9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 273

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abolition, 3, 9, 69, 192–3, 195–6, American Broadcasting Company 212, 214–15, 233–4 (ABC), 127 Abrams v. United States, 61, 83 American Civil Liberties Union Action Coalition for Media (ACLU), 59, 60, 78, 80 Education (ACME), 258 American Magazine, 225 Advocate of Peace, 202 American Newspaper Union, 121 Adorno, Theodor, 5 American Peace Society, 202 African American press, 202, 228, American Society for the Diffusion 233–4, 241, 246 of Useful Knowledge, 194 Alexander’s Magazine, 232 American Society of Newspaper Alien and Sedition Acts, 29, 39, 52, Editors (ASNE), 173 54, 56–7, 70 American Tract Society, 194 Alien Enemies Act, 49 anarchism, 59, 66–7, 215 Alien RegistrationCOPYRIGHTED Act, 49, 52 Anderson, MATERIAL Tom, 243 Alliance for a Media Literate Anthony, Susan B., 198, 211 America (AMLA), 258 Appeal to Reason, 201 alternative media, 9, 186–91, Areopagitica, 23, 40, 46 193, 208, 210–12, 214–15, Armstrong, Louis, 151 228 Associated Negro Press, 234 Amazon Quarter, 238 AT&T, 126, 127 American Association of Advertising Atlanta World, 232 Agencies, 125 Attitude Check, 204 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 274

274 Index

Baird, John Logie, 129 Chicago Tribune, 120 balloon bomb controversy, 65 Christopher Street, 239 Baltimore Afro-American, 232 Church of England, 20, 21, 22, 24 Bandera Mexicana, La, 232 cinématographe projector, 149 Barnum, P.T., 109 Cinemax, 226 Basie, Count, 151 Citizens for Media Literacy, 258 “beat” system, 121 Civil War (English), 23–4, 39 Bell, Alexander Graham, 126 Civil War (U.S.), 54, 56, 58, 62, Bell, Samuel, 195 69, 70, 115–16, 118–19, 131, Bennett, James Gordon, 102–4, 135, 137, 196–7, 202 106–8, 214 Claflin, Tennessee, 199 Bernays, Edward, 176 “clear and present danger”, 46, Bertelsmann Company, 262 60–2, 70, 83 Birth Control Review, 199 Code of Wartime Practices, 64 Birth of a Nation, 222 Cohen v. California, 81 Black, Hugo, 62, 71 Colby, Clara Bewick, 198 Black Lesbian Newsletter, 239 Cold War, 52, 262 Blackheart, 239 collective action frames, 190 Blacklight, 239 Collier’s, 172–3 BLK, 239 Colored American, 195, 232 blogs, 190, 207, 255 Columbia Broadcasting System Bloomer, Amelia, 197 (CBS), 127, 178 Bly, Nellie, 138 Come Out, 238 Bok, Edward, 223 Committee on Public Information, Bond, The, 203–4 64 Brandeis, Louis, 61, 83 Communications Act of 1934, 128, Brinkley, Sydney, 239 178–80, 184 Burnside, Ambrose, 58 communism, 52–3, 59, 61, 66, 200–1, 237 California Eagle, 232 Communist Party, 52–3, 61, 66, Campbell, Helen, 170 201, 237 Carlyle, Thomas, 110 community antenna television, 226 Carnegie, Andrew, 48, 116, 167 Competitor, 232 Catholic Worker, 203 Comstock law, 77 Center for Media Education, 258 Conmocion, 239 Center for Media Literacy, 258 Conrad, Frank, 127 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 80 Conscientious Objector, The, 202 Charles I, 17, 22, 24 conscription, 46, 54–5 Charles II, 17, 24 Cornish, Samuel, 195 chat rooms, 207, 242–5, 254–5 Cosmopolitan, 171 Chicago Defender, 232, 234 Courier, 106, 107, 232 Chicago Newspaper Union, 121 Courier and Enquirer, 106 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 275

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Creel, George, 64 Enlightenment, 15–16, 18–19, 27, Crisis, The, 233, 241 30, 36–7, 39–40, 94, 193–4, 202 critical race theory, 79 “entertainment revolution,” 8 Croly, David, 135 Equal Rights Amendment, 199 cultural identity, 9, 192, 218–21, Espionage Act, 58, 61, 63, 70 224, 226, 228–9, 232, 240, esto no tiene nombre, 239 244–5, 261 Everquest, 244 Czolgosz, Leon, 145 extralegal controls, 68

Daggett, David, 193 Farnsworth, Philo, 129 Daguerre, Louis, 137 Federal Communications Daily Graphic, 135 Commission (FCC), 127–30, 205, Daily Socialist, 212 209, 226 Davis, Paulina Wright, 197 Federal Radio Commission (FRC), Day, Benjamin, 102, 104, 106, 127, 179 108 Federal Trade Commission, 125 Day, Dorothy, 203 Federalists, 54, 57–8 Debs, Eugene, 59, 213 Fed-Up, 204 Delgado, Richard, 79 Fellowship of Reconciliation Denver Post, 140 (FOR), 202 Detroit Evening News, 135 Feminine Mystique, The, 223 DeWolfe, Chris, 243 Fessenden, Reginald, 126 Disney Channel, 226 fighting words, 80–1, 89 divine right of kings, 23–4, 39 First Amendment, 6–7, 15–16, 18, Dixie Chicks, 69, 87–8 20, 23, 25, 28, 32–3, 36, 38–9, Dodd, Horace, 123 42–3, 45, 54–6, 58, 60, 69, 71, Douglass, Frederick, 195 73–6, 78, 83–9, 93, 97, 151, Drudge, Matt, 207 165, 180, 187–8, 256, 261 Drum, 238 First Amendment realism, 85, 87, 89 DuBois, W.E.B., 151, 232 Flynt, Larry, 76 Dubuque Leader, 201 Fourteenth Amendment, 84, 196 Dunnigan, Alice, 234 Fox, William, 150 Frankfurt School, 5 Eastman, George, 137, 149 freedom of the press, 10, 15–16, 18, Ebony, 234 23, 26, 31, 71, 74–5, 181 Eco del Pacífico, El, 232 Freedom’s Journal, 195 Eco Mexicano, El, 232 French Revolution, 29, 53 Edison, Thomas, 149 Freud, Sigmund, 168, 175–6 Eighteenth Amendment, 151 Friend of Peace, 202 Einstein, Albert, 55, 168 Friends, 49, 260 Elizabeth I, 17, 22, 24 Friendship and Freedom, 237 Ellington, Duke, 151 Furies, The, 238 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 276

276 Index

Gaelic American, 63 Home Box Office (HBO), 226 Garrison, William Lloyd, 195 Homosexual Citizen, 238 Gay, 235 Hoover, Herbert, 127, 179 Gay Community News, 239 Hopkins, Pauline E., 232 Gay Sunshine, 239 Horizon, The, 232 Gay Times, 238 Horkheimer, Max, 5 General Electric Company, 126 House Un-American Activities General Magazine, 225 Committee, 52 Genius of Universal Emancipation, 195 Hughes, Langston, 151 GI papers, 203 Huntley Hemorrhoid, 204 Gilded Age, 147, 151, 156, 159, Hurston, Zora Neale, 151 167 Hutchins Commission, 166, 178, Ginsberg v. New York, 77 180, 181, 184 Gitlow v. United States, 83 Glorious Revolution, 25, 39 I.F. Stone’s Weekly, 203 Godey’s Lady’s Book, 225 imagined communities, 227 Gold Rush of 1849, 117, 230 Imperial Germany and the Industrial Golden Age of Movies, 152, 160 Revolution, 63 Goldman, Emma, 67, 85 Imus, Don, 69, 87 Goodstein, David B., 239 Independente, El, 232 Google, 256 Industrial Worker, 201 Great Train Robbery, The, 150 Industrial Workers of the World Greeley, Horace, 106 (IWW), 201 Greenblatt, Robert, 226 industrialization, 48, 101, 131 Gulf War, 63, 65, 157 International Socialist Review, 63, 201 Gutenberg, Johannes, 19 Internet, 1, 3–4, 9–10, 187, 205–8, 215, 218, 241–2, 244, 246, Habermas, Jürgen, 98 253–6, 261 Half-Century Magazine, 232 Irish World, 63 Hamilton, Andrew, 28 Irwin, Will, 173 Harper, William, 193 Harper’s, 118, 225 Jackson, Andrew, 99 hate speech, 7, 74, 76, 78–9, 81–5, James I, 17, 22, 24 89, 187, 255 James II, 17, 25 Hatfield, Henry D., 128 Jay Treaty, 53 Hearst, William Randolph, 3, 136, Jazz Age, 151–2, 156, 160 142, 159, 174 Jefferson, Thomas, 18, 36, 39, 57, 75 Henry VIII, 17, 19, 20–1, 24–5, 38 Jet, 234 Hertz, Heinrich, 126 Johnson, John H., 234 Hill and Knowlton, 65–6 Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, 55, hojas volantes, 232 209 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 46, 60, 83 Jota!, 239 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 277

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Kaneko, Josephine Conger, 199, 201 Los Angeles Advocate, 238, 239 Kansas City Call, 232 Lovejoy, Elijah, 212 KDKA, 127 Luce, Henry R., 180 Kennedy, John F., 55 Lumière, Louis and Auguste, 149 Killer Dyke, 238 Lundy, Benjamin, 195 Kinetoscope, 149 Kodak, 137, 149 McCall’s, 223 McCarthy, Joseph, 53 L Word, The, 226 McCarthyism, 53 labor, 9, 47, 49, 52, 66, 117, McClure’s, 171–2 119–20, 122, 124, 131, 147, 167, MacKinnon, Catherine, 78 180, 191–2, 200–1, 203, 206, Marconi, Guglielmo, 126 208, 211, 213 market model, 94–6, 111–12 Labor Beat, 206 marketplace of ideas, 23, 168, 181, Ladder, The, 237 188, 213 Ladies’ Home Journal, 223 Masses, The, 63, 201 Ladies’ Magazine, 225 Massively Multiplayer Online Game Lafount, Harold, 179 (MMO), 243 Last Harass, The, 204 Mattachine Review, 237 Lautier, Louis, 234 Mattachine Society, 237 Lavender Vision, 238 Mayflower, 197 Lee, Ivy Ledbetter, 174, 177, 209 Mechanic’s Free Press, 200 Left Face, 204 media literacy, 9, 254, 257, 258, Lenin’s Soviets at Work, 63 259, 260 lesbian and gay press, 9, 228, 235, media monopoly, 130 238–9, 241, 246 media/society continuum, 4–5, 10 Lesbian Connection, 238, 239 Memphis Free Speech, 172 Lesbian Tide, 238 Messenger, 202, 232 Leslie’s, 118 Messenger of Peace, 202 liberalism, 73, 75–6, 85, 88 Mexican-American war, 230 Liberator, The, 195 Mill, John Stuart, 75, 85 libertarian theory, 16–18, 24, 38, Mill Hunk News, The, 206 73, 88, 165, 168, 183 Milwaukee Leader, 63, 201 licensing, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24–7, 38, Morgan, J.P., 167 179, 208 Morrison, Allan, 234 Like, 225 Morse, Samuel, 126 Lily, 197, 199 Mother Earth, 67 Lincoln, Abraham, 54, 69 Movie Channel, 226 Linden Labs, 243 Ms., 199 Lippmann, Walter, 175, 176, 183 muckraking, 9, 169, 171–3, 175, Loew, Marcus, 150 177–8, 183 Look, 225 Murdoch, Rupert, 130, 243, 262 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 278

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Murrow, Edward R., 153, 155 North Star, The, 195 Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Nuevo Mexicano, El, 232 Commission of Ohio, 151 N.W. Ayer and Son, 123 MySpace, 242–3, 246 obscenity, 43, 76–8, 89, 205 narrowcasting, 226–7 off our backs, 238–9 Nation, The, 63, 118 Office of War Information (OWI), National Advertising Review 65 Council, 125 ONE, 237, 238 National Association of Broadcasters One, Incorporated v. Olesen, 237 (NAB), 128 Onyx, 239 National Broadcasting Company Opinión Pública, La, 232 (NBC), 127, 178 Opportunity, 232, 241 National Guardian, 203 Outcault, Richard F., 141 National Organization for Women (NOW), 199 Paley, William, 209 National Socialist Party v. Skokie, 81 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 66 National Urban League, 232 Palmer, Volney, 118, 123 natural rights, 17–18, 30, 37, 40, 48, Paper Tiger Television, 206 193–4 partisan press, 94, 98, 101, 112, 114 Negro Newspaper Publishers patent insides, 121, 131 Association (NNPA), 233–4 patent medicine advertising, 125 New Journalism, 134–7, 140, 142, Patriot Act, 57, 59–60, 70 147, 159 Pearl Harbor, 49, 50, 56, 153 New York Age, 232 Pennekamp v. Florida, 86 New York Enquirer, 107 penny press, 8, 93–4, 99–100, New York Herald, 102, 106–7, 135, 102–5, 107–8, 110–14, 116, 134, 214 136, 140, 146, 148, 157, 214 New York Journal, 141–2 Pentagon Papers, 61, 70–1 New York Press, 141 Perra!, 239 New York Sun, 102, 106, 135 Philadelphia Tribune, 232 New York Times, 58, 61–2, 118, 145 Phillips, David Graham, 170–1, 183 New York Times v. Sullivan, 58 Pittsburgh Courier, 234 New York Times v. United States, 62 Playboy TV, 226 New York Tribune, 106, 120 pornography, 7, 73, 76–8, 81–5, New York Weekly Journal, 28 88–9, 187, 255 New York World, 136–8, 142, 174 Portland Oregonian, 135 News Corporation, 130, 243, 262 prior restraint, 17–18, 20, 38, 40, 43 Newspaper Publicity Act, 172 Privy Council, 20, 22 Newsweek, 225 public access television, 205–6 nickleodeons, 150, 160 public broadcasting, 153, 178, 190, Nineteenth Amendment, 151, 197 208–10, 215 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 279

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Public Broadcasting System (PBS), San Francisco Examiner, 135, 142 210 San Francisco Gay Free Press, 238 puffs, 122, 172 Sanger, Margaret, 199 Pulitzer, Joseph, 3, 136–7, 159, 173 Sarnoff, David, 127, 179 Pulitzer Prizes, 142, 173 Saturday Evening Post, 222 Puritan(s), 21–4, 37 Schenck v. United States, 45, 60, 70, 83 Queen Mary, 21 Screw, 238 Queer as Folk, 226 Scripps, E.W., 126, 135 Scripps, James E., 135 racial profiling, 52 Scripps network, 226 Radio Act of 1927, 178–9, 208 Second Life, 242–4 Radio Corporation of America sedition, 20, 22, 39, 43–4, 46, 49, (RCA), 126, 179 57 Ramparts, 203 Sedition Act, 46, 57–8, 61 R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 79, 89 seditious libel, 16, 26, 38 Raymond, Henry J., 106 Seinfeld, 225 Reader’s Digest, 225 Selective Service Act, 55, 202 red flag law, 59 sensationalism, 138, 140–1, 255 Red Scare, 52, 180, 201, 213 September 11, 2001, 52, 56, 59, 70 Reforma, La, 232 Sex and the City, 259 republicanism, 73, 75–6, 85–6, 88 Shakedown, 204 Revolution, The, 198, 211 Showtime Networks, Inc., 226 Revolutionary War, 16, 18–19, 32, Sinclair, Upton, 171–2 34–5, 39, 69, 193 Sinister Wisdom, 238–9 Riis, Jacob, 170 Skokie, 80, 81, 89 Rockefeller, John D., 48, 116, 167, Smith Act, 49, 61 171, 174, 177 Smith, Bessie, 151 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 50, 128, social responsibility, 9–10, 75, 94, 153, 184 165–6, 173, 177–8, 180–5, 187, Roosevelt, Theodore, 145, 170 261–2 Roth v. United States, 77 socialism, 59, 70, 184, 201 Rowell, George P., 123 Socialist Party, 48, 66, 81, 89, 201, Rowell’s American Newspaper Directory, 213 123 Socialist Woman, The, 199, 201 Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, 199 Sol de Mayo, El, 232 rule of seven, 129 Soviet Union, 52, 262 Russwurm, John, 195 Spanish–American war, 144 Spanish-language newspapers, 229, St. Louis Argus, 232 232 St. Louis Observer, 212 Spanish-language press, 9, 228, 240, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 135, 136 241, 246 9781405161190_6_ind.qxd 27/10/08 6:01 PM Page 280

280 Index

stability of the state, 17, 18, 40 War Department, 58, 62 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 197–8, War Resisters League (WRL), 202 211 Wardman, Ervin, 141 Star Chamber, 20, 22, 38 Washington, Booker T., 232 Stationers’ Company, 21, 25, 38 Washington Blade, 238 Steffens, Lincoln, 170–1, 175, 183 Webb, James Watson, 106–7 Stone, Lucy, 198 Webster, Noah, 193 Stonewall riots, 238 Weekly Advocate, 195 Strossen, Nadine, 78 Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 172 symbolic annihilation, 221, 245 Westinghouse, 126, 127 Whitman, Walt, 110, 147 Tarbell, Ida, 170, 171, 174, 183 Whitney v. California, 83 Tecolate, El, 232 Wilshire’s Magazine, 201 Telecommunications Act of 1996, Wilson, Woodrow, 55 130 Woman’s Era, 199 telegraph, 62, 95, 104, 115, 120, Woman’s Journal, 198, 211 126, 131 woman’s suffrage, 9, 191–2, 196–9, Time, 130, 157, 180, 220, 225–6 201–11, 214–15 Truman, Harry S., 52, 233 Woman’s Tribune, 199 Woodhull, Victoria, 199 Una, 197 Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, 199 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 222 working-class press, 200–1, 215 United States v. Schwimmer, 84 Working Man’s Advocate, 200 Universal Peace Union, 202 World of Warcraft, 243 U.S. News and World Report, 256 World War I, 48–9, 54–5, 57–8, uses and gratifications, 259, 260 60–1, 63–4, 66, 70–1, 126, 151, 177, 197, 202 Vector, 238 World War II, 44, 49, 51–2, 55–7, VICE VERSA, 237 61, 64–6, 126, 129, 152–4, 177, Vietnam, 53, 55, 57, 61–2, 67, 70, 180, 202, 220, 233–4, 237 202–4 Vietnam GI, 204 xenophobia, 46, 66, 70 Voice of Peace, 202 Voice of the Negro, 232 yellow journalism, 135, 137, 140–1, Voz del Pueblo, La, 232 145–6, 159 Yellow Kid, 141 Wagner, Robert F., 128 YouTube, 207, 256–7, 259 Wagner-Hatfield amendment, 128, 208 Zenger, John Peter, 28, 39 Walt Disney Company, 129 Zukor, Adolph, 150