6 X 10.Long New.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76801-6 - Renaissances: The One or the Many? Jack Goody Index More information

Index

Abbas I 138 alcohol 210 Abbasids 6, 36, 54–5, 80, 84, 94–7, 99, Alcuin of York 10 101–3, 103n, 104, 106–7, 109, al-Din,Rashid 131,plates2and3 114n, 116–18, 123–4, 126, 129, Aleppo 21, 125, 130, 253 136, 144, 148, 245, 247–8, 257, Alexander 48, 94, 103, 106, 162, 169, 276, 278 177, 195 Abelard 128 Alexandria 19, 29, 31, 39, 46–7, 59–60, abstract painting 36, 76, 117, 153, 232, 80, 104, 127, 253 266 Alexandrians,the 32, 56, 80 Abulcasis 48, 52, 55, 57, 80, 129 al-Fida,Abu 134 academies (private) 162 Alfonso,Pedro 128 accounting systems 3, 30, 104, 271 algebra 105, 223 Achaemenid inﬂuence 162, 169, 176 al-Ghazzali 113 achievement-orientation 228 al-Hakam 32, 101, 126–7 Adelard of Bath 128 Alhambra 6, 129, 139,plate4 administration 64, 96–7, 104, 145, 169, Ali,death of 156 189, 271 al-Idrisi 79, 129 aesthetic criticism 213 al-Jazari 131 affairs,concern with 201–2 al-Khwarizmi 108, 111, 180, 184 Africa 2–3, 5, 44–5, 47–8, 51, 74, 94–5, al-Mahdi 96–7, 107 99, 101, 118, 121, 138, 145–6, 231, al-Malik,Nizam 100 272 al-Mamun 33, 54, 59, 80, 97–8, 104, 106, African red ware 40 109n, 120, 148, 247 agnosticism 65, 68, 86, 257, 265 almanacs 23, 216, 222 agriculture 2–3, 94, 134, al-Mansur 96–8, 103, 103n, 117 261 Almohads 99, 118, 126, 128, 139, 139n, China 204–5, 217, 220, 225, 228, 234, 145, 150 237 Almoravids 98, 127–8, 138–9 water 3, 144, 156, 177, 184 al-Muqaffa 97, 117, 135 Ahimsa 176, 194 alphabet 2, 24–5, 31, 60, 69, 167, 170, Ajanta 182, 185 181, 195, 200, 208 Ajivikas 173 consonantal 24, 39, 60, 169, 175 Akbar 139, 173n, 189–90 Phoenician 39, 60, 69 al-Arabi 101, 126, 139 phonetic 1 al-Azhar 33, 125 script 167, 169, 208 al-Baytar 203 Siddham 166 Albertus Magnus 284–5 Alphonso (of Castille) 113n, 127 Albigensian Crusade 50, 265 al-Radi 106 al-Biruni 107, 110–11, 113, 183 al-Rahman,Abd 32, 114, 126 Alcazar (Cordoba) 33, 127 al-Razi 46, 48, 57, 60, 80, 110–11, 128, alchemy 111, 174–5, 184, 202–3, 184 261 al-Safadi 135

304

Index 305

al-Shaﬁ 97 castle 76 al-Shatir 109, 109n, 111, 135 Christian 9, 76, 130, 137, 141n, Altaic people 129, 132 174 Altdorfer,Albrecht 14 palaces 6, 27, 76, 118, 126, 130, alternation 53, 84, 86, 90, 108, 113, 137, 134, 138–9 141, 150, 157, 244 archive 205, 211 Alvars 171 Argyropoulus 20 al-Wahhab 101 aristocracy 14, 31, 75, 125, 184, Amalﬁ coast 28, 90 215 Ambedkar 172 Arikamedu 41, 178, 270 Americas 29, 237 Aristotle 12, 21–2, 37, 37n, 48, 55, 57, anarchism 68 60, 80–1, 84–5, 103, 106, 126, 128, anatomy 53, 55–7, 129, 173–4 140, 224, 241, 245, 250, 264, Anaxagoras 70 284–5 Anaximenes 70 arithmetic 30, 105, 180 ancestor worship 201, 204, 224 army 96, 117, 179, 187, 228, 235 ‘ancient style’ movement 198 standing armies 205 Andalusia 30, 46–8, 63, 90, 94, 101, arsenal 100, 235 103, 108, 113–14, 117, 126–7, 139, art 2, 11, 13–15, 29, 32, 36, 76–7, 114, 144–5, 147, 149–50, 190, 203, 251, 117–19, 124, 134–5, 148, 153, 162, 255, 264 174, 185, 188, 193, 196, 212, 216, Anderson,Perry 4, 258, 261, 263–5 218, 225–7, 232–3, 237, 239, 254, Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 78 256, 266 anti-caste 172 background in 77, 266 anti-hellenizing movement 132 Buddhist painting 162, 162n, 163, 197, antiquarianism 225, 233, 249 212, 218, 233 Antiquity 3–4, 7, 9–10, 15, 18, 27, 35–9, court scenes 15, 193 44, 58, 60, 77, 110, 243–4, 252, Dutch oils 11, 15 258–61, 263 genre painting 14–15, 76 ‘back to’ movement 217, 219, 233–4, patronage 14, 29, 109, 133, 137, 184, 238 227, 254 classical literature 100, 216 portrait painting 11, 14–15, 110, classical texts 58, 87, 99, 110, 128 119–20, 253, 266 and higher education 34 realism 15 rebirth of 58 Renaissance painting 6, 11, 14, 25, secularity of 110, 121 31–2, 36, 102n, 185, 242, 266 Antisthenes 68 Roman ‘naturalism’ 77 Anyang 199 secular painting 4, 11, 13, 16, 77, 185, Apocrypha 65 188, 212, 243, 253, 266 apprenticeship 14, 64n, 153 status of the painter 14 aqueduct 134 still-life 77 Aquinas,Thomas 85, 224, 284–5 artisans 27, 30, 178 Arabic 5, 22, 26, 44, 47–8, 54–5, 57, 59, Arts,the Eighteen 181 78, 80, 85, 95, 97, 99–100, 104–5, Aryabhata 183 108, 112–13, 114n, 115, 123, Arya Samaj 194 128–9, 131, 135–7, 145, 148–9, Aryan culture 166 157–8, 175, 188, 243–4, 249–50, asceticism 201 270n, 285 Ashkenazi 145–9, 153 numerals 25, 29, 38, 41, 58–9, 61, Ashoka 169, 177, 181 180 Asiatic archaeology 165n, 199n, 204n, 223, despotism 3 226 exceptionalism 3, 258 architecture 9, 13, 16, 36, 90, 97, 107, trade 39 117, 130, 136–7, 141n, 143, 164, Asiatick Society 191 184–6, 189, 216, 249, 261 astrology 107, 111

306 Index

astronomy 41, 59, 70–1, 80, 100, 103–4, barbarians 199, 203–4, 213–14, 227, 231, 106–7, 110–11, 126, 149–50, 157, 245 163, 176, 178, 180, 183, 188, 193, Barmakids 96 193n, 196, 203, 212, 222–3, 225, Bar Mitzvah 154 228, 230, 247, 256, 264 barons 207 data 25 Basham,A. L. 168, 176n Institute of Muslim 230 basilicas,Christian 137 machine 223 baths 268 Ataturk,Kemal 140 great bath of Mohenjodaro 164 atheism 19, 68, 72, 83, 87, 120, 172 beauty 9, 201, 226 Athens 34, 54, 60, 68, 70–1, 80, 84, 105 Bede of Jarrow 10 atomic theory 71, 183 Bellini,Gentile 253 Augustine,St 12, 12n, 19, 34, 62, 62n, 77, bellows,piston 211 80, 84 bells 219 Aurangzeb 190 Belting,Hans 102 authoritarianism 67, 258 Benares 137, 178 autobiography 15 Bengal 188, 190–1, 193, 249, 279, 281 Autrecourt,Nicolas d’ 72 Benjamin of Tudela 47, 50, 103 Averroes¨ (Ibn Rushd) 72 Berbers 45, 98, 112, 115, 118, 127–8, ‘averroism’ 72 138–9, 150 Avesta 103, 169 Berenson,Bernard 9n, 13–14, 89, 146 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 21, 46, 110–11, 113, Berke Khan 131 126, 128, 284 Berlin 136, 152 Avignon 64, 72 Bernal,J. D. 25 Ayurvedic medicine 54, 173, 179 Bernal,Martin 39, 46, 46n, 52 Ayyubids 130–3, 135–6 Besant,Anne 194 Axial Age 121, 150–1 Beziers´ 49–50, 265 axial rudder 221 bhakti (Hindu) 170–1, 171n, 175, 186 Baath Party 257 Bharata 178 Babur 139, 189, 243 Bhasa 178 Babylon 70–71, 145–6, 176, 178, Bhatta,Jayarashi 173 245 Bhela Samita 179 mathematics 104, 183 bibliography 210 ‘backwardness’ 37 binary choice 65 Asiatic 5 bills of exchange 189, 221 western 5, 43, 224, 259, 262–3 biography 184 Bacon,Roger 72, 80, 102, 128 birch-bark 189 Bactria 96, 179 Black Death 113n, 122, 135 Greeks 96, 184n Black Sea coast 28 Baghdad 21–2, 33–4, 39, 41, 49–50, 54–5, blasphemy 83, 86, 114, 116, 120 59, 84, 95–7, 101–6, 109, 111, 113, blast furnace 205 115–16, 118, 122, 125–6, 129, 136, Blavatsky,Helena 194 146, 247, 278, 284 Bolgar,R. R. 10, 19–20, 273 Bagre myth 17, 65, 170, 174, 286 Bologna 10, 28, 52, 222, 269 ‘authorized’ version 17 andRomanlaw56, 82, 241 Beings of the Wild 17, 286–7 University of 32, 56, 64, 64n, 79, 81–2, childbirth 17, 286 85, 108n, 241–2 Heaven 17, 286–7 Book of Changes (Yi jing) 206 sex 17, 174, 287 Book of Odes (Shi jing) 200, 210, Bahris 134, 136, 279 232 Baibars 133–4, 207 Book of Ritual (Li ji) 206 Balazs,E. 207, 213, 234 book-keeping Bamiyan 99 double-entry 30 banking 29, 40, 95, 103, 176, 268, books 21–4, 33, 44, 51, 59, 84, 135, 158, 270 217, 220, 228, 249

Index 307

burning and destruction of 20, 34, 72, Bursa 138 80–1, 83, 118–19, 127, 182, 207 ‘burst forward’ 4, 7, 8, 76, 111, 136, censorship 34, 81, 83, 207, 209, 236 141–3, 159, 239, 241, 247–8, 262, culture 23 272–4 illustrations 23, 119 Buyids 94, 96, 100, 106, 109–11, 118, and markets 232 129, 144, 248, 264, 278 publication 23, 230 Byzantium 10, 22, 54, 64, 79, 94, 102, religions of 50, 88, 98, 200 126, 137, 215, 242 sacred 88 Comnenian nationalist revival 20 return to 84 ‘dark age’ of 64 trade 31, 107, 232 ‘ecclesiastical Hellenism’ 20 botany 80, 262 and Greek language 20, 22, 102, 111, Botticelli,Sandro 11, 266 242, 272 bourgeois,the 3, 14, 27, 29, 31, 41–2, 89, humanism of 20, 108 124, 133, 210, 231, 246, 254, 269, ‘Palaeologue Renaissance’ 20, 64, 271 242 art 76 persecutions 104 bourgeoisiﬁcation 14 scholars 20 Brahmagupta 108, 183 and secular literature 64 Brahmans 73, 163, 167–71, 171n, 172, trade with Venice 28 178, 180, 182, 184–8, 192, 197, university founded by Bardas 20 213–14 Brahmi 166, 169, 178, 195 ‘cabinet of curiosities’ 226 Braudel,Fernand 4, 39–40, 47 cadastral surveys 215 Bray,Francesca 38 calculation 58–9, 61, 70, 105–6, 108, 183, bridges 216, 227 271 stone 27 calculus 104 Brihaspati Sutra 173 Calcutta 190–1 ‘Brilliant Emperor’ (Xuanzong) 215 calendar 203, 216, 230 British,the 163, 190–4, 196, 238, 247, caliphate 55, 94, 96–7, 109, 114, 118, 122, 252, 267, 277, 281 127, 132, 146, 276, 278 bronze 30, 39, 203–4, 204n, 205, 226 Sunni 73–4 Bronze Age 2–3, 7, 17, 19, 27, 38–40, 43, calligraphy 23, 200, 220, 225–6, 233, 87, 91, 164–5, 170, 176, 195, 199, 240 203, 205, 244, 253 Calvinism 4n, 99, 108, 241 Brotton,Jerry 41, 90, 253 Cambodia 182, 236 Bruges 29, 254 Cambridge,University of 32–4, 92, 108n, Bruno 82 246, 250, 265 Buddhism 85, 162–3, 166, 168, 170–3, Corpus Christi college 34 175–6, 186, 195, 197–9, 201–2, Lucasian chair 33 211–13, 217, 222–4, 230, 233, 236, St John’s College 92, 246 238–9, 247–8, 250, 252, 268 Canaan 40 Mahayana 182, 186, 213 canals 60, 189, 207, 214, 216, 221 monasteries 176, 178–82, 213, 215, Cangam literature 178 217, 223 canon 188 suppression of 198–9, 199n, 201, canonization 226 217–19, 219n, 224 Canton 41, 122, 214, 254 Tibetan 131, 182 Cape of Good Hope 29, 81 viharas 179–80 capitalism 1, 1n, 3–4, 7, 11, 15, 20, 89, bulkheads 221 151, 221, 229, 229n, 234, 243, 253, Burckhardt,Jacob 15, 252 258–60, 262–4, 274 bureaucracy 129, 177, 204, 206–7, 210, advent of 7, 89 215, 227, 230, 271 ﬁnancial 3–4 Heavenly 206 industrial 58, 229, 262–4 Burji 134 mercantile 4, 263 Burke,Peter 20, 63 ‘sprouts of’ 234

308 Index

Carolingian period 10, 63, 90, 241, 248 Chola empire 186, 189 Carthage 39, 45, 51, 70, 126, 158 Chora 242 Caspian Sea 106, 109 Chretien de Troyes 114n Cassiodorus 63 Christianity 4, 8, 11–14, 17–18, 20, 22, caste 73, 164, 166, 168, 171–4, 180, 186, 25–6, 34, 36, 43, 50, 61–2, 64–6, 186n, 194 70–2, 74–5, 77, 79–81, 85, 87–9, Catalonia 22, 59, 141 91–2, 98, 108, 109n, 112, 114–15, ‘catastrophic regression’ 251, 258 121, 128, 139, 148, 153–4, 157, categorization 169 162–3, 190, 196, 198, 200, 202, Cathars,the 18, 31, 50, 53, 66, 68, 86 212–13, 237, 239, 242, 247, 251, Catherine,St,monastery 100 255–7, 261, 266, 266n, 267–8, Catholicism 4n, 11–12, 18, 53, 76, 80–1, 271–2 162n, 271 bishops 27, 50, 113 Index 34, 83 Christian Right 67 Caucasus 131, 204, 278 Church fathers 19, 84, 102 cemetery 76, 148, 153–4, 164 monophysitic 41 census 215 chronicle,historical 78, 131, 200, 206 ceramics 1, 126, 204–5, 225–6, 249, 259, churches 16, 27, 54, 73–6, 78, 130, 217, 262 242, 254 Cezanne,Paul´ 266 Cid,El 127 Chagall,Marc 152 cinema 152, 195, 238 Chambers,E. K. 16 cinnobar 175 Champagne 28 cities,growth of 28, 176 Chandragupta Maurya 177, 181 citizenship 155 Chang’an 210, 213–14 city states 64, 70, 81, 242, 280 Charbonnat,Pascal 69, 83 civil servants 206, 216 chariot 204 civilization charity 62n, 88 classical 11, 24, 38, 91 Charlemagne 10, 41, 96 ‘Great Divergence’ of east–west 38 Chartres 79 Judaeo-Christian 38–9, 88, 151 school of philosophy 59, 72 civilizing mission 88, 253 Chattopadhyaya,D. 174 class Chaucer,Geoffrey 14, 22, 78, 246, differentiation 3 250 elite culture 42, 68–9, 123, 131, 134, 147, chemistry 111, 174–5, 179, 183–4 155, 184, 197, 220, 226, 230, 234, Chengdu 212 240, 249–50, 268 cheques 95 Classic of History (Shu jing) 206 child marriage 190 Classic of Poetry (Shi jing) 206 Childe,Gordon 2, 165, 244–5, 259 Classical Age 183–4, 196–7, 279 China classical dance 11, 123–4, 195, 214 civil service examination 23, 199–200, classical gods 11, 62–3 202, 209–10, 214–15, 217, 219–20, classicism 197, 232 227, 230–1, 236, 248 Clement of Alexandria 19 connoisseurship 42, 233, 255 clerici 62, 249 encyclopedias 209, 222–3, 237 clockwork 223 exports 1–2, 38, 227, 237, 255, 262–3 clock with escapement 198, 223 internal market 2 mechanical clock 228 logographic script 1, 2, 24, 199–200, cloth 28, 30–1, 47, 176, 193, 263, 268, 204, 209 270 Middle Ages 212–13 Clunas,Craig 42 ‘primitiveness’ 1 Cochin 41, 254 science 1, 25, 38, 104, 173, 198–9, coffee 30, 125 201–3, 212, 219–21, 223, 225–8, cognitive dissonance 257 230, 235–6, 236n, 238–40, 248, coins 95, 176, 178 252, 268 colonies 29, 31, 47, 204

Index 309

colonization 29, 70, 81, 91, 140, 156, courts 273 administrative 97 commenda 41, 95, 270 circulating 27 commercial information 30 hierarchies 41 ‘commercial revolution’,the 28 imperial 210, 218 commodities 41, 95, 191, 227, 263, 268, permanent 27 272 religious 97 communication,interpersonal 270 royal 253 communication,modes of 2, 23, 35, 57, cowries 270 241, 271 creation 65, 114, 172, 266 compasses 221, 228, 259, 268 creationism 72, 81, 257 compendia,medical 178–80, 184 credit,instruments of 234 Conches,Guillaume de 72 criticism,revolutionary 236 Confucius 18, 160, 198–9, 206, 210, 219, Crusades,the 50, 99, 113n, 130, 133, 227, 236, 274 277–8 classics of 23, 219, 230, 238, 240 Fourth 40, 242 Confucianism 199, 199n, 200–3, 206n, cuisine 211–12, 215, 217, 219, 224, 230–1, haute 2–3, 42 233, 235, 240, 247, 251–2, 268 Islam 2, 138, 271 doctors 224 Cultural Revolution 238 principles,public recitation of 236 cultural transfer 61, 268 Conques 16 Cynicism 68 conquest 11, 26–7, 51, 74, 89, 91, 104, Cyrus 169, 280 106, 113, 115, 122, 127, 130, 140, 162–3, 211, 219, 251, 268 Dai Zhen 236 conservatism 20, 66, 113, 117, 154, 217, Dalits (untouchables) 162, 172, 194 250 Damascus 49, 55, 96, 103, 109, 112, 130, Constantine,Emperor 67, 74 132, 207, 278, 279 Constantine the African 51–2, 59, 112, Dante 16, 25, 36, 63, 216, 250 158 Daoism 201, 201n, 202–3, 209, 211–13, Constantinople 22, 29, 34, 40, 84, 102, 216–17, 224, 226, 230, 233, 238 105, 108, 126, 242–3, 254 Dark Age,the 8–9, 11, 61, 64, 77, 108, University of 20 137, 162, 244–5, 260 construction technology 188 China 202–3, 216 consumerism 252–5 India 166, 196 continuity 9n, 13–14, 18, 21, 43, 58, 77, Darwinism 86, 250, 256 100, 124, 141, 161–2, 164, 167, decimal system 108, 180, 183 169–70, 185–6, 195, 197, 216, 219, decline 11, 22, 27–9, 34, 36, 45, 48, 55, 234, 251–2, 260, 273–4 83, 90–1, 94, 106, 109–10, 113n, conversion 45, 58, 67, 83, 98, 150–1, 162, 123, 139, 144, 162, 166, 171, 198, 200, 268 213, 217–18, 274, 281 cooperative groups 270 deism 72, 82 Copernicus 80, 82, 108, 109n, 111, Delhi 122, 132, 137, 188–9, 196, 279, 256 281 copper currency 229 democracy 24, 38–9, 60, 67, 73, 75, 88, Copts 130 181, 235 Cordoba 6, 21, 32–4, 59, 84, 114, 118, and representation 73 125–7, 150, 245, 264, 278, 284 parlements 67 cotton 29–30, 38, 136, 164, 176, 186, Democritus 71, 83 193–5, 254–5, 263, 269 Desiderius,Bishop 10 gin 188 despotism 3, 67, 152 goods 29, 41, 263 destruction,modes of 2, 43, 259 handspun 193 Dhimma 146 councils,local 270 D’Holbach,Baron 83 counting 25 dictionary 210, 216, 237

310 Index

Diderot 9n, 83 of Greek learning 105–7 diet 112, 179 Gupta 180, 196 Diogenes 68 Jewish 145–6, 149, 152–3, 159 dissection 48, 52, 55–7, 82, 109, 112, literacy 241, 271–2 129, 179 poetry 213, 216 China 224 of women 133 divination 181 egalitarianism 72 division of labour 270 Egypt 29, 39, 41, 69, 71, 89, 94–5, 100–1, Djebbar,A. 105, 109, 111n, 113, 113n, 104, 114, 118, 130, 132, 245, 269, 141–2 272, 276, 278–9 Dolet,Etienne´ 82 Mamluk 94, 118, 130–4, 133–4n, Domenicans 85 135–6, 140, 142, 145, 148, 150, 279 Domestication of the Savage Mind (Goody) Egypt,ancient 1, 12, 40, 92, 175–6, 244 1 Onomasticon 66 Dominici 63 Einstein,Albert 152 Dong Yuan 218 Eisenstein,Elizabeth 24, 142, 142n, 225 Donne,John 25 El Greco 185 double cropping 221 Elias,Norbert 4, 89, 92 doubt 65–6, 150 Elizabethan period 25, 92, 271 Dravidian 166, 186 Elvin,Mark 33, 220–2, 225, 229, 234, Dumont,Louis 1 258–9 Dunhuang caves 213, 222 embassies (China–India) 41, 212, 215, Durer,Albert¨ 14 270 Durkheim,Emile 1 empirical research 236 Dutch,the 232n encyclopedias 129, 133, 209, 222–3, 237, 284 Earth,flat 183 endogamy 267 East,the spiritual 267 engineering 211, 216, 237 East Anglia 254 military 230 East India Company 190, 194, 281 England 16, 21–3, 28, 48, 67, 78, 81–2, Eco,Umberto 33 92, 124, 128, 142n, 222, 249, 263, economic development 1, 198 265, 269, 271 ‘self-sustaining growth’ 34–35, 56, 263 Enlightenment,the 9, 19, 73, 82–3, 147, education 19–21, 30, 34, 38, 49, 67, 151, 231, 251, 257, 260–1, 264, 78–9, 87–8, 92, 99, 102, 110, 121, 266–7 150, 153–5, 157, 167–8, 175, 180–2, enquiry,free 67, 70, 252 186, 189–90, 196, 206, 208, 210, entrepreneurship 15, 95, 205, 229, 234, 217, 219, 222, 224, 230, 234, 240, 252–3 247, 265, 267 envelopes,clay 270 female 192 Ephesus 40, 54 France 246 Ephraem,St 84 institutionalized epics 16, 77, 115, 161, 167, 170, 174, higher learning 30, 143, 163, 196 178, 185–6 Japanese 263 Epicurus 71–2, 83, 174, 255 liberal 242 Epiphanius 77 Lyceum 86 ‘equitable fields’ 215 merchants 30 essay,‘eight-legged’ 231 and printing 24 essentialism 37, 53, 254, 262 Royal Society 86 Esther,Queen 147, 156 secular 20–1, 30, 37, 143, 271 ethnocentrism 3, 37–8, 53, 69, 252, efflorescence,cultural 7, 9–10, 24, 32, 69, 262 79, 91, 94, 111, 113–15, 125–6, 131, ‘quasi-genetic’ 38 152–3, 164, 176–7, 186, 190, 193, Euclid 48, 59–60, 71, 103, 106, 126, 128, 195, 197, 214, 216, 241, 243–5, 247, 188 254–6, 268, 274 Eudoxus 71 arts 26, 29, 32, 162, 174 eunuchs 209

Index 311

Europe Florence 10, 14–15, 28–30, 89, 102, 148, Europeanist 3, 39, 43, 258–9 254, 268 exceptionalism 91, 258 and China 216 post-Roman ‘backwardness’ 5, 43, 224, Council of 20, 242 259, 262–3 flowers 153 ‘superiority’ of 38, 53 culture of 2–3, 42, 92, 255 ‘uniqueness’ of 4, 8, 42, 61, 90, 272 ‘flying fires’ 203 ‘world domination’ by 35 Fondacio 268 evangelicals 190 food 2–3, 30, 92, 138, 221, 255, Evans-Pritchard,E. 15 279 evil,problem of 150 forgers 223 exchange forges 211 economy 3, 27, 95 fortune-tellers 270 of goods 31, 60, 98, 213 foundry specialists 204 of information 31, 45, 60, 176, Foy,Ste 16 254 fragmentation 106, 114, 122, 130, 177, excommunication 48, 50, 147 190, 205, 213, 216 exorcism 224 freedom,social 232 experiment 72, 80, 102, 105, 108, French Revolution 75, 83, 153, 155 111–12, 156, 175, 221–2, 266 worship of Reason 75 Freud,Sigmund 152 fables 54, 184 fruits 2, 65, 94, 144 factories 95, 255, 269 fundamentalism 18, 91 early 95 Funduq 95 factory production 263 Fustat 136 faith 15, 18, 51, 72, 74, 77, 97, 99, 101n, Fuzuli 137 141, 146, 149–50, 152, 155–6, 158, 162, 190, 202, 257, 284–5 Galen 44, 46, 48–9, 54–7, 60–1, 79, 84, fallow 204 104, 107, 112, 128 Family Rituals 220 Galicia 83, 147, 152, 154–5 Fan K’uan 225, plate 9 Galileo 256, 260 Farabi 48, 111, 125, 128 Gandhara 169, 176, 180, 195, 247 Fatimid 114, 118, 125, 130, 150, 269, Gandhi,Mahatma 193–4 276, 278 Ganges 166, 279 Fergusson College 193 gaons 146 feudalism 3–4, 37, 58, 204, 206, 258, Genghis Khan 121n, 122, 131, 260, 263n, 264 229 bureaucratic 264 Geniza 41 Indian 186, 186n, 196, 264 Genoa 22n, 28–30, 254 Fibonacci,Leonardo 30 genocide 89 fibres 262 Gentoo code 191 fiction 13, 36, 43, 77, 115, 155, 158, 216, geography 62, 129, 183, 202, 223 232–3, 242 geometry 59, 130, 180, 183 narrative,restarted in saints’ lives 77 Gerard (of Cremona) 49, 59, 113, romances 77, 200, 230 128 sagas 78, 168 Germanic codes 260 storytelling 36 Germany 59, 89, 126, 151–2, 268 Finley,Moses 60, 67 Gernet,Jacques 198, 222 fire 70, 207, 286 ghetto 19, 156 firearms 189 Ghibellines,the 52, 64, 92 first cause 256 Ghosh,Amitav 41 First Empire (China) 203 Giotto 63, 185 Five Agents 210 globalization 88, 143 Five Classics (Wu jing) 205 Goitein,S. D. 269 Five Dynasties 218, 282 gold 30, 45, 178, 268, 270 Flanders 28, 254

312 Index

golden age 4, 9–10, 115n, 123, 146, 159, Hadith 41, 117, 119n, 133 178, 196, 241, 244, 269, 278 Haﬁz 101, 123–4 Andalusia 146–7, 149, 151, 264 Hagia Sophia 137 Antiquity 9, 234 Halicarnassus 40 Arab 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 115n, Hammurabi 245 117–18, 122, 147 Hangzhou 220, 220n, 227, 229 Gupta 184–5 Hanseatic towns 29, 268 Maghreb 151, 264 Harappa 164–6, 169, 177, 279 Song 220 Harran 96–7 Tang 198, 214, 216, 218 Harun,al-Rashid 96–7, 116, 126 Ummayad 129 Haskala movement 151, 264 Golden Calf 256 Hastings,Warren 191 Gondeshapur 44, 54, 84, 104–5, 179 heliocentrism 81, 109n, 111, 256 ‘good life’,the 223 Hellenism 8, 19–20, 44, 98, 102–6, 108, Gothic,the 9, 11, 14, 77, 141n, 174 125, 129, 132, 140, 146, 148–9, late 29 212 Graeco-Roman 185 Hephthalites 181 Granada 118, 129, 135, 139, 277 Heraclitus 70 granary 164, 164n herbarium 179 Grand Canal 214, 216 heresy 31, 97, 101, 120, 127 Great Wall 203, 207, 235 heterodoxy 72, 81–2, 171 Greece 22 ‘Hierarchy of Rights’ 260 Ionian coast High God 17, 76, 114, 162, 204 shipowners 70 high-heat processes 204–5 Greece,ancient 4, 12–13, 19–20, 32, ‘high-level equilibrium trap’ 229 38–40, 45, 53–4, 58, 67–9, 70–1, Hinduism 60–1, 85, 114, 118n, 132, 140, 79–80, 94, 102–3, 105–8, 112, 161–2, 162n, 163–166, 168, 170–1, 141, 143, 146, 148–9, 177, 183, 171n, 172–3, 175–6, 180–93, 193n, 206, 244, 247, 254, 260, 280, 194–6, 210, 246–7, 251–2, 255, 268, 284–5 274 army 179 Hippocrates 48, 53–5, 57, 61, 79, 84, art 13, 16, 77, 148, 162, 162n, 177, 112, 128 185, 239 Hishom 127 the Ionians 40, 68, 256 history 2, 5, 7, 11, 20, 37–9, 42–3, 48, literacy 1, 24, 60, 65–6 53–4, 58, 66–7, 74, 129, 131, 157, literature 11, 16, 19, 24–5, 37, 100, 175, 179, 243, 258, 261, 263, 267, 184n, 239, 272 272 mathematics 104–8, 183 Chinese histories 206, 211, 233, 237 medicine 44, 53–5, 61, 112, 179, 183 Hittites 169 myths 12, 66 Hobsbawm,Eric 32, 153, 155, 158 Gregory,St 10, 19 Hollywood 152, 156 grenades 203 Holy Land 40, 278 Grossetete,Robertˆ 128 Holy Roman Empire 74 Guanxiu 218 Homer 19, 168, 250 Guelfs,the 52, 64 Horde guilds 16, 78, 125 Blue 131 China 229, 234 Golden 134 India 176, 182, 270 Horned God 165 of St Nicholas 16 horse 114n, 166, 187–8, 203, 211–12, gunpowder 41, 189, 203, 228, 259, 227, 156 268 hospitals 32, 49, 54, 56, 112, 217 Guo Shoujing 230 maristan 33, 44, 49, 100, 104n, 111–12, Guo Zi 226,plate10 121, 156–7 Gupta dynasty 33, 166, 178–80, 182–6, Howard,Deborah 90 196–7, 246–8, 280 Huber,Wolf¨ 14

Index 313

Huguenots 23 mathematics 30, 38, 58, 61, 104, 106, Huizong,Emperor 225–7 108, 176, 180, 183, 188, 193n, 196, Hulagu 122, 131 259 humanism 5, 7, 9–10, 17–18, 26, 39, 58, Mutiny 192, 194 61, 64, 72, 78–80, 85–7, 87n, 88–9, National Congress 192–3 108, 148, 157, 177, 223, 241, 250, trade 29–30, 38, 41, 47, 54, 95, 105, 252, 264–5, 273–4 121–2, 133, 159, 166, 178, 184, 187, Confucian 207, 223, 226 190–1, 218, 224, 231, 254–5, 259, Islamic 12, 35–7, 74, 84, 90, 100, 263–4, 269–70, 272, 274 108–11, 115, 150, 257, 260–1, ‘unchanging’ 163 264 woods 178 Italian 8, 10, 20–1, 28, 57, 64, 81, 85, individual producers 269 87, 91, 242 individualism 15, 88, 100, 109–10, 226, Humayun 189 232, 270 humours 179 Indo-European peoples 168 humped cattle 164 Indo-Greek culture 162, 178, 195, 280 Hunayn 48, 55, 59, 105, 148 Indo-Iranian border 164, 212 Huns 268 Indo-Persian school 115 hunting 181, 204, 287 Indus Valley 164 Hyderabad 161, 281 Industrial Revolution 3–4, 38, 253–5, hydraulic power 211, 229–30 262 industrialization 1, 1n, 5, 229, 263 Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen) 102 infanticide 190 Ibn al-Nafis 108, 129, 132 information flow 105 Ibn Battutah 135, 139 Inquisition 82, 86 Ibn Gumay 79 inscription 133, 135–6, 136n, 166–7, 171, Ibn Hazm 114, 116, 126, 126n 175, 178, 180, 205, 226, 244, Ibn Jubayr 112, 135 271–2 Ibn Kalada 104 institutionalization of learning 21, 56, 63, Ibn Khaldun 37, 123, 129, 132, 134–5, 86, 92, 100, 107–8, 129, 141–2, 157, 139 245, 273 Ibn Taymiyyah 132 intellect,technology of 170 Ibn Tumart 139, 150 intellectuals 64, 83, 99, 126, 128–9, 131, Ibn Yasin Abdallah 138 210, 235, 237 icon 4n, 13, 77, 115, 151, 162, 165n, 195, intolerance 88, 139, 150 256, 266, 266n inventories 223 iconoclasm 77, 99, 148 Iran 6, 17, 33, 41, 44, 67, 74n, 95, 100, aniconism 6, 15, 18, 76, 83, 134, 148, 110–11, 113, 115, 117, 124–5, 132–3, 162, 162n, 195–6, 239, 241, 266, 138, 164–5, 168–9, 177, 212, 219, 266n 248, 256, 278 the Iconoclastic movement 20, 36, 64, Iraq 40, 46, 54, 67, 95, 99, 103–4, 109, 115 116, 137, 248, 257, 264 iconophobia 13, 32, 76, 114, 152, iron 3, 56, 166, 195, 205–6, 210–12, 217, 255–6 221, 227, 286 ideology 12–14, 34, 37, 65–6, 76, 109, Iron Age 38, 91, 205, 279 175, 200–1, 209, 219, 224, 234, 240, irrigation 3, 177, 192, 204, 211, 245n 252, 265, 269, 274 Ishraqi (Illuminist) school 138 idolatry 194 Isidore of Seville 78 Iliad 168 Isnad 101 Ilkhanate 122–3, 131–4, 277 Istanbul 23, 31, 137, 253, 268 imitation 19, 135, 153, 264 Italian Renaissance immortality 81, 175, 201 commercial activity 9, 28, 30, 254 India economic revival 27, 138 Independence 190, 192–6, 251, 277, ‘first lights’ 7 281 and modernity 1, 7, 253, 259

314 Index

Itsing 182 Krishnadeva Raya 187, 189 Iznik 138 Kublai Khan 255 Kucha 179 jade 226 Kumaragupta 182 Jade Emperor 206 Kurds 130, 278–9 Jahangir 169 Jains 132, 162, 170–3, 175–6, 176n, 178, laboratory 175, 265 180–2, 186–7, 195, 274 labour 215, 234, 270 mathas 180 specialist workers 27 Jami 101, 123 Lahore 190 janissaries 137 land tax 177, 206, 217 Japan 2, 42, 89, 92, 143, 180, 212, 215, landscape painting 11, 14–15, 266 221, 231, 232n, 233, 235, 238, 245, Chinese 213, 218–19, 225, 233, 251 258, 263, 263n, 264, 269 Italian 11, 14–15, 76 Jardine,Lisa 31, 248, 252–3 and still-life 77 Jaspers,Karl 150 languages Jefferson,Thomas 25 Aramaic 26, 105, 149, 169 Jerome,St 19, 62 Greek 1, 22, 26, 33, 39, 54–5, 58, 60–1, Jia Sidao 228 84, 102–8, 111–12, 137, 143, 145, Jones,William 191 148, 157, 159, 188, 245–6, 251, 257, Judaism 272, 285 in Baghdad 49–50, 55, 103, 146 Hebrew 26, 46–8, 51n, 55, 145, 149, diaspora 19, 70, 88, 132, 151 155, 158–9, 250 Jewish emancipation 5, 19, 32, 49, 76, Kannada 186–7 83, 90, 144–5, 147, 151, 153–6, Ladino 26, 151 158–9, 241, 256, 268 Latin 10, 16, 22, 26, 44, 48, 51, 55, mysticism 146, 148–9, 266 58–9, 62–3, 78, 99, 102, 108, 114n, poetry 78, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 159 128, 148, 176, 184, 187, 241–2, 249–50, 272–3, 284 synagogue 49–50, 74, 76, 148, 153–4 Malayalam 186 Julian,Emperor 68 Pahlavi 103n, 104, 115, 277 junks 228 Persian 96–7, 100, 105, 110, 112–13, Juran 218 115–17, 123, 131, 137–8, 188, 190–1, Justinian,Emperor 32, 34, 54, 84 196, 244–5, 256 Prakrit 169, 175, 197 Kaifeng 223, 227 ‘sacred’ 22, 54, 105, 170 Kalidasa 42, 184, 196 Sanskrit 97, 103, 103n, 104, 161, 161n, Kalila wa Dimna 97, 103, 135 162, 164, 166, 168, 170–2, 175–6, Kangxi 237 178, 182, 184, 184n, 185–92, 196–7, Karaites 158 213, 217, 251, 273 Karnataka 161n, 190 Semitic 39–41, 45, 60, 104, 158 Kassites 169 Syriac 54–5, 84, 96, 104–5 Kautilya 177, 181 Tamil 171, 178, 190 Khajuraho 187 Telug u 186, 189–90, 197 khans 119, 122–3, 131, 279 Yiddish 26, 149, 151, 156 Khayam,Omar 72 Laozi 217 Khiljis 132, 188, 277 law 3, 8, 12, 64, 64n, 72–3, 85, 97–8, Khorasan 96 100, 121, 147, 190–1, 207, 215, knowledge 225, 245 acquisition in Islam 99, 109 civil 73 circulation of 2, 22–3, 59–60, 69, 144, ecclesiastical 73 207, 249 king’s justice 36 systems 34–5, 90, 259 Roman 56, 64, 82, 241, 260–1 Korea 214–15, 221 League of Literati 209 Krishna 170, 186 legalists 207

Index 315

leisure 69, 159, 220, 248, 263n Lorenzetti 76 Leonardo Da Vinci 25, 185 Lothal 165 Levant 26, 34, 39, 47, 104, 130–2, 136, love 36, 78, 88, 114, 116, 155, 159, 174, 278–9 184, 233, 267 Levi-Strauss,Claude´ 1 Lucca 30, 52, 135, 222, 269 lexicons 222 Lucknow 161 Li Cheng 225 Lucretius 71 Li Po 216 Luke,the Evangelist 266 library,the 6, 12, 21–2, 32–4, 56, 58–9, Luoyang 211–15 63, 84, 105, 127–8, 144, 246 luxury 27–8, 28n, 68, 134, 184, 196, 248, Alexandrian 32, 34, 104 269 Baghdad (House of Wisdom) 21, 34, consumption 27 39, 59, 101, 105, 118, 118n, 284 goods 27–9, 95, 178, 205, 263, 270 Chinese 199, 208, 208n, 211, 217, rejection of 68, 118 223 Cordoba 6, 21, 32–4, 59, 101, 127 Madhavacharya 173 Indian (Nalanda) 181 madrasa 33, 85, 90, 100–1, 107, 109, in Islam 6, 21, 32–4, 39, 59, 100–1, 111, 129–30, 134–6, 143, 157 105, 105n, 107, 110, 118, 118n, 119, Madurai 187 127–8, 143–4, 157, 246 magic 36, 68, 146, 174, 181, 261 monastic 21, 34 Mahabalipuram 171 of St Gall 22 Mahabharata 167–8, 170, 185–6 linen 22, 269 Mahavira 181 lingam 165 Maimon 83, 152–3 literacy Maimonides 37, 46, 48, 84, 139, 145, credit´ bancaire 29 147, 150, 152–3, 158, 264, 269 literate societies 1, 4–5, 12, 19, 21, 61, Maine,Henry 260 91, 232, 241, 244–5, 245n, 250, 271, Malacca straits 189 274 Malinowski,Bronislaw 68 religions 32, 65, 274 Manchus 235–8 ‘restricted’ 21 Manicheanism 97, 214 ‘visible speech’ 19, 250 Manu,Code of 184, 196 literary criticism 184, 213 manufacture 1, 22–3, 27–30, 38, 47, 91, literati 153, 207, 209–10, 220, 222, 107, 111, 135, 186, 208, 218, 221, 232–3, 235, 237, 239, 239n, 252, 226–7, 229, 238, 253–5, 262, 268 268–9 literature 8, 14, 16, 19, 26, 36, 62, 78, 96, manuscripts 10, 18, 23–4, 55, 63–4, 109, 113, 115, 122, 142, 178, 184–6, 100–1, 105, 107, 119–20, 127, 137, 190, 213–14, 216, 218, 220, 226, 148, 179, 208, 226, 243, 257 232, 244, 254 Mao Zedong 238, 240 absence of Arab interest in Greek 25, maps 79, 228 96, 105, 107 Maqamat 135 entertainment 147 Maratha Shuinji 188 popular literature 217, 220, 232 Marathas 190, 193, 193n, 281 travel 135 market 2, 14, 28, 61, 121, 200, 205–6, Liu family 208 208, 221, 229, 234, 237, 269, 273 lokayata 69, 172–5 marriage 75, 190, 192, 265–7 London 29, 83, 136, 154, 253, 268 companionate 232 ‘looking back’ 4–5, 7–10, 13, 17–19, 26, contract 147, 151 35, 58, 61, 65, 69, 71, 84–5, 87, endogamous 267 89–92, 94–5, 97, 107, 109–10, 140, Marseilles 45, 45n, 49, 69 143, 145–6, 148, 159, 161–4, 172, Martel,Charles 50, 218 174–5, 188, 192–5, 198–9, 214, Marx,Karl 3–4, 9, 83, 152, 234, 255, 260, 219–20, 232–4, 236, 238, 240–2, 264 244–51, 257, 265, 272–4 mass production 254–5

316 Index

materialism 68–73, 81, 174–5, 201–2, lifestyle 212 255, 267 mercantile culture 69, 274 mathematics 30, 33, 38, 59, 71, 85, 97, merchant societies 41 102, 104, 106–8, 111, 113, 126, religion 211 149–50, 157, 163, 176, 180, 183–4, mercury 175, 183 188, 193n, 196, 200, 211–12, 218, meritocracy 215 222–3, 225–6, 230, 237, 247, 256, Mesopotamia 1, 84, 94, 104, 123, 126, 259, 264 130, 132, 136, 165, 168, 200, 244–5, Mathura 137, 185 270–1, 276 Mauryan period 162, 176–8, 181, 185, metals 2, 25, 27–8, 40, 47, 69, 111, 195, 246–8, 269, 280 133–6, 175, 184, 203–6, 212, 249, mausolea 130, 134 268, 270 Mauss,Marcel 1 Mevlevi 101, 124 Mazdaism (China) 214, 219 Michelangelo 77 Mazdean texts 17 Miletus 40, 70 McDermott,Joseph 225, 240n military science 181 McLuhan,Marshall 24 milling 86, 96, 211, 217, 220 Mecca 117, 121, 122n, 138, 146 Milton,John 26 mechanization 221 Ming 23, 133n, 134, 199, 222n, 229, Medici family 28–9, 109, 254, 268 231–7, 239n, 283 medicine 12, 37, 43–61, 71, 79, 81–2, 85, mining 27, 204, 269 90, 99–100, 103–5, 107, 111–12, 126, miracles 81 128–9, 132, 141, 145, 149–51, 153, Mir-Hosseini,Ziba 67, 74n 156–8, 163, 173, 176–81, 183–4, 193, missionaries,Christian 192 196, 203, 207, 211–25, 230, 234, Mitanis 169 241–2, 245n, 247, 256, 261, 264–5, mode of production 3, 204 284 Modena,Rabbi Leon 151 medieval period 4–5, 8n, 9, 14–16, modernism 9, 11, 15, 74, 150, 232 18–19, 21, 27–8, 31, 44, 50, 52–3, modernization 3–4, 11, 38, 60, 88–9, 55, 58, 63, 68, 70, 76–9, 81–2, 86, 142–3, 151, 192, 195, 208, 229, 236, 102, 109n, 112, 114n, 118, 141, 240, 243, 245–6, 253–4, 259, 262, 147–8, 153, 155, 158, 174, 184, 264, 273 194–5, 203, 212–13, 220, 222, Moerbeke,William of 84–5 243–4, 246–7, 249, 254–5, 258–9, Mohammed II (Seville) 127 261–2, 269 monasteries 10, 22, 50, 52, 58, 63, 79, Medina 133, 146, 278 100, 108, 118n, 176, 178–9, 180–2, Mediterranean 22, 32, 39, 45, 45n, 46–7, 213, 215, 217, 223 52, 69–70, 81, 148, 151 money 28–9, 120, 207, 221, 234 trade with east 28–9, 39–41, 45, 47, bullion 27–8 69–70, 81, 91, 113, 125–6, 133, 135, metal 206 142, 147, 159, 166, 176, 242, 244–5, paper 221, 229, 270 253, 265, 269, 272, 274 Mongols 34, 55, 109, 113, 113n, 118, Mehmet,Sultan 15, 137, 253 121n, 122–3, 129, 131–5, 137, 188–9, Mehrgarh 164, 279 208, 220, 224, 228–31, 239n, 252, mellah 147 255, 268, 277, 284 memory 65, 101, 120, 167–8, 170, 286 monotheism 12–13, 47, 73–4, 80, 141, Menander 178, 280 148, 150–1, 170, 186, 258, 261, Mencius 206, 219, 236 266n Mendelssohn,Moses 151–2 Montpellier,University of 5, 32, 37, Mercator 79 43–61, 85, 90, 108n, 112, 145, 158, merchants 27, 30–1, 41–2, 60, 95, 103, 265 107, 110, 122, 126, 133, 169, 175–6, Mormon Church 18 178, 190, 207–8, 212–15, 217, 227, Morocco 127, 138, 147, 154, 266, 230–1, 242, 246, 253–4, 257, 268–71, 278 273 mortmain 217

Index 317

Mote,Frederick 202, 226–7, 231, 234, Odantapuri 182 239 Omar,Caliph 34, 84 Mozi 206 Onamasticon 66 Mughal 6, 118, 137, 144, 169, 189–90, Ong,Walter 24 196–7, 243, 246, 251, 256, 277, oral transmission 167, 170 281 Oribasius 80 Muller,Max¨ 163, 172, 193n Orleans 242 multiculturalism 103, 137, 252–3 orthodoxy 50, 54, 67, 72, 81–2, 84, 97, Musaris 41, 178 104, 108, 111, 116, 129, 137, Muslim Brotherhood 140 171–2, 174–5, 186–7, 193, 203, Mussato 24n, 155 219, 236 Mutazili 98 Oxford 32–3, 77, 85, 108, 194 mysticism 101, 106, 109, 116, 123, 129, 139, 146, 148–9, 202, 266 Pacioli 30 Padua 32, 51, 56–7, 64, 81–2, 108, Nagarjuna 181–2 242 Nagarjunakonda 182 pagoda 217 Nagasena 178 Pakistan 122, 181, 195 Nahda 94, 142–4, 144n, 245, 264 palaces 6, 27, 33, 76, 105n, 118, 124, Nakshastra 176 126–7, 130, 134, 138–9, 157, 185, Nalanda University 33, 180–2 204, 211, 223, 227–8 Nanjing 212–13, 218 Palestine 46, 131–2, 145, 147, 149, Napoleon 142, 148, 245, 277 155 nationalism 20, 122, 193, 219, 238, 240, Palladio 107 257 Pallava dynasty 171, 281 navy 81, 125, 228 Pamuk,Orhan 118, 118n, 119, 119n, 120, Nayanars 171 138 Needham,Joseph 1, 4, 9n, 25, 33, 38, 41, Panini 169, 181 43, 69, 173, 201–3, 216, 220, 239, pan-Islam 140 252, 256, 262, 264, 268 Panofsky,Erwin 242 Nehru,Jawaharlal 195 pantheism 72, 85, 101 Neo-Buddhists 172, 194 paper 2, 22–4, 28, 30, 39, 41, 59–60, Neo-Confucianism 199n, 202–3, 217, 95–6, 106–7, 124, 144, 156, 169, 219, 220n, 224, 231, 235, 247, 188–9, 196, 210, 218, 221, 233, 251–2 248–9, 259, 262, 268 Neoplatonists 106, 284 pergomena graeca 22 Nestorians 40, 41n, 44, 54–5, 103–5, 214, papyrus 2, 22, 96, 249 219 parallel development 3, 41, 56 Netherlands 29, 81 parchment skins 2, 22–3, 249 newspapers 142, 194 Paris 21, 32, 52, 56, 72, 79, 81–2, 84–5, Newton,Isaac 33 108n, 128, 152, 242, 284–5 Nicholas,D. 271 Parker,Archbishop 34 nomads 34, 129, 181, 251–2 Party Kings (taifa) 114, 127, 139 noria 221 Patna 180 novels 259 patronage 14, 29, 48, 83, 105, 109, 113, Chinese 92, 220, 233, 233n, 236, 259 120, 130, 133–4, 137, 163, 172, Nuer 15 177, 183–4, 189, 191, 227, 230, numerals 237, 254 Indo-Arabic 25, 29, 38, 41, 58–9, 180, Paul of Aegina 49, 80 259 pepper 29, 41 zero 41, 180, 183 Pericles 70 Nuwas,Abu 114n, 116, 122 Perry,Commodore 264 perspective 102, 120, 266, 268 observation 49, 57, 80, 129, 226, 284 Petrarch 8n, 10, 24, 63–4 Occam,William of 85 Pharisean movement 149

318 Index

pharmacopoeia 55, 112, 179, 224 Prato 254 pharmacy 112, 203 Prayer Society,the 194 Philo of Alexandria 106 Presocratics 138 Philodemus 71 printing 1, 23, 60, 107, 114, 142–4, philosophy 18, 32, 34, 36–7, 46, 48, 156–7, 198, 208, 216–17, 233, 248–9, 67–73, 79–84, 91, 100, 103–4, 107, 259, 268 109, 126, 129, 141, 143, 146, moveable type 2, 60, 222 148–53, 156, 158, 176, 184, 195, press 2, 24–5, 26, 31, 56–7, 80, 124, 198, 201–2, 206, 213, 219, 222, 142, 142n, 144, 208, 273 257, 263–4, 284 private 225 Phocas 20 woodblock 2, 23–4, 57, 220–2, 225 Phoceans,the 69 private enterprise 212 Phocius 69 property 75, 213 Phoenicians,the 24, 39–40, 46–7, 60, landlords 27 69–70 private 260 physics 85, 110, 183 prostitutes 270 pilgrimage 40, 138, 152 Protestantism 18, 61, 67, 75, 77, 81–2, Pisano 184 87, 99, 162n Piyyut 147, 155 Ptolemy 48, 79, 107, 202 plague 31, 136 Almagest 48, 59, 103, 128 Plato 12, 18, 37, 55, 57, 71–2, 106, 128, public works 165, 208, 211 138, 146, 149, 205, 245, 284 Pune 193 Academy 242 Puranas 165n, 171, 175, 280 Platonism 18, 20, 106 puritanism 12–13, 170, 184 Plethon 20 Confucian 232 plough 2, 27, 164 England 67 poetry 13, 16, 25–6, 36, 62, 79, 114–17, Islam 97, 99, 101, 118, 119n, 127–8, 241–2 139, 150 alliteration 78 Pythagoreans 12, 106 Anglo-Saxon 78, 232, 250 chansons de geste 114n qasida 116, 142 Chinese 92, 206, 210, 213, 216, 225–6, Qian,Sima 210–11 232, 233n, 236, 240 Qianlong 236–7 Indian 170–1, 178, 187 Qin 198–9, 206–7, 209, 211, 213, 282 Jewish 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, Qing 133n, 229, 233n, 235–7, 283 159 Qumran 106 Islamic 26, 33, 36, 78, 85, 90, 123, 126, Quran 20, 26, 34, 85, 98, 98n, 99–100, 137, 251 104, 107, 117, 118n, 120, 127, sonnets 36 134–5, 139, 156, 159, 167–8, 245–6, troubadour 36, 114 256, 284 Polo,Marco 70 Qutb complex 132, 279 polygyny 18, 117 Qutuz,sultanate of 133 polytheism 4, 12, 65–6, 74, 86, 88, 91, 148, 150, 171, 186, 200, 204, 257, rabbinate 147 268, 274 Radhanite 103 Pomeranz,Kenneth 38 railways 192, 238 Pompei 13, 46, 77 Ramayana 168, 185–6 Pomponazzi,Pietro 81 Ramus 81 porcelain 28, 41, 95, 133–4, 228, 237, rationality 3, 51, 69–70, 156, 267, 284 255 recipes 271 Portugal 151 reﬂexivity 68 postal service 207 reformations 9n, 18–20, 34, 42, 54, 89, pottery 45, 133n, 162, 164, 169, 178, 91–2, 98–9, 101, 124, 140, 149, 199, 270 158, 172, 187, 194, 217, 241, 250, Poussin 266 271–2

Index 319

religion saints 75, 77, 101 Abrahamistic 5–6, 9, 11, 13, 15–16, Saladin 79, 95, 112, 130, 135, 278–9 35–6, 44, 52, 57, 64, 68, 70–2, 74–5, Salafis 101n, 140n 83, 88, 92–3, 97–8, 114, 141–2, Salafiyah 140 145–6, 157, 160, 162, 170, 172, 201, Salerno 32, 37, 43–4, 51–2, 55, 57, 61n, 210, 243, 246, 251, 255, 260–2, 267, 99, 112, 141, 145, 242 271, 274 Salisbury,John of 242 anti-clericism 19, 50, 83 salt 210–12, 227 authoritarianism 67, 73, 75, 140, 200, Sanhajah 138 258, 261 Sasanian dynasty 54, 94, 96–7, 103, hegemonic 4, 8, 11, 13, 18, 31, 51, 57, 104n, 105, 110, 121, 148, 245n, 62, 65–7, 70, 72–5, 80, 84, 86, 88, 276 92, 121, 144, 156, 160–1, 163, 170, sati 190, 192 172, 195, 198, 200, 202, 238–9, 257, Satyagraha 194 259, 261–2, 265, 267 Sayyed Khan 194 new cults 65 scepticism 31, 66–7, 86, 152, 172, 175 renascences scholasticism 10, 79, 273, 284 Bengali 249 schools 21, 26, 30, 32, 62–3, 67, 73, Buyid 94, 110, 248, 278 79, 85–6, 88, 92, 155, 245–6, 267, Carolingian 10, 63, 90, 241, 248 271 Hindu mathematical 183 cathedral 32, 79, 84, 108, 155 Song 5, 8, 198–9, 244, 248, 259 Chinese 208, 213–14, 217, 227, representations 4, 6, 11, 13–14, 16, 36, 231 62, 76–7, 83, 117, 123–5, 142, 148, church 16, 26, 32, 37, 79, 86, 246, 267, 151, 153, 155–6, 162, 165, 239n, 271 251–3, 255–6, 260, 266 government 86, 214, 223, 227, 231 figurative 6, 13, 32, 76, 113–15, grammar 62, 271 117–19, 158, 162, 188, 251–2, 256 Hindu 85, 169, 171, 190 rice 164, 178, 192, 204, 221, 227–8, 270 Jewish 85, 153–5, 158, 246 Champa 227–8 merchant 30, 271 roads 121, 177, 188 monastic 32, 79, 108, 155, 217 Chinese 207, 216, 221 Muslim 85, 90, 120, 127 Italian,‘revolution’ in 27 and teaching profession 30, 85 Roman 27 science 35, 37, 43, 54, 58, 61, 71–2, Silk Roads 41, 54, 95, 176, 217–18, 80–3, 85–6, 88, 91, 102, 157, 235, 256 239, 241, 250, 256–7, 259–62, 266, rockets 203 268, 284 Rodez 75 Chinese 1, 25, 38, 43, 69, 92, 104, 173, Rodinson,M. 271 198–9, 201–3, 212, 220–1, 223, Roger of Sicily 129 225–6, 228, 230, 235, 238–40, 248, Romanticism 267 251–2, 262 Rome 24, 63, 80–81 ‘foreign sciences’ 33, 59, 84–5, 90, Rome,ancient 6, 10, 12–13, 19, 27, 34, 96–7, 99, 141, 149, 157, 251 39, 45, 53, 76–7, 91, 96, 112, 141, Indian 104, 162–3, 168, 173, 176, 162, 165n, 176, 215, 239, 256, 258, 182–4, 193, 196–7 260, 270 Islam 6, 12, 37, 46, 70, 80, 85, 91, Rostow,W. W. 34 100–9, 111, 113, 127, 136–7, 141, rotation 204 143, 157, 193, 251, 256, 264 Rowland,B. 185 Jewish 149, 151–3, 156–7, 160, 264 Rumi 101, 123–4 ‘modern’ 4, 6–7, 25, 33, 43, 59 Russia 83, 238, 266, 277 Scientific Revolution 9, 25–6, 113n, 141, 175, 184 Saadya Gaon 146, 149 sculpture 11, 13, 15–16, 76–7, 107, 126, sacrifice 173–4, 178 148, 152–3, 162, 174, 177, 182, 185, Safavid 100n, 124, 138, 188, 277 188, 239, 255, 259

320 Index

seafaring peoples 40 Spain 22, 23, 25, 36, 38, 40–1, 44–5, seafaring culture 69 47–51, 59, 70, 78, 89, 95, 99, 103, techniques 198 113–15, 118, 121, 125–8, 138–9, 145, seals,Harappan 165–6 147, 150–1, 153, 155, 159, 242, 251, secular,the 257, 276, 284 and compartmentalization 75, 259, 265 Sparta 70 craftsmen 174 spices 28–9, 41, 95, 178, 254 ‘decline of magic’ 36 spinning wheel 188 demystiﬁcation 9, 36, 87 Spinoza 81, 152 secularization 8–9, 16, 18, 31, 35, 46, Spring and Autumn period 204–6, 282 51, 55, 62, 67, 75, 77, 88–9, 92, Spufford,Peter 28–31, 76 107, 118, 140, 149, 155–6, 160, steel 205–6 163, 201, 209, 243, 246, 254, Indian 195, 259 256–7, 261, 272 stock exchange 95 Seleucids 96, 177 Stoics 106 Seljuq 100, 111, 122, 129–30, 276, 278 stupa 162, 217 Sephardic Jews 145, 160 Suﬁs 101, 101n, 109, 126, 129–30, 137, serfdom 229 139, 146, 149, 188, 266 Sergius of Resh Ain 104 sugar 29, 144, 176, 270 sex 12–14, 116, 125n, 173–4, 184, 201, Suhrawardi 138 233n Sui 213–16, 237, 282 shadow-theatre 220 Sukhot 156 Shah,the 119, 138, 140, 188–90 Suleyman 138 Shah Jahan 189–90 sultanate,the 124, 130, 132–3, 189, shamanistic religion 131, 230 278–9, 281 Shang 199, 203–4, 282 Sumatra 187, 214 Sharia 97–8, 101, 123, 132, 139, 257 Sun Tzu 205 Shastri,D. 174 Art of War 205 Shen Gua 226 Sun Yat-sen 238 Shen Zhou 233 Sunnism 61, 67, 73–4, 90, 98, 100, Shiism 61, 67, 74, 106, 109–10, 114, 106, 110–11, 122, 129, 138, 124–5, 129, 138, 150 278 Shiva 162, 165n, 186, 193 superstition 9, 152 shtetl 147, 152, 154 surgery 48–9, 52, 55, 112, 129, 156, 173, Shudraka 184 179, 183, 224 Sichuan 218 swadeshi 193–4 Sicily 30, 36, 44, 51–3, 70, 95, 99, 125, swastika 165 129, 242, 278 Siddhantas 183 Taiping rebels 238 Siger de Brabant 72 Taizong,Emperor 214–15 sigillata 47, 270 Taizu,Emperor 214 Sikhism 161, 172, 188 Taj Mahal 140 silk 1, 28, 30, 41, 52, 95, 135, 138, 144, Talas,battle of 96, 218 208, 210, 212, 215, 221, 237, 245n, Talmud 50, 147, 152 254, 259, 262, 268–9 Tamilnadu 169, 171, 187, 281 and reeling machines 221 Tang 23, 182, 198–9, 203, 213–20, 222, silver 27, 30, 235, 237, 268 224, 230, 232, 247–9, 282–3 Sindh 122, 188, 276 Tang X ianzia 232 slave-girls 147, 270 Tant r ik a 174 slavery 69, 122, 131–2, 135, 147, 177, Taoism 173, 175, 201, 203 188, 270 Tapper,Richard 67, 74n Socotra 270 taxes 89, 123, 127, 139, 177, 190, Socrates 71 204, 206, 210, 215, 217, 227, Song of Songs 159 234, 247 soya-bean 204 Taxila 176–8, 180–1, 280

Index 321

technology 31, 35, 81, 85, 90, 100, 138, trade 27–9, 31, 37, 39–41, 45–6, 53, 60, 141, 157, 170, 182–3, 188, 195, 64, 70, 81, 91–2, 94–6, 107, 110, 198–9, 202–4, 204n, 205, 214, 217, 120–2, 125–6, 131, 133–4, 136, 138, 221–2, 225–8, 235, 248, 256–7, 142, 144, 159, 163, 165–6, 176–9, 260–1 184, 188–91, 195–6, 205–6, 212, 214, telescopes 105 220–1, 224, 228–9, 231, 235, 242, Templars 133 248, 253–5, 265, 267–70, 272–4, Terence 16, 62 279–80 textiles 29–30, 95, 135–6, 164, 188, 206, western collapse 27, 29, 95 221, 228, 237, 254–5, 269 western revival 27–9, 31, 91 Thales 68–71 traditionalism 113, 192 Thanjavur 187, 190 translation 60, 96–7, 99, 102–3, 105, 107, Thapar,Romila 5, 163, 165, 167, 170, 117, 128, 256, 264, 271, 273 196–7, 272 from Arabic 59, 84, 102, 108, 126, 128, theatre 11, 13, 16, 26, 42–3, 77, 123–5, 285 148, 239, 254, 259 of Bible 87 Chinese 239n from Greek 6, 22, 48, 55, 59–61, 80, ‘clerk’s plays’ 16, 77 83–4, 90, 94, 96, 99, 102–5, 107–8, Elizabethan 92 111, 113, 128, 143, 145–6, 159, 188, folk theatre 16, 77 244–5, 256, 264, 285 Jewish 32, 155–6 from Indian 103n, 104, 115, 212–13, kabuki 42, 92 217, 245 ‘mumming’ 16 medical texts mystery plays 11, 16, 77–8, 155 transport,means of 35, 189, 207, 211, No plays 42 221, 245, 259 Sanskrit 42, 186 Trobriands,the 68 secular 42, 77 Tu Fu 216 Theft of History,The (Goody) 3 Tulinid period 269 theology 9, 37, 49, 51, 67–8, 72, 84–5, Tunisia 40, 118, 123, 125, 278 97–8, 104, 163, 172, 186, 202, 261, Turkey 15, 31, 40, 48, 86, 89, 94, 100n, 284–5 136–8, 140, 188, 257, 272, 276 experience rather than 64 Ottoman 94, 100n, 125, 136–8, 142, Theosophical Society 194 277 Thomas,Keith 36 Turkic 109, 122, 129, 132, 134, 182, 188, Thomas,St 41 196, 214–15, 218, 278 Three Kingdoms,the 212, 216, 282 Tyre 39–40, 46 Thucydides 67 Tigers,Little 264 Ugarit 40, 169 Tigris,river 34, 118, 118n ulama 97–8, 100–1, 120, 127, 136, 138, Tilak 193 140, 257 Timbuktu 138 Umayyads 94–7, 114–15, 118, 126, 129, time,reckoning of 26, 58, 62 276, 278 Timur 54, 121n, 123, 129, 188 uniqueness,European 3, 7–8, 11, 24, Toledo 45–7, 49, 51, 59, 113, 113n, 32–3, 38, 42, 60–1, 69, 86, 88, 90–1, 127–8, 141, 148–9, 242, 257 241, 244, 250, 258, 263, 272 Topkapi Saray 138 university,the 20, 33, 35, 92, 180–2, 194, Torah 118n, 154, 156 199, 231, 246, 250, 265 torture,of thinkers 73 and medicine 43–61 Toulouse 49n, 82, 85, 108n Upanishad 194 towns 10, 19, 27, 40, 75, 80, 82, 99, Urban Revolution 2, 19, 87, 199 110–11, 120–1, 147, 166, 189, 205, usury 270 217, 221, 228–9, 231, 234, 246, 254, 270, 274 vaccination 137 Toynbee,Arnold 8, 8n, 9, 9n, 172, 249, Valencia 22, 139 262, 266n Vallabhi 182

322 Index

Vallee,Geoffroy´ 82 Wilkins,Charles 191 Vanini,G. C. 82 William of Aquitaine 114n Vatsyayara 174 William of Brabant 22 Vedas 165n, 166, 168, 176n, 181, 183, wine 45, 116, 147, 270 193n, 194 Winternitz,M. 166, 170 Atharva 168 women 33, 133, 153, 155, 174–6, 207, Rig 166, 168–9, 172 220, 232, 250, 266 Sama 168 wool 28–9, 177, 254, 268 Ya j u r 168 writing 1–3, 17, 19, 21, 24–5, 34, 56–7, Venice 10, 14, 28–30, 36, 39–40, 57, 60, 65–6, 68–70, 87, 142n, 169–70, 80–1, 111, 119, 133, 135, 151, 254, 175, 180, 199–200, 207–8, 210, 268, 272 248–50, 270–2 Vernant,Jean-Pierre 12 commerce 29, 165 Verulamium 77 forms of 2, 57, 124, 157, 205, 270 Vesalius 56–7, 82 hieroglyphic 25 Vienna 154 ‘Wu,Emperor’ 215–16, 282 Vietnam 209, 212 Wudi,Emperor 209–10 Vijayanagara 187 Wuzong,Emperor 217 Visigoths 45, 47, 49, 49n, 78 vivarium 63 Xuanzang 182, 217, 280 Vivekananda,Swami 194 Yangzi Valley 23, 213–14, 227–8, 233 Wahhabis 99, 132, 139n, 140, 140n Yavana 177 Wang Anshi 227 Yehiel,Asher Ben 148 water 22, 40, 70, 95, 130, 144, 221, 256 Yellow River 205 clock 211 Yellow Turbans 211 controlled agriculture 144, 156, 165, yeshiva 154, 157, 246 211, 221 yin and yang 210 mills 211 yoga 165 power 262 Young Bengal movement 190 transport 211, 221 Yuan dynasty 133n, 229–31, 233, 283 water-borne trade 229 waterways 214, 221, 228 Zafrani,H. 35, 84, 107–8, 146, 149–50, wheels 211 158, 266 Watt,Ian 1, 24, 60, 66 Zen 199n, 227 weapons 195, 204, 211, 221, 227, 269 Zheng He 231, 255 Weber,Max 3–4, 9, 36, 89, 120, 234 Zhongshu,Dong 209 weights and measures 165, 207 Zhou 204–6, 234, 282 Wendi,Emperor 214 Zhu Xi 219–20, 230–31 wheat 164, 204, 220 zodiac 176