boys № Girls Total № Boys № Girls Total ECD 17,212 16,264 33,476 19,314 21,714 41,028 Primary 127,720 124,550 252,270 129,852 126,633 256,485 Secondary 53,136 53,393 106,529 55,694 54,495 110,189

3.5.2 Participation Participation decreased by 8 percent, 5 percent and 3 percent in ECDE, primary and secondary respectively

Table 15: Participation Rates

Term III 2019 Term I 2020

Indicat September October November January 2020 February Comm or 2019 2019 2019 2020 ents (reason s for

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increas e or decrea se) School № № № № № № № № № № attenda Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls nce ECD 18,2 16,2 17,1 16,2 15,3 10,7 19,1 22,6 19,3 21,7 09 24 55 46 32 21 30 10 21 16 Primar 123, 121, 119, 121, 112, 109, 127, 124, 128, 125, y 923 189 618 220 201 894 885 890 160 269 Secon 50,1 50,2 50,1 50,2 47,3 46,3 54,4 54,5 55,9 55,1 dary 05 09 18 22 20 91 56 24 88 62

3.5.3 Retention On average the dropout rates across the three levels of learning were less than one percent of the total enrolment for each level. The main reason for dropouts at the ECDE and primary level was family migration. At both the ECD and the primary level, more girls dropped out in term two and three of 2019.

Table 16: Retention Rates

Indicator End of Term II 2019 End of Term III 2019

Students dropped out from № Boys № Girls № Boys № Girls school ECD 25 35 2 2 Primary 42 54 1 2 Secondary 35 26 4 2

3.5.4 School meals programme

Nam № HGSM RSMP ESMP CSMP Other None Total e of of type of number sub- scho school of coun ols feeding benefici ty with (Please aries

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scho specify ol below.) feed ing № № № № № № № № № № № № № № Boy Gir Bo Gi Bo Gi Bo Gi Bo Gi Bo Gi Bo Gi s ls ys rls ys rls ys rls ys rls ys rls ys rls 307 25,9 23,6 4,7 4,8 4,3 9,3 96 61 32 31 54 82

Subt otal Gran 49,657 10,937 9,563 13,736 d total (boys + girls) 307 schools had some form of School Feeding Programme. The main school feeding program in the County is the Home-Grown School Meals Program covering 60,594 pupils. 23,299 pupils were under the Community School Meals Programme Table 17: School Meals Programme 3.5.5 Inter Sectoral links where available Majority of the primary schools in the county have functional latrines and access to water. With respect to hand wash facilities, 210 schools in the county do not have them. This greatly compromises hygiene of the learners. Health and nutrition interventions (Vitamin A, deworming and Iron supplement) are currently implemented within schools and this has impacted positively on enrolment, participation and retention. Increased sensitization on health issues should be done. No major conflicts and protection concerns were reported, hence no interruption in enrollment, participation and retention.

4. Food Security Prognosis 4.1Prognosis Assumptions Forecast from the department of meteorology have indicated a normal to above normal March- April May season with onset expected on the second to third week of March and cessation from the third to fourth week of May. Given that the OND season performance was good with some off- season rains being experienced in February and March, water sources (both surface and underground) are expected to remain well recharged for the next six months. Maize prices are likely to come down as supply from local production infiltrates the markets. Local crop production is expected to flourish and this is expected to have a positive impact on the local food security situation. Livestock body condition is expected to remain good due to the expected availability of quality forage and water and this in effect will accord the farmers good market prices and as a result, an increase in purchasing power.

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4.2 Food Security Outlook for March to May Livestock Markets and sale of livestock products has been restricted countywide following the quarantine order. It is not certain when normal operations are likely to resume. This is likely to affect household disposable income since farmers will not be able to trade. However, livestock body conditions remain good across all three livelihood zones and are expected to remain so until well into the March to May season as there is adequate pasture and water to last until then. Access to markets for cereals and non-food items is expected to remain unhampered and operational which is good for consumption at household level. Milk production will also remain stable maintaining a stable nutrition status especially for children under five years of age. Food consumption will remain high for the majority of the population. Nutrition situation is likely to remain stable and no changes are expected in the mortality rates. The County is expected to be in the Minimal (IPC phase1).

4.3 Food Security Outlook for June-August This is usually the lean period on a normal seasonal calendar. However, with the OND season having received over 350 percent of normal rains coupled with off-season rains and an anticipated normal to above normal MAM season, water supply is expected to be adequate at that time. There should be adequate fodder for livestock and hence milk production will not be much affected. Terms of trade should remain fair with minimal coping strategies. Food consumption will remain above seasonal averages for majority of the population. The nutrition status for under five years will remain stable as the milk production and fruit supply in the markets will remain stable. Household food security is expected to remain stable and majority of the county is expected to be in Minimal IPC phase with only a few pockets in the Marginally Mixed Livelihood zone under Stressed IPC phase.

5. Conclusion and Interventions 5.1 Conclusion 5.1.1 Phase classification According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), all livelihood zones in the county were classified as Minimal (IPC Phase 1) meaning that more than four in five households are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without engaging in unsustainable strategies to access food and income. 5.1.2 Summary of Findings The main drivers of food insecurity were Leaching in Mixed Farming (coffee/dairy/irrigation) livelihood zone as a result of heavy rains , livestock disease outbreak(Lumpy Skin Disease and Foot and Mouth Disease) especially in the Marginal Mixed farming livelihood zone, closure of livestock markets following quarantine order and infestation of irrigated crop especially tomato by Tuta absoluta and blight as well as invasive plant species in the Marginal Mixed farming livelihood zone. Makueni depends on the short rains as its main season for both crop and livestock production. The price of maize was still high retailing at an average price of Ksh 45 which was 11 percent above the 5-year long-term average (LTA). Food stocks are physically available in the households at 21 percent of LTA Current stocks held by the households is expected to last about 3 months to May which is normal. There have been cases of post-harvest losses already reported in the

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Marginal Mixed Farming zone. This was as a result of the extended rainy season which delayed harvest of the crop leading to rotting in some areas. Crops affected were green grams, maize and cowpeas. Access to food was within the 5-year long term average range (although 48 percent below the same period last year) as indicated by the terms of trade (TOT), implying that from the sale of a goat one can get 90 kilograms of maize. This is expected to improve as the harvests continue and the local produce reaches the market. The heavy rains washed away some feeder roads thus hindering access to markets in some areas in the interior. Water for both domestic and livestock use was readily available since the average water consumption at household level was 20-40 litres per person per day. Food utilization was good since most households reported consumption of 2-3 meals a day with the composition of these meals being of diverse food categories. Market operations were normal providing food and non-food commodities to the markets in adequate volumes. Pasture condition was good across all livelihood zones and was expected to last at least 3 months and browse will last into the long rains season. Majority of households had an acceptable food consumption score (88.9 percent) with 11.1 percent having borderline food consumption score. The average coping strategy index (CSI) was 1.2 (an improvement from 8.85 in the MAM season) implying that very few of the households were applying food consumption based coping strategies. The percentage of children at risk of malnutrition was stable, remaining below the 5- year long-term average through the period July-December, 2019. According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), the entire county was classified to be Minimal (IPC Phase 1) meaning that more than four in five households are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without engaging in unsustainable strategies to access food and income 5.1.3 Sub-county ranking Table 18: Sub-County Ranking

Sub County Predominant Food Main food security threat / Livelihood security Contributing factors rank (1-6) Mixed Farming Food 3 • Floods/leaching Crop/livestock/cotton • Disrupted livestock market operations (from 14 Feb. 2020) Kaiti • Landslides • Crop diseases • Livestock diseases Marginal Mixed 3 • Floods/leaching Farming • Disrupted livestock market operations (from 14 Feb. 2020) Makueni • Breached dams • Crop diseases • Livestock diseases Marginal Mixed 4 • Floods/leaching Farming • Disrupted livestock market Kibwezi West operations (from 14 Feb. 2020) • Crop diseases

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• Livestock diseases

Marginal Mixed 4 • Floods/leaching Farming • Disrupted livestock market Kibwezi East operations(from 14 Feb. 2020) • Crop diseases • Livestock diseases Mixed Farming 5 • Disrupted livestock market Coffee/Dairy operations(from 14 Feb. 2020) Mbooni /Irrigation • Crop diseases • Livestock diseases Mixed Farming Food 5 • Disrupted livestock market Crop/livestock/cotton operations(from 14 Feb. 2020) Kilome • Crop diseases • Livestock diseases Very Good (5-6) Good (4) Fair (3) Poor (1-2)

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5.2 Ongoing Interventions 5.2.1 Food Interventions No food interventions took place during the period under review. 5.2.2 Non-food interventions Table 19: On-going Non-food Interventions AGRICULTURE

Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementation Location target benefici ion Time stakeholders aries Frame Promotion Increased Kibwezi East 4 17,456 continuous DOALF,F AO, of DTCs productivity ,Kibwezi west, million WFP , World production Makueni, Vision Kenya, Reduced losses Mbooni, NDMA, Market linkages post-harvest Kilome Kenya Red 17,456 cross, Market linkages ASDSP,KCEP CRAL ,AVCD KCDMS NCPB, NARIGP Promoting water Improved water KibweziEast 10 5,780 ongoing DOALF, harvesting infiltration and ,Kibwezi west, million FAO, technology retention for Makueni, Lutheran e.g. Zai pits, improved food Mbooni, Kaiti world COD, Farm and livestock relief, ponds, terraces production ASDSP, ADSE

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Capacity Reduced food KibweziEast 6 17,456 ongoing DOAILF building losses and ,Kibwezi west, million Lutheran farmers on safe food for Makueni, World climate smart consumption Mbooni, Kaiti relief, agriculture and LWR Post-harvest FAO management Child fund EAGC CGA KCEP-CRAL ASDSP Promotion of Improved crop Kibwezi East 4milli 5,500 ongoing DOAILF water productivity for ,Kibwezi west, on KCEP CRAL Harvesting profitability Makueni, NARIGP for production Mbooni, Kaiti PAFID technologies FAO and /or ADSE conservation n WFP agriculture, AVCD/KCDM CA S Promotion of Improved crop Kibwezi East 6 6,600 ongoing DOAILF Agricultural productivity for ,Kibwezi west, million ASDSP value chains profitability Makueni, NARGIP ( AVCs) Mbooni, Kaiti development aggregation of green grams, mangoes, Inputs subsidy Improved inputs KibweziEast 15 19,432 access for ,Kibwezi west, million increased Makueni,

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(Seeds, fertilizer, productivity and Mbooni hermetic bags, profitability pesticides LIVESTOCK

Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementation Location target benefici ion Time stakeholders aries Frame LSD and CCPP Livestock assets Kibwezi E (all 20,000 January- June CGM-DOALF vaccination safeguarded wards) livestoc 2020 therefore Kibwezi W (all k increased meat, wards) milk and income Makueni (Kathonzweni, mavindini, Kitise ward) Kilome (Kiima/Kiu/kala nzoni ward) Mbooni (Kalawa ward) FMD vaccination Livestock assets Kibwezi E (all 4,600 Feb- June CGM-DOALF safeguarded wards) livestoc 2020 therefore Kibwezi W (all k increased meat, wards) milk and income Makueni (Kathonzweni, mavindini, Kitise ward)

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Kilome (Kiima/Kiu/kala nzoni ward) Mbooni (Kalawa ward) LSD and CCPP Livestock assets Kibwezi E (all 20,000 January- June CGM-DOALF vaccination safeguarded wards) livestoc 2020 therefore Kibwezi W (all k increased meat, wards) milk and income WATER Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementation Location target benefici ion Time stakeholders aries Frame Distribution of Reduce watering Kiima kiu 3 M 1,000 3 MONTHS GMC-WATER Ulu 3 borehole distances kalanzoni(Malil DEPARTMENT i) Rehabilitation of a Reduce watering Kasikeu(Muani) 2.5M 1,000 3MONTHS GMC-WATER high yield distances DEPARTMENT borehole Rain water Access clean Across the ward ALL- INDIVIDUALS/ harvesting. potable water POPUL GMC ATION IN THE WARD Intake, water Reduce watering Kiima Kiu 4,000 GMC-WATER treatment and distances DEPARTMENT distribution of Katilini earth dam

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Distribution of Reduce watering Kyumbe 8M 1,500 4 months GMC Kyumbe borehole distances (Mbitini) Provide safe drinking water Equipping and Reduce watering Nzaui/ Kilili/ 12M 1,000 4 months GMC distribution of distances Kalamba boreholes Provide safe (Kawala, drinking water Syaolwe, Mandela) Kamunyolo earth Reduce watering Wote 35M 20,000 4 months GMC dam distances Provide safe drinking water Ndukuma water Reduce watering Muvau 20M 2,000 4 months GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Matinga earth Reduce watering Kathonzweni 8.3M 1,100 4 months GMC dam distances Provide safe drinking water Athi Mavindini Reduce watering Mavindini 20 M 10,000 4 months GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water Kwa Mbila earth Reduce watering Kiambani 4M 1500 4 months GMC dam distribution distances Provide safe drinking water

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Thwake dam Reduce watering Mavindini 253,000 GoK distances Provide safe drinking water Spring protection Reduce watering Kiboko- 7M 6,000 3 months GMC and water distances distribution. Provide safe drinking water Rehabilitation of a Reduce watering Kisingo 2M 3,000 3 months GMC high yield distances borehole Provide safe drinking water Rain water Reduce watering ACROSS THE ALL- harvesting. distances WARD POPUL Provide safe ATION drinking water IN THE WARD Intake, water Reduce watering Athi- 100M 8,000 treatment and distances tunguni,Syumil distribution Provide safe e,makindu drinking water Equipping of Reduce watering Kinze 3M 200 3Months GMC KwaMonicah/Mb distances avani BH Provide safe drinking water Redemption of Reduce watering Kako/Waia 18M 1000 5 Months GMC Stalled Projects distances (Kyaluma BH, Provide safe KwaMutombi, drinking water KaitiKwaKitila)

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Rehabilitation of Reduce watering Kako/Waia 4.5M 1000 3Months GMC Miau earth Dam distances Provide safe drinking water Distribution of Reduce watering Kako/Waia 3.4M 500 3 Months GMC KwaMakaia BH distances Provide safe drinking water Rehabilitation and Reduce watering Kisau/Kiteta 1.7M 700 3 Months GMC Extension of distances Mukundi Water Provide safe Project drinking water Rehabilitation of Reduce watering Kisau/Kiteta 7.5M 1000 4Months GMC Kinze ED distances Provide safe drinking water Extension and Reduce watering Mbooni 1.5M 50+Far 3 Months GMC rehabilitation of distances mers Kyuu Irrigation Provide safe scheme drinking water Supply of Reduce watering Kithungo/Kitun 1.2M 50+ 1 Month GMC irrigation pipes distances du Farmers and other Provide safe materials drinking water Supply of Tanks Reduce watering Kithungo/Kitun 2M 100+ 1 Month GMC for in water distances du Harvesting Provide safe drinking water

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Equipping and Reduce watering Tulimani 5M 500+ 2 Months GMC distribution of 2 distances BHs Provide safe (KwaNdifatha and drinking water Kiatineni) Extension and Reduce watering Tulimani 4.5M 700+ 3Months GMC rehabilitation of distances Ikokani/Kamunan Provide safe i WP drinking water Construction of Reduce watering Kalawa 220M 7000 3 Months GMC & WVK Athi-Kalawa distances Mega Project Provide safe drinking water Fund raising for Reduce watering Kalawa 50M 1000 GMC rehabilitation of 6 distances earth Dams Provide safe drinking water Fund raising for Reduce watering Mbooni 100M 2000+ GMC Rehabilitation of distances Mulima Water Provide safe Project drinking water Kiusyi water Reduce watering Mwaani 6M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Mwaani borehole Reduce watering Mwaani GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water

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Kyamulinge Reduce watering Kyamulinge 2.4 M GMC borehole water distances project Provide safe drinking water Kyakithuku Reduce watering Kyakithuku 4.0 M GMC borehole water distances project Provide safe drinking water Kyambeke Reduce watering Kyambeke 3.0 M GMC borehole water distances project Provide safe drinking water Muthanga mutune Reduce watering Isovya 4 M GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water Kwa mwilu sand Reduce watering Wautu 5.2 M GMC dam water project distances Provide safe drinking water Kyandumbi Reduce watering Kivani _ GMC borehole water distances project Provide safe drinking water Kyamiatu earth Reduce watering Mutulani 4miilion GMC dam distances Provide safe drinking water

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Kyamwalula earth Reduce watering Kivani 2 GMC dam distances million Provide safe drinking water Kitandi bh water Reduce watering Kitandi 5 M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Kilia king’ang’a Reduce watering Kee 5.5 M GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water Swaa water Reduce watering Ukia 16 M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Kilala Borehole Reduce watering Kilala GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water Ikangaani water Reduce watering Iuani 7 M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Ndiuni Nzuuni Reduce watering Ukia 4.5 M GMC water project distances Provide safe drinking water

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Ikakiwa water Reduce watering Iuani GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Kaumoni water Reduce watering Kilala GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Kyumani water Reduce watering Kalongo 7 M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Ndiani water Reduce watering Nyaani 4M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water Inyonywe Reduce watering Nunguni _ GMC borehole distances Provide safe drinking water Kyetuli earth dam Reduce watering Nunguni 4M GMC distances Provide safe drinking water Kyeu water Reduce watering Kalongo 5M GMC project distances Provide safe drinking water

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Proposed Kiia Reduce watering Kee GMC Nzou mega dam distances Provide safe drinking water Proposed cluster Reduce watering Kilala GMC borehole around distances itangini Provide safe drinking water Completion of Reduce watering Kalongo GMC Kyumani water distances project Provide safe drinking water Expansion of Reduce watering Ilima GMC Kiusyi water distances project Provide safe drinking water Construction of Reduce watering Utithi 10.3M GMC Isunguluni Earth distances dam Provide safe drinking water Construction of Reduce watering Kambu 10M GMC Misuuni Earth distances dam Provide safe drinking water Desilting and Reduce watering Kyumani 8M GMC expansion of distances Elongole Earth Provide safe dam drinking water

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Extension of Reduce watering Mukaange 4.7M GMC Silimbi – Kalata distances pipeline Provide safe drinking water Equipping and Reduce watering Mukaange / 5M GMC distribution of distances Kyumani Kimawasco Provide safe borehole/DWA drinking water Borehole Construction of Reduce watering Nzambani 8.1M GMC Kwa Mbithi Earth distances dam Provide safe drinking water Rehabilitation and Reduce watering 4.1M GMC extension of distances Chyulu – Mtito Provide safe Andei Pipeline drinking water Drilling and Reduce watering Thange 5M GMC distribution of distances Usalama kithasyu Provide safe drinking water HEALTH AND NUTRITION Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementation Location target benefici ion Time stakeholders aries Frame Vitamin A Countywide 1.2M 120,741 Continous Supplementation Zinc Countywide 1.34M 21,713 Continous Supplementation

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Management of Countywide 2M 2,908 Continous Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) IYCN Countywide 1.2M 27,611 Continous Interventions (EBF and Timely Intro of complementary Foods) Iron Folate Countywide 1M 24,876 Continous Supplementation among Pregnant Women Deworming Countywide 122,741 Continous 1.2M EDUCATION Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cost No. of Implementat Implementation Location target benefici ion Time stakeholders aries Frame Feeding Increased Mukaa Hindu 3YRS HINDU Retention religiou s Feeding Increased Mukaa 410 4 YRS 410 BRIDGE Retention Bridge Relief Food Retention Of Kilungu 278 Continuous Ngo Learners To School 370 Ngo

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HGSMP Increased Nzaui 6947 Long Term Wfp Enrolment Government Remarks: Resources required, Available resources, Contribution of each stakeholder

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5.3 Recommended Interventions 5.3.1 Food interventions No recommended food interventions 5.3.2 Non-food interventions Table 20: Recommended Non-food Interventions

AGRICULTURE

Intervention Objective Specific Activit Cost No. of Implem Implementation Location y beneficiari entatio stakeholders target es n Time Frame Construction of Water Countywid All On- DOALF, harvesting structures e Going NDMA/WFP e.g. farm ponds (SFSP), (lined) ADSE FAO NARIGP KCEP CRAL Promoting, production Countywid All On DOALF, and utilization of e going world vision, FAO drought tolerant KCEP CRAL crop varieties. NARIGP ASDSP Promoting drip Countywid All wards On DOALF irrigation e goin ,World vision, NDMA SIVAP WFP

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Establish a Countywid 15 Year Gov’t of Strategic Grain e 2020 Makueni Reserves for the county/DoAI County FS/ WFP(SFSP) Department of Finance and Planning Tetheka Fund: Countywid Through Gov’t of Awarding committee e out year Makueni to consider those All wards 2020 county/DoAF farmer organizations S/ development Applying to partners purchase food items for their members at whole sale price.

Promote small scale Countywid Throug Gov’t of irrigation and value e hout the Makueni addition initiatives All wards year county/DoAF 2020 S SIVAP Countywid All wards Throug Gov’t of Capacity building on e hout Makueni County Viable Value Chains, the year NARIGP postharvest handling 2020 KCEP CRAL and market linkages ASDSP

Pests and diseases Countywid Throug Gov’t of management e hout Makueni County

37 interventions in the year NARIGP vegetables 2020 World Vision ICIPE LIVESTOCK

Intervention Objective Specific Activit Cost No. of Implem Implementation Location y (Require beneficiari entatio stakeholders target d es n Time Resource Frame s) Vaccination against Kibwezi -Vaccines 120,000 Feb- LSD, FMD, CCPP, East, West, - June NCD Makueni, Transport 2020 PPR Kilome, - RVF Mbooni Facilitatio n Pasture and fodder All -Baling 15,000HH Feb- conservation machines June (mechanized and - 2020 manual) Facilitatio n including fuel Livestock upgrading All -Funds AI- 12,000 Feb- (AI, shoats and chicken) -Fuel Chicken- June - 3200HH 2020 WATER

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Intervention Objective Specific Activit Cost No. of Implem Implementation Location y beneficiari entatio stakeholders target es n Time Frame Athi Mavindini water Mavindini 40 10,000 8 GMC, TANATHI, project M(20M months WSTF, NGO available) Matinga 1 earth dam Kathonzwe 50M(3.3 6500 8 GMC, TANATHI, kathonzweni ni M months WSTF, NGO available) Manooni dam Manooni 30M 15000 8 GMC, TANATHI, distribution months WSTF, NGO Matinga 1 earth dam Kathonzwe 50M(3.3 7,000 8 GMC, TANATHI, kathonzweni desilting ni M months WSTF, NGO and distribution available) Ndukuma earthdam Muvau 350M(8 8 GMC, TANATHI, desilting and M months WSTF, NGO distribution available) West Ngosini earthdam 100m 5,000 1 year GMC, TANATHI, WSTF, NGO Rehabilitation of Financing 5000+ N/A GMC and other existing Earth Dams stakeholders including Desilting and protection of spillways from erosion Shift focus from small Political N/A projects to mega goodwill projects with significant and impacts

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technical guidance Construction of more All 1year GMC, weirs to protect spring residents NGOs,stakeholders Rehabilitation of un- 10,500 6months Gmc,Ngos,Gok operational boreholes Construction of mega GMC,GOK dams Distribution of Athi GMC,GOK water Intake, water treatment All 1year GMC,NGOs,stakehold and distribution of residents ers Katilini earthdam Distribution of 3,000 1year GMC,NGOs,stakehold Kamuthini borehole ers water Rehabilitation of un- 5,000 6months GMC,NGOs,GoK operational boreholes Construction of mega GMC,GoK dams Distribution of ulu 3 GMC,GoK borehole water Completion and _ _ GMC, Other expansion of the existing water infrastructure

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Maintenance of existing Kee _ GMC infrastructure eg. Dams in Kee ward Desilting of Kaumoni Ukia _ GMC earth dam Proposed Kiia Nzou Kee 200000 GMC mega dam Proposed Kilombo earth Kilome 100000 GMC, NARIGP dam Rehabilitation of sand Kambu 1600 1600 Government of dams/sumps Makueni County, installations destroyed NGOs, Partners by the rains Rehabilitation and new Kyumani 3350 10,000,000 Aug Government of construction of 7 sand 2020 Makueni County, dams partially or NGOs, Partners completely destroyed by the rains Rehabilitation and new Kyumani, 4200 5,000,000 Aug Government of construction of 7 sand Mukaange 2020 Makueni County, dams partially or NGOs, Partners completely destroyed by the rains Construction of Kinyambu, 2600 5,000,000 Aug Government of masonry tanks and Utithi 2020 Makueni County, supply of plastic tanks NGOs, Partners to provide water storage capacity along the Kimawasco pipeline

41 across Masongaleni ward Repair, Rehabilitation, Mtito Andei 3500 8,000,000 Aug Government of desilting and expansion 2020 Makueni County, of earth dams in the NGOs, Partners ward Rehabilitation of Kyumani 3350 10,000,000 Aug Government of Chyulu – Mtito andei 2020 Makueni County, pipeline, construction of NGOs, Partners 225 m3 masonry tank and water distribution in the town Rehabilitation and new Kyumani, 4200 5,000,000 Aug Government of construction of 7 sand Mukaange 2020 Makueni County, dams partially or NGOs, Partners completely destroyed by the rains Construction of Kinyambu, 2600 5,000,000 Aug Government of masonry tanks and Utithi 2020 Makueni County, supply of plastic tanks NGOs, Partners to provide water storage capacity along the Kimawasco pipeline across Masongaleni ward Repair, Rehabilitation, Mtito Andei 3500 8,000,000 Aug Government of desilting and expansion 2020 Makueni County, of earth dams in the NGOs, Partners ward HEALTH AND NUTRITION

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Intervention Objective Specific Activit Cost No. of Implem Implementation Location y beneficiari entatio stakeholders target es n Time Frame Sensitize CHVS and All sub 15000 FUNDS Human MOH/MOE ECDES teachers on counties VAS and growth monitoring Sensitize health All sub 14000 FUNDS/H Human MOH/NI providers and CHVs on counties UMAN IFAS Conduct mass screening All sub Children Human Screeni MOH/NDMA hard to reach areas counties under 5 resources/f ng tools years unds Medium and Long Medium Medium Mediu Medium and Long term Recommended and Long and Long m and term Recommended Interventions term term Long Interventions Recomm Recomme term ended nded Recom Intervent Interventi mended ions ons Interve ntions Intervention No. of Required Availab Proposed beneficia Resources le Implementers ries Resour ces Cooking demonstration All sub 10000HH Funds and Human MOH/MOA on cooking methods counties cooking which preserve utensils nutrients

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Train health care All health 300 Human Human MOH/UNICEF/NI workers on MIYCN facilities resources Funds Teaching material

EDUCATION Intervention Objective Specific Activit Cost No. of Implem Implementation Location y beneficiari entatio stakeholders target es n Time Frame Timely supply of food Dry area Mukaa pupils Immedi Gok/NGO ately All schools to be under Dry area Mukaa All Schools immedi MOEST home grown ately Clean water The water Makindu (9 >95,000 Long National and county available is salty locations) term governments which is not healthy in the long run. Drought resistant crops The crops could Makindu >95,000 Long National and county withstand the ( locations) term governments drought The remaining 42 pupils tend to Kathonzwe The school should be put transfer to ni remaini under HGSMP schools under ng 42 programme HGSM school should be put

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under HGSMP program me GOK to provide food to High Kilungu 26800 continu GOK all schools all the time unemployment, Kitise ous poverty, single Kithuki parenthood, Mavindini inadequate land parcels, landslides due to very loose soils. Include all schools to Drought poverty Kibwezi 163 Termly MOE HGSMP

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