United States 9/11 Joint Commission on Counter-Terrorism
Table of Contents FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERAL ...... 2 FROM YOUR CHAIR...... 3 JOINT BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 4 9/11 TIMELINE ...... 5 TERRORISM IN THE UNITED STATES ...... 7 AL QAEDA BACKGROUND ...... 9 COMMITTEE BACKGROUNDS ...... 9 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ...... 9 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ...... 9 CONGRESSIONAL ...... 10 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...... 10 TOPIC 1: STRUCTURAL ISSUES ...... 11 TOPIC 2: NEW EQUIPMENT ...... 11 CHARACTER LIST ...... 12 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...... 14 HISTORY ...... 14 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION ...... 15 TOPIC 1: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS ...... 16 TOPIC 2: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ...... 17 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER ...... 18 CHARACTER LIST ...... 18 SPECIAL CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...... 20 TOPIC 1: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS ...... 21 TOPIC 2: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ...... 21 CHARACTERS ...... 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 25
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FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERAL
Dear Delegates, It is my privilege to welcome you to the Princeton Model United Nations Conference. My name is Justin Curl, and I am honored to be your Director General of Crisis Committees this year. I am a sophomore in the Computer Science Department with certificates in Statistics & Machine Learning and Engineering Management Systems. On campus, I am a member of the Model UN Team, the Princeton Debate Panel, and a volunteer for the Mercer County suicide hotline. This is my second-year staffing PMUNC, I was a crisis director for the Joint Crisis Committee last year. I had a wonderful experience last year and am excited to be back again staffing PMUNC this year. I am from Los Angeles, California. I am not excited for the cold that awaits us all come November, but luckily, we have the heat of lively competition and new friendships to warm our hearts at PMUNC. I first joined the lovely activity of Model UN in college, and I have had an amazing experience competing on the college circuit. I hope you do not let the thrill of competition to distract you from the chance to learn something from your fellow delegates and building strong friendships. Crisis committees are a unique opportunity to form relationships with the 12-15 other students in committee. These committees will push you to creatively combine your long-term strategy with short-term events, spinning each update to your advantage. Success in crisis will require delegates to think critically and quickly to persuasively respond to constant crises coming out of the back room. Constantly balancing the goals of individual delegates with the success of the entire committee, delegates in crisis represent Model UN and politics at its best. This year we have an excellent slate of topics lined up, including a committee analyzing Orwell’s Animal Farm in the context of the USSR, another addressing Venezuela’s humanitarian crisis, and another responding to 9/11 among others. Both myself and my chairs have been working all summer to lay the foundations for the best PMUNC experience possible. Please read through the background guide, start thinking about your arc, and get ready to have an amazing weekend of fun at PMUNC.
All the best, Justin Curl
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FROM YOUR CHAIR Welcome, Delegates, My name is Scott Overbey, and I’m a sophomore at Princeton studying in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (basically a mix of political science, economics, history, and public policy) from Cincinnati, Ohio. I’m chairing the Congressional committee for the Counterterrorism JCC. I wanted to chair the Congressional committee, since I’m greatly interested in politics, especially the internal power dynamics that influence which bills are passed. While I did debate in high school, I actually didn’t start doing Model UN until I got to college, so thank you to Nick Jain (one of Princeton’s captains) for convincing me to try it out. I have participated in any practice committees within the Princeton team, and I competed last year at NYU and will compete this fall at the University of Pennsylvania. When it comes to academics, I am incredibly interested in poverty and inequality in the United States, especially when concerning housing and welfare reform. I also have an unhealthy addiction to following American politics, so hit me up outside of committee if you want to discuss anything going on in DC or around the nation. This past summer, I worked as a legal clerk for Legal Aid of Greater Cincinnati where I lobbied for housing law reform in my hometown and worked pro bono eviction cases. I also ran a half ironman (1.2 mile swim, 56 mile bike, 13.1 mile run). Afterwards, I headed northwest Peru with Princeton’s chapter of Engineers Without Borders where we worked on our project, a 20 km gravity fed water pipeline that is going to service a community of over 70 families. Other random facts about me include: 1. I once caught 32 M&M’s in my mouth in a row 2. I can whistle really well 3. I’m a certified Scuba Diver 4. I was known as “The Cincinnati Guy” for the first month of freshman year after a facebook post I wrote discussing why Cincinnati is amazing went viral among the Great Princeton Class of 2021 5. I absolutely adore ABBA. 6. My favorite musical is Come From Away 7. My three favorite cities in the USA are Cincinnati, Chicago, and Washington DC. Lastly, if you want to contact me with any questions, or anything else, I’m available at [email protected] and 513-600-1580. I can’t wait to meet y’all, and I’m hoping for a great committee!
Best,
Scott Overbey
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UNITED STATES 9/11 JOINT COMMISSION ON COUNTER-TERRORISM
JOINT BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Department of Justice, the Department of Defense, and the Congressional 9/11 Commission must collaborate to address immediate responses to national tragedy, finding the perpetrators and bringing them to justice, understanding the circumstances that allowed for this nature of attack, and taking steps necessary to ensure that nothing like 9/11 happens again.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE TOPIC DESCRIPTION In the wake of 9/11, the Department of Justice was forced to reckon with its inability to prevent the attacks. Its intelligence branch - the Office of Intelligence Policy and Review - was failing to effectively communicate threats to the investigative branch; its investigative branch - the Federal Bureau of Investigation - had failed to identify and stop possible threats before they happened; and its legal branch could not prosecute threats they could not identify. You serve as prominent administrators in the Department of Justice, tasked with improving its capacity to respond to potential threats in the future, while ensuring that the rights and civil liberties of Americans remain protected.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE TOPIC DESCRIPTION The Department of Defense, headquartered in the Pentagon just outside of Washington DC, oversees the U.S. Armed Forces as well as four national intelligence agencies. It has become the largest employer in the world, but after the morning of September 11, 2001, when American Airlines flight 77 struck the E Ring of the Pentagon, the Department of Defense suffered tremendous losses with hundreds of employees reported severely injured or dead. Minutes after the devastating incident, Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, immediately began attending to the urgent matters brought to light regarding national defense and safety. The Defense Department is now tasked with rebuilding the damaged Pentagon, utilizing the National Security Agency to take anti-terrorist security measures, as well as discussing possible actions to take going forward against Al Qaeda.
SPECIAL CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE TOPIC DESCRIPTION It is September 12, 2001. Catastrophic attacks have rocked New York City and the Pentagon with a fourth plane going down in Pennsylvania. Congress has convened this special joint committee of elected officials to coordinate Congress’ investigation and actions to deal with the crisis at hand. As members of the Congressional 9/11 Commission, weave your way through the bureaucratic monolith of the U.S. federal government as you attempt to work with other agencies of the government to aid victims of the attacks, investigate the events before and on 9/11, and determine how such an event managed to occur without the U.S. government preventing it.
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the World Trade Center, tearing a 10:05 a.m. 9/11 TIMELINE hole in the building and setting it on The South Tower of the World fire. The plane was coming out of Trade Center collapses in a pile of 8:13 a.m. Boston, Massachusetts. ash, smoke, and debris. Flight 11 makes its last routine 9:03 a.m. 10:07 a.m. communication with Air Traffic United Airlines Flight 175 crashes Secret Service agents are deployed to Control. Pilot John Ognowoski does into the South Tower of the World guard Lafayette Park across the street does not respond to a command to Trade Center. Both buildings are from the White House. climb to 35,000 feet, even as Air now burning. 10:10 a.m. Traffic Control attempts to use The Pentagon partially collapses. emergency frequencies. 9:17 a.m. The Federal Airlines Authority closes 10:10 a.m. 8:19 a.m. down all airports in the New York Hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 Flight attendant Betty Ong begins to City area. crashes into a field in Somerset pass information to the American County, Pennsylvania. Airlines Southeastern Reservations 9:21 a.m. Office. She reports that the cockpit is The Port Authority of New York 10:22 a.m. not answering, somebody’s stabbed closes down all bridges and tunnels Washington D.C.’s State and Justice in business class, and I think there’s in the New York and New Jersey Departments are evacuated. Mace, that we can’t breathe… I think area.1 10:24 a.m. we’re getting hijacked.” 9:30 a.m. The FAA reports that all transatlantic 8:24 a.m. President George W. Bush makes his flights to the United States are being The talkback feature has been first speech in regards to the event rerouted to Canada. activated on Flight 11, and air traffic from Sarasota, Florida, saying that 10:28 a.m. controllers hear “We have some “Today, we've had a national tragedy. The North Tower of the World planes. Just stay quiet and you’ll be Two airplanes have crashed into the Trade Center collapses from the top OK. We are returning to the airport.” World Trade Center in an apparent down, as if it is being peeled apart. A minute later, the air traffic terrorist attack on our country.”2 Another huge pile of debris fills the controllers hear “Nobody move. 9:40 a.m. streets below. Everything will be OK. If you try to The FAA halts all airline traffic make any moves you’ll endanger 10:45 a.m. across the United States for the first All federal office buildings in yourself and the airplane. Just stay time ever in American history. quiet.” They are unclear who is Washington D.C. are evacuated. making the call. 9:43 a.m. 10:48 a.m. American Airlines Flight 77 crashes 8:25 a.m. The police confirm the plane crash in into the side of the Pentagon. The Pennsylvania. Flight attendant Amy Sweeney building is immediately evacuated. connects to Air Traffic Control after 11:18 a.m. 3 minutes of failed attempts. She says 9:45 a.m. American Airlines confirms that it The White House is evacuated. that hijackers “just gained access to lost two aircraft - Flight 11 and Flight the cockpit.” 9:57 a.m. 77. Flight 11 hit the North Tower of 8:45 a.m. President George W. Bush departs the World Trade Center. Flight 77 American Airlines Flight 11 rashes Sarasota for D.C. crashed into the Pentagon. into the side of the North Tower of
1 “Complete 911 Timeline: Key Day of 9/11 2 “George W. Bush Remarks at Florida’s Emma https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/g Events,” accessed June 9, 2019, Booker Elementary School on 9-11-01 - The wbush911florida.htm. http://www.historycommons.org/ Rhetoric of 9/11,"
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11:26 a.m. 2:30 p.m. 6:54 p.m. United Airlines confirms that it lost The FAA announces that there will President Bush arrives back in one aircraft - Flight 93 - which be no air traffic until at least noon Washington D.C. at Andrews Air crashed in Pennsylvania. It notes that EDT Wednesday. Force Base in Maryland. it is “deeply concerned” about Flight 3:35 p.m. 7:17 p.m. 175. President Bush is announced to be in Attorney General John Ashcroft 11:59 a.m. an undisclosed location (Offutt Air announces that the FBI is setting up United Airlines confirms that Flight Force Base in Nebraska). Vice a website for tips on the attack, and 175 was lost. Flight 175 crashed into President Dick Cheney and National that family and friends of possible the South Tower of the World Trade Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice victims may call a hotline with Center. are in the White House. Secretary of contact information. 12:30 a.m. Defense Donald Rumsfeld is in the 7:45 p.m. The FAA announces that there are Pentagon. The New York City Police 50 flights in US airspace. None are 3:55 p.m. Department says that at least 78 reporting problems. New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani officers are missing. The Fire 1:04 a.m. announces that at least 200 are Department announces that at least President Bush addresses the nation critically injured in New York, with half of the first 400 firefighters on the from the United States Barksdale Air 2,100 injuries. scene were killed. Force Base in Louisiana, putting the 4:10 p.m. 8:30 p.m. military on high alert, and Building 7 of the World Trade Center President Bush addresses the nation. announcing that all appropriate is announced to be on fire. He says that “These acts shattered security measures are being taken. 4:30 p.m. steel, but they cannot dent the steel The line of the hour is “Make no The President is en route back to of American resolve.” The asks for mistake, the United States will hunt Washington D.C. from Offutt Air prayers for the family and friends of down and punish those responsible Force Base. all the victims. He makes clear that for these cowardly acts.” those who harbor terrorists will be 5:20 p.m. 1:27 p.m. treated the same as the terrorists The 47 story Building 7 of the World themselves. Washington, D.C. enters a state of Trade Center collapses. It has already emergency. been evacuated. Other buildings 9:22 p.m. 1:44 p.m. remain ablaze. The Pentagon is still burning - the The Pentagon announces that 5 fires are contained but not under 5:30 p.m. control. warships and 2 aircraft carriers will There are reports that U.S. officials be moved out of the U.S. Naval revealed that UA Flight 175 could 10:56 p.m. Station in Norfolk, Virginia. have been intended to hit Camp The New York City Police 2.00 p.m. David, the White House, or the U.S. Department announces that they believe people may still be alive in the The FBI tells CNN that they are Capitol. buildings near the World Trade operating under the assumption that 6:40 p.m. the four planes were hijacked as part Center.3 Defense Secretary Rumsfeld of terrorist attacks. announces that the Pentagon is still operational, and will be opening for business the following day.
3 “CNN.Com - Chronology of Terror - http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chron September 12, 2001,” accessed July 6, 2019, ology.attack/.
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TERRORISM IN THE “exclusively young, Marxist, urban, in particular, had lasting effects on educated revolutionaries who were US counter-terrorism procedures: UNITED STATES bent on destroying capitalism.” 6 In “lone-wolf” or “leaderless” groups the Reagan years, the focus was were not targeted per the guidelines, placed on left-wing groups and dismantling a group was prioritized To understand this attack, we Puerto Rican separatists. over punishing leaders or responsible must first look more deeply into Generations of law enforcement individuals, and actions had to be terrorism in the United States before agents have been pioneering reactive, rather than predictive.9 2001. “Terrorism” is and remains different methods of tracking down The transition towards challenging to define - most the perpetrators. The FBI, the main international terrorism threats began definitions hinge upon the use of domestic counter-terror organization in 1983, when US Marine Corps violence (or the threat of violence) to in the United States, went through barracks in Beirut were targeted by pursue a political goal, usually several evolutions in response to bombings.10 The prosecutorial rights, including the deliberate targeting of political pressures. In the 1960s and this time for foreign attacks against civilians 4 . With this definition in 1970s, COINTELPRO, the main US citizens, were once again given to mind, it is evident that the United counter-terrorism unit at the FBI, the FBI, as codified in the Attorney States has seen generations of collected broad swathes of personal General Guidelines for FBI Foreign terrorist attacks since its very information in order to more Intelligence Collection and Foreign founding ( if one considers violence effectively track and contain leftist Counterintelligence Investigations. 11 By against Native American peoples, terror groups. 7 In the wake of this point, the differing sets of since long before its founding), Watergate, however, the FBI came guidelines led to the classification of ranging from Ku Klux Klan under heavy public scrutiny, international actors as “terrorists,” perpetrated massacres, to anarchist dismantling COINTELPRO and while domestic threats, as per the bombings of crowded public spaces, implementing the Levi guidelines in Smith guidelines, were still classified to attacks rooted in professional the 1970s, the Civiletti guidelines in as common criminals. vendettas, to lone bombers5. In the 1980, and the Smith guidelines in It was in the 1990s when 1960s and 1970s, terrorism was 1983 - Attorney General restrictions America “woke up” to the threat of largely a tool of the radical leftist and intended to provide the organization terrorism. 12 During this time, two Marxist groups - in the public mind, with better direction and reasonable strains of terrorist attacks were terrorists were understood as limitations. 8 The Smith Guidelines, developing simultaneously - jihadist
4 Antonia Ward, “How Do You Define https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/un 9 Smith, Shields, and Damphousse, “Patterns of Terrorism?,” June 4, 2018, masking-the-mad-bomber-180962469/; Intervention in Federal Terrorism Cases: Interim https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/06/how-do- 6 Brent L Smith, Chris Shields, and Kelly Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences you-define-terrorism.html. Damphousse, “Patterns of Intervention in Division, Science and Technology Directorate, 5 Danny Lewis, “The 1873 Colfax Massacre Federal Terrorism Cases: Interim Report to U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” Crippled the Reconstruction Era,” Smithsonian, Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, 10 CNN Library, “Beirut Marine Barracks accessed July 6, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Bombing Fast Facts,” CNN, March 21, 2019,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart- Department of Homeland Security” (University 2019,https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/13/world news/1873-colfax-massacre-crippled- of Maryland, College Park, August 2011) /meast/beirut-marine-barracks-bombing-fast- reconstruction-180958746/; 7 Smith, Shields, and Damphousse, “Patterns of facts/index.html. “From the Archives: The 1910 Bombing of the Intervention in Federal Terrorism Cases: Interim 11 Smith, Shields, and Damphousse, “Patterns of Los Angeles Times - Los Angeles Times,” Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Intervention in Federal Terrorism Cases: Interim accessed July 6, Division, Science and Technology Directorate, Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences 2019,https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photogr U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” Division, Science and Technology Directorate, aphy/la-me-fw-archives-the-1910-bombing-of- 8 “The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s U.S. Department of Homeland Security.” the-los-angeles-times-20180612-htmlstory.html; Compliance with the Attorney General’s 12 Peter Bergen Analyst CNN National Security, “The Haymarket Affair,” Illinois Labor History Investigative Guidelines (Redacted),” Special “How the ’90s Gave Us Today’s Terrorism,” Society, accessed July 6, Report (Office of the Inspector General, CNN, accessed July 6, 2019, 2019,http://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/the- September 2005), https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/opinions/n haymarket-affair; https://oig.justice.gov/special/0509/chapter2.h ineties-terrorism-bergen/index.html. “Unmasking the Mad Bomber | History | tm. Smithsonian,” accessed July 6, 2019,
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violence, largely an international threat, and right-wing extremism, a domestic crisis. 1995 saw the Oklahoma City Bombings, at that point the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States to date, perpetrated by Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh had ties to white supremacist movements and anti-government sentiments. 13 1996 brought bombings at the Atlanta Olympics, traced back to Eric Rudolph, who was charged with other incidents of violent extremism. 14 Still, with the Smith guidelines shaping FBI policy, and consequently public sentiment, the right-wing domestic threats were still understood as the actions of “criminals” rather than “terrorists.” Jihadist and Islamic terrorism were not a new phenomenon - US citizens abroad had been targeted since the Iranian Revolution - but United States territory had been largely immune until this point. After al Qaeda attacks on US soil in 1993, Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. This allowed for the designation of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) and the prosecution of those who provided material support to terrorist organizations. It was at this point, as the FBI began to trace the connections between domestic actors and international actors, that the lines between “domestic” and “foreign” became increasingly blurred, changing the standards by which different perpetrators were prosecuted.15
13 “Oklahoma City Bombing, Lessons 20 Years 14 “Eric Robert Rudolph Fast Facts - CNN,” 15 Smith, Shields, and Damphousse, “Patterns of Later (Opinion) - CNN,” accessed July 6, 2019, accessed July 6, 2019, Intervention in Federal Terrorism Cases: Interim https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/17/opinions/l https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/06/us/eric- Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences auter-pitcavage-oklahoma-bombing/index.html. robert-rudolph---fast-facts/index.html. Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security.”
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initiated an exchange program with AL QAEDA COMMITTEE the CIA, the joint center they created BACKGROUND BACKGROUNDS was still relatively new. Crucially, in order to respond to the counter- terrorism priority as per their The terrorist organization nominal shift in the mid-1990s, they known as al Qaeda was formed by DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE needed to divert resources away from criminal investigations domestically - Osama Bin Laden and Muhammad The Department of Justice has Atef in 1988, a successor to the a shift that was not realized. The played the central role in US counter- information storage and gathering organization known as “mekhtab al terrorism efforts before up until this khidemat,” or “Services systems were both obsolete - point, depending upon the FBI’s intelligence gaps were not tracked, Organization,” that had offices counter-terrorism offices to respond across the world (including in the and even gathered intelligence was to threats both at home and abroad. hard to locate. Finally, the DoJ faced United States) 16 . Al Qaeda means In the last 10 years alone, the FBI has “the Base,” and was headquartered the same problem that every parallel coordinated responses to the World organization was facing: legal first in Afghanistan and Peshawar, Trade Center Bombing of 1993, the Pakistan, before moving to Sudan in restrictions on communication Landmarks Plot of 1993, the Manila between different branches of the 1991, and back to Afghanistan in Airlines plot of 1995, the Khobar 1996. The relevant leader, the “emir,” organization (in this case, between Towers Bombing of 1996, the East the intelligence gathering and has always been Bin Laden - all Africa Embassy Bombings of 1998, members pledge loyalty to both the prosecuting branches of the FBI) the Millenium Plot of 1999, and the hobbled their efforts. organization and Bin Laden himself. U.S.S. Cole Bombing of 2000. The The United States has been tracking Justice Department is responsible altercations and conflicts with al not only for monitoring threats, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Qaeda since its founding. Al Qaeda’s coordinating responses, gathering mission, to remove “infidel” information, and arresting suspects, The Department of Defense’s governments from power across the but also for prosecution, ensuring role in counter-terrorism has been world and install a united Caliphate that those responsible face the necessarily limited largely to long- over the Muslim world, has set them consequences of their actions. The term, overseas efforts. The U.S. at odds with the United States (the FBI was trained in a “traditional law military’s actions in the Middle East paramount infidel government and enforcement” approach to counter- are central to the discussion of key supporter of other infidel terrorism, with the process of international terrorism, firstly governments) since their inception.17 building cases and collecting because the U.S. military bases, A basic outline below provides detail information, and pay increases service personnel, ships, and planes on al Qaeda’s actions since their corresponding with numbers of have been targets of terrorist attacks founding in 1988, and their main arrests, indictments, and since the Iranian Revolution, and altercations with United States actors. prosecutions. have increased in the 1990s. Secondly, The main challenges that the it is as a result of U.S. military (and FBI faced were evident even in the diplomatic) intervention in Middle early 1990s. They lacked the Eastern political affairs that many resources necessary for information international terrorist groups have gathering and sharing, and while they been founded - al Qaeda, for
16 “Al Qaeda - Background - Al Qaeda | Inside 17 J.T. Caruso, “Before the Subcommittee on https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/al-qaeda- The Terror Network | FRONTLINE | PBS,” International Operations and Terrorism, international. accessed July 6, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States 2019,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontli Senate: Al-Qaeda International” (FBI, ne/shows/network/alqaeda/indictment.html December 8, 2001),
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example, particularly protests the U.S. investigations into terror related with their colleagues in intelligence military’s presence in Saudi Arabia, matters work closely with federal agencies and the military when and driving out U.S. Armed Forces is agencies like the Departments of formulating policy. one of their top priorities. Thirdly, Justice, Defense, and others. long-term efforts to protect national In response to previous terror security undertaken abroad must rely attacks, Congress has often taken upon the U.S. military’s significant swift and aggressive measures to DEPARTMENT OF resources and strategic capabilities, both to identify and prosecute JUSTICE SPECIFIC particularly if they involve war. terrorists and bring redress to victims The Department of Defense is affected. In the wake of the 1995 INFORMATION responsible for the U.S. military (and Oklahoma City bombings, Congress the significant budget that passed the Antiterrorism and accompanies it), but it is important to Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 Post-9/11, the Department of understand that the Department, and aka AEDPA. According to the Justice (DOJ) was forced to reform indeed the Armed Forces, are useful Congresspeople advocating for the and expand its existing operations. for more than war. The DoD can bill, AEDPA was meant, “to deter Although always intended to be provide access to intelligence, advise terrorism, provide justice for victims, solely an agency meant to enforce on foreign policy and interactions and provide for an effective death federal laws, the DOJ began taking with armed state and non-state actors penalty” by restraining access to on a substantially more proactive role (especially in collaboration with the potentially dangerous materials like after 9/11, attempting to identify and State Department, with whom they plastic explosives and radioactive manage threats before they work closely abroad), and provide substances, creating a federal death happened. information on reasonable scenarios penalty for terrorists found guilty of There are many components to for future interactions with terrorist murder, and most importantly, the DOJ, the most notable being the organizations or armed non-state rewriting the laws of habeas corpus Federal Bureau of Investigation actors abroad. It is crucial to which govern an individual’s rights (FBI). The FBI works to enforce remember that al Qaeda, as well as when they are detained and allows specific statutes and policies in 56 other terrorist organization in the for them to request a court look at disjunct field offices. The FBI, while Middle East, do not act in isolation, their case to determine the legality of unable to prevent the 9/11 attacks, nor are their actions and networks their incarceration. The AEDPA has demonstrated success in limited to suicide bombings - they greatly limited the ability of prisoners investigating terrorism before. have broad networks of influence, in terrorism related cases to appeal Examples include the successful large numbers of increasingly well- their detainment, sparking investigation of the Lockerbie trained recruits, access to military controversy from groups across the bombing in Scotland, where Pan technologies and weaponry, and ideological spectrum. American Flight 103 blew up, killing economic support systems. Congress is organized into 270 people. While initial intelligence specialized committees which see reports pointed responsibility legislation and vote on whether to towards the Syrian or Iranian CONGRESSIONAL send bills to the general floor. The governments, after 3 years of analysis As the legislative branch of the House Permanent Select Committee of airliner fragments, the FBI was United States federal government, on Intelligence and the Senate Select able to find a timing device that Congress wields enormous power in Committee on Intelligence, decisively identified the perpetrator the investigation and response to consisting of congress people and as the Libyan governments. terror attacks. Beyond controlling the senators with expertise in laws Other components of the DOJ budget and mandates of federal regarding intelligence agencies, include: the US Marshals, which agencies, they also have the sole national security, and terrorism, are tracks down fugitives; the Drug authority to issue declarations of war. responsible for crafting the response Enforcement Agency (DEA), which Moreover, Congress’ internal to terrorist activity and often consult primarily focuses on counter-
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narcotics, but has introduced sources counter-terrorism. Not only that, but and peek” warrants were created, to the FBI for counterterrorism use; the FBI – plausibly the component where investigative agents could the Customs Service, which policed of the DOJ most directly concerned enter private premises without all points of entry; and the with counterterrorism – operated notifying the owner first. The third Immigration and Naturalization under a system where only one office was stronger protections against Service (INS), which secured the could be in charge of an investigation, money-laundering in order to border (including deportation of in order to avoid duplication. prevent terrorism. This includes potential threats) and processed Moreover, performance reviews better record keeping in banks, citizenship and naturalization and promotions were based on restrictions on shell companies and applications. In particular, the INS statistics, such as one’s arrest counts, shell accounts, criminal penalties for (which is the predecessor to ICE) indictments, prosecutions, and corruption, and better was particularly proactive in convictions. Unsurprisingly, because communication mechanisms enforcing immigration in local counterterrorism operations often between the Department of Treasury municipalities. Many cities’ mayors take many years with little to no and DOJ. limit their employees from success, agents were uninterested The fourth was to give more cooperating with INS, which means with pursuing those cases and agents investigative power to border that many individuals are outside the who were promoted to management security agencies including legal framework that INS operates had no counterterrorism experience. $50,000,000 in funding for better within. Nonetheless, INS has some As a consequence, prior to 9/11, border security technology (like strong relationships with some states there was a lack of funding or surveillance equipment and updated and local cities with Joint Terrorism capacity for robust counterterrorism passports). The fifth mandate made Task Forces (JTTFs), which allows compared to the other concerns.18 it easier to investigate terrorism – this INS to train and enlist the help of included higher rewards for local officers to investigate terrorism. reporting terrorist behavior and TOPIC 2: NEW EQUIPMENT expanded access to National Security Now, on October 26, 2001, Letters (NSLs). NSLs are subpoenas TOPIC 1: STRUCTURAL some of that has changed. Congress that require entities to turn over ISSUES has just passed the USA PATRIOT records and data without any judicial Act (Uniting and Strengthening While the timeline of DOJ oversight or probable cause and also America by Providing Appropriate actions immediately following 9/11 include a gag order, which prevents Tools Required to Intercept and is murky, we know of several the recipients of NSLs from ever Obstruct Terrorism Act) – it has operational failings that limited the indicating that they were used. several expansive mandates. DOJ’s capacity to operate effectively. Normally, only the Director or the The first is increased funding for Overarchingly, the DOJ was Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI the Terrorist Screening Center, remarkably decentralized and could use an NSL, but now, any administered by the FBI. The second uncoordinated. The federal office Special Agent in charge of a field was a modification of surveillance had little operational control over the office could use NSLs. procedures, where government field offices. As a consequence, local The sixth mandate, while agencies were able to gather foreign offices are able to choose their own important, were not particularly intelligence information from US priorities, which often aligns with pertinent to the day-to-day and non-US citizens. Furthermore, very local issues instead of national operations of the DOJ (funding for wiretaps were much more expansive, issues – for example, many field victims and families affected by no longer needing to specify offices focus on violent crime or terrorism). particular devices, and new “sneak drug enforcement instead of
18 https://www.9- 11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf
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The seventh mandate allowed also a member of the Federalist responsibility as the head of the law enforcement to investigate Society, a community of thinkers Marshals is to streamline and terrorism, even if it wasn’t in their who advocate for libertarian politics. optimize the process so that the jurisdiction. The eighth mandate You are the head of the Department Marshals are much better at their role expanded the definition of terrorism of Justice - while you hold minimal - finding wanted fugitives, protecting to include the destruction of public day-to-day control of the department, Federal officials, and enabling the transportation and cyberterrorism. you set the agenda of what the Witness Protection Program. You set The ninth mandate requires the department should pursue and the priorities for more than 90 Attorney General of the Department interact with the President regularly Marshalls and almost 3000 deputy of Justice to report any foreign to inform national executive policy. Marshalls, who collectively bolster intelligence to the head of the CIA Robert Mueller - Dir. FBI the judicial system’s ability to enforce (the Director of Central Intelligence). You are Robert Mueller, its decisions. The Marshalls have a The tenth mandate included a variety director of the FBI and a Princeton budget of approximately $28 million. of laws, including a loosening of the graduate. You believe in strict Asa Hutchinson - Admin. DEA definition of electronic surveillance restrictions of state power, coming You are Asa Hutchinson, the (where, if one of the recipients out in opposition of warrantless administrator of the Drug allowed an interception of wiretapping and enhanced Enforcement Agency. Previously the communications, it would no longer interrogation techniques. As the head Representative from Arkansas, you be considered electronic surveillance) of the FBI, you have direct now head the DEA, which is and a study to see if biometric operational control over the FBI and responsible for ensuring that the identifiers were feasible. its investigative personnel - you can illegal drugs do not make their way Unsurprisingly, more money and guide your 35,000 personnel in into the hands of US citizens. You mandates without structural reform almost any direction with strict want to shift the focus of the DEA in the DOJ doesn’t make the respect to the laws and institutions away from the War on Drugs department more effective.19 that constrain the FBI. Typically, FBI mentality of the late twentieth Now, you, as the administrators agents have restricted their century into a more focused of the DOJ, have to figure out how investigations to domestic concerns, approach meant to prevent the to reorganize the DOJ to be more but some argue that the FBI should proliferation of methamphetamines, effective; once you do, you must use receive an international mandate ecstasy, and predatory drugs. You all of the tools provided to you to because of the evolving nature of the lead 5,000 agents and have a budget prevent any future terrorist threats. threats to US citizens. But be careful of $3 billion.
- the greater the size of the Robert Bonner - Comm. Customs organization, the more unwieldy and CHARACTER LIST Service unpredictable it becomes. The FBI John Ashcroft – AG You are Robert Bonner, the has a budget of approximately $9.6 Commissioner of the Customs You are John Ashcroft, the billion. Attorney General of the United Service. In the wake of 9/11, many States after September 11. You are a Benigno Reyna - Dir. US Marshals became worried about the ease and scion of the Midwest, previously the You are Benigno Reyna, the prevalence of dangerous materials Governor and Senator of Missouri. director of the US Marshals being delivered through the US You believe in tough-on-crime appointed in the immediate postal service; your main priority is policing, the expansion of the state in aftermath of 9/11. The timing could finding a way to secure the billions of response to the 9/11 attacks, but are not be more clear - your packages that come over the US
19 https://epic.org/privacy/terrorism/hr3162. html
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border from abroad; secondarily, you discrimination on the basis of sex, Glenn Fine - DOJ Office of are currently in charge of some nationality, race, disability or religion Inspector General border security in order to ensure are enforced. This is particularly You are Glenn Fine, the Inspector that illegal goods do not cross the relevant after 9/11, when risks of General of the Department of Justice. border. You preside over a staff of governmental overreach are While other individuals within the 21,000 package inspectors and particularly high. The Civil Rights agency act as an informal check to border security agents with a budget Division of the Department of the potential abuses of the DOJ, your of almost $5 billion. Justice has a budget of approximately role is to formally investigate the Larry Thompson - Deputy AG $150 million. DOJ for any compliance violations. You are Larry Thompson, the Barbara Comstock - Director of the You ensure that civil liberties are deputy Attorney General. Unlike the Office of Public Affairs protected, that contracts are Attorney General, you oversee the You are Barbara Comstock, the legitimately carried out, that prisons day to day operations of the Director of the Office of Public are not mistreating prisoners and so Department of Justice - this means Affairs. You are responsible for much more. As a consequence, you you directly administrate the conveying what the Department of have significant investigative power constitutive branches of the Justice does to the rest of the country. within the Department. You have a Department of Justice . If the The public’s opinion can swing on budget of approximately $100 Attorney General is ever absent, you policies based on how you frame million. become the acting attorney general. them. You are a skilled strategist and A moderate appointee with attorney, responsible for putting Michael Creppy - Chief Immigration bipartisan support, you are a member together the Republican playbook to Judge of the Federalist Society, which get Bush into office and defending You are Michael Creppy, the Chief believes in severe restrictions on Bush nominees. It is through your Immigration Judge after 9/11. Your government action. strategizing that the Bush campaign role is to administer the mandates of was able to get to where it is today the Department of Justice within the Ted Olson - Solicitor General and it is through your strategizing You are Ted Olsen, the United immigration courts - you have that the Department of Justice can incredible amounts of precedent- States Solicitor General. You continue to progress towards the setting power in a court system that represent the United States goals it sets for itself. Government in front of the Supreme processes almost 1 million legal Court in case there are any Kathleen Hawk Sawyer - Director of immigrants and almost 1 million constitutional questions about the Bureau of Prisons illegal immigrants every year. With governmental actions (as an aside, You are Kathleen Hawk Sawyer, the calls to restrict immigration Director of the Bureau of Prisons. becoming even stronger and the you later represent Tom Brady in the Deflategate case). As a consequence Your primary aim is to reduce potential of politicizing courts you give legal advice to the entire recidivism in jails, through projects becoming even more possible, it is government to ensure it acts within like free secondary education and your responsibility to balance the its bounds. You have a very close substance abuse programs. You are concerns of the people and the law. relationship with the Supreme Court also responsible for ensuring that Jay Stephens - Associate Attorney prisons do not become a hotbed for Justices and, as Solicitor General, are General one of the most influential lawyers in radicalization or the proliferation of You are Jay Stephens, the Associate the legal community. organized crime. The prison system Attorney General. You advise and is vast and complex and likely to Ralph F. Boyd - Assistant Attorney assist the Attorney General and become a focal point of the approach Deputy Attorney General in matters General for Civil Rights to domestic crime through the years You are Ralph Boyd, the relating to civil liberties, law following 9/11. enforcement, and matters of public Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. Your role is to ensure that safety. In particular, you oversee the federal statutes that prevent the Office of Information Privacy, the
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Office of Violence against Women, prosequi). There are 93 Federal Court Despite the series of wars the Civil Division, and the Justice districts and, coincidentally, 93 fought, the 1800s brought significant Division (a division that aims to federal attorneys. growth to the previously established prevent crime through research and War Department. In 1802, the first development and cooperation with military academy at West Point was local stakeholders). DEPARTMENT OF founded, allowing for the Army to begin expansion as an organization. Bradley Buckles - Director of ATF DEFENSE SPECIFIC You are Bradley Buckles, the Furthermore, the Navy Department Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, INFORMATION founded the Naval Academy in Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Annapolis, Maryland as a way to (ATF). You are responsible for recruit new members into the Navy.21 preventing the unlawful use of Following the War of 1812, Congress firearms and explosives and the decided to increase the size of the HISTORY peacetime army to 10,000, allowing illegal trafficking of alcohol and The roots of the Defense tobacco. Your focus is primarily on for the country to be greater Department date back to the time of prepared for possible threats in the interactions with local police forces the American Revolution in 1775. to ensure that these goods are not future. However, the rise of tensions The outbreak of the Revolutionary between the North and South as well improperly distributed. After 9/11, War as well as the convening of the your purview has also been expanded as the outbreak of the Civil War Second Continental Congress led to caused Congress to begin military to amateur rocketry, which could be the overall recognition that a national a future threat. The ATF has a conscription for the army, spurring army would prove useful. After the budget of $1.2 billion. violent protests among citizens. US Constitution empowered Nevertheless, the Civil War marked a Kenneth Wainstein - Director of the Congress with the ability to provide period of advancement for the War Executive for United States for the common defense, declare war, Department, since its responsibilities Attorneys and maintain a navy, Congress expanded to include recruitment and You are Kenneth Wainstein, the created the Department of War to training as well as providing supplies Director of the Executive for US oversee and control the three military and medical care. Attorneys. You oversee the US organizations that had been While expansion was underway, Attorneys within each of the Federal established at the time: Army, Navy, the United States Army was still court districts, who are responsible and Marine Corps. 20 After firmly considered the smallest and least for prosecuting criminal cases on establishing the War Department, powerful army of any major power in behalf of the Federal government. Congress quickly moved into the late 19th century.22 However, this Primarily, your role is to set the introducing a new military soon changed once the US entered agenda for the types of cases that US organization known as the Coast the First World War. With allies from Attorneys should pursue - you have Guard in 1790. The War Department England and France, the country’s sway over the types of crimes that the had originally been tasked with army skyrocketed in size, reaching US government actually ends up handling Naval affairs as well, close to 3.7 million after the pursuing and the types of crimes that however Congress soon established enactment of the Selective Service the US government doesn’t end up the Navy Department to oversee the Act. 23 Once the war ended, the prosecuting (a process called nolle actions of the Navy. amount of members serving reached
20 “About The Department of Defense August 13, 2019, =United_States_Department_of_War&old (DOD),” accessed August 14, 2019, https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/d id=909068748. https://archive.defense.gov/about/. efense/timeline. 23 Chris Edwards, “Department of 21 Christopher Preble Chris Edwards, 22 “United States Department of War,” in Defense Timeline.” “Department of Defense Timeline,” Text, Wikipedia, August 2, 2019, Downsizing the Federal Government, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title
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about 4.7 million, and the size of the Washington DC with Donald taking measures necessary to protect peacetime army grew to 280,000. Rumsfeld as the acting Secretary of America from further attacks that The Second World War brought Defense. The mission statement of day. The Air Force launched F-16 trouble for the War Department. The the Defense Department is to fighters to establish a combat air General Manager at the time, provide the military backing patrol over the nation’s capital. General Marshall, had been necessary to deter the country from Furthermore, the hundreds of neglecting the Department and was war. In doing so, the DoD was employers and personnel of the primarily focused on advising responsible with coordinating and Defense Department that had been President Roosovelt regarding supervising all agencies and severely injured from the crash were military strategy. This caused a functions of the government related transported to nearby hospitals for fragment of authority within the to national security.24 immediate medical care.25 department, leading to the Having been established in the More fighters were deployed reorganization of the Army into late 18th century, the Department of later that day, with active duty Air three separate operations, one of Defense has dealt with any and all Force pilots and Navy fighters which being the modern Air Force. governmental concerns that have instructed to us deadly force if After World War II, President arisen regarding national security. necessary to protect the nation’s Truman proposed to create a unified With the U.S. Armed Forces as well capital from further attacks. Combat Department for all defense as four national intelligence services, air patrols continued to protect organizations. He signed the the Department has grown to Washington that day, with ANG National Security Act of 1947 which become one of the largest employers tankers, airlifts and rescue units also created a unified military command in the world. providing aid. The Defense known as the National Military The morning of September 11, Department had also activated and Establishment. This act also brought 2001 proved to be a day of notified stand-by personnel for about the creation of the Central tremendous loss for the country. emergency duty. Currently, there is Intelligence Agency, National After American Airlines flight 11 still an air patrol centered around the Security Council, and the United crashed into the North Tower of the Capitol, however the Department States Air Force. He placed all of this World Trade Center, the Federal must act quickly to rebuild the losses power under one Secretary of Airlines Authority immediately from the attacks, restore public Defense, with the Senate confirming ceased all airline travel across the morale, and take necessary actions James V. Forrestal as the first formal United States. Minutes after the against Al Qaeda. Defense Secretary. In 1949, an devastating incident, Secretary of amendment to the original law Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, STRUCTURAL renamed the National Military immediately began attending to the ORGANIZATION Establishment to the Department of urgent matters brought to light Overview Defense (DoD), which would absorb regarding national defense and safety. The Defense Department is the three established cabinet level However, less than an hour after the overseen by the Secretary of Defense. military departments (Air Force, first plane had crashed, two more However, there are many more Navy and Army). planes had also been hijacked and components that fall beneath the By 2001, the Department of crashed into high profile areas, one scope of the Defense Department. Defense had 1.4 million uniformed of which being the Defense There are four primary organizations service members and 649,000 civilian Department’s primary location: The that are crucial to the Department’s employees. Their main headquarters E Ring of the Pentagon. The affairs, those being the Department was the Pentagon Building in Defense Department swiftly began
24 “United States Department of Defense,” =United_States_Department_of_Defense Image-Gallery/Historical- in Wikipedia, September 20, 2019, &oldid=916792642. Paintings/Heritage-Series/9-11/. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title 25 “9-11,” accessed August 14, 2019, https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/
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advises the actions of the Department’s many Defense Agencies, one of which being the National Security Agency (NSA). With key agencies such as the NSA, Defense Intelligence Agency, and Defense Health Agency, the OSD will need to work efficiently and effectively to deal with the matters at hand. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also has direct communication and influence over the actions of the 4 Geographical Combatant Commands and 3 Functional Combatant Commands within the Defense Department. The Geographical Commands include the United States Central Command, United States European Command, of the Army, Department of the tasked with informing and advising United States Indo-Pacific Navy, Department of the Air Force, the Defense Secretary as well as the Command, and the United States and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Each of President on matters of military Southern Command. The Functional these departments have their own operations and policy. The board is Commands include the United States secretary who report directly to the comprised of the Chairman, the Vice Special Operations Command, Defense Secretary. Furthermore, the Chairman, the Chief of Staff of the United States Strategic Command, Office of the Secretary of Defense Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the United States Transportation (OSD) is in charge of overseeing the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Command. many of the important Defense the Commandant of the Marine Agencies. Corps, and the Chief of the National TOPIC 1: DOMESTIC Military Departments Guard Bureau.While the Chiefs of Each respective military Staff no longer have control over AFFAIRS department contains a staff military operations directly, they are The direct aftermath of the responsible with the maintenance responsible for ensuring personnel September 11 attacks brought forth and deployment of military readiness and training respective some serious concerns in the personnel when instructed by the military services for the combatant domestic front. As a result of the first Defense Secretary. The Department commanders to utilize. plane crash, every airport across the of the Navy is in charge of overseeing Office of the Secretary of Defense United States was shut down with both Naval operations as well as the The Office of the Secretary of flights coming into the country being Marine Corps. The Army currently Defense (OSD) is primarily rerouted to Canada. Citizens feared has 480,801 active duty personnel responsible for policy development, for their lives as almost 3,000 fellow with the Air Force, Navy and Marine planning, resource management and Americans lost their lives to the fatal Corps having 353,571, 377,810, and program evaluation. The OSD is hijackings. The Defense Department 172, 934 personnel respectively. comprised of a series of leaders and had set up an air patrol around the organizations responsible with US Capitol Building in DC as well as Joint Chiefs of Staff New York City under the name The Joint Chiefs of Staff is personnel, weapons acquisition, comprised of a board of leaders research, intelligence and fiscal policy. Furthermore, the OSD oversees and
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Operation Noble Eagle.26 Furthermore, the NSA. This program enabled the has been no formal declaration of the Pentagon put out an United States to secretly track war. Launching militaristic efforts to announcement saying that 5 warships billions of phone calls made by attack the terrorist organization in and 2 aircraft carriers would be millions of Americans over a period the Middle East as well as providing moved out of the naval base in of decades.29 While this was created aid to locals in the area to prevent Norfolk, Virginia. However, along as an effort to intercept further recruitment or damage may with these immediate actions to communications with Al Qaeda, it prove to be the best course of initial address the concerns of the general was considered warrantless action. public, the Defense Department surveillance by many American Another important step to take needs to focus on rebuilding from its citizens, causing the NSA to fall will be retaining American allies. By own losses. under major controversy. With all using the members of NATO, the Although Donald Rumsfeld messages and internet browsing US Defense Department will need to announced that the Pentagon would history being tracked, many ensure that members of Al Qaeda be operational on September 12, the Americans felt the government was have not already begun influencing collision of Flight 77 had caused a invading their privacy, causing a civilians in allied nations. While the devastating inferno that led to severe public outrage. Moving forward, it Taliban holds a considerable amount structural damage in the E ring. With will be important to utilize the NSA of power over Afghanistan, it may hundreds of Pentagon and DoD to continue intercepting terrorist become necessary to deploy more personnel severely injured, the communications, however retaining troops into the area in an effort to Department must focus on public approval will be crucial. fight the terrorists on their own rebuilding its headquarters and grounds. Furthermore, naval providing aid to the families affected. blockades around Pakistan and Iran The Phoenix Project began TOPIC 2: INTERNATIONAL could be beneficial in reducing the immediately after September 11, with AFFAIRS flow of terrorists out of the region. the Department setting an agenda to The international front for the It will be crucial for the Defense rebuild the Pentagon by September Department of Defense will be much Department to utilize its military as 11 the following year. However, this more tricky and difficult battle. While well as Intelligence agencies to gain project may need to be expedited in maintaining the NSA and continuing intel on how the Taliban is funding order to bring the Department back to intercept communications will be its efforts. The Defense Department on its feet sooner rather than later.27 important, the Defense Department has many connections along the Furthermore, the NSA needs to implement measures in international front, giving them an increased its scope of power greatly order to reduce the recruitment of advantage when it comes to intel along the domestic front following members into Al Qaeda. With gathering. By attacking Al Qaeda’s the attacks. The Patriot Act was command over the armed forces, it money source, this could seriously passed to heighten the extent of will be important for the Department impact the influence and power the surveillance permitted by the federal to utilize its influence abroad. While Taliban hold. government in order to investigate the War on Terror was declared With the United States budget terror related crimes. 28 Along with moments after the attacks by on military spending reaching almost the passage of the Patriot Act was the President Bush, actions need to be 450 billion, it will be important to creation of the Terrorist Surveillance taken in order to bring justice to the decide how to properly allocate Program which would be headed by Americans at home since there still
26 “9-11.” pentagon/pentagon-reconstruction- 29 “Terrorist Surveillance Program,” in 27 “Pentagon Reconstruction - The phoenix-project. Wikipedia, July 10, 2019, Phoenix Project | Pentagon Memorial 28 History com Editors, “Patriot Act,” https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title Fund,” accessed August 14, 2019, HISTORY, accessed August 14, 2019, =Terrorist_Surveillance_Program&oldid= https://pentagonmemorial.org/learn/911- https://www.history.com/topics/21st- 905606841. century/patriot-act.
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funds to address both issues at home Thomas White graduated from West properly command this vital military as well internationally.30 Point with a Science degree and has organization. considerable knowledge of business James Gerard Roche: Secretary of affairs as well as militaristic strategy. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER the Air Force However, he does have a shady side As head of the Department of • How will the Defense since he was involved in controversy the Air Force, James is responsible Department address and care with Enron Energy Services where for conducting all the affairs for the families affected by the he actively pursued military contracts regarding the deployment and attacks on the Pentagon? with the company to privatize the maintenance of any and all aerial • Should we accelerate any power supply for army bases. He troops. He served 23 years in the reconstruction efforts put in holds control over the operations of Navy before retiring as a Captain in place to rebuild the Pentagon? the United States Army. 1983, so he has great amounts of • How should we use the NSA to Gordon R. England: Secretary of military experience. However, his gather intelligence while still the Navy personal interests may outweigh his maintaining the trust of the As chief executive officer, the responsibilities as Air Force people? Secretary of the Navy is responsible Secretary. • Can we reconstruct the NSA in for overseeing the actions of both the James L. Jones: Commandant of the a way that will not infringe on Navy and Marine Corps. Gordan was Marine Corps (CMC) personal sovereignty? an American politician and The Commandant of the Marine • How can the Defense businessman who worked as an Corps is a member on the board of engineer before taking position as the Department use its resources to the Joint Chiefs of Staff as well as the revive the people and promote Secretary of the Navy. He was highest ranking member of the acting nationalism? considered a controversial choice Marine Corps. While subject to the • How should we utilize our due to his lack of formal experience authority of the Secretary of the military organizations to in the military, however he expresses Navy, the CMC ensures the prevent the spread of Al Qaeda a strong interest in advancing military organization, policy, plans, and technology. into neighboring and allied programs of the DoD are running as nations? Vernon E. Clark: Chief of Naval intended. James L. Jones is a • Should the country move into Operations Missouri born general with War or is there a better course A businessman with a degree diplomatic and strategic mindset. His of action to take to minimize from the University of Arkansas, drive and vigor will be useful in casualties? Vern Clark holds supervisional coordinating a proper response to • How should we construct our control over the actions of the Navy. the attacks on 9/11. He also sticks to budget to address both However, he cannot personally his roots, as demonstrated by his reconstruction efforts as well as command the Navy since that is interest in pop country music international plans of action? under the control of the Combatant singers. Commanders. Nevertheless, he Richard Meyers: Chairman of the holds tremendous amounts of CHARACTER LIST Joint Chiefs of Staff financial skills and also has ties to the Following the aftermath of the Thomas White: Secretary of the United States Transportation 9/11 attacks, General Richard Army Command where he previously Meyers took office as the Chairman An American businessman and served. He will need to work closely of the Chiefs of Staff on October 1, former United States Army officer. with the Secretary of the Navy to
30 “U.S. Military Spending 2000-2018 | https://www.statista.com/statistics/272473 Statista,” accessed August 14, 2019, /us-military-spending-from-2000-to- 2012/.
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2001. His war planning skills, military Ronald M. Sega: Under Secretary of great responsibility over providing readiness, and past experiences have Defense for Research and management and oversight of helped shape him into a strong leader. Engineering military installations worldwide. Furthermore, his interest in nuclear The USD for Research and Furthermore, Raymond manages arms may prove useful in responding Engineering has a very important job environmental, safety, and to the attacks. Meyers is responsible in the development and oversight of occupational health programs for the with informing and advising the DoD technology strategy for the DoD. He is well needed in rebuilding Defense Secretary as well as ensuring DoD. With the ability to work along the Pentagon in a quick, decisive personnel readiness and training for with the NSA, Ronald will prove to manner. Furthermore, his focus on the military forces. be very useful in developing safety could be useful in steps Michael Vincent Hayden: Director technology for increased US moving forward to prevent future of the National Security Agency protection as well as detection of terrorist attacks on the homefront. (NSA) terrorist activity abroad. The His education and experience will As a retired United States Air development of armed drones to fly prove vital in helping those affected Force director, Michael Hayden now over Afghanistan may also be a by the attacks, through the rebuilding oversees the operations of the NSA. worthwhile tactic for Ronald Sega. of homes and utilities. However, his position comes with His experience as an instructor pilot Edward Cleveland Aldridge Jr : many other titles and responsibilities as well as his time on the Air Force Under Secretary of Defense for as he is also the Commander of the will aid in his development of such Acquisition and Sustainment US Cyber Command and Central technology. Edward, or better known as Security Service. While the NSA Douglas J. Feith: Under Secretary of “Pete,” has an important role in holds tremendous responsibilities, Defense for Policy managing logistics for occupational Hayden must first renew the IT The USD for Policy is a position health programs, military infrastructure for the agency to granted to a civilian in the office of construction, business management, ensure system readiness. If done the DoD. The position comes with and advanced technology. With close correctly, the NSA can provide the responsibilities of policy relations to the nuclear, biological, valuable information to the Defense development, resource management, and chemical defense programs, he Department. and program evaluation. Many could be vital in helping launch William Winkenwerder Jr: Assistant different Defense officials report to militaristic actions against Al Qaeda. Secretary of Defense for Health the USD for Policy, some of which His degree in aeronautical Affairs (ASDHA) include the ASD for Strategy, Plans, engineering could also prove useful The Assistant Secretary of and Capabilities and the ASD for in the development of advanced Homeland Defense and Global military grade technology. Defense for Health Affairs is responsible with advising the Security. Douglas Feith himself is a Peter Warren Rodman: Assistant Secretary of Defense on all DoD philanthropist and a Holocaust Secretary of Defense for health policies, programs, and survivor, so his drive and International Security Affairs activities. Furthermore, the ASDHA determination make him a great The ASD for International holds an enormous 40 billion dollar appointment for the posisiton. Security Affairs is now extremely Furthermore, he has some budget to help all military hospitals relevant given the recent terrorist across the United States. While experience in law when he worked as attacks on the World Trade Center William is just stepping into office, an attorney after graduating from and Pentagon. As a principal advisor his prior experience as a physician Harvard. of international security strategy and and prominence in the healthcare Raymond F. DuBois: Assistant policy in areas such as the Middle industry will be incredibly useful in Secretary of Defense for Energy, East, Peter will need to work with the rebuilding the damaged Pentagon Installations, and Environment DoD in order to develop a strategy and protecting the members of the The ASD for Energy, that protects the US from armed forces. Installations, and Environment holds international attacks going forward.
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As a scholar, his advice and input will degree, making him very calculative Given the seriousness of the be valuable in the creation of a in his decisions and responses. threat demonstrated on 9/11, the strategy that addresses all aspects of Furthermore, his creation of the two Intelligence committees have security. Defense Acquisition System could be been brought together in the same David S. C. Chu: Under Secretary of useful in determining the efficacy of room to work together efficiently to Defense for Personnel and many DoD strategies being address the questions mentioned Readiness developed by other members of the above. The first meeting of this During his time at Yale Department. committee is occurring on Oct 26, University, David Chu abandoned 2001, just over a month after the his degree to serve in the US Army SPECIAL attacks. President Bush has signed where he fought in the Vietnam War. the Uniting and Strengthening After returning to complete his CONGRESSIONAL America by Providing Appropriate degree in Economics and COMMITTEE Tools Required to Intercept and Mathematics, he then served as the Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, USD for Personnel and Readiness SPECIFIC commonly known as the Patriot Act. where his primary responsibilities INFORMATION The bill passed the House and Senate were involved with career earlier this week with wide margins development, pay and benefits, and of 357-66 and 98-132. Much of the opposition in the House was from oversight of the state of military After the attacks on September readiness. All of his responsibilities Democrats with only 3 Republicans 11, 2001, calls came immediately for voting against. The sole vote against are incredibly useful in rebuilding the Congress to investigate how the infrastructure of the Pentagon. in the Senate was from Senator Russ intelligence community was unable Feingold (D-WI). Both Speaker of Furthermore, his involvement in to prevent the attacks, who was military readiness give him a close the House Dennis Hastert (R-IL) and behind the attacks, and how to best Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle business relationship with many of help the victims and their families. the Secretaries of the Armed Forces. (D-SD) voted and actively supported This duty fell to the Select Senate the Patriot Act. The passage of the Thomas P. Christie: Director of Committee on Intelligence and the Patriot Act now authorizes the Operational Test and Evaluation House Select Committee on following: 1. Indefinite detentions of The Director of Operational Intelligence. Since these committees immigrants; 2. The search of a home Test and Evaluation is responsible are “select”, membership functions or business without the owner's or with the development and on a rotating basis among the occupant's consent or knowledge by dissemination of DoD policy and members of each chamber and are law enforcement; 3. The expanded procedures as well as the review and often investigative in nature as use of National Security Letters, analysis of acquisition programs. opposed to legislative. However, allowing the Federal Bureau of With the ability to test operational both of these committees have Investigation (FBI) to search readiness, Thomas can work hand in operated in investigative and telephone, email, and financial hand with the USD for Research and legislative capacities since 1977 when records without a court order; and, 4. Engineering to test new military the House and Senate passed the expanded access of law technology that may have been resolutions that made both enforcement agencies to business developed. Christie himself is a committees permanent and on the records, including library and defense analyst with a Mathematics same level as a standing committee31. financial records 33 . Civil liberties
31 U.S. House. Hearings Before the 26, 27, 28 and 29, September 8, 14, 15, 33 USA PATRIOT Act (U.S. H.R. 3162, Committee on Standards of Official 1976. Public Law 107-56) Conduct. Investigation of Publication of Select 32 "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 107th Committee on Intelligence Report. 94th Congress – 1st Session", www.senate.gov. Congress, 2nd session. July 19, 20, 21, 22, Oct 25, 2001. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
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groups from around the nation have also curbing undue stereotyping that Whether or not this option is already started filing lawsuits against may come from ore aggressive police pursued is up to the committee, the bill, much of which could be seen actions? Beyond bringing justice, although any action taken must have as unconstitutional depending on how will you bring healing to a torn a clear reason as to why the federal which judge you ask. country, especially for the direct government is getting involved Verbal arguments around the victims’ of the September 11th directly. Patriot Act have consumed the floor attacks and their families? for much of the time since 9/11, and In the weeks following the now you, as law makers, must attacks, there was a surge in incidents TOPIC 2: INTERNATIONAL continue to use your positions of of harassment and hate crimes AFFAIRS power to draft legislation, drive the against South Asians, Middle In response to Al-Qaeda’s role national dialogue, and bring justice Easterners, and anyone thought to be in the attacks on 9/11 and their back to society. "Middle Eastern-looking" people— connection to the Afghani Taliban, particularly Sikhs, because Sikh males the Bush administration launched usually wear turbans, which are TOPIC 1: DOMESTIC Operation Enduring Freedom and stereotypically and erroneously invaded Afghanistan with ground AFFAIRS associated with Muslims by many forces on October 7, 2001 after the With the Passage of the Patriot Americans. Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Talbian refused to extradite Osama Act, privacy has entered the public Sikh man, was one of the first victims Bin-Laden. In the two weeks that consciousness in a way that hasn’t of this backlash; he was shot dead on have followed, Taliban strength has happened previously. Dual September 15 at the gas station he weakened, although they still remain sentiments exist within the American owned in Mesa, Arizona 35 . Mark the de facto rulers of Afghanistan. public: a desire to retain their privacy Anthony Stroman, a white However, since Congress has not yet as well as a desire to remain safe from supremacist, killed two men and issued a Declaration of War, critics of terror. Congress will have the power injured a third in a shooting spree US intervention have been lobbying to shape further legislation on this beginning September 15 in Dallas, Congress to force the Bush matter and should think carefully Texas. His victims, including Administration to pull out troops in about what lengths they take, both Bangladeshi American Rais Bhuiyan, favor of a more investigative, Constitutionally and morally. were all targeted because they looked diplomatic approach. Regardless of However, the public is scared that "of Muslim descent" 36 . His motive what path follows, this committee, there are more terrorists living for the killings was revenge for the along with its partners in government, among them, just as the attackers 9/11 attacks. In many cities, there are tasked with identifying who from 9/11 did. The order of first were reports of vandalism against helped plan the attack currently importance is ensuring the safety of mosques and other Islamic believed to be Al-Qaeda), where they American citizens by identifying and institutions, including some cases of received their funding, and what arresting terrorists, but Congress arson. threats to American citizens still exist. must also address the wave of hate Separately, operations to assist As a congressional body, your crimes against American-Muslim the victims of the attacks, both in DC mandate is to aid the efforts to community 34 . How will you, as and New York, have been largely determine who the attackers were, Congress, ensure the safety of all operated at a local level, but there is who funded them, and what threats American citizens from terror while a potential role for Congress to play may remain to the United States and within their constitutional bounds.
34 Considine, Craig (2017-08-26). "The 35 “Hate crime reports up in wake of Dallas News. West Windsor, New Jersey. Racialization of Islam in the United States: terrorist attacks". CNN. September 17, March 16, 2012. Islamophobia, Hate Crimes, and "Flying 2001. while Brown"". Religions. 8 (9): 165. 36 "Widow, daughters of man slain in 9/11 doi:10.3390/rel8090165. hate crime in Dallas become Americans".
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its citizens. Moreover, any relevant of the most conservative member of University in 1958, then served as a information that comes to light, you the Senate. captain in the Marine Corps from must respond to. Only Congress has Orrin Hatch (R-UT) 1958 to 1962. Afterwards, he worked the constitutional authority to as a political journalist until he ran for Born in Pittsburgh in an declare war and to appropriate funds, impoverished family, Sen. Hatch was the House in Kansas’ heavily so these two powerful tools will be the first of his family to go to college Republican 1st District which he key as you interact with other powers, and then later to law school. He served from 1981 to 1997 before both at home and abroad. himself has stated that during law being elected to the senate. Roberts As detailed in the background school, he and his young family has been a vocal advocate of more above, the events of September 11th resided in a refurbished chicken coop aggressive policing measures in the exist within a larger context that behind his parents’ house before he fight against terrorism. spans decades into the United States’ and his wife managed to find jobs as Mike Dewine (R-OH) foreign policy, so recognizing the attorneys. Hatch entered the political Born and raised in Ohio, complexities that come from various scene in 1976 when he defeated Dewine was elected as County actions will be key to protecting the Democrat Frank Moss, who at the Prosecutor in 1976, then went on to United States. time had served in the Senate for 18 serve in the State Senate before he years with little to show for it. One of was elected to the House of CHARACTERS the longest tenured Senators in the Representatives in 1980. He left the Senators: Senate, Hatch has previously chaired House to serve as Lieutenant Jon Kyl (R-AZ) the Senate Committee on Health, Governor to Governor George Education, Labor, and Pensions and Voinovich in 1990. He Sen. Kyl is the son of Former Representative John Henry Kyl. the Judiciary Committee. He is unsuccessfully ran for Senate in 1992 After graduating from the University renowned for his ability to work against incumbent senator John of Arizona, he worked as an attorney across the aisle despite his own Glenn, but was successfully elected and lobbyist before joining Congress conservative leanings, and he enjoys to the Senate in 1994. His major as a representative from 1987 to 1995 good relationships with many of his legislative accomplishments have colleagues. Importantly, he was the been sponsoring the Drug-Free before being elected as a Senator. Due to his votes on issues like taxes, driving voice behind the 1995 anti- Century Act in 1999. Notably, abortion, and guns, he is widely terrorism bill, AEDPA, in response Dewine has defied his Republican considored as one of the most to the 1995 Oklahoma City Colleagues by advocating for more conservative members of the Senate. Bombings. He is also known for his gun control and supported President legal expertise, having been Clinton’s attempt at an assault James Inhofe (R-OK) considered for a Supreme Court weapons ban. First elected to the senate to vacancy by President Reagan as well represent Oklahoma in 1994, Sen. Fred Thompson (R-TN) as personally recommending Ruth Born in a poor family in Inhofe served as the Mayor of Tulsa Bader Ginsburg to President Clinton. from 1978 to 1984 and as Alabama, Thompson worked in the He is generally considered hawkish, local post office after graduating high representative for Oklahoma’s 1st but expressed great desire to avoid school and worked nights at a local Congressional District from 1987 to needless waste, whether it be soldiers’ bicycle assembly plant to pay for his 1984. Prior to his political career, lives or taxpayer money. Inhofe was a businessman for over college education, becoming the first 30 years in the Tulsa Greater Metro Pat Roberts (R-KS) in his family to graduate with a Area. With heavy ties to the oil and Sen. Roberts grew up in a strong college degree. He went on to go to gas industry, Inhofe’s stark rejection republican household, as his father law school and then worked as an of climate science and fierce served as chairman of the Republican attorney and then lobbyist until 1985 National Committee under Dwight when Thompson started acting. He arguments against the welfare state have consistently earned him the title D. Eisenhower. Roberts then went then starred as government men in on to graduate from Kansas State films such as Die Hard 2, Days of
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Thunder, and The Hunt for Red to Swarthmore college and then Harvery Milk. She then became the October. Surprisingly, Thompson Harvard Law School. From there he first female mayor of San Francisco. ran and won to fulfill then-vice went on to work in private practice She then lost a race for California president Al Gore’s remaining two and assisted on the Michigan Civil governor in 1990, but then won a years in the senate in 1994 and was Rights Commission before being race for US Senate in 1992 where she then soundly reelected in 1996. He elected to Detroit City Council in has served since. She was the author has been a frequent critic of growing 1970. He then was elected to the of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons partisanship in DC. He currently Senate in 1978. He is the chairman of Ban. Feinstein has emphasized her serves as the ranking minority the Armed Services Committee. He centrism for her entire political member of the Committee on has worked tirelessly towards less career and identifies as a moderate. Governmental Affairs. He was secrecy in government as well as Ron Wyden (D-OR) considered as a potential running nuclear disarmament around the Born to Jewish parents who fled mate for Geroge W. Bush, partially world. However, he is a large Nazi Germany, Wyden grew up with due to his strong belief in leaving proponent of multilateral agreements a strong awareness of government’s many matters to state and local when addressing terror threats. influence. He found he loved governments. John D. Rockefeller IV (D-WV) basketball and attended the Ricard Lugar (R-IN) Coming from the Rockefeller University of California Santa Richard Lugar was born and family, Sen. Rockefeller defied his Barbara on a basketball Scholarship, raised in Indianapolis where he then typically Republican family by but then transferred to Stanford went on to serve on the city’s Board becoming a Democrat. Having University. He then received his law of School Commissioners and then grown up in a privileged life where he degree from the University of as its mayor from 1968 to 1976. attended Exeter and then Harvard, Oregon. He upset incumbent During his tenure, he served as the Tokyo’s International Christian Representative Bob Duncan in his president of the National League of University, and Yale as he studied run for US Representative of Cities in 1971 and gave a keynote both Japanese and Chinese, Oregon’s 3rd district in 1980, which address at the 1972 Republican Rockefeller then worked for the includes most of Portland. He later National Convention. In 1974, Lugar Peace Corps in DC as well as the was elected to the Senate in 1996. ran for Senate his first time and lost, Council on Foreign Relations. He Wyden has been a strong supporter only to be elected to the senate in was elected to the US Senate in 1984 of states' rights' in 1976 where he has served since. He as a Democrat despite President regulating physician assisted suicide ran an unsuccessful bid for president Reagan carrying the state easily. He and charactrizes himself as an in the 1996 Republican primaries. He worked closely with President indepndent voice for Oregoinians has served previously on the Senate Clinton on his attempted health care and Americans at large. Committee on Foreign Relations reform and notably authored the Richard “Dick” Durbin (D-IL) (1985-1987) and is the chairman of Child Health Insurance Program Elected to Congress in 1982, the Senate Committee on Agriculture, (CHIP) in 1997. He’s used his Dick made no time taking the Nutrition, and Forestry. His senate family’s massive wealth to join the message from his urban and rural career has been focused on the fight against alzheimers and constituents to DC as he advocated dismantling and reducing of nuclear, dementia as well. for greater economic protections for biological, and chemical weapons Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) consumers during the Reagan around the world, making him a Feinstein grew to national administration. He then ascended to notable voice in the anti-terrorism prominence in the wake of tragedy as the US Senate in 1996. He currently debate. she served as the first female serves as the Assistant Democratic Carl Levin (D-MI) president of San Francisco’s Board Whip and was considered as a Born in Detroit to Jewish of Supervisors during the potential vice presidential candidate parents, Levin worked as a taxi driver assassinations of May George by Al Gore in the 2000 presidential and auto factory worker before going Moscone and City Supervisor race. He is an avid supporter of
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public transit and its expansion Baltimore City Council where she Boehlert has represented New throughout North America. served until joining the House of York’s 23rd district since 1983 after Evan Bayh (D-IN) Representatives in 1976. In 1986, she a career working as a congressional became the first woman to serve as a assistant and army soldier. A First elected to public office in 1986 as Indiana’s Secretary of State, Senator from Maryland. She is a steadfast moderate, he has worked Bayh rose to the governorship just fierce advocate of social justice, and steadfastly on the Science, Transport, two years later as the first Democrat her previous history as an activist has and Infrastructure committees and to hold the office in 20 years. He only followed her to the Senate, where she was recently added to the Intelligence just rose to the federal government as and Senator Carol Moseley Braun committee. a Senator in 1998, btu many see him wore pants to the Senate floor in Leonard L Boswell (IA 3rd) as a potential future leader of the defiance of a now-abolished rule. She Agriculture, Intelligence, Transport party due to his ability to appeal to voted against the 1991 use of force in and Infrastructure moderates that swayed the 2000 Iraq and was one of its harshest Congressman Boswell was election towards Bush. He serves as critics. Mikulski also holds the recently elected in 1997, yet has chairman of the Democratic infamous title of “Meanest Senator” worked in public service his entire Leadership Council and has helped from a survey of congressional life, serving 20 years in the Army establish the New Democrat staffers. after being drafted in 1956. He Coalition. retired from active duty to serve as an Congresspeople: John Edwards (D-NC) Army Command teacher. He then Born in South Carolina and Doug Bereuter (NE 1st) joined the Iowa Senate in 1984 before becoming President of the moving around several times as a Born and raised in Nebraska, child, Edwards eventually found a Bereuter has served in the House of Iowa Senate from 1993 to 1996. home in North Carolina where his Representatives since 1979 where he Richard Burr (NC 5th) family managed to climb out of is currently on the committee on Intelligence, Energy and Commerce poverty and send Edwards to college Intelligence, Financial Services, Congressman Burr is a former where he graduated from North International Relations, and business man and currently represents the 5th Congressional Carolina State with High Honors. Transport and Infrastructure. He has Seen by many as surprisingly liberal been characterized as a moderate, District of North Carolina. A lifelong for a North Carolina Senator, and he has commented many times Republican, he has formerly worked Edwards has expressed support for a that he has better working as a sales manager of a lawn variety of poverty alleviation relationships with many moderate equipment company, and now works programs such as nationalized Democrats than some of his in Congress as a fierce advocate against any form of government healthcare, expansion of housing Republican colleagues, especially vouchers, and universal college those who are heavily influenced by regulation. He is considered Hawkish. availability. He was on Al Gore’s the religious right. Michael Castle (DE) Vice presidential nominee short list. Sanford D Bishop Jr. (GA 2nd) Intelligence, Education and the Despite only being in the Senate Bishop has served Georgia’s Workforce, Financial Services since 1998, Edwards has sponsored 2nd Congressional District in the Serving as Delaware’s sole an immense number of bills. House since 1993 where he currently representative in congress, Castle has Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) serves on the committees on a long history in the world of Originally a social worker and Intelligence and Agriculture. Notably government. He has previously community organizer, Mikulski he is an Eagle Scout and stays served as both Governor and sparked national coverage of a fiery involved with the Boy Scouts of Lieutenant Governor of Delaware speech she gave in 1970 at the America. from 1981-1992. He is a member of the Republican party, but is generally Catholic University of America Sherwood L Boehlert (NY 23rd) regarding issues of race in America. seen as a moderate. His main focus Intelligence, Science, Transport and throughout his career has been She went on to be elected in 1971 to Infrastructure
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protecting and supporting the Randy “Duke” Cunningham (CA Agriculture, Intelligence members of Main Street (i.e. 51st) Silvestre Reyes (TX-16th) common folks). Appropriations, Intelligence Armed Services, Intelligence, Cunningham is one of the most Saxby Chambliss (GA 8th) Veterans’ Affairs decorated servicemen who currently Agriculture, Armed Services, and Tim Roemer (IN 3rd) Intelligence serve in Congress, having gained a Purple Heart, a Navy Cross, and two Education and the Workforce, Elected to Congress in 1995, Intelligence Chambliss is seen as a potential rising silver stars while serving as a Navy pilot in the Vietnam War and star within the Republican party, namely for his clear aspirations to afterwards. Afterwards, he went on run for Senate in 2002. While to serve as an instructor at the Navy’s BIBLIOGRAPHY generally conservative, Chambliss Fighter Weapons school, better known as TOPGUN. He was a CNN has made it evident that he is willing contributor before running for 1. “About us.” IAEA. to work across the aisle, having 2. “African Nuclear Weapon- Congress where he has served since cosponsored several bills in his Free-Zone (AN-WFZ) 1990 as a Republican from tenure with Democratic members of Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty).” the House. California’s 44th and then 51st District. He is considered an expert Nuclear Threat Initiative.
Gary A Condit (CA 18th) on the military and national security, 3. “After INF treaty exit, US Agriculture, Intelligence although some have criticized him tests ground-launched cruise Condit is a Democratic member for his extremely close relationship missile.” Al Jazeera. 4. “China.” Nuclear Threat of the house currently embroiled in a with many defense contractors since scandal over his extramarital affair Cunninham serves on both the Initiative. that came out in May of 2001. More Appropriations and Intelligence 5. “European Union (EU).” importantly, he has served in public Committees. Nuclear Threat Initiative. office since 1972 as a council person 6. “New START at a Glance.” and the mayor of Modesto, CA Terry Everett (Al 2nd) Arms Control Association. Agriculture, Armed Services, before moving on to office at the 7. “Non-Proliferation Treaty.” county and state level. He has served Intelligence, Veterans’ Affairs IAEA. in Congress since 1990. Jim Gibbons (NV 2nd) 8. “North Korea.” Nuclear Threat Initiative. Robert E. (Bud) Cramer Jr. (AL 5th) Armed Services, Intelligence, Resources, Veterans’ Affairs 9. “Nuclear Power in the Appropriations, Intelligence European Union.” World Born, raised, and educated in Porter J Goss (FL 14th) Nuclear Association. Alabama, Cramer has served his state Intelligence, Rules 10. “Russia.” Nuclear Threat for much of his life in the army and Jane Harman (CA 36th) Initiative. then as a district attorney for over 15 Intelligence, Energy and Commerce 11. “South African Nuclear years before being elected to Peter Hoekstra (MI 2nd) Program.” Atomic Heritage Congress in 1990. He has been a Budget, Education and the Foundation. tireless supporter of NASA and the Workforce, Intelligence 12. “Treaty for the Prohibition International Space Station, citing of Nuclear Weapons in Latin space exploration as the future. Ray LaHood (IL 18th) America and the Caribbean However, he has often broke with Appropriations, Budget, Intelligence (LANWFZ) (Tlatelolco the Democratic party on issues like Nancy Pelosi (CA 8th) Treaty).” Nuclear Threat abortion, taxes, and gay rights. He’s Appropriations, D Whip, Homeland Initiative. seen by both parties as a wild card on Security, Intelligence 13. “Treaty on the Non- votes on any issue. Proliferation of Nuclear Colin Peterson (MN 7th): Weapons (NPT).” IAEA. Voted No on patriot act
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14. “Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).” UNODA. 15. “Weapons of Mass Destruction.” FBI. 16. Alex Wellerstein, “America’s nuclear-weapon’s policy isn’t what you think - it’s much worse.” Quartz. 17. Andre Munro, “Nuclear proliferation.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 18. Claire Corkhill, “’Nuclear- powered’ missile accident in Russia – what really happened?” Newsweek. 19. David E. Sanger, William J. Broad, “U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty.” The New York Times. 20. Deb Reichmann, “U.S. and Russia pull out of Cold War- era arms control treaty.” PBS. 21. Eleanor Albert, “Southern Asia’s Nuclear Powers.” Council on Foreign Relations. 22. Hans M. Kristensen, Matt Korda, “Status of Nuclear Forces.” Federation of American Scientists. 23. Lawrence D. Freedman, “Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 24. Primoz Manfreda, “Middle East Countries with Nuclear Weapons.” ThoughtCo. 25. Steven Erlanger, “Are We Headed for Another Expensive Nuclear Arms Race? Could Be.” The New York Times. 26. Thomas Graham Jr., “Avoiding the Tipping Point.” Arms Control Association. 27. Zachary Laub, “What Is the Status of the Iran Nuclear Agreement?” Council on Foreign Relations.
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