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Fraud Against Individuals in the Internet Era: Trends, Victimisation, Impact and Reporting

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Fraud Against Individuals in the Internet Era: Trends, Victimisation, Impact and Reporting FRAUD AGAINST INDIVIDUALS IN THE INTERNET ERA: TRENDS, VICTIMISATION, IMPACT AND REPORTING Steven Kemp Per citar o enllaçar aquest document: Para citar o enlazar este documento: Use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671164 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. DOCTORAL THESIS FRAUD AGAINST INDIVIDUALS IN THE INTERNET ERA: TRENDS, VICTIMISATION, IMPACT AND REPORTING Steven Kemp 2020 -blank page- DOCTORAL THESIS FRAUD AGAINST INDIVIDUALS IN THE INTERNET ERA: TRENDS, VICTIMISATION, IMPACT AND REPORTING Steven Kemp 2020 DOCTORAL PROGRAMME IN LAW, ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS Directors: Dr Daniel Varona Gómez Dr Fernando Miró-Llinares: Tutor: Dr Juan Gonzalo Escobar Marulanda A doctoral thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor at the University of Girona -blank page- This doctoral thesis by compendium of publications is comprised of the following articles: • Kemp, S., Miró-Llinares, F., & Moneva, A. (2020). The Dark Figure and the Cyber Fraud Rise in Europe: Evidence from Spain. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09439-2 The European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research is currently ranked in the first quartile of Scopus with an H index score of 30 and SJR indicator of 0.535. This article has three external citations (non-self-citations) at the time of thesis submission. • Kemp, S., & Moneva, A. (2020). Fraude online vs. offline: Factores predictores de victimización y su impacto. InDret, 1.2020. pp. 424-444. Available at: https://indret.com/fraude-online-vs-offline-factores-predictores-de- victimizacion-y-su-impacto/ InDret currently has a Latindex score of 34/36. • Kemp, S. (2020). Fraud reporting in Catalonia in the Internet era: Determinants and motives. European Journal of Criminology. The European Journal of Criminology is currently ranked in the first quartile of Scopus with an H index score of 48 and SJR indicator of 1.208. 1 El Dr. Daniel Varona Gómez, de la Universitat de Girona, DECLARO: Que la tesi doctoral titulada Fraud against Individuals in the Internet Era: Trends, Victimisation, Impact and Reporting, que presenta Steven Kemp en format de compendi de publicacions de primer autor o autor únic, ha estat realitzada sota la meva direcció, i que la considero idònia quant a forma i contingut per tal d'optar a l’obtenció del títol de doctor. I, perquè així consti i tingui els efectes oportuns, signo aquest document. Signatura El Dr. Fernando Miró Llinares, de la Universidad Miguel Hernández, DECLARO: Que la tesi doctoral titulada Fraud against Individuals in the Internet Era: Trends, Victimisation, Impact and Reporting, que presenta Steven Kemp en format de compendi de publicacions de primer autor o autor únic, ha estat realitzada sota la meva direcció, i que la considero idònia quant a forma i contingut per tal d'optar a l’obtenció del títol de doctor. I, perquè així consti i tingui els efectes oportuns, signo aquest document. Signat: 3 DEDICATION To my parents, for always being there on this roundabout academic journey that started in a very different place. And above all to my three stars: Victoria, Aila and Marina. Motivation grows with the light it receives and I couldn’t receive more. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A PhD is hard at the best of times, but to complete it ahead of schedule, with two small children, while working full time and ending up in global pandemic is impossible without an extraordinary amount of support. First, I do not think I could have had two better supervisors than Daniel Varona and Fernando Miró. Inspirational, supportive, dedicated and systematic, the list of positive adjectives is endless. Some co-authored research has been published, hopefully there is much more to come. I am similarly indebted to Gonzalo Escobar, who is responsible for introducing me to criminology a decade ago and gave me the motivation and the opportunity to begin this academic journey. Many others from the University of Girona have helped along the way as teachers or colleagues or both. Leanid Kazyrytski deserves special mention for the invaluable pragmatic advice. Maribel Narvaez, Ester Blay, Cristina Sobrino, Dolors Canals, Ignacio González, Cristina Vasilescu, Ignasi Bernat, to name but a few of those who provided assistance or encouraged me think. I learnt much from my co-author of two of the papers in this thesis, Asier Moneva: R stats and plots, the research paper process, meticulousness, and much more. I sincerely hope to work together again soon. And, finally, this whole process would have collapsed if it were not for the unwavering support of Victoria. The hours I dedicated were hours she dedicated. If anyone deserves a holiday, it is her (or us). 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BoS Bank of Spain CRAN Comprehensive R Archive Network CSEW Crime Survey for England and Wales DV Dependent Variable ECB European Central Bank ESPC Encuesta de Seguridad Pública GH General Hypothesis IV Independent Variable IVI Introduction, Interaction, Value MIR Ministerio del Interior MO Modus Operandi OR Odds Ratio PMT Protection Motivation Theory RQ Research Question SE Standard Error UK United Kingdom US United States VD Variable Dependiente VI Variable Independiente VIVA Value, Inertia, Visibility, and Accessibility 6 INDEX DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 INDEX .......................................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 10 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 14 RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................. 16 RESUM ...................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 21 1.1 The past and present of fraud research ............................................................. 23 1.1.1 Definitional debates ............................................................................................. 23 1.1.2 Old fraud in new bottles .....................................................................................
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