Action Statement Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 No. 190

Introduction of live into waters within Victorian river catchments

Preamble stream or stream system. They include the area The preparation of this Action Statement follows from the headwaters of the catchment to point of the listing of the ‘Deliberate or accidental entry to the or to the sea in Bass introduction of live fish into public or private Strait. All Victorians live in a catchment and for waters within a Victorian river catchment in which administrative purposes all of is divided the taxon to which the fish belongs cannot reliably into 10 catchment management areas. be inferred to have been present prior to the year 1770 AD’ as a Potentially Threatening Process (SAC Ecologically Sustainable Development is ‘using, 1992) under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act conserving and enhancing the community's 1988, and outlines the actions to be taken to resources so that ecological processes, on which ameliorate the adverse effects of this process. life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased’ The following definitions are used for the (Commonwealth of 1992). purposes of this Action Statement:

Fish are those major groups belonging to the Description And Distribution Phylum Chordata which as adults breathe through gills and are free swimming but whose locomotory The introduction of ‘fish’ has the potential to appendages have not advanced beyond primary provide social, economic and environmental fins (Gomon, Glover and Kuiter 1994). benefits (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001). Historically, benefits have been given prominence. Waters include those public and private waters Introductions, however, can equally have within Victorian catchments. They can vary in irreversible and adverse consequences (Prime salinity from fresh to saline in inland salt affected Minister’s Science Engineering and Innovation streams, or in estuaries. They can also be held in Council 2002). To ensure introductions are the dams, and natural lakes and wild rivers, lakes ecologically sustainable the potential threats, and estuaries and artificial structures such as associated with them must be carefully and aquarium tanks and holding pens. systematically considered.

An introduction is the human assisted movement Sala et al.(2000), in predicting scenarios for of all stages of fish’s lifecycle and any derived, changes in biodiversity to 2010, concluded that viable genetic material and associated transport biological exchange was a relatively more media. Movements vary in their complexity. They important threat to the biodiversity of aquatic can range from infrequent movements of limited ecosystems than to other ecosystems because of between limited locations, such as the intentional and unintentional release of provision of brood stock for fish aquaculture organisms. The magnitude of this problem is trade, to frequent movements of many fish species increasing (Lodge 1993) and the integrity of between many locations, such as the supply of fish aquatic ecosystems is being challenged worldwide for the home aquarium. by invasive species (Moyle & Light 1996). Victorian river catchments are areas which, through run-off or percolation, contribute to the water in a The introduction of ‘fish’ into Victorian (Whittington and Cullis 1988). Infected catchments may threaten the biodiversity and roach have also been recorded from Lake ecological services provided by Victoria’s aquatic Burrumbeet, near Ballarat. ecosystems, may pose risks to human health, and Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis virus is of may threaten the social and economic benefits unknown origin which affects English perch derived from the aquatic environment, including (redfin) in the wild. The virus spread to cultured aquaculture, recreational and commercial fishing rainbow trout in 1986 and has now been shown of native and already-introduced species. to be highly pathogenic for a wide range of Once a fish has been introduced, it may or may not native freshwater species, including silver perch, , and mountain and to a establish a viable breeding population. When lesser extent Murray , and to the introduced established in an aquatic system, it may be mosquitofish (Langdon 1989). extremely difficult, if not impossible, to control or eliminate with current knowledge. • Stocks that may affect gene pools. The mixing of different stocks through human activities may From the international and Australian literature it compromise genetic diversity and impact on the is clear that while the risks vary with the species, distribution of unique genes in both the donor the vulnerability of a water body to the and receiving populations (Blankenship & Leber establishment of a pest species can also be 1995, Keenan et al 1996). compounded by habitat and other environmental changes (Arthington et al. 1990, Moyle and Light Historical perspective 1996). Because of the risks they pose in the event Deliberate introductions to Victoria of freshwater that they establish wild populations fish, or stocks fish species date from the second half of the of particular concern to Victoria, are likely to be nineteenth century, and eight self-maintaining those that have one or more of the following species occur in Victorian river catchments as a characteristics: result (Cadwallader and Backhouse 1983). These • Species which can dominate space and are brown trout Salmo trutta, rainbow trout competitively exclude native species, eg. Carp Oncorhynchus mykiss, European carp Cyprinus (Williamson 1996) carpio, goldfish Carassius auratus, tench Tinca tinca, roach Rutilus rutilus, English perch Perca • Species which are predators, eg Trout species fluviatilis, and Gambusia Gambusia holbrooki. The are known to prey on native fishes, especially North American chinook salmon Oncorhynchus Galaxias species, causing population declines tschawytscha and the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and fragmentation (Wager and Jackson 1993; persists in selected public waters through continued Cadwallader 1996; Raadik et al 1998). Trout stocking of hatchery reared fish. Of these species, all species are also known to predate on tadpoles but Gambusia was introduced to Victoria to create a and young , and have been implicated in the new fishery. Gambusia was introduced to south-east decline of the spotted tree Litoria spenceri Australia in the 1920s for the purpose of biological (Watson et al. 1991, Gillespie 2001). control (Lloyd 1986). • Species with the potential to have adverse impacts on aquatic habitat and associated The most recent additions to Victoria’s communities, eg. the collapse of the North freshwater/estuarine species are a result of the American Great Lakes community structure and disposal of ships’ ballast water (Hewitt et al 1999), fishery as a result of the entry to the Lakes of the and from the escape or disposal of aquarium species Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus, via the (Lintermans et al. 1990). The yellow-fin goby Welland Canal, in particular the impact on the Acanthogobius flavimanus, was probably introduced Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush (Mills et al to Victoria in ballast water (Pollard 1980) and the 1993), and the collapse of community structure Oriental weatherloach Misgurnus anquillicaudatus, in Lake Victoria following the introduction of the convict cichlid Heros nigrofasciata, Jack Nile perch Lates nilotica (Barel et al. 1985). Dempsey cichlid Cichlasoma octofasciatum, and black mangrove cichlid, Tilapia mariae, as a result • Species or stocks that may act as vectors for of the escape or disposal of aquarium fishes disease causing organisms such as viruses, (Cadwallader et al 1980). These tropical cichlid protozoa and bacteria that pose risks to human species have been recorded from the artificially health, or threaten indigenous species, heated waters of the Hazelwood Power Station aquaculture and wild fish stocks (Langdon 1990). cooling pondage (see: In the 1970s, for example, an atypical strain of http://www.asfb.org.au/research/es/cichlida.htm). the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida was Since European settlement, the more favoured native introduced to Victoria with goldfish from Japan, fish species have been extensively introduced to giving rise to Goldfish Ulcer Disease in wild and public waters within drainage basins in which they cultured goldfish and carp populations. did not naturally occur (Harris & Battaglene 1990). Subsequently, the bacterium was demonstrated to Such deliberate artificial extensions of species’ be transmissible to, and pathogenic for salmonid

2 range have occurred in Victoria for the Freshwater Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment Catfish Tandanus tandanus; (1992). peelii peelii; Maccullochella macquariensis; Macquarie perch Within Victoria, Victoria’s Biodiversity(Victorian australasica; Macquaria Government 1997), Regional Catchment Strategies, ambigua and Silver Perch Bidyanus bidyanus. and the Victorian River Health Strategy (Victorian Government 2002), for example, reinforce this Management Status commitment, along with the broader commitment to ecologically sustainable development (ESD). The application of ESD principles will help ensure that, Current Status as a society, we are not running down our natural The introduction of live fish into waters within a assets and building up an ‘environmental debt’, Victorian river catchment is a potentially such as occurs through the establishment of threatening process. It is listed under the Flora introduced organisms that become pests. and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 as the ‘Deliberate or accidental introduction of live fish into public or Accordingly, the major management objectives of private waters within a Victorian river catchment in this Action Statement are: which the taxon to which the fish belongs cannot • to minimise the risk that fish species new to reliably be inferred to have been present prior to Victoria will establish self-maintaining the year 1770 AD’. populations in the wild It forms part of a broad policy framework to help • to minimise the risk that species that are manage the social, economic and environmental already present within Victoria will establish risks and benefits arising from the introduction of self-maintaining populations outside their plants and to Victoria. The framework current range includes this Action Statement, the Action • to prevent the further spread of undesirable Statement for the potentially threatening process populations of non-indigenous species in ‘Introduction of exotic organisms into Victorian Victorian public waters, and where practical marine waters’, Guidelines for Assessing eliminate them. Translocations of Live Aquatic Organisms in In prioritising these management objectives, it is Victoria (Victorian Government 2003). It also recognised that an approach which focuses on on- includes other Victorian legislation, such as the going minimisation of the risk of new species Fisheries Act 1995, and Commonwealth establishing in the wild, is more effective in legislation, such as the Environment Protection environmental and economic terms, than and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. attempting to eradicate or manage species once they have become established. Consistent with the Reasons for Listing as a Potentially Threatening above, risk-based assessments will also be used to Process assess short and long term priorities. Relevant In its final recommendations, the Scientific criteria for assessing risk include the nature of the Advisory Committee (SAC 1992) determined that species, characteristics of the introduction process, the introduction of live fish into public or private vulnerability of the area to the establishment of waters was a potentially threatening process as in wild populations of introduced species, and values the absence of appropriate management it: of the waters or activities that may be affected. The risk assessment is outlined in the Guidelines • poses or has the potential to pose a significant for Assessing Translocations of Live Aquatic threat to the survival of a range of fauna, and Organisms in Victoria (Victorian Government • poses or has the potential to pose a significant 2003). threat to the evolutionary development of a range of fauna. Management Issues Major Management Objective The fish species, waters, and organisational circumstances in which fish introductions are Recognition of the importance of conserving and considered and undertaken are quite varied, as is preserving biodiversity is reflected in a number of the potential and direct and indirect risks for the international and national agreements and establishment of self maintaining wild populations. arrangements including the Convention on Some activities can involve relatively few Wetlands of International Importance (1971) individuals, relatively few fish-movements and (Ramsar Convention), National Strategy for the limited locations such as aquaculture ventures. Conservation of Australia’s Biodiversity Some activities, where species are introduced to (Commonwealth of Australia 1996), National relatively few locations in the wild can lead to the Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development establishment of species across entire river basins, (Commonwealth of Australia 1992) and the

3 including when species move through water Aquaria distribution systems that cross catchment A wide variety of species from throughout the boundaries. By contrast, fish-movements by world have been introduced to Victorian homes to aquarium enthusiasts can be numerous, and stock hobby aquaria and to a lesser extent research involve large numbers of individuals and locations. and commercial aquaria. Introductions to inland Fish may be introduced for a variety of purposes, waters may arise as a result of aquaria related including those outlined below. Fish, and activities when unwanted aquarium species are associated diseases and parasites, can also be disposed of either directly to rivers and streams, or introduced incidentally as result of other activities via the stormwater/sewer system. such as the discharge of ballast water in the freshwater areas of ports, or deliberately as part of an illegal activity. Previous Management Action As outlined above the initial focus was on the perceived benefits of the introductions, and much Stocking of lakes and rivers of the management action was directed to culture The Department of Sustainability and Environment of stock and their introduction to Victorian waters. (DSE) and the Department of Primary Industries However, over the last decade or so there has been (DPI), or organisations under permit from DSE & increasing recognition of the impact degraded DPI , stock selected waters to provide for aquatic habitats have on fish populations, and the recreational fishing and to conserve native fish vulnerability of waters to fish introductions. For stocks. Species include Rainbow Trout, Brown example, through the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Trout, Chinook Salmon, Atlantic Salmon, Murray Act 1988 various human activities have been Cod, Golden Perch, Macquarie Perch, Silver Perch, identified that require attention because of the Freshwater Catfish, , potential to threaten fish habitats, including: and Trout Cod. In 2000 807,000 salmonids, mainly changes to the natural temperature regimes, Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout were stocked in increased sediment input, and the input of toxic public waters, principally impoundments. In substances into Victorian waters. The Fisheries 2000/01 1,200,000 native species, mainly Golden Act 1995 also provides powers to specifically Perch and Murray Cod were stocked in public protect fish habitat. There has also been waters. increasing recognition that not all introductions are beneficial and the social, economic and Stocking of farm dams environmental impacts of some introductions can This is undertaken by individuals who acquire fish be severe and difficult if not impossible to reverse, for stocking into their private farm dams. Under such as those that lead to the introduction of the Fisheries Act 1995, approval to stock a farm diseases. It was also recognised that nationally, dam or to import fish from outside Victoria is assessment of proposals to introduce fish, and required from Fisheries Victoria. aquatic organisms more generally, have been treated in an adhoc manner and assessed without common guidelines. Aquaculture Commercial fish farms produce mainly Rainbow To address these issues, Australian Governments Trout and Atlantic Salmon, as well as some Brown agreed in 1999 to a National Policy for the Trout for the local and export food trade. Trout, Translocation of Live Aquatic Organisms – Issues, Murray cod, Golden Perch, Silver Perch, Freshwater Principle and Guidelines for Implementation Catfish, Australian Bass and occasionally estuary (Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Perch are also produced for stocking private and Aquaculture 1999). In agreeing, Victoria public waters. Fish Culture Permits are also committed itself to using the national policy as the provided to goldfish farms that produce fish basis for arrangements applying to Victoria. These primarily for the aquarium trade, and for the arrangements will build on previous management culture of native finfish.. actions outlined below.

Live fish as bait Guidelines • Trout Stocking Guidelines (NRE 1998) outlines In inland waters, the Common Galaxias Galaxias general criteria for considering trout stocking maculatus, and the Big- or Flat-headed Gudgeon proposals in public waters. Priorities for waters Philypnodon grandiceps, are the most commonly and widely used live bait species of fish. considered for stocking are determined Introductions to inland waters may arise from the according to habitat suitability criteria, existing use of live fish for bait either through the baitfish or potential population levels and needs of the coming off the hook, or through unused bait being angling public. Trout are not stocked in waters: liberated at the fishing site. where the released fish may constitute a threat

4 to a population of a species of special concern • Bendigo Region Fisheries Management Plan or where a unique faunal assemblage exists; (NRE 2002) outlines actions to address key where natural reproduction adequately issue for fisheries in the Bendigo region, supports a fishery; waters east of the Snowy including: angler education; carp and roach River catchment; and waters identified as control; FFG listed, threatened or vulnerable unsuitable habitat. native fish species and communities; fisheries • Native Fish Stocking Guidelines (NRE 1998) compliance; habitat, in particular water quality outlines the general criteria for considering and quantity; and introduced fish species. native fish stockings in inland waters for • Action Statements prepared under the Flora and conservation and recreational purposes. Fauna Guarantee Act, outline the reasons for Stocking is confined to public waters except the listing and describe what has been done where special management or research needs and what can be done by Government in exist or arise. partnership with the community to recover the • Fish in Farm Dams (NRE 2000) outlines the species or community, or the reducing the applications arrangements for permits to stock impact of potentially threatening processes. fish in farm dams and offers suggestions on Action Statements, and accepted nominations the species and their management, consistent under this Act, related to fish species or with the above guidelines. communities include: Silver Perch (No. 350), Dwarf Galaxias (No. 141), Australian Mudfish • The annual DPI Victorian Recreational Fishing (No. 142), Yarra Pygmy Perch (No. 125) Barred Guide outlines arrangements for the use of bait Galaxias, var. fuscus, (No. 65), in Victorian waters. Bait restrictions are Trout Cod, Maccullochella macquariensis (No. covered by Reg. 532 of the Fisheries 38), Variegated (Ewen's) Pygmy Perch, Regulations 1998. Nannoperca variegata (No. 42), and Lowland riverine fish community of the southern Murray- Legislative arrangements Darling basin (No. 459). Action Statements or • Requirement for permit to stock fish. The accepted nominations for relevant potentially Fisheries Act 1995 requires that all persons threatening processes include: altered fish wishing to stock fish in Victorian waters must regimes (No. 197), altered temperate regimes first have written permission from DPI . (No. 230), loss of riparian vegetation (No. 354), Permits are required to ensure that species are prevention of passage of aquatic biota as a not released into areas where they are likely to result of the presence of instream structures cause environmental or economic damage. (No. 292), increased sediment input into Permits also facilitate the locating of infected Victorian streams (No. 181), the removal of fish in the event of an outbreak of a fish woody debris from streams (No. 118), and disease, thereby assisting in the detection and altered flow regimes (No. 197). control of the source of the disease. • Fisheries Notes are a series of fact sheets • Noxious Fish. Under the Fisheries Act 1995 a outlining DSE & DPI ’s approach to various fish variety of species are listed as noxious. They management issues. They include the stocking include carp, mosquitofish and penalties apply of various species and the management of for possession or control of live specimens. noxious aquatic species.

Management plans and action statements Intended Management Action • National Management Strategy for Carp Control In implementing the actions listed below, it is 2000-2005 (Carp Control Coordinating Group recognised that the risks associated with fish 2000) Its goals are to: prevent the spread of introductions, and aquatic introductions more carp; reduce the impacts of carp to acceptable generally, are also a national issue especially for levels; promote environmentally and socially waters within the Murray Darling Basin. As acceptable application of carp eradication and outlined previously the issue of fish introductions control programs; improve community has already been given significant attention within understanding of the impacts of carp and the Victoria and nationally. Consequently, the actions management strategies to counteract those outlined here are intended to build on this existing impacts; and promote the cost efficient use of work and provide improved consistency and public resources in carp eradication and control effectiveness in the approach to fish introductions. programs.

• Goulburn Eildon Fisheries Management Plan Assessment of the risk of fish introductions into (NRE 2002) set out the strategies and actions Victorian river catchments for managing the fishery for the next five years. 1. Assess introductions in accordance with the Guidelines for Assessing Translocations of Live

5 Aquatic Organisms in Victoria ((Victorian deliberate and accidental introductions. These Government 2003). A staged approached will decisions can often be taken in isolation from be taken to the introduction of the Guidelines each other, and the implications of individual with a review of their effectiveness, including decisions may not be evident for some time. The reducing risks to the values of waters in development and implementation of regional Victoria’s river catchments, is scheduled for catchment management plans, fisheries year four of their operation. Guideline management plans and the River Health Strategy implementation will also be supported by DPI provide important ways to improve decisions that and DSE through extension and enforcement have implications for introduced fish populations programs. or new introductions.

Responsibility: DPI, DSE 6. Where relevant, consolidate various policies related to fish introductions in Victoria’s Emergency response to unwanted fish catchments. populations Responsibility: DPI, DSE Early intervention, prior to a population of an 7. Continue to work with and encourage relevant unwanted fish species becoming established, stakeholders to progressively improve provides the best chance of eradication, such as the decision making processes affecting fish response to the February 2001 discovery of carp in introductions and introduced fish and to the Glenelg River Basin, which was previously free integrate decisions about fish introductions of this noxious species. with progressively evolving arrangements 2. Undertake emergency responses to new dealing with biosecurity. introductions of unwanted fish. The decision to respond will be based on the risk, eg a new Responsibility: DPI, DSE species or introduction to a new river basin of water body previously free of species, and the References probability of success. In mounting Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001) Australia’s emergency response DPI and DSE will seek the Environment: Issues and Trends. Commonwealth of Australia. support of local stakeholders. Arthington, A. H., Hamlet, S. & Bluhdorn, D. R. Responsibility: DPI, DSE (1990) The role of habitat disturbance in the 3. Periodically evaluate and update the list of establishment of introduced warm-water fishes in Australia. In: Introduced and Translocated designated Noxious Aquatic Species (Fisheries Fishes and their Ecological Effects. D. A. Pollard Act 1995). Promote this list, via the web, to (Ed) Bureau of Rural Resources. Proceedings alert the community and to ensure that legal No. 8. AGPS, Canberra controls can be put in place in the event of an Barel, C. D. N., Dorit, R., Greenwood, P. H., Fryer, G., emergency response to a new introduction. Hughes, N., Jackson, P. B. N., Kawanabe, H., Lowe-McConnell, R. H., Nagoshi, M., Ribbink, A. Responsibility: DPI, DSE J., Trewavas, E., Witte, F. and Yarnaoka, K. (1985) Destruction of Fisheries in Africa’s Management of established pest fish populations Lakes. Nature 315: 19-20. Carp are currently the focus of control efforts aimed Blankenship, H.L. & Leber, K.M. (1995) A at preventing its continued spread and to reducing its responsible approach to marine stock enhancement. American Fisheries Society impact in areas where it is established. Symposium 15: 167-175. 4. Continue to work through the National Cadwallader, P.L. (1996) Overview of the impacts Management Strategy for Carp Control 2000- of introduced Salmonids on Australian native 2005. fauna. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. Responsibility: DPI, DSE Cadwallader, P. L. & Backhouse, G. N. (1983) A 5. Develop approved control plans for other Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Victoria. established pest populations or for areas that Victorian Government Printer, Melbourne. they affect, where action is warranted. Carp Control Coordinating Group (2000) National Responsibility: DPI, DSE Management Strategy for Carp Control 2000- 2005. Murray-Darling Basin Commission

Improved integration of decision making Clements, J. (1988) Salmon at the Antipodes: A History and Review of Trout, Salmon and Char processes and Introduced Coarse Fish in Australasia. A range of decisions taken by land, water and Clements. fisheries managers can affect the threat to Victoria’s aquatic flora and fauna posed by

6 Commonwealth of Australia (1992) National Langdon, J. S. (1989) Experimental transmission Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable and pathogenicity of epizootic haematopoietic Development. AGPS, Canberra. necrosis virus (EHNV) in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and 11 other teleosts. J. of Fish Commonwealth of Australia (1996) The National Diseases 12: 295-310. Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s Biological Diversity. Canberra, Australia. Langdon, J. S. (1990) Disease risks of fish introductions and translocations. In: Convention on Wetlands of International Introduced and Translocated Fishes and their Importance (1975) [Ramsar Convention]. IUCN, Ecological Effects. D. A. Pollard (Ed) Bureau of Gland: Switzerland. Rural Resources. Proceedings No. 8. AGPS, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Canberra (1998) Policy Statement – Noxious Fish Carp. Lintermans, M. Rutzou, T. & Kukolic, K. (1990) Fisheries Notes: Note Series No 6. Introduced fish of the Canberra Region - Recent Department of Natural Resources and Environment range expansions. In: Introduced and (1998) Policy Statement – Trout stocking (Public Translocated Fishes and their Ecological Effects. Waters). Fisheries Notes: Note Series No 6. D. A. Pollard (Ed). Bureau of Rural Resources. Proceedings No. 8. AGPS, Canberra Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1998) Policy Statement – Native Fish Stocking Lloyd, L. (1986) An alternative to insect control by in Public Waters. Fisheries Notes: Note Series Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. In: Proc. No 7. Fourth Symp. on Arbovirus Research in Australia, Brisbane, 1986. CSIRO Tropical Department of Natural Resources and Environment Science. (2000) Fish in farm dams. Aquaculture Notes No 5. Department of Natural Resources and Lodge, D.M. (1993) Biological invasions: lessons for Environment. ecology. Trends in Ecological Evolution 8: 133- 137. Gillespie, G.R. (2001) The role of introduced trout in the decline of the Spotted Tree-Frog (Litoria Mills, E.L., Leach. J.H., Carlton, J.T. & Secure, C.L. spenceri) in south-east Australia. Biological (1993) Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a Conservation 100: 187-198. history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Journal of Great Lakes Research Gomon, M. F., Glover, J.C.M. and Kuiter, R.H. 19: 1-54. (eds)(1994) The Fishes of Australia's South Coast. p. 23. The Flora and Fauna of South Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Australia Handbooks Committee. State print: Aquaculture (1999) National Policy for the Adelaide. Translocation of Live Aquatic Organisms – Issues, Principle and Guidelines for Harris, J. H. & Battaglene, S. C. (1990) The Implementation. Ministerial Council on introduction and translocation of native Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture. freshwater fishes in south-eastern Australia. In: Introduced and Translocated Fishes and their Moyle, P.B. & Light, T. (1996) Biological invasions of Ecological Effects. D. A. Pollard (Ed) Bureau of freshwater: empirical rules and assembly Rural Resources. Proceedings No. 8. AGPS, theory. Biological Conservation 78: 149-161. Canberra Pollard, D. A. (1980) Introduced marine and Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L. , Thresher, R.E. and estuarine fishes in Australia. In: Introduced and Martin, R.B. (1999) Marine Biological Invasions Translocated Fishes and their Ecological Effects. of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Centre for D. A. Pollard (Ed). Bureau of Rural Resources Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Proceedings No. 8. AGPS, Canberra Report No 20. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart. Prime Minister’s Science Engineering and 344pp. Innovation Council (2002) Sustaining our Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment Natural Systems and Biodiversity. Available (1992) Agreement between the Commonwealth, http://www.dest.gov.au/science/pmseic/meetin States and Territories and the Australian Local gs/8thmeeting.htm [2002 October 31] Government Association. Raadik, T.A., Saddlier, S.R. and Koehn, J.D. 1998. Jackson, P. D. (1981) Trout introduced into south- Threatened Fishes of the World: Galaxias eastern Australia: Their interactions with native fuscus Mack 1936 (). Environmental fishes. Vic. Nat. 98: 18-24. Biology of Fishes 47: 108. Jackson, P.D. & Williams, W.D. (1980) Effects the SAC (1992) Final Recommendation on a distribution of some native fishes in three areas nomination for listing: ‘Deliberate or accidental of southern Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater introduction of live fish into public or private Res. 31: 61-67. waters within a Victorian river catchment in which the taxon to which the fish belongs Keenan, C. et al. (1996) Population Genetics of cannot reliably be inferred to have been present Golden Perch, Silver Perch and Eel-Tailed prior to the year 1770 AD’ (potentially Catfish within the Murray-Darling Basin. In: threatening process)(Nomination no. 204). Proc. 1995 Riverine Environment Research Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Forum. R. J. Banens and R. Lehane, (Eds.), Guarantee. Department of Conservation and Attwood Victoria, Murray-Darling Basin natural Resources: Melbourne. Commission: 17-26.

7 Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S. III, Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Compiled by Don Hough, Biodiversity & Natural Huenneka, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., Resources Division, Department of Sustainability Leemans, R., Lodge, D.M., Mooney, H.A., and Environment Oesterheld, M., Poff, N.L., Sykes, M.T., Walker, B.H., Walker, M. & Wall, D.H. (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2010. Science Further information can be obtained from Department of Sustainability and Environment 287: 1770- 1774. Customer Service Centre on 136 186. Victorian Government (2002) Bendigo Regional Fisheries Management Plan. Department of Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statements are Natural Resources and Environment, available from the Department of Sustainability and Melbourne. Environment website: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au Victorian Government (2002) Goulburn Eildon Fisheries Management Plan. Department of This Action Statement has been prepared under Natural Resources and Environment, section 19 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act Melbourne. 1988 under delegation from Professor Lyndsay Neilson, Secretary, Department of Sustainability and Victorian Government (2002) Healthy Rivers, Environment, September 2003. Healthy Communities and Regional Growth: Victorian River Health Strategy. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, © The State of Victoria, Department of Melbourne. Sustainability and Environment, 2003 Victorian Government (2003) Guidelines for Published by the Department of Sustainability and Assessing Translocations of Live Aquatic Biota Environment, Victoria. 8 Nicholson Street, East in Victoria. Department of Primary Industries Melbourne, Victoria 3002 Australia and Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. This publication may be of assistance to you but the Wager, R. and Jackson, P. (1993) The Action Plan State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee for Australian Freshwater Fishes. Australian that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or Watson, G. F., Littlejohn, M. J. Hero, J-M., & other consequence which may arise from you Robertson, P. (1991) Conservation status, relying on any information in this publication. ecology and management of the spotted tree frog Litoria spenceri. Arthur Rylah Inst. Env. Res. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 116. Department of ISSN 1448-9902 Conservation and Environment: Melbourne. Whittington, R. J. & Cullis, B. (1988) The susceptibility of salmonid fishes to an atypical strain of Aeromas salmonica that infects goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) in Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases 11: 461-470. Williams, W. D. (1980) Australian Freshwater Life. Macmillan: Melbourne. Williamson, M. (1996) Biological Invasions. Chapman & Hall, London.

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