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Conditional Deletion of ELL2 Induces Murine Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia

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Conditional Deletion of ELL2 Induces Murine Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia 235 2 L E PASCAL, K Z MASOODI, J LIU Prostate neoplasia in 235:2 123–136 Research and others ELL2-knockout mouse Conditional deletion of ELL2 induces murine prostate intraepithelial neoplasia Laura E Pascal1,*, Khalid Z Masoodi1,2,*, June Liu1,*,†, Xiaonan Qiu1,3, Qiong Song1,4, Yujuan Wang1, Yachen Zang1,5, Tiejun Yang1,6, Yao Wang1,7, Lora H Rigatti8, Uma Chandran9, Leandro M Colli10, Ricardo Z N Vencio11, Yi Lu12,13, Jian Zhang12,13 and Zhou Wang1,14,15 1Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 3School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 4Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 5Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China 6Department of Urology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 7Department of Urology, China-Japan Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 8Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 9Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 10Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil 11Department of Computing and Mathematics FFCLRP-USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil 12Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, China and Center for Translational Medicine Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China Endocrinology 13Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China of 14 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Correspondence 15 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, should be addressed Pennsylvania, USA to Z Wang Journal *(L E Pascal, K Z Masoodi and J Liu contributed equally to this work) Email † (J Liu is now at Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA) [email protected] Abstract Elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 (ELL2) is an RNA Pol II elongation factor with Key Words functional properties similar to ELL that can interact with the prostate tumor suppressor f ELL2 EAF2. In the prostate, ELL2 is an androgen response gene that is upregulated in benign f prostatic intraepithelial prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We recently showed that ELL2 loss could enhance prostate neoplasia cancer cell proliferation and migration, and that ELL2 gene expression was downregulated f prostate cancer in high Gleason score prostate cancer specimens. Here, prostate-specific deletion of ELL2 in f EAF2 a mouse model revealed a potential role for ELL2 as a prostate tumor suppressor in vivo. f HIF1α Ell2-knockout mice exhibited prostatic defects including increased epithelial proliferation, vascularity and PIN lesions similar to the previously determined prostate phenotype in Eaf2-knockout mice. Microarray analysis of prostates from Ell2-knockout and wild-type mice on a C57BL/6J background at age 3 months and qPCR validation at 17 months of age revealed a number of differentially expressed genes associated with proliferation, cellular motility and epithelial and neural differentiation. OncoPrint analysis identified combined downregulation or deletion in prostate adenocarcinoma cases from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal. These results suggest that ELL2 and its pathway genes likely play Journal of Endocrinology an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. (2017) 235, 123–136 http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org © 2017 Society for Endocrinology Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-17-0112 Printed in Great Britain 10.1530/JOE-17-0112 Research L E PASCAL, K Z MASOODI, J LIU Prostate neoplasia in 235:2 124 and others ELL2-knockout mouse Introduction ELL2 (elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2; previously protein (Lavau et al. 2000), MLL–EAF2 could immortalize eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia 2) is an RNA Pol II hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Recently, eaf-1 elongation factor with functional properties similar to and ell-1, worm orthologs of EAF1, EAF2 and ELL1 and ELL and ELL3 (Shilatifard et al. 1997, Miller et al. 2000). ELL2, were shown to have overlapping function in the ELL2 suppresses transient pausing of RNA polymerase regulation of fertility, survival and cuticle formation in II activity along the DNA strand and facilitates the C. elegans (Cai et al. 2011). In advanced prostate cancer, transcription process (Shilatifard et al. 1997). The ELL EAF2 protein was downregulated (Xiao et al. 2003, family proteins are components of the super elongation Ai et al. 2013, Pascal et al. 2013); and, overexpression of complex (SEC), which regulate HOX gene expression in EAF2 in prostate cancer cell lines induced apoptosis and MLL-based hematological malignancies by controlling inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors (Xiao et al. genes involved in early development and in immediate 2003). Eaf2-knockout mice developed high-grade murine early gene transcription (Lin et al. 2010, 2011, Smith et al. prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) and increased 2011, Takahashi et al. 2011). ELL was recently identified vascularity in several murine strains (Xiao et al. 2008, Pascal as a component in the little elongation complex (LEC), et al. 2013). Recently, we reported that siRNA knockdown which is involved in RNA polymerase II transcription of of ELL2 in combination with RB knockdown enhanced small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes (Smith et al. 2011). ELL proliferation, migration and invasion in prostate cancer and EAF proteins also bind to MED26, a component of the cell lines LNCaP, C4-2 and 22RV1, while ELL2 knockdown human mediator that plays a key role in transcriptional alone enhanced migration and invasion but did not induce activation (Takahashi et al. 2011). ELL2 was also reported a statistically significant increased proliferation Qiu( et al. to direct immunoglobulin secretion in plasma cells 2017). ELL2 expression was downregulated in high by stimulating alternative RNA processing associated Gleason score prostate cancer specimens. Cumulatively, with histone methylations (Martincic et al. 2009, these studies suggest that ELL2 may play a significant role Milcarek et al. 2011). in maintaining prostate homeostasis similar to EAF2. Endocrinology ELL is frequently translocated with the MLL gene In the current study, the potential role of ELL2 in of on chromosome 11q23 in acute myeloid leukemia the prostate was explored in a murine knockout model. (Thirman et al. 1994, Mitani et al. 1995); and homozygous Conditional prostate epithelial cell-specificEll2 -knockout Journal deletion of ELL is embryonic lethal in the mouse as well mice were generated and examined for histologic defects. as in Drosophila (Mitani et al. 2000, Eissenberg et al. Microarray analysis of mouse prostates was performed 2002). ELL and ELL2 interact with ELL-associated factors to identify potential target genes of ELL2. Differentially 1 and 2 (EAF1 and EAF2) (Simone et al. 2003) resulting expressed genes identified by microarray analysis in in enhanced ELL elongation activity (Kong et al. 2005). animals at 3 months of age were validated by qPCR in ELL and ELL2 expression ratios vary in different human animals at 17–20 months of age. tissues, suggesting tissue-specific roles for these genes (Shilatifard et al. 1997). Since high expression of ELL2 has been reported in the prostate (Uhlen et al. 2005), ELL2 Materials and methods may be important for prostate homeostasis. ELL2 was In situ hybridization also found to be an androgen response gene (Nelson et al. 2002, Bolton et al. 2007) that is upregulated in response Before hybridization, murine prostate tissue cryosections to chronic prostatic inflammation in rats (Funahashi et al. (ProbeOn, Fisher Biotech, Pittsburgh, PA) were washed 2015) and was upregulated in human benign prostatic with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, digested hyperplasia (BPH) (O’Malley et al. 2009). The specific with proteinase K at 20 µg/mL in PBS, refixed in 4% role of ELL2 in the prostate has not been fully elucidated; paraformaldehyde, rewashed in PBS and then acetylated however, transfected ELL2 protein has been shown to in 0.25% acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine, interact with the potential prostate tumor suppressor pH 8.0. Full-length mouse ELL2 cDNA was inserted into gene ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) (Simone et al. the EcoRI and XhoI site between T3 and T7 promoters 2003). In this study, Simone and coworkers showed that in pBluescript II SK plasmid vector. The plasmid was endogenous EAF2 coimmunoprecipitated with transfected purified by CsCl double banding, linearized with EcoRI ELL2 in 293 cells and that like the MLL–ELL fusion or XhoI, and proteinase K treated. Purified linear DNA http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org © 2017 Society for Endocrinology Published by Bioscientifica Ltd. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-17-0112 Printed in Great Britain Research L E PASCAL, K Z MASOODI, J LIU Prostate neoplasia in 235:2 125 and others ELL2-knockout mouse templates were used in the synthesis of both sense and were conducted in strict accordance with
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