Food: OR DISTRIBUTION Why You Eatnot for What SALE OR Distributionyou Eat

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 28 1/17/12 7:22:37 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC KeyNOT FORMessages SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Many factors influence your choice of foods. • The taste of different foods influences what you choose to eat. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE• Your OR environmentDISTRIBUTION and lifestyle influenceNOT FOR yourSALE food OR DISTRIBUTIONchoices. • Food advertising has an impact on what foods you choose to eat. • The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and© Jones water. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 1 1/17/12 7:22:37 AM 2 Chapter 1 Food: Why You Eat What You Eat

© JonesFood & and Bartlett eating are Learning, fundamental LLC aspects of life. Everyone © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC eats to live. Food provides the nutrients needed to sus- NOT FORtain life. SALE The foodsOR DISTRIBUTION you choose have a profound impact NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONits ab Cu H ltu on your overall health. Food, however, is much more than re just a collection of nutrients. Most people not only eat to s d

o live, but live to eat. Eating is a unique joy, from a simple d o o F t R o r peanut butter sandwich with the rich taste of peanuts to f e t o © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC f © Jones & Bartlettl Learning, LLC u i g a gourmet meal at a special restaurant to celebrate a life o m i b o o E NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION n n event. Eating is one of the greatest and most fulfilling C s v

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d choose foods for their potential to help you achieve better A © Joneshealth. & Bartlett This chapter Learning, will examine LLC the many influences on © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORhow you SALE choose OR the DISTRIBUTION foods you eat. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

■■ Figure 1.1 Why You Eat the Foods You Eat Story Sam is in his final year of college© Jones and is& looking Bartlett forward Learning, to LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC graduation. He has receivedNOT a job FOR offer andSALE will beOR moving DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to the Midwest. This will be a big change for Sam, because Taste he has always lived in the South. While he was in the The number one reason most people give for why they eat Midwest for his interview, he noticed that they had some the foods they eat is taste. Palatability, how a food agrees different foods that he was not used to. He saw some unfa- with your palate, has a strong influence over what you miliar foods© Jones when he & visited Bartlett a local Learning, grocery store. LLC choose to eat.© What Jones tastes & goodBartlett to you Learning, may not taste LLC good Sam NOTstarted FOR thinking SALE about OR what DISTRIBUTION he usually ate. He to someone NOTelse. Ask FOR 10 SALEpeople theirOR DISTRIBUTIONfavorite food, and could only come up with a short list of foods. The demands you are likely to get 10 different answers. What is palat- of college had really limited him with respect to eating able to you now as an adult may be different than it was a wide variety of foods. Sam’s food choices were usually when you were a child. Tastes change over time and can based on time and taste. He always shopped for grocer- be learned. Strong flavors such as blue cheese and cof- © Jonesies at& the Bartlett convenience Learning, store near LLC campus. It didn’t carry © Jonesfee are ¬ Bartlett usually popular Learning, with childrenLLC but are among NOT FORmany SALE fruits and OR vegetables DISTRIBUTION and had limited choices. It NOTmany FOR adults’ SALE favorites. OR DISTRIBUTION was the only store within walking distance, which was Exposure to different flavors can influence what you important because Sam didn’t have a car. How can Sam consider to be palatable. You may learn to like certain begin to expand his repertoire of foods when he makes foods only after you eat them several times. If you moved the move from college to his new job? to another part of the country or another part of the world, © Jones & Bartlett Learning,you LLC would have to adapt to new© Jonesfoods. Foods & Bartlett that you iniLearning,- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtially found to be unusual or unpleasantNOT FOR may SALE become OR your DISTRIBUTION new favorites after you continue to be exposed to them. Why You Eat the Foods You Eat Why you eat is simple; it is a biological need. You have to eat to survive.© Jones Hunger & may Bartlett drive when Learning, and how LLC much you Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC eat, but appetite comes into play as well. However, what you eat andNOT why FOR you choose SALE the OR foods DISTRIBUTION you do is a bit more nutrition NOTThe science FOR of SALE food and OR its components,DISTRIBUTION complex. Multiple factors influence what foods you select. including food’s relationship to health and disease. Your choice of foods is driven by a complex mixture of hunger The physiological drive to eat. what tastes good to you; what you are used to; your cul- appetite The physiological desire to eat; not always © Jonesture, & religion, Bartlett and Learning, health beliefs; LLC and your thoughts and © Jonesaccompanied & Bartlett by hunger. Learning, LLC feelings about food ( ). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONFigure 1.1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 2 1/17/12 7:22:39 AM Thoughts and Feelings About Food 3

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONTry Something New NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION External Cues to Eat Sweet Bitter Sour SaltyUnami You have just had lunch, and you feel full. On your walk back to class, you pass a bakery and are struck by the smell ■■ © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Figure 1.2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of warm chocolate chip cookies. The familiar smell causes The Five Flavor Profiles your mouth to water. NOTBefore youFOR know SALE it, you areOR diving DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION into a bag of just-baked goodness. Were you driven by hunger to eat, or did the smell of something you knew would taste good stimulate your appetite? How susceptible are you to external cues to eat? to person. However, most people like some level of salt ©Often, Jones external & stimuliBartlett to eat, Learning, such as smelling, LLC seeing, in food. Unlike© Jones sugar, & youBartlett are not Learning, born liking theLLC taste of or NOTeven talking FOR about SALE food, OR override DISTRIBUTION your need for calories. salt; it isNOT learned FOR through SALE exposure OR DISTRIBUTION to salted foods. The In other words, you may eat because the food tastes good, final flavor profile is unami. Unami means “good flavor” or not because you are hungry. Even though you may salivate “good taste” in Japanese. It is an early, rich, savory flavor, at the sight of a favorite food, it does not mean you should such as is found in meat, cheese, and mushrooms. eat it. External cues may be signaling you to eat, but are Other sensations of taste also influence what you eat. you really hungry? The tongue and mouth can sense the texture of foods. © Jones & BartlettKeep track Learning, of how hungry LLC you are each time you eat for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC You may prefer soft or crunchy foods or prefer not to eat NOT FOR SALEthe next OR few days.DISTRIBUTION Use the hunger scale below as a guide. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION foods with a certain mouthfeel. In fact, how a food feels This will help you be more mindful of eating when you are hungry, not just when you are prompted to by external in your mouth can influence whether you like that food. cues. Fattiness is a profile found in foods that have a certain mouthfeel. The taste of full-fat ice cream is difficult to 1. Weak and light-headed© Jones — your& Bartlett stomach is churning Learning, LLCreplicate without the fat.© A well-marbledJones & Bartlett steak has Learning, a very LLC 2. Ravenous — you are irritable and cannot concentrate different taste than a lean cut. The mouthfeel is changed 3. Hungry — yourNOT stomach FOR is rumbling SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION greatly when the fat is decreased. Dryness, such as the 4. Slightly hungry — beginning to feel the signs of hunger astringency of dry wine or unripe fruit, is a taste profile. 5. Neutral — you could eat more but are not hungry 6. Satisfied — perfectly comfortable Coolness is present in foods that have mint or menthol. 7. Full — a little uncomfortable When you eat foods that have chili peppers, you get the © Jones 8. Stuffed & — Bartlettuncomfortably Learning, full LLC sensation© ofJones heat or & spiciness. Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT 9. Bloate FORd —SALE need to loosenOR DISTRIBUTION clothing TasteNOT is also FOR affected SALE by howOR foodDISTRIBUTION looks on the plate. 10. Nauseous — so full you may be sick You have probably heard the saying that you eat first with Hunger Scale your eyes. Foods that are well presented and look appetiz- You should only eat when you are at a 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the ing are more likely to be pleasing to your palate. scale. Put down your fork when you get to a 5 or 6. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORThoughts SALE ORand DISTRIBUTION Feelings About Food How we feel about certain foods can influence whether we Taste is one of your five senses. The taste and smell consume them. Your thoughts and feelings about foods of a food together make up the flavor of that food. You are influenced by what you are used to eating, what foods are able to detect the ©flavor Jones of a substance& Bartlett thanks Learning, to the LLCmake you feel good, health© beliefsJones about & Bartlett food, and Learning, adver- LLC taste buds that are concentrated on your tongue. The five tising designed to influence the foods you choose. basic flavor profiles areNOT sweet, FOR bitter, SALE sour, salty, OR and DISTRIBUTION unami NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (Figure 1.2). Sweetness in a food generally suggests that Habits sugar is present. You are born with a propensity toward What you eat now is likely similar to what you ate when sweetness. You are most sensitive to bitter tastes, which you were younger. It is what you are used to, and it is is why© Jonesstrong bitter & Bartlett flavors can Learning, be off-putting. LLC Balanced familiar.© You Jones may eat & theBartlett same foods Learning, each day LLC for break- bitterness, such as that found in beer, coffee, and olives, fast, such as cereal, milk, and coffee. You choose this each is acceptableNOT FOR to most SALE people. OR Sour DISTRIBUTION taste signals the pres- day becauseNOT it FOR is familiar; SALE you OR don’t DISTRIBUTION even have to think ence of acidity. Adding acid to foods, such as lemon on about what you are going to eat. Most people eat a very fish or vinegar in salad dressing, can introduce a bright limited number of foods. Trips to the grocery store are flavor that most people enjoy. A salty flavor means that often routine, with the same basic foods purchased each © Jones &sodium Bartlett is present. Learning, Salt brings LLC out the flavor in food. The© Jones trip. & You Bartlett probably Learning, have your favoriteLLC items at the restau- level of saltiness that is pleasing will vary from person rants you frequent. When you eat your meals, the number NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 3 1/17/12 7:22:42 AM 4 Chapter 1 Food: Why You Eat What You Eat

© Jonesof meals & Bartlett you eat, Learning,and even where LLC you eat your meals are © Jonesyou have & Bartlettbeen provided. Learning, For example, LLC if you are being often done out of habit. treated for acid reflux, you may avoid spicy, high-acid NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTfoods. FOR Your SALE belief OR that DISTRIBUTION these foods will worsen your con- Comfort Foods dition influences the foods you choose. Comfort foods are foods that are eaten to improve your mood or to make you feel better. They give you comfort Advertising or a sense of well-being. Comfort© Jones foods & areBartlett almost Learning,always BillionsLLC of dollars are spent on© advertising Jones & foodsBartlett and bevLearning,- LLC foods that are familiar to you and that bring back fond erages each year. Whether it is in print, on television, or memories of celebrationsNOT or happy FOR occasions. SALE TheyOR DISTRIBUTIONoften on the Internet, the vast majorityNOT FOR of advertising SALE OR is forDISTRIBUTION carry some emotional significance and remind you of high-fat, high-sugar foods and beverages and fast food.3,4 someone or some place. Comfort foods are usually fill- Advertisers use aggressive and sometimes deceptive tac- ing and homey, such as chocolate cake, apple pie, meat tics to encourage you to purchase their products. They loaf, macaroni© Jones and cheese, & Bartlett or pasta Learning, (Figure 1.3). LLC What you use strategies© to Jones pull at your& Bartlett heartstrings Learning, and remind LLC you consider comfort food will be shaped by your experiences of happy times. Attractive models are shown having fun and your NOTculture. FOR Males SALE generally OR consider DISTRIBUTION warm, hearty and eating theNOT foods FOR they SALE are selling. OR DISTRIBUTION Advertisers often foods such as steak, casseroles, and soups as comfort promote their foods or beverages as being perfect for your foods. Females are more likely to choose chocolate or ice lifestyle, fun, and exciting and that you will be “one of the cream as comfort foods. People younger than age 55 are crowd” if you consume it. They try to send the message © Jonesmore & likely Bartlett to choose Learning, potato chips LLC or cookies as comfort © Jonesthat “If &you Bartlett buy and eatLearning, or drink our LLC product, you too will 1 NOT FORfoods. SALE Whatever OR your DISTRIBUTION age or gender, there is surely a food NOTbe FORattractive, SALE happy, OR accepted, DISTRIBUTION and cool.” All of these tac- that you consider your comfort food. tics are designed to evoke positive emotions to encourage you to purchase their products. Health Beliefs Companies are increasingly using product placement Your food choices can also be influenced by what you as an advertising strategy. Product placement is a form of believe will impact your health.© Jones If you & Bartlettbelieve that Learning, your advertisingLLC where brand-name© Jones foods and & Bartlettbeverages Learning,are LLC health can be positivelyNOT or negatively FOR SALE affected OR by DISTRIBUTION the placed in a movie or televisionNOT show. FOR Product SALE placement OR DISTRIBUTION foods you eat, which it certainly can, then you are more subtly advertises products as they become props for the likely to consider how healthy a food is when making characters. The character in a movie is not just eating at a food choices.2 For example, say that you are faced with restaurant, but is eating at a McDonald’s. A character in a a choice of fried or baked chicken. You would prefer the television show is not just eating a candy bar, but is eating fried chicken,© Jones but you & know Bartlett that itLearning, contains more LLC fat and a brand-name© Jonescandy bar & withBartlett the logo Learning, front and LLCcenter. calories thanNOT the FOR baked SALE chicken. OR YouDISTRIBUTION choose the baked Product placementNOT FOR is designed SALE to ORencourage DISTRIBUTION you to buy a chicken because you believe that it is healthier. Whether particular product or eat at a certain restaurant. Product people act on their health beliefs is based on how strong placement has been around for decades; however, it has those beliefs are and how vulnerable they believe they are become more popular in recent years. If you have a DVR to the potential consequences. For example, a 20-year-old you can skip most commercials on TV, but if a product is © Jonesmay & know Bartlett that the Learning, fried chicken LLC has more fat and calories © Jonesin a show & Bartlettthe advertisers Learning, still have LLC your attention. than the baked chicken, but thinks that the potential con- Does all this advertising sway you to consume cer- NOT FORsequences, SALE if any,OR are DISTRIBUTION far into the future. Another 20-year- NOTtain FOR products? SALE Does OR it DISTRIBUTION encourage you to eat more? Many old whose father just had a heart attack and knows that researchers believe that it does. Advertisers often say that he needs to lose a few pounds may be more motivated to their advertising is to promote their brand and to get you make a food choice based on the health belief that fried to choose their brand over the competitor’s. This may foods are less healthy than© bakedJones ones. & Bartlett Learning,be LLC true, but the ads also encourage© Jones food & Bartlettconsumption Learning, LLC Current health status may also influence food choices. in general. Advertising for food and beverages commu- If you have been diagnosedNOT with FOR a health SALE problem OR whose DISTRIBUTION nicates potentially powerfulNOT food consumptionFOR SALE cues.OR 4–6DISTRIBUTION treatment includes changes in your diet, you may be moti- The subtle effects of food advertising on what you eat vated to choose foods according to the recommendations and how much you eat are usually outside of your own awareness or intention.7 Research confirms that exter- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nal cues such© asJones food advertisements & Bartlett Learning, have a significant LLC influence on food consumption behaviors. The evidence NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION suggests thatNOT advertising FOR SALE for food OR has DISTRIBUTIONa direct causal link between greater consumption of food in general, not just of the food being advertised.6 Advertising tactics are certainly powerful and can be © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesused to & encourage Bartlett consumption Learning, ofLLC healthy foods as well. ■■ Figure 1.3 Campaigns to encourage consumption of milk, cheese, NOT FORWhat IsSALE Your Comfort OR DISTRIBUTION Food? NOTfruits FOR and SALE vegetables, OR orDISTRIBUTION other healthy foods are also seen

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 4 1/17/12 7:22:44 AM Lifestyle 5

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesLifestyle & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORYour SALElifestyle OR has DISTRIBUTIONa major impact on your food choices. How you spend your time and how that time is allotted to what is most important to you will impact what you eat. Your lifestyle is most likely very fast paced, with multiple demands from friends, school, work, and family. Food © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCmay be eaten on the run© orJones from a& drive-thru Bartlett window.Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONYour choice of foods mayNOT be based FOR on SALEhow quick OR they DISTRIBUTION are to acquire and to eat. Your need to grab or prepare something quick may cause you to make choices that you may not have made otherwise. This may mean a frozen dinner ■■ Figure 1.4 prepared in minutes in the microwave or a trip to a fast- Advertisement© Jones for &Fruits Bartlett and Vegetables Learning, LLC food restaurant.© Jones Eating & Bartlett at school Learning,or on your way LLC to work The numberNOT of FORads for healthy SALE foods OR pales DISTRIBUTION in comparison to the number may meanNOT choosing FOR betweenSALE OR the DISTRIBUTIONbest of several not-so- for high-fat, high-calorie foods and beverages. healthy choices just because that is what is available in Source: © Eat Smart, Move More, North Carolina. the time you have allotted. Your ability to plan meals as well as your food preparation skill level will also affect what you choose to eat. © Jones &on Bartlettbillboards, Learning, in magazines, LLC and on television (Figure 1.4©). Jones You & may Bartlett buy already Learning, prepared LLC or partially prepared foods NOT FORAlthough SALE ORthese DISTRIBUTION campaigns can have a positive effect NOTon FORbecause SALE you don’tOR DISTRIBUTION feel that you have the cooking skills to consumption, the funding is only in the millions, not the make food from scratch. For example, you may rely heavily billions that are spent yearly on advertising high-fat, high- on frozen meals that only require microwaving, as opposed calorie foods and beverages.3 to preparing grilled chicken, salad, and vegetables. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© JonesWhich & Bartlett Side Learning, Are You LLC On? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Advertising to Children Is it fair to market foods to children, many of whom are too Although parents are, of course, ultimately responsible for young to understand that companies are trying to sell a what their children eat, their messages to eat healthy pale in product that may not be healthy for them? Or, is it the right of comparison to the billions spent by the food industry to © Jones & Bartlettcompanies toLearning, persuade children LLC to purchase their products?© Jonespromote & Bartlett their products. Learning, The amount LLC of money spent and the NOT FOR SALEAn estimated OR DISTRIBUTION $2 billion is spent on marketing foods and NOT FORnumber SALE of messages OR DISTRIBUTION to buy a certain product place an undue beverages to children.8 By far, the largest medium for burden on parents to feed their children a healthy diet. advertising to children is television. Other methods include Because of the effect of food marketing on children’s diets radio, magazines, product packaging, and in-store displays. and their health, as well as the vast amount of marketing Advertisers are increasingly using nontraditional marketing aimed at children, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has methods, including school-based© Jones marketing, & Bartlett product Learning, LLCrecommended that companies© thatJones market & food Bartlett or Learning, LLC placement in movies and video games, toy giveaways, and beverages to children should adopt meaningful nutrition- logo placement almostNOT everywhere FOR andSALE anywhere. OR MarketingDISTRIBUTION based standards for marketingNOT their FORproducts. SALE8 The FTC OR DISTRIBUTION techniques may also include promotion of a product by a currently allows companies to self-regulate with regard to celebrity spokesperson or a familiar cartoon character. food advertisements. Although some companies are Young children may not understand that food companies beginning to set policies about advertising to children, most are trying to sell them a product or that they may use nutrition professionals feel that too few have policies and persuasive© Jones techniques & Bartlett to get them Learning, to want their LLC product. Very those that© do Jones don’t go & far Bartlett enough to protectLearning, children LLC from youngNOT children FOR may SALE not know OR the DISTRIBUTION difference between the advertisers’NOT persuasive FOR tactics. SALE13 With OR so DISTRIBUTION few companies cartoon they are watching and the commercials.9,10 adopting positive practices to market to children, Most of what is marketed directly to children is unhealthy government regulation may be required. What do you think? foods of poor nutritional quality.8,11 Children view an average Do advertisers have the right to market to everyone, or of 21 food ads on television each day, plus many other should there be tighter regulations that protect children from © Jones & Bartlettmessages delivered Learning, through LLC the Internet, at schools, on food© Jonesthe &marketing Bartlett of unhealthy Learning, foods? LLC packages, and in video game and movie product placement.12 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

83761_Ch01_6039.indd 5 1/17/12 7:22:45 AM 6 Chapter 1 Food: Why You Eat What You Eat

© JonesEnvironment & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesreligions. & BartlettChristianity, Learning, Buddhism, LLC Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism all have different food laws and customs. How- Your environment plays a role in the foods you choose. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTever, FOR within SALE each ORreligion DISTRIBUTION there is wide variation as to the Your culture or religion may have special foods that are interpretation of the laws and level of adherence. important or that are forbidden. You may have limited Most Christian denominations do not have strict foods available to you in your area. Your lifestyle, the dietary laws. Most Christians consume a mixed diet of importance you put on food, your food preparation skills, meat, dairy, produce, and grains. Although it is accept- and the time that you have© Jones to devote & Bartlettto food and Learning, food LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC able within the Christian faith to be vegetarian, it is not preparation will influence your choices. Finally, cost NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONrequired. Catholics may fast NOTor abstain FOR from SALE meat ORon Fri DISTRIBUTION- will greatly impact what you choose to eat on a regular days during Lent. Seventh Day Adventists are encour- basis. aged to follow a vegetarian diet for health reasons. Those Seventh Day Adventists who do eat meat usually do not Culture © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC consume pork.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Your culture is a set of shared values and practices that Islam has many dietary laws. Muslims believe that characterizeNOT the FOR group SALEor community OR DISTRIBUTION to which you belong. the way theyNOT eat isFOR fundamentally SALE OR about DISTRIBUTION obeying God. It may be your nation of origin or where you grew up. Allowed foods are referred to as being halal. Forbidden Whatever your culture is, it no doubt influences your food foods, called haram, include pork, meat not slaughtered choices. It helps you define your attitudes about food. in the prescribed Islamic way, and alcohol. Although meat What foods you consider “good to eat” can be influenced is allowed if slaughtered properly, many Muslims are veg- © Jonesby your & Bartlett culture and Learning, are often introduced LLC in childhood and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTetarian. FOR Muslims,SALE OR according DISTRIBUTION to Islamic law, should avoid are associated with family. Food symbolizes many aspects restaurants that serve forbidden food and alcohol. They of your culture and is a vehicle for social relations. You can also should not sit at a table where alcohol is being served. expand your views by education and exposure to other Islamic law also encourages Muslims to eat only when cultures. You may become familiar with or even prefer hungry, not to eat in excess, and to remember those who foods from a culture other© than Jones your & own. Bartlett Learning, areLLC hungry when they are eating.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Your culture will dictate to some extent what is appro- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHinduism forbids meat, NOTfish, poultry, FOR SALEand eggs OR in anDISTRIBUTION priate to eat. Most Americans would never dream of eating effort to practice nonviolence. Some Hindus do consume horse meat or insects. However, these foods are acceptable meat, but almost all avoid beef. Strict Hindus also do not in other cultures. Rotting shark is not usually found on consume alcohol, caffeine, garlic, or onions. Many Hindus the menu in North America, but is considered a delicacy observe fasts, or vrat, on special occasions or holidays as in Iceland.© YouJones may &have Bartlett never heardLearning, of pouteen; LLC how- a way to focus© theirJones mind & andBartlett connect Learning, with God by LLC prac- ever, this dish of french fries, gravy, and cheese curds is NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ticing self-control.NOT FOR Generally, SALE fruits, OR nuts,DISTRIBUTION and milk are popular in Canada. allowed during most fasts, based on local customs and Food may have symbolic meaning in a culture. Some beliefs. foods may symbolize wealth or celebration. Generally, Buddhism has no set dietary law; however, a number Americans are thought of as meat and potato eaters. of food practices are common among Buddhists. Bud- Although the size and diversity of America challenges © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesdhists practice& Bartlett ahimsa Learning,, or nonviolence. LLC As a result, many you to name a “typical American meal,” a steak and a Buddhists are vegetarian. Some Buddhists practice Zen NOT FORbaked SALE potato ORor a hamburgerDISTRIBUTION and french fries are decid- NOTcooking FOR andSALE prepare OR foodDISTRIBUTION as part of their spiritual expe- edly American. Similarly, a typical Japanese meal would rience. Buddhist cooks sometimes use seitan as a meat be fish and rice; a typical Mexican meal would be beans substitute. Seitan is a product made from wheat gluten and rice; and a typical German meal would be sausages that is similar in texture to meat. and cabbage. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCJudaism has many dietary© laws.Jones However, & Bartlett the degree Learning, LLC When people move from other countries to the United of adherence to these dietary laws varies greatly. The Jew- States, they will begin to adoptNOT new FOR foods. SALE However, OR food DISTRIBUTION is ish practice of keeping kosherNOT is to onlyFOR eat SALE foods that OR are DISTRIBUTION 14 usually the last thing to change. This is why in most cit- “fit” or “proper” according to Jewish dietary law. Pork is for- ies you will find grocery stores that offer traditional Asian, bidden, as are birds of prey, shellfish, or fish without fins Mexican, or European foods. People want to continue to and scales (no shark or squid). Dairy and meat are never consume what they are used to. They may slowly incor- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC mixed in the© same Jones meal. & You Bartlett may have Learning, seen kosher LLC sym- porate more American foods into their diet but continue bols on foods in the grocery store. This symbol means that to consumeNOT foods FOR from SALE their cultureOR DISTRIBUTION of origin. the food hasNOT been inspectedFOR SALE by a kosher-certifyingOR DISTRIBUTION agency and has been prepared in a way that complies with Jew- Religion ish law. Although the number of Jews who “keep kosher” Food is an important part of many religious customs and all the time is relatively small, the food laws continue to © Jonestraditions. & Bartlett Beliefs Learning, about food, LLC foods that are forbidden, © Jonesbe an important & Bartlett part Learning, of Judaism, LLC especially during reli- and foods that are encouraged shape many of the world’s gious holidays. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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The term food desert has been coined to mean a large area smaller food outlets. These stores have limited selections, and where mainstream grocery stores are absent or a long distance many do not offer fresh fruits and vegetables. Food from these from the population center.© Jones Food deserts & Bartlett exist across Learning, the LLCstores is often more expensive© than Jones that found & Bartlett in mainstream Learning, LLC United States, but areNOT primarily FOR found SALE in low-income OR DISTRIBUTION grocery stores. In addition, mainstreamNOT FOR grocery SALE stores ORin inner DISTRIBUTION neighborhoods in both urban and rural areas.15,16 Living in a city and rural areas may charge more for food than those in food desert has a profound impact on people’s food choices. suburban neighborhoods, in part, because operating costs are More than 2 million families in the United States live more higher.18 than 1 mile from a grocery store and do not have access to a Policy change is one solution to encouraging full-service vehicle.© Jones An additional & Bartlett 3 million Learning,households live LLC 0.5 to 1 mile supermarkets© Jones to locate &in foodBartlett deserts. Learning, Offering low-interest LLC 17 fromNOT a grocery FOR store SALE and do OR not haveDISTRIBUTION access to a vehicle. Lack loans or assistanceNOT FOR with rezoning SALE are OR possible DISTRIBUTION strategies to of transportation may force people who live in food deserts to increase the number of supermarkets in such areas, giving purchase their food from drug stores, convenience stores, or more people access to healthy, affordable food.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Availability certainly impact what you choose to buy. The cost of food NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Having access to a full-service supermarket greatly affects is second only to taste as the most important factor affect- your food choices.19 More than likely, you have easy access ing your food choices.28 to a full-service supermarket that carries a large variety Healthier foods such as whole-grain products, low-fat of foods. These stores stock multiple choices within each dairy, low-fat meats, and fresh fruits and vegetables are food category. If you are© Jonesshopping & for Bartlett ground beef,Learning, a full- LLChigher in cost compared ©to Jonesother foods. & Bartlett29 The low Learning, cost of LLC service supermarket willNOT offer FOR regular, SALE lean, ORand extraDISTRIBUTION lean high-fat, high-sugar processedNOT FOR foods SALEare believed OR DISTRIBUTION to be options. What you chose is up to you, but all varieties are a direct consequence of U.S. agricultural policy over the available. The store offers you a variety of food options. past 30 years.30 Corn and soybean crops are subsidized, so Low-income neighborhoods are often served by they cost less than nonsubsidized crops such as fruits and smaller independent grocery stores or convenience stores. vegetables. Over the past 15 years, fruits and vegetables These© stores Jones may & not Bartlett stock fresh Learning, fruits and LLC vegetables or have led© all Jones other food & Bartlettcategories Learning, in retail price LLC increases, 31 offer NOTthem inFOR very limitedSALE varietiesOR DISTRIBUTION and quantities. Smaller making NOTprocessed FOR products SALE ORless costlyDISTRIBUTION than produce. stores are less likely to offer healthy alternatives such The high cost of fruits and vegetables may impact your as whole-grain breads, low-sugar canned fruits, or lean consumption of these foods, especially if your food bud- ground meats.20 If you lived in a neighborhood served by get is tight.32 these smaller stores and lacked transportation to shop at © Jones &a larger Bartlett store, Learning, your food choices LLC would be limited. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Access to farmers’ markets or farm stands also has NOT FORan SALE impact OR on whatDISTRIBUTION you choose to eat. If you have a farmNOT- FOR SALE ORPersonal DISTRIBUTION Health Check ers’ market near your school, work, or home, you may be more likely to stop and purchase fresh foods from local What Influences Your Food Choices? farmers. Placing farm stands in neighborhoods where You now understand the many influences on your food fresh fruits and vegetables© Jones had not & typicallyBartlett been Learning, readily LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC available has been shown to increase fruit and vegetable choices. Examine what most influences your selection of food. Have you become a creature of habit, eating the consumption.21 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION same things day in and day out just because that is what you have always eaten? Have you allowed a tight food Cost budget to send you to the fast-food restaurant more than Food costs represent a significant proportion of most peo- you should instead of taking the time to prepare simple ple’s ©budget. Jones The & money Bartlett you Learning,have to purchase LLC foods will foods© at home?Jones Once & youBartlett examine Learning, what affects your LLC food choices, break out of your mold and expand your choices NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to includeNOT foods FOR you SALEmay have OR never DISTRIBUTION tried or take a trip to Terms a nearby farm stand where you have never shopped. If you food desert Area that lacks access to affordable fruits, often use prepared foods, try making them yourself some vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk, and other foods of the time. Expanding your food choices will help you have a more varied, exciting diet. © Jones &that Bartlett make up Learning, the full range LLC of a healthy diet. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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World and Domestic Hunger to address global hunger also include providing people the opportunity to produce food for local consumption. In World Hunger addition, efforts include strategies to address poverty. These The Food and Agriculture Organization© Jones of& theBartlett United Nations Learning, efforts LLC include access to training to© promote Jones self-reliance & Bartlett and Learning, LLC estimates that globally 925 million people are undernour- access to loans to start small businesses. ished.22 This figure marks aNOT slight improvementFOR SALE from OR previous DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hunger in America years; however, the number remains unacceptably high. Hunger is not limited to developing countries. It is also an issue Hunger and malnutrition are the underlying causes of in the United States and other developed countries. Hunger in more than half of all child deaths, killing nearly 6 million chil- developed countries is often categorized as food insecurity. dren each year.23 Most of the world’s hungry live in developing Food-insecure households have reduced food intake at times countries. The region with the most undernourished people © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC due to lack of money© Jones or other & resources Bartlett for food.Learning, Families that LLC continues to be Asia and the Pacific. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are food insecureNOT don’t FOR have money SALE at theOR end DISTRIBUTION of the week or The world currently produces enough food to meet the cal- month to buy enough food, so one or more members of the orie needs of every person on the planet. Why then are so family eats less or not at all until the next paycheck. An esti- many people around the globe hungry? Inequitable allocation mated 50 million people in the United States live in food-inse- of resources due to social, political, racial, and ethnocentrism cure households, including 17 million children.26 The budget underlie much of the world’s hunger. Poverty is well recognized © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesconstraints & thatBartlett low-income Learning, households LLC face due to low wages, as the root cause of hunger. Many factors contribute to poverty, underemployment, unemployment, or illness often lead to NOT FORincluding SALE greed, OR overpopulation, DISTRIBUTION unemployment, political and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION food insecurity and hunger. civil unrest, and the lack of resources to produce food or goods for sale.24,25 The Hunger–Obesity Connection At most risk for hunger are the poor and victims of catastro- All segments of the U.S. population are affected by obesity. phes. The rural poor in developing countries likely have no Obesity rates are high in all socioeconomic and racial groups. electricity, no safe drinking© water, Jones and poor & Bartlett sanitation. UrbanLearning, However, LLC low-income and food-insecure© Jones people & are Bartlett especially Learning, LLC poor live in overcrowded conditionsNOT FOR without SALE access OR to afford DISTRIBUTION- vulnerable to obesity due to the additionalNOT FOR risk factors SALE associ OR- DISTRIBUTION able food. Floods, drought, earthquakes, and other natural ated with poverty. When you think of obesity you generally disasters increase the chances of hunger, especially in disad- think of excess food, not too little food. However, hunger and vantaged countries. Hunger can lead to even greater poverty, obesity can coexist in the same individual, family, or community. further compromising a person’s ability to work and learn. Con- People with limited resources often do not have access to flict is also a cause of hunger. People in war-torn areas such as affordable healthy foods. They may buy their foods from conve- Sudan or© SomaliaJones face & hungerBartlett or starvation Learning, due to lackLLC of ade- nience stores or© corner Jones stores & where Bartlett food is Learning, more expensive LLC quate food.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and fresh fruitsNOT and vegetables FOR SALE are not availableOR DISTRIBUTION or limited (for more on food deserts, see “How Policy and Environment Affect Solutions to World Hunger My Choices”). In an attempt to stretch their food dollar, they Many organizations and governments around the world are may purchase cheap, energy-dense foods instead of fruits, veg- working to address hunger. etables, and whole grains. People who experience food insecu- Agencies provide access to clean water and direct food- rity may overconsume when food is available. This can result in © Jonesbased & Bartlett relief to countries Learning, with high LLC levels of hunger. Strategies © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC chronic ups and downs in food intake, which can contribute to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTweight FOR gain. SALE Women OR are particularly DISTRIBUTION vulnerable to this if they must limit their food intake to provide for their children. Food 19 Developed countries insecurity and poverty also increase stress in children and 37 Near East and North Africa adults. Stress has been shown to increase the risk of obesity 53 Latin America and the Caribbean through hormonal and metabolic changes as well as unhealthy © Jones & Bartlett Learning,eating. LLC27 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSolutions to Domestic Food InsecurityNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Many organizations and agencies are working to decrease food insecurity. Food banks collect food from manufactures, grow- 239 ers, restaurants, and individuals and distribute it to those in Sub-Saharan 578 need. Gleaning projects make fresh fruits and vegetables avail- Africa ©Asia Jones and & Bartlett Learning, LLC able to food-insecure© Jones households. & Bartlett Meals on Learning, Wheels and conLLC- theNOT Paci c FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gregate nutritionNOT sites FOR provide SALE food for OR the DISTRIBUTIONelderly and homebound. Federal programs working to decrease the incidence of food insecurity include the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the National School Breakfast Program (NSPB), the Women Infant and Children Program (WIC), the Supple- Rates of Global Hunger Are Unacceptably High © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesmental Nutrition& Bartlett Assistance Learning, Program LLC (SNAP), and the Source: © FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones &Terms Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &Does Bartlett this mean Learning, that an unhealthyLLC diet is a given if your budget for food is limited? Absolutely not, but it may undernourished Underconsumption of calories NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORmean SALE that you OR have DISTRIBUTION to prepare more foods yourself and or nutrients that leads to disease or susceptibility to choose carefully. Large improvements can be achieved disease. without increasing spending on food.33 A well-planned hunger A term used to describe the problem of lack of menu that uses simple whole foods instead of already pre- food and nutrients. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCpared convenience foods© can Jones be lower & inBartlett cost and Learning,health- LLC malnutrition Under- or overconsumption of energy or ier.34 Plant-based protein sources such as dried beans and nutrients, resulting inNOT compromised FOR SALE health. OR DISTRIBUTIONpeas are among the healthiestNOT FOR and most SALE economical OR DISTRIBUTION in food insecurity Uncertainty of having or inability to the supermarket. Even with the increase in cost of fresh acquire enough food to meet the needs of all members fruits and vegetables over the past 15 years, you can still of the household due to insufficient money or other fit them into your food budget. It is estimated that you can resources© Jones for food. & Bartlett Learning, LLC get the recommended© Jones & Bartlett servings ofLearning, fruits and LLCvegetables each day for under a dollar.35 foodNOT bank FOR An agency SALE or ORcenter DISTRIBUTION that collects food and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION distributes it to the needy. gleaning The act of collecting useful leftover crops from the fields or orchards that have been commercially Introduction of the Nutrients harvested. You have a need to consume food for biological reasons. © Jones &Meals Bartlett on Wheels Learning, A nonprofit LLC organization that © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The nutrients that you need to live are contained in the NOT FOR SALEdelivers ORhot meals DISTRIBUTION to the elderly and homebound. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION foods you eat (see Figure 1.5). congregate nutrition sites Provide hot lunches to One of the reasons you need food is for the energy, seniors aged 60 and older. or calories, it contains. You get calories from the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) A federally energy-providing nutrients, which are carbohydrates, funded program that© provides Jones free & orBartlett reduced-price Learning, LLCproteins, and fats (alcohol© Jones also contains & Bartlett calories) Learning, (Fig- LLC school lunches to eligible students based on family NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONure 1.6). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION income levels. In their pure form, carbohydrates and proteins con- National School Breakfast Program (NSBP) A tain 4 calories per gram; fats 9 calories per gram, and alco- federally funded program that provides cash assistance hol 7 calories per gram. All of the motions of your body, to states to operate nonprofit breakfast programs in both voluntary and involuntary, require energy. Your body schools© Jones and residential & Bartlett childcare Learning, institutions. LLC breaks down© Jones food to & provide Bartlett the Learning,energy it needs LLC for your WomenNOT InfantFOR andSALE Children OR DISTRIBUTION Program (WIC) A heart to NOTbeat, forFOR your SALE legs to OR walk DISTRIBUTION across campus, or for federally funded program that provides nutritious your hands to send a text message. foods, nutrition education, and referrals and access to health care to low-income pregnant women, new Terms mothers, and infants and children at nutritional risk. nutrients Substances in food that the body uses for © Jones &WIC Bartlett participants Learning, now receive LLC a new healthier WIC food © Jonesenergy, & Bartlett growth, Learning, tissue repair, LLCor regulation of body NOT FOR SALEpackage OR that DISTRIBUTIONincludes, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, NOT FORprocesses. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and whole-grain bread. calories A unit used to measure energy in foods and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program beverages. (SNAP) Formerly called Food Stamps, this federal carbohydrates Organic compounds that contain assistance program provides low-income people funds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include to purchase food. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCsugars, starches, and fiber.© TheyJones are a& major Bartlett source Learning, of LLC Expanded Food andNOT Nutrition FOR Education SALE OR Program DISTRIBUTION energy for your body. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (EFNEP) A federally funded educational program proteins Organic compounds that contain carbon, conducted through the Cooperative Extension Service hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Proteins differ from in every state and U.S. territory. Families receive other energy-providing nutrients in that they contain education about nutrition, food safety, and how to nitrogen. Proteins are made of smaller building blocks make© Jonesthe most &of Bartletttheir food dollar.Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC called amino acids. Proteins can provide energy but are NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION uniqueNOT in their FOR function SALE of maintaining OR DISTRIBUTION body structure and regulating many processes in the body. Researchers compared two different week’s worth fats Organic compounds that contain carbon, of groceries. The healthier basket of groceries cost more hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats provide structure for your © Jones &because Bartlett of the Learning, higher cost LLC for whole grains, lean ground© Jonescells, & Bartlett carry fat-soluble Learning, vitamins LLC into your body, and are a beef, and skinless poultry.20 People who spend more for component of many hormones. NOT FORfood SALE are more OR DISTRIBUTIONlikely to have a healthy diet.33 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© JonesEnergy-providing & Bartlett Learning, nutrients LLC © JonesMinerals & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR• SALECarbohydrates OR DISTRIBUTION NOTThe FOR two classes SALE of minerals OR DISTRIBUTION are macrominerals that are needed • Proteins in the body in relatively high amounts and microminerals (trace • Fats minerals) that are needed in only very small amounts. Macrominerals: Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, Vitamins phosphorus, magnesium The two classes of vitamins are fat soluble and water soluble. Microminerals: Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins© Jones A, D, E, and& Bartlett K Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC selenium, iodine, fluoride, chromium, phosphorus Water-soluble vitamins: VitaminNOT FORC, B vitamins SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), vitamin B6, vitamin Water B12, folate, pantothenic acid, biotin

■■ Figure© 1.5 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Classes of NOTNutrients FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

In addition to the energy-providing nutrients, you also Carbohydrates Proteins need vitamins and minerals to help regulate body func- 4 calories 4 calories per gram per gram © Jonestions. & Water, Bartlett the mostLearning, important LLC nutrient, is also needed. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIn fact, SALE you can OR survive DISTRIBUTION for several weeks without food, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION but only a few days without water. Fats Alcohol 9 calories 7 calories Terms per gram per gram vitamins Organic substances© Jones that help & Bartlett regulate Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hundreds of processes in the body. Although they provide no energy, they helpNOT your FOR body SALE use the OR energy DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in the foods you eat. ■■ minerals Inorganic substances that help regulate Figure 1.6 body processes and provide structure to the body. Calories in Energy-Providing Nutrients © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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© Jones & BartlettReady toLearning, Make a ChangeLLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Are you ready to make a change, small or large, in your I have been making changes for some time and am overall health and well-being? Using some of the informa- ready to make a large change in my overall health. tion provided in this chapter is a great place to start. Expand your food-shopping environment. Shop at a I commit to a small first step. Eat when you are hungry, full-service grocery store, if possible. Smaller inde- not because of external© Jones cues. Pay& Bartlett attention Learning, to your LLC pendent stores have fewer© Jones options & andBartlett can be Learning,higher LLC level of hunger priorNOT to eating. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONin cost. Try farm standsNOT or farmers’ FOR SALE markets OR to furDISTRIBUTION- I am ready to take the next step and make a medium ther expand your options. change. What effect do food ads have on your consumption of food? Next time you are in front of the TV and a food ad comes on, analyze the effects that ad© has Jones on your & hunger. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Myth Versus Fact © Jones &Myth: Bartlett Hunger Learning, and appetite LLC are the same. © Jones planned& Bartlett menu Learning, that uses simple LLC whole foods instead NOT FORFact: SALE Hunger OR is DISTRIBUTION the physiological drive to eat; appetite NOTis FORof SALEalready ORprepared DISTRIBUTION convenience foods can be lower the desire to eat. You may have an appetite for apple in cost and healthier. pie if you smell it baking but not have a physiological Myth: Hunger is only a problem in developing countries. need for food. Fact: Hunger and food insecurity are problems across Myth: Food ads don’t have an impact on what you eat if the globe, including in developed countries. you just ignore them.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCMyth: People are hungry© across Jones the globe& Bartlett because Learning, there LLC Fact: Food advertisersNOT use powerful FOR SALE food consumption OR DISTRIBUTION is not enough food. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cues in their ads. Research shows that many of the Fact: Enough food is available to supply everyone with food ads you see on television can cause you to eat the calories they need. The problem of hunger is more than you would have otherwise. related to poverty and inequitable distribution of Myth: Healthy foods cost too much. resources. Fact: ©It isJones true that & Bartlettsome healthy Learning, foods are LLC more expen- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC siveNOT than FOR cheap SALE high-calorie OR DISTRIBUTION foods. However, a well- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & BartlettBack to Learning, the Story LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORSam SALE is no OR different DISTRIBUTION from most people. When he startedNOT FORSouth SALE are very OR different. DISTRIBUTION Sam can take advantage of this college, he most likely continued to eat what he was used and ask native Midwesterners to introduce him to foods to eating as a child. The fast pace of studying and work- that are common in that region. Because Sam will have a ing to pay for college didn’t leave much time for experi- car, he will be able to shop at a full-service grocery store menting with different foods. Sam’s lack of access to a that has many more choices than the small store near full-service grocery store© Jones further limited& Bartlett his choices. Learning, Sam LLCcampus where he shopped© Jones when he & wasBartlett a student. Learning, He LLC will soon have an opportunityNOT FOR to expandSALE hisOR food DISTRIBUTION reper- can visit a local farmers’ marketNOT FOR or farm SALE stand toOR see DISTRIBUTION what toire in a new place. Even though he will still be living in local fruits and vegetables are available. the same country, the food cultures of the Midwest and

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION References 1. Wansink B, Cheney MM, Chan N. Exploring comfort contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Ann Behav food preferences across age and gender. Physiol Behav. Med. 2004;27(2):107–116. © Jones & Bartlett2003;79:739–747. Learning, LLC © Jones3. &California Bartlett Pan-Ethnic Learning, Health LLC Network and Consum- 2. Wardle J, Haase AM, Steptoe A, Nillapun M, Jonwuti- ers Union. Out of balance, marketing of soda, candy, NOT FOR SALEwes K, OR Bellisle DISTRIBUTION F. Gender differences in food choice: theNOT FOR snacksSALE and OR fast DISTRIBUTION foods drown out healthful messages.

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© Jones September& Bartlett 2005. Learning, http://www.consumersunion.org/ LLC © Jones.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/34238/1/CAT10841003.pdf. & Bartlett Learning, LLC pdf/OutofBalance.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2011. Accessed April 2011 NOT FOR4. Harrison SALE K,OR Marske DISTRIBUTION AL. Nutritional content of foods NOT19. FOR Story SALE M, Kaphingst OR DISTRIBUTION KM, Robinson-O’Brien R, Glanz advertised during the television programs children K. Creating healthy food and eating environments: watch most. Am J Pub Health. 2005;95(9):1568–1574. Policy and environmental approaches. Annu Rev Pub 5. Folta SC, Goldberg JP, Economos C, Bell R, Meltzer R. Hlth. 2008;29:253–272. Food advertising targeted© Jones at school-age & Bartlett children: Learning, a 20.LLC Jetter KM, Cassady DL.© The Jones availability & Bartlett and costLearning, LLC content analysis. J Nutr Ed Behav. 2006;38:244–248. of healthier food alternatives. Am J Prev Med. 6. Harris JL, Bargh JA, BrownellNOT FOR KD. SALEPriming OReffects DISTRIBUTION of 2006;30(1):38–44. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION television food advertising on eating behavior. Health 21. Larsen K, Gilliland J. A farmers’ market in a food des- Psychol. 2009;28(4):404–413. ert: Evaluation impacts on the price and availably of 7. Bargh JA, Morsella E. The unconscious mind. Persp healthy food. Health & Place. 2009;15(4):1158–1162. Psychol© SciJones. 2008;3:73–79. & Bartlett Learning, LLC 22. Food and© AgricultureJones & Bartlett Organization Learning, of the UnitedLLC 8. Federal Trade Commission. Marketing Food to Children Nations. Hunger. http://fao.org/hunger. Accessed April and Adolescents:NOT FOR A Review SALE of ORIndustry DISTRIBUTION Expenditures, Activi- 18, 2011.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ties, and Self-Regulation, A Report to Congress. Washing- 23. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United ton, DC: Federal Trade Commission, 2008. Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World. Eradi- 9. Institute of Medicine. Food Marketing to Children: Threat cating World Hunger—Key to Achieving The Millennium © Jones &or Opportunity?Bartlett Learning, Washington, LLC DC: National Academies © JonesDevelopment & Bartlett Goals Learning,. Rome: Food LLC and Agriculture Orga- NOT FORPress, SALE 2006. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORnization, SALE 2005. OR DISTRIBUTION 10. Kunkel D, Wilcox B, Cantor J, Palmer E, Linn S, Dowrick 24. American Dietetic Association. Position of the Ameri- P. Psychological Issues in the Increasing Commercialization can Dietetic Association: Addressing world hunger, of Childhood. Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising malnutrition and food insecurity. J Am Diet Assoc. and Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological 2003;103(8):1046–1057. Association, 2004. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 25.LLC Boyle, M. Community nutrition© Jones with &an Bartlett international Learning, LLC 11. Batada A, Wootan MG.NOT Better-For-Who? FOR SALE Revisiting OR DISTRIBUTIONCom- perspective. In: Boyle M.,NOT ed. Community FOR SALE Nutrition OR DISTRIBUTIONin pany Promises of Food Marketing to Children. Washington, Action: An Entrepreneurial Approach. 3rd ed. Belmont, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2009. CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2003:373–410. 12. Gantz W, Schwartz N, Angelini JR, Rideout V. Food for 26. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Thought: Television Food Advertising to Children in the Research Service. Food security in the United States: United© States Jones. Menlo & Bartlett Park, CA: Learning, Kaiser Family LLC Founda- Key statistics© Jones and graphics. & Bartlett http://www.ers.usda.gov/ Learning, LLC tion, NOT2007. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Briefing/FoodSecurity/stats_graphs.htm.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Updated Jan- 13. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Report card uary 14, 2011. Accessed April 18, 2011. on food-marketing policies: an analysis of food and 27. Food Research and Action Center. Hunger and obe- entertainment company policies regarding food sity? Making the connection. http://frac.org/newsity/ and beverage marketing to children. 2010. http:// wp-content/uploads/2009/05/prardox.pdf. Updated © Jones &www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/marketingreportcard.pdf. Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesFebruary & Bartlett 2010. Accessed Learning, April LLC 19, 2011. Accessed April 19, 2011. 28. Glanz K, Basil M, Maibach E, Goldberg J, Snyder D. NOT FOR14. Kittler SALE PG, OR Sucher DISTRIBUTION KP. Food and Culture. 5th ed. Belmont, NOT FORWhy SALEAmericans OR eatDISTRIBUTION what they do: taste, nutrition, CA: Thompson Higher Education, 2008. cost, convenience, and weight control concerns as 15. Beaulac J, Kristjansson E, Cummins S. A system- influences on food consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. atic review of food deserts, 1966–2007. Prev Chron 1998;98:1118–1126. Dis. 2009;6(3). http://cdc/gov/pcd.© Jones & Accessed Bartlett April Learning, 18, 29. LLC Cassady D, Jetter KM, Culp© J. JonesIs price a & barrier Bartlett in eating Learning, LLC 2010. more fruits and vegetables for low-income families? J 16. Larson NI, Story MT, NelsonNOT FORMC. Neighborhood SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONenvi- Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(11):1909–1915.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ronments: disparities in access to healthy food in the 30. Muller M. A healthier, smarter food system. Institute US. Am J Prev Med. 2008;36(1):74–81. for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 2006. http://www 17. VerPloeg M, Breneman V, Farrigan T, et al. Access to .iatp.org/iatp/library/admin/uploadedfiles/Healthier_ Affordable© Jones and Nutritious & Bartlett Food—Measuring Learning, LLCand Under- Smarter_Food_System_A.pdf.© Jones & Bartlett AccessedLearning, April LLC 18, standing Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to 2011. CongressNOT. USDA FOR Administrative SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Publication AP-036. 31. Putnam NOTJ. Major FOR trends SALE in the USOR food DISTRIBUTION supply. Food Rev. 2009. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AP/AP036. 2000;23:13. Accessed April 28, 2011. 32. Ard JD, Fitzpatrick S, Desmond RA, Bryce SS, Pisu 18. Kaufman PR, MacDonald JM, Lutz SM, Smallwood DM. M, Allison DB, Franklin F, Baskin ML. The impact of © Jones &Do Bartlettthe Poor Pay Learning, More for Food? LLC Item Selection and Price Dif- © Jonescost & on Bartlett the availability Learning, of fruits LLC and vegetables in the ferences Affect Low-Income Household Food Costs. 1997. homes of schoolchildren in Birmingham, Alabama. NOT FORAgricultural SALE OR Economic DISTRIBUTION Report No. 759. http://ddr.nal NOT FORAm J SALEPublic Health OR .DISTRIBUTION 2007;97:367–372.

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© Jones 33.& BartlettBernstein Learning, AM, Bloom DE,LLC Rosner BA, Franz M, Willett© Jones 35. &United Bartlett States Learning, Department LLC of Agriculture, Economic W. Relation of food cost to healthfulness of diet among Research Service. How much do Americans pay for NOT FOR SALEUS women. OR DISTRIBUTION Am J Clin Nutr. 210;92(5):1197–1203. NOT FOR fruitsSALE and OR vegetables? DISTRIBUTION http://www.ers.usda.gov/ 34. McDermott AJ, Stephens MB. Cost of eating: Whole Publications/AIB790. Updated July 20, 2004. Accessed foods versus convenience foods in a low-income April 18, 2011. model. Fam Med. 2010;42(4):280–284. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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