IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF ED AY, ORKNEY. 167

II.

EXCAVATIONS OF IRON AGE DWELLINGS ON THE CALF OF EDA ORKNEYYN I CHARLEy B . . CALDERT . SS , A.R.I.A.S., F.S.A.ScoT.

In an earlier report to this Society on the excavation of some pre- historic construction Cale Eday,f th o f n so 1I finishe witp du hbriea f note on a building which then had only been partly opened up and hurriedly e theorth s examined d s referrewa y s an Structurwa a , 3 t o I t d. . No e propounde "Potter'a s a e dbeed us thasha n ni Workshopt i t lase th t n i " stage of its occupation, which, according to Dr Callander's report on the pottery ascribes Iroe wa th , n o dt Age . Last summe I rrevisite sitee dth , and laid bare the whole of the structure along with the remains of several chambers, presumably later, whic adjaceny e south-easthla th n o e t Th . result of this investigation enables me to produce a complete plan of all that remains (fig. 1) and to furnish a complementary account of the buildings. Originally the "Potter's Workshop" was a dwelling, and though there s beeha n little structural alteration, evidenc s lateit f reo phas worka s ea - shop presents itsel n detaili f s herthered ean ,e buildin sucth s a h a f o g secondary piece of •walling or the spread of peat-ash over a layer of black earth accumulated on the original floor. It is suggested also by the pottery anrude dth e stone implements whicf o assumee l har al , belono e dt th o gt later occupation. If some of these relics are earlier, they could not be distinguished from the rest as all exhibited the same coarse quality or rudeness of workmanship. Many of the implements lay immediately unde foundatione rth stila f slo later wal dikr lo e surmountin mound,e gth 2 others lay just below the grassy surface, and even on top of the ruined e dwellinth wal f o l g itselfe remainderTh . , with potter n greai y t pro- fusion s founwa , d throughou e infillinth t f stoneo gd eartan s h almost e originadowe disturbeth th o nt n i ld churne t flooran d Bu p stat. du e of the interior, due to earlier investigations, none could be grouped accord- ing to definite levels. e first-mentioneTh d buildin s roughli g y circula plan o r nd an (fig , 1) . measures from 38 feet to 41 feet in diameter. There is only one chamber contained withi e wallth n , which, where best preserved8 s froo i t , m7 feet walline thick,th t mucs gbu 3i h destroye s faceit mann d i s dan y parts 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixxi . 115-54pp . . 2 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixxi . 116p . , fig. .2 3 In the first report a maximum thickness of 14 feet 6 inches was stated, but this measurement is now found to include the size over a compartment built against the interior face and not then discovered. FIRST BUILDING LATER WALLING SECOND BUILDING THIRD BUILDING

A SLA N EDGO B E DECORATED POT B FALLEN SLAB SADDLE-QUERN C PROBABLE ENTRANCE KERB-STONE D HEARTH CIRCLED PAVING D CLARE EY HEARTH F PIT DRAIN KNOCKING STONE ASH-HOLE H STONX BO E J MORTAR K RECESS

IO 5 O IO 20 30 4O 50 FEET l Illf| | I II l CSTC.

Fig . Cal1 . Edayf o f : "Potter'e Plath f no s Workshop" (Structur , late3) . r DwellingIroe No nAg Structurd san . 4 . eNo IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF EDAY, ORKNEY. 169

have disappeared altogether. Surviving portions on the outside do not excee food1 inchee insid6 t th n heightn fee3 ei so inches 6 td e an ,Th . over-all diamete e interioth f o r s somi r fee4 2 einches 6 ta serie t f o bu s, nine small compartments, arranged roun e wall-faceth d , reduces this dimensio fee4 1 inches6 t o nt . These compartments, numbere9 o t 1 d vera n i ye plano nth e dilapidate ar , d condition, but, fro e evidencmth e of stones remaining either set on edge or laid on bed, each has been separated fro othee mth radiall y rb t partitionsyse . Fou, 8 themf d ro an 7 , , Nos6 , 1 . have been divided off fro e centramth l spac lony eb g low-set slabs (marked edgn o t e se acros , figAn i e compartmentse front1) . th th s f o s risind an , g from 1 foot 3 inches to 1 foot 10 inches above the original floor. These

slabs are now loose and inclined inwards to the compartments. 1 Another slab, B, whic f position o d falle t hha y hav ou n ma ,e close f Compartdof - ment 5. There is a suggestion of walling across the fronts of Nos. 3 and 4, and No. 9 has been entirely closed off by a wall obviously built in the later period n generaI . e compartmentsth l , which var n d sizshapei y an e , average about 5 feet 6 inches in breadth and from 4 to 5 feet 6 inches from bac o frontkt , wit e exceptio- hth , whicre 6 e d f har Noso an n 4 . spectively narrower and broader than the others. The placing of the slab s reminiscenti s f primitivo d constructionbe e , especiall1 . No n yi Compartment, but certain features in others show that not all have been use r sleepindfo g accommodation. A narrow space, not closed in as a compartment, is left between Nos. e onl th thid ys an i s conceivabl , 9 d an 1 e part wher entrancn a e e th o et chamber could have been situated, sinc e maith e n wal s definei l d else- wher y eitheb e n outen innea a r r o rr face. Dotted indicatC line t a s e the probable course of its penetration, but no distinct trace of the entrance was actually observed in the broken-down wall. The central spac d eacan eh compartmen s verwa yt well laid with close-fitting paving-stones, the floors in the compartments being just slightly higher tha ne centre th than exceptio n A i t . e s madi nth f o e floor of Compartment 4, which was of clay, but it is thought that the paving herbeed eha n removed. In the previous account mention was made of a pavement slab serving as a hearth, D, a quantity of red clay, E, a stone-lined pit, F, and a knock- ing-stone, Gr, all situated in the central area. Two recesses, referred to

as R! and R2, were also recorded, but in the light of the subsequent in- vestigation figurew s thes stoneno o Compartment s a e d eTw ar s . 8 d an 1 s in the latter were then stated to be the stumps of upright slabs, but only t probabli d an on , thef yeo so formems i d parradiaa f o t l partitione Th . other, actuall a stone sid n Compartmenf th yi o e e seeb w o nt no s i , 7 t box ,alsd Hf whicen oo , e remainshon s bottom s it wela ,s a l , consisting

Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixxi . 131p . , . fig13 . 1 170 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 193913 H .

of several flat stones slopin e middlegth fro n i e sidelevea me . th o t son l The box measured approximately 1 foot 8 inches long by 1 foot 6 inches wide, and from 6 to 10 inches deep, and it had been made perfectly "water- tight by the application of clay-luting to the joints. Another of similar

type, t Hwit1bu ; h onl ysingla e flat stonbottoma r e efo suns th n wa ,ki floor of Compartment 5. One end was missing, but the box had measured 2 fee inche 2 tfoo1 y t b s 9 ^inche3 inche1 d s an sdeep verA . y careful luting of red-tinged clay filled and covered the joints, and inside the box there was a large lump of yellow clay besides two rude stone imple- ments and some fragments of pottery. Ther s alsa wa oe small quantit yellof yo w clay endx outsidjusd bo an , t e eth south of it two pieces of the SLAB same stone, J, reused on edge, SECTION A-B were parte founa b f o o st d broken bowl or mortar. Two ill-matched slab edgen so , H2, lying parallel to one another at the south front angle of Compartment 3, resemble the e b y ma sidea boxt f o bu s, nothing more than the lowest stone a forme f o s r partition across the front. PLAN An outstanding featurn ei Pig . Cal.2 Edayf o f , "Potter's Workshop": Plad nan the main wall of Compart- Section of Recess in Compartment No. 2. ment 2 is a recess which measure fee2 s inche6 t s wid fully eb fee3 y t deep from fron o backt t , and 1 foot 1\ inches in height to the top of its broken-down walls (fig. 2 and PI. LXVII, 1). The back is irregular in shape, and it possesses a rough ledge like a scarcement, 5^ inches above the floor, from which level a well-constructed covered drain pierces the main wall. The drain is 1\ inches high by 4 inches wide, and has a fall of 6 inches from inside to outside in its present intact length of 4 feet. Jammed across the front recese oth f inchethia s2 1 n o sslabt \hig0 d 1 , hincan h thick, stoon do e pavinth f o g p whicto edg n ho e constitute e floordth . Close behint di a lower thin slab on edge only 5 inches high, acted as a frontal support a horizonta o t l slab fillin e recesth g linn i s e wit e scarcementth h d an , seeming to have rested on a stone projecting slightly from each side wall. e horizontaTh e hollol th sla d caveo t wbha n dspaci e left between itself beed anha floore n t dth I fracture ."weight e th y dwell-builb f ,o t masonry, superimpose removedw d no late t bu r, which fille e remaindeth d e th f o r IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF EDAY, ORKNEY. 171

recess and covered the opening to the drain. The outlet of the drain being abov e flooth e r suggests thae reces th td containe ha s d some a for f mo raised sink, but there was no sign of clay-luting anywhere to suggest a water-tight receptacle. In the back wall of Nos. 4 and 5 there has been formed one or perhaps largo tw e recesses measurin feeg3 inche6 t s from bac fron o kt havind an t g a bottom raised 1 foot 2 inches above the floor. Otherwise it is very much ruine featurelessd dan westere th t thia A 4 nn . . corneslaNo bf o r rising only 3 inches above the paving is earthfast on edge in the floor, and through it a hole of 1^ inch diameter has been pierced as if for the attachmen tethera f o tlum A .preparef po d e corneclafouns th ywa n di r diagonally oppositee bac th e fac kf Th o ewal . f Compartmeno l s i 9 t reduced to a height of only 1 foot above the floor, and at this level the edgbrokea f eo n shel masonrye th f f sticko t .sou Three rude stone imple- ments were found lying on the southern corner of this shelf. Ashes from peat fires, already noticed to have covered a large part of the centre of the chamber and abundant in Compartment 8, were present in most of the other compartments on the east. In parts the ashes ex- tended •well over Nos. 5, 6, and 7 in a fairly regular layer from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches above the floor on which, in the space between, there was an accumulation of black earth. Amongst the ashes were pieces of calcined mentionee b y bon d bit ma f pottery an eo st d i piec m thad ri f o ean a , t e onlth y shouldered vessel came fro compart4 mpoina . No t n i hig- p hu pieceo tw ment f steatito d s an , e vessels were picke betweep du n Nos6 . and 7, also high up (PI. LXXI, No. 2, and fig. 4, Nos. 18 and 19). e firsth t n e potterreporI th n r Callandeo tyD r stated that an extra- ordinarily large quantit thif yo s material, som Ibs2 eweight4 n i . beed ha , n obtained. To that amount has now to be added another 28 Ibs., which bring e totath s l yield from this single Ibs. 0 d stilchambe7 an ,lo t p u r further strengthens the idea that here was the workshop for its manu- facture. Lumps of pumice-stone, smoothed by rubbing, and probably used in e manufacturth f bono e e tools, were again presen ruinse th stond n an i ,t e implements practically doubled themselves in number, "while saddle-querns were more numerous. A detailed list of the implements, in addition to those previously enumerated, is appended at the end of this paper. Altogether there is a formidable number, comprising, as represented by "whole or broken relics, one knocking-stone, one bowl or mortar, six or seven boat-shaped saddle-querns, x holesi * d stone r tethersfo s , fifty-seven various tools

* Since writin abovee gth Edwardsr ,M , Directo Nationae th f ro l Museu Antiquitief mo Scotlandf so , has informe thae dm t "sharpening stones" approximate very closel smalo yt l boat-shape r saddldo e querns, so that some of the objects so described may really have served as sharpening stones. 172 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 13, 1939.

including hammer-stones, pounder club-likd san e implements; eleven pot- lid r probablso e lids, twenty-three piece f pumice-stone,o s stone 1on e with pecked-out cup-like hollow d abou e hundrean , on t d fiftan dy unworked chip f beach-stoneso s sometimes referre s knives.a o t d 2 There were also two thin flat stones, notched at the sides (PI. LXX, No. 6), which are almost identical in size and shape with objects of cetacean bone found at Foshigarry, North Uist.3 e implementManth f yo e somewhaar s t similar o thost e r CurifounD t t WiltroJarlshoa a y eb dd an w * fstructuren i 5 s definitely associated with the Early Iron Age. All these relics, therefore, like the pottery, may be assigned to this period; this agrees with the evidence of the original structure itself. The character of the building, with its radial partitions, is reminiscent of the pre-broch chambers of this type at Jarlshof, and also of the post-broch chambers at the same

e Hebrideaf siteth somo s wela f ,s o ea l n wheel-house6 s like that a t Foshigarry.7 To judge fro examplee mth t Jarlshosa f alon t wilei apparen e b l t that structures with radial walls had been a common type of dwelling for several centuries, and a comparison of the plans (fig. 3) shows that the lay-out of the one on Eday most closely resembles that of the later post-broch buildings at Jarlshof. The main function of the radial partitions seems achievo t e b increas n ea o t e floo th f r eo spac e together \vit hreductioa n e maioth f n spa o mornt e workable dimension r roofinfo s g ove n dryi r - stone. , The lesser dome brought about by this method is an economy of both material and labour, and the radial walls, by acting to some degree s buttressea bearind an s g e weighe roofparth th f f ,o to tstrengthe e nth fabri relievd an c e maieth n "wall e thrusf muco sth f ho t that would other- wise be wholly imposed upon them. So far as could be ascertained, the building was not structurally attache othery t an onl bu o ,dt fee y7 t awa ye scant th ther e yar e ruins of presumably later dwellings on the south-east (fig. 1). Their masonry is entirely different, the walls being thinner and of an inferior standard of workmanship, while radial wall absene ar closso therd n an e t ear simi - larities in structural features. Two periods of occupation are represented, e earlieth r being recognisabl e remainheartho th onl tw y d f b yo san s

portions of paved floors. Consequently what is seen on the plan is mainly 1 Proc, Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixv . 324p . . Forty-six piece f pumice-stonso e were foun dwellina n di g at Foshigarry in N. Uist; ibid., vol. xxiv. p. 461. Seven pieces of pumice-stone found at Howmae,

N. Ronaldsay. 2 Ibid. vol. Ixiii . 266-7pp . ; ibid., . 213-5 volpp . .i vii.. pt .

3 Ibid. vol. Ixv . 307p . , fig (1)1 . . 4 Ibid. vol . 107 3d , . p Noafig , ;Ixvii an 13 , 3 .d 97 Nos , fig1 .;. an p .22 ibid.,. 2 . vol. Ixviii . 234p . , flg. 7; p. 300, fig. 61; p. 308, fig. 66, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9. 6 Ibid. vol. Ixx. pp. 159-161, figs. 7, 8 and ! Ibid. vol. Ixviii. p. 224 ff.; p. 225, fig. 1, Chamber III, with compartments p, o. b, I and n. Ibid. vol. Ixv. facing p. 356, pi. ii, Chamber A. IROE DWELLINGSNAG , CAL F EDAYO F , ORKNEY3 17 . e lay-ou e wallin th e lateth th f o f rt go occupation t beloni o T t leasga . t a passage and three chambers, numbered I, II and III. The outline of eac incomplets hi resula s ea f spoliatio o t e wallsth f no , which have been reduced in height to only one or two courses or else have disappeared altogether. In many places the floors were only a turf in depth below e surfaceth e principaalmosd th an ,l al t l features have been swept away (PI. LXVIII, 1). The outside wall-faces do not appear to have ever

JARLSHOF :- PRE-BROCH CHAMBERS

IO 2O 3O 4OFEET

JARLSHOF > POST-BROCH CHAMBERS CALF OF EDAY

Fig. 3. Comparative plans of the " Potter's Workshop," Calf of Bday, and dwellings at Jarlshof. been properly faced but to have been left rough and uneven. This con- dition tends to suggest that the lower courses at least had never been exposed but had been sunk into the debris of the earlier occupation, con- sisting of loose stones and black earth. It is probable that the buildings had extended farther southwards wher a grasse y covering shows thae grounth t s beeha dn disturben i d contradistinction to the virgin growth of peat and heather surrounding it. Trenching in this area, however, yielded no satisfactory trace of actual building, although loose building stones and small burnt stones were everywher t witheme . e areTh a occupie e actuath y db l buildings measures som fee0 y 5 eb t 40 feet. On the north-east it impinges on the low mound of Structure 174 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1939H13 .

e nortth t n hextendi o d an No s, 4 int. holloe oth w besid epare it.Th t1 next the mound is occupied by the passage which leads into Chamber No. I, but it is much broken down, and the main entrance at its outer end was not found. The passage may have taken a course round No. II Chamber before returning north-westwar , wherI . e No doo th f o ro t d it measures 19 feet long in this direction by 4 to 5 feet wide. The whole has been paved with rough flags (PI. L/XVIII , whic2) , hn accumu a res n o t - lation of black earth, 8 to 10 inches deep upon the natural clay. In this layer of earth at a point marked L on the plan, the only decorated frag- ments of pottery with small pit-ornamentation were found, and also some pieces of prepared clay. The pottery, however, being under the paving coul t actuallno d associatee yb d y indicatAvit e dwellingma th ht i e d an , n occupatioa n still earlier tha thay s beenan ha t n discussed wale Th l . on the north-eastern side of the passage was poor and consisted simply of a row of stones set on edge, which were backed by fine rich black earth and small burnt stones. The stones ranged from 1 foot 2 inches to 2 feet in height, from 1 foot to 2 feet 7 inches in breadth, and from 1^ to 4 inches in thickness. One of them, M, had obviously been reused in this position, having originally done duta saddle-quer s ya n (PI. LXVIII t stooI . d1) , linee onth , face side outermost ovae th ld holloan , depta wo t wor ht i n ni oinche3 f y rubbinf largb o s s e wa gdimensions , occupying almose th t e facwhold measurinth an ef o e feeg2 inche 4 foot1 inches7 y t b s e th , stone itself bein inche5 g r onlo s4 y thick. Whe e loosnth e earts hwa cleared away fro e undersidmth f stoness seeo wa f thinw eo t thai ro s, t they rested on what appeared to be the foundation of an earlier wall. The othe e passagr th sid f s badlo e ewa y damaged e shorth t t bu lengt, h which remained showe dserve d I ChamberthaI ha . t tdi wale No alsf th lo s oa . The north-western end of the passage was of built masonry, 4 feet thick and now 1 foot 4 inches high. At a distance of 1 foot 9 inches in front I Chambe . No e doorwao th t fkerbstonea r t i n yi fee2 , t N ,long , rises inche4 r o s3 above passage e th floo th e f edoorwa o rTh . y measures 2 feeinche0 1 t s wid frontn ei toward d an , e bacsth t kwideni checa y b sk on either side. No. I Chamber (PL LXIX, 1) was of roughly circular form on plan, takee b haviny s na ma d g an measured approximatel fee 5 diameteryn 1 i t . s outlinIt s definecurvilineaa e wesi th y b tn o d r foundatio f masonrno y only one or two courses in height, and on the north-east only by the edge e pavine e oruinefloorth fth Th f . go de chamber th wal f o l , whicy hla partly underneath the rough foundation of the long wall mentioned in e previouth s report, measure fee3 s inche3 t s s verthicit yo kt irregular oute rpaveo faceTw d. floors e abov on e other, th e , were discoveren i d

this chamber, the upper varying from direct contact with the lower to hollod 1 Structuran , w4 . showeNo Proc.n ni Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixxi . 116. p fig, 2 .. IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF ED AY, ORKNEY. 175

inchew mattea fe a s f e abovinterspaco rth , it e e being filled with black earth. The upper was on a level with the existing wall foundation, and s northerit n i n secto semicirculaa r r settin pavinf go g stones suggeste, O , d a specially constructed floor for a feature, the ultimate shape and purpose of which remains unknown. The lower, and of course earlier, floor was mainly 6 inches below the level of the existing wall-foundation which reste blacn do k earth containing small broken stones e differencTh . n i e these levels is well illustrated in PI. LXIX, 1. In this floor, but not centrally situate e chamberth n i d , thera hearth s i e , constructeP , f o d flat stones within a raised kerb (PL LXVII, 2). It has been oblong in shape, but its eastern end is broken and part of its kerb missing. Exact dimensions wer t ascertainableno e , thoug t i hseem o havt s e measured 6 feet 8 inches long by 2 feet 5 inches wide inside the kerb. At its two surviving corner roundea s d beach-stone, hammer-lik appearancen ei s ha , bee eithen o intn e floor o d sunoth e hearthrd an th sid,a ken f o t ea , distance of 1 foot 8 inches from these corners, there is a small socket-hole formed of stones set on edge. Each measures about 7 inches long and 5 inches deep and 2-| inches and 4^ inches wide respectively on north and south. These socket-holes had held the upright props to carry a horizontal bar for the suspension of cooking pots or for use as a roasting spit. A small angular stone found in each hole had no doubt been used to jam tight the prop which seems to have been made of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) ,l since a large piece of charred wood of this variety was found lying beside the northern socket-hole. Hearths incorporating e featureth s described abov e notear e connection i d n wit e intrusivhth e post-broch buildin e interioth n i gf Midhow o r t Gurness,a d ean 2 3 both in Orkney, while another with kerb and rounded stone at the corners but without mentio f socket-holeno s reportei s d (likewis laten ei r work) from e Brocth Mousf ho Shetland.n ai 4 A few small stones on edge, one or two projecting from under the foundation e presenth f o s t wall, have belonge o somt d e feature th f o e earlie f indefinitro constructionw no ee purposear t bu , . Ther a ver s i ey doubtful indication of a drain, Q, under the paving in the south side of the chamber. It starts near the hearth and runs southwards under the wall lowese th , t cours whicf eo her y olde n pare a hema b f o rt "wall. From Chambea doorwa I . No yr connects withn o Chambe I I . No r o door-checksn s e straighe southha th th t t I bu . t, s jambit face f o ss diverge fro mwidta foo 1 inchefeefrone 0 2 f 1 inche tth h9 o to t t t sa t sa the back. The outline of Chamber No. II may be considered as being

e Boya th muc m f a o l I 1hr Botani indebteOr . Mr Y .M c o Gardedt s examinatio hi r nfo f thino s

charcoal. 2 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ixviii. p. 456, fig. 7 (10); p. 465, and facing p. 514, pi. vii. 3 Seen during visit. Broch to be described shortly. * Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. Ivi. p. 180. 176 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1939H13 .

roughly oval with axes of 13 feet and 11 feet respectively. Parts of its walentirele ar l y lacking thosd an , e that remai e roug nar irregulad han r on the outside (PI. LXIX, 2). The wall varies in thickness from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 6 inches generally, but increases to as much as 4 feet 9 incheentrancee th t most a sa d t standi t ,an heigha o s t onlf o t fooy1 t 4 inches. In this chamber only one paved floor was observed; probably durine d beeus ha n ni gt i both period f occupationo s . Approximateln yi

centre th e ther heartha s ei , P1(- similaI chamber . t thano o No t rt n i t bu , in such good condition t seemI . havo st e measure feed6 t fee2 lon y tgb 2 inches within the kerb and the socket-holes, traceable at 2 feet 2 inches fro s westerincompletee mit ar d nen . Immediately south-wes t threi f o t e stones set on edge with packing stones at their bases follow part of the bria smal f mo l shallow pit , whicR , s beeh ha e floon th scoope f r o t dou filles e naturadowth wa d t o nt wit pi l d bot e hclayan t hpeai Th h . as t and the stones, which stand 12 inches above the floor level, have evidently been intruded int oslaa b construction "wit hpavea d bottom lattee Th r. featur d beeha en boxe t fro e wall-fac ou dlargo mth tw e y thib e n slabs on edge set parallel to one another at a distance of 6 feet 3 inches apart. Each slab measure fee3 s inche3 t s long e westmosth , t bein inche2 g1 s hig1d ^h an inc he eastmost thickth d an ,foo 1 inche3 t s hig 1y ^hb inch thick. Originally this featur havy ema e bee nbox-beda . Chamber No. Ill is situated to the south-west of No. II, but has not communicated with it. The entrance is indicated on the south-east only

by a stone kerb, N1( 2 inches high above a sill-stone which is all that remains of the doorway. Access to this chamber may have been gained e passageofth fe latte th d extende f ha i r, d thir southwardsfa s . Onlya short arc of the wall, 8 feet in length, and only a course or two in its height of 1 foot 2 inches remain on the south-east, while its thickness (again to a rough outside) is about 1 foot 9 inches. The inside face of this wall is 10 feet distan tactuae froth wale t m th Chambef lbu o l dimension , II . No r s e chambeth of r itself canno e ascertainedb t flooo Tw r . levels wita h 6-inch interval between them were again represente e pavingy db th f O . uppe d latean r r floor onl e door-sillyth , already mentioned d anothean , r slab projecting from under the foundation of the wall, were in position, e lowerth f o ,paving-slab w onld fe an ya e centre chamberth th n f si e o . Chambers seemingly of a similar character have been recorded from Howmae.1 Three stones on bed, one on edge and a slight indication of a socket-

a poin t holea l t al ,marke d P2, bea fainra t resemblanc parheartho ea t f o t . But a hearth at this position a-nd at this level must necessarily belong to a later constructio f whico n h otheo thern s e i extremer th trace n O e. south-east, at a distance of 11 feet from Chambers Nos. II and III, there 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xix. p. 24, fig. 7; ibid., vol. xxiv. facing p. 450, pi. xvi.

IRODWELLINGSE NAG , CALF OF EDAY, ORKNEY7 17 .

is a single line of paving-stones 14 feet long which terminates at its northern coursa n i thref ed o en e risind stonean incheg6 d s be lai n sd o highe r than e paving th face f theso Th e . e curve lina n esi westward a ston o n st o e

edge, N2, which has all the appearance of the kerb of a door. Probably it is that of the main front door which has led to the passage, and the lin pavinf eo g leadin t remindi similaf o go t e son r paving outsid walle eth s of present-day croft Edayn i s . Beyon e nortd th thi n ho s ther more ear e scattered paving-stones t these bu alsd , an a oroughl, y paved area with what looks like a short wall-foundation on the west of Chamber No. I, unintelligiblew no e ar . The investigatio t throno wd di nfurthe r ligh n Structuro , t 4 . No e which from its shape and position seems to be a later date than the others a differen f o d tan mouncharacterw lo whicn e di Th t .s hi beelie ha s n formed chiefly by its own debris. Where it impinges on the passage and Chamber No. I, however, the mound seemed to consist entirely of small burnt stones and rich black earth in its depth of two feet. This material was found inside the chambers and spread outside them, turning up practi- cally everywher grasse th n ei y area where diggin undertakens gwa . Beyond the fact that it proves the use of heated stones for cooking purposes, it is impossibl o identift e t e i occupationawityparticulay th han f o e on r l period sitee th .n so Burnt stone blacd san k eartfeatura e har e associated with a structure in the island of Sanday,1 and I have observed quantities of a similar nature in the brochs of Jarlshof and Skelberry in Dunrossness, Shetland, but more usually this material is accumulated in isolated mounds. Pottery and rude stone implements were scarcer in the dwellings than e "workshop.th n i thinnea f formee o s Th "rhardea wa rvariet f o d r yan texturee latteth t r bu wer, f equallo e y rude manufacture n somi d e an , case f muco s e samhth e pattern. Small flint scrapers, cores flakesd an , , not referable to any particular occupation, were recovered from the infillin l chambersal n gi somd an , e even outsid e dwellingseth . Similarly, core flaked san r scraper o s f quartzso t Wiltrowa s a , varioud an , s pebbles were found, and not a few "hailstones" both whole and broken. The nature of the soil was not conducive to the conservation of bone relics, only one such—a pin—being picked up. Lumps of rounded and smoothed pumice-stones of various sizes, however, bore evidence, presumably, of the manufacture of bone implements. In addition to the pottery, noted furthefinde th , s includedon r : A beach-stone, shaped like a pointed oval and flattened on one side, broked witen e hn paron off f t measurei o t; d 6^ inches lon 3Jy gb r inches wid 1d ^e an inc probabls h thickwa d an ,yquern-rubber a . Halsimilaa f o f r object of sandstone, 6 inches by 4-J inches and 1§ inch thick A beach- stone, abrade t botda sidee h on end, whicd sbeean d hha n usehammea s da r 1 Proc. Ork. Ant. Soc., vol. viii55-6. pp . . 2 1 VOL. Lxxni. 8 17 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1939H13 .

d measurean s 6^ inche 2-gy b s- inche aboud an s inc1 t h thick. Another, slightly curved naturally and narrowing in its length towards one end which is abraded, 7 inches long and 2-^ inches by 1^ inch at the thick en1d ^d an inc f-y othere hincb th beach-ston A t ha . e hamme pounderr ro , roughly cylindrica shapn i l e wit hflattisa h sidabraded ean t botda h ends, 6 inches long and 3j inches by 2^ inches on the axes. Another, probably of chert, irregularly shape abraded ende dan on ,t measurinda g 3^ inches long and 3j inches by 2^ inches thick. A rough implement of somewhat trapezoidal shape wit hshara p edg l rouneal d mad chippiny eb botn go h sides, 6^ inches lon y 4-b gJ e respectivinche3 incheth d t a an s e ends 1d ^ an inch thick. Anothe f sandstoneo r , chippe abovs oblonn da a o et g shape with rounded corners 7 inche6 inche, d y 1-b sJan s inch thick. Another as above but with rough flat sides chipped to blunt edges, 9 inches by 4^ inches and 1^ inch thick. Another similar but measuring 1\ inches 3-|y b - inche 1d ^s an inc h thick. The especiallar e o lastw t y like typ th ef implemen o e t e founth n i d "Potter's Workshop," as illustrated in PL LXX, No. 1. A knife or cleaver of sandstone which was found in an isolated position, probably came from the dwellings. It measured 9^ inches along a flat bac 4d ^k an inche s acros e widesth s e bladet th par f o t, whic s curvehi d from a point at one end to a handle, 3 inches wide at the other. One e otheth e stond rs flath sid an roundef twa e o e d chippean da o t d cutting edge. Thirteen flint scrarpers, twelve cores and many small pebbles and flakes of flint. Five large and fourteen small pieces of broken "hailstones." One piece of quartz, roughly If inch by If inch and up to f inch in thickness, wit face heon smooth polishera apparentl s a e us . y yb One large core of quartz measuring roughly 4 inches by 3j inches by inches3 . Sixteen small core chipd san variouf so s kind f stonesso . Nine rounded pieces of pumice-stone. One bone pin, 2^ inches long and f inch thick. Almost in continuation of the grassy area in which the buildings are situated there is a smaller patch which extends for about 20 yards from e south-easterth ne lon th sid gf o ecair n nearby, wit a hwidt f somo h e 10 yards. Removal of the turf in the middle of it revealed stones of a size d appearancan e indicating tha a buildint f somo g e d sorformerlha t y existedo actuan t lbu , wallin s observedwa g beacA . h hammer-stone, abrade roughls e debrist botda wa th f t hI yo .ends t pickes ou wa ,p du oval in section and measured 4^ inches long by 2-J inches in greatest thickness. vera therp s u yg ewa Clinginfin du e undersid ed th smal so o gt a lf eo IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF EDAY, ORKNEY. 179

flint arrow-hea r boreo d r measuring |- inch lond -j-Js an git inc t a h wid s esemicirculae bacwa endTh kt i . hale f o th n fshapei r d an , front half was thinned down to a fine point by two concave sides. The edges of the concavities were worked on alternate faces like an engineer's countersinking drill. Appended below is the list of rude stone implements complementary thoso t e previously "Potter'e founth n di s Workshop." A stone bowl or mortar, already mentioned, the cavity formed by pecking measurind an , 6o t ^ g6 inche diameten si inche4 d depthn ran si . Par anotherf o t morr o , e probabl ysaddle-querna , with shallow concave surface covered with small pit markings, the concavity judged to have measured 1 foot in diameter and over 2 inches in depth. A boat-shaped saddle-quern, pecke uppen o dd unde an r r surfaces, 10| inches lony b g 5j inches wid concavn eo inchee2 facd esan thick. Another, wit hsmala l piece e endbrokeon ,f uppeof n r surface smooth, under surface pitted, Sir inches by 4f inches by 2f inches (PI. LXXI, 2). Another, with one side and one end broken, upper surface pitted and under surface rough, 9 inches by 4 inches by 2^ inches. The larger part of another, upper surface pitted and under surface roughly smoothed, 6|- inches by 4 inches by 2i\ inches (cf. footnote, p. 171). The above are all made of sandstone. A beach-stone, flattened on one side and somewhat hog-backed on the other; it measures 5^| inches by 3 inches by 2 inches thick, and has pro- bably been usequera s da n rubber roundeA . d beach-ston fooe1 inche7 t s by 7 inches on the axes and 2^ inches thick, pierced at one end with a biconical perforation measuring 2^ inches in outer diameters, but con- tracting towards the middle, and probably used at the end of a tether. Three fragments of beach-stones with evidence of similar perforations. A large beach-stone pounder broke d othere an th d t n,a , en abrade e on t da ova n cross-sectioi l d narrowinan n g toward e endsth s inche8 , s lony gb e axesinche4 th o t n . o s3 Another, roughene l ovepitted dal an ry db hammerin n endd o sideg an s , oval-shape n elevatioi d d sectionan n , 6^ inches lon y 2^o 3t b g^- e axesinche th thirdA n . o s , finely abradet da both ends, oval in cross-section, also 6^ inches long by 2^ to 3^ inches on the axes. A fourth, abraded at narrower end only, irregularly cylindrical, 6 inches long and 2^ inches in greatest diameter. A rough spherical hammer-stone abraded all over, 2-| inches in average diameter. A fine implement of oval section, pointed at both ends mainly by pecking, and one end later smoothed by use, 10^ inches long and 2-| inches by 2 inches axee o nth t greatest a s . Another simila f flattero toot rbu l sectiod nan pointe e endd on onl, t formeya d mainl chippiny yb t e peckebu gon n do sid rubbed f pointee otheo an th d n dro d en side, smoote us y alshb o lOf inches long and 2^ inches by 1-J inch thick. Found with the one above on corner of shelf in No. 9 Compartment (PI. LXX, No. 2). An elongated 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 13, 1939.

club-like implement, flattened by fracture on one side, narrowing at one d abradeen e otheran d th t a d, 9-j inches lon y 2-gb | inche n diametei s r Id f an inc d diameten hi en e other e oval-shapen th on A t a .rt a d imple- ment made by chipping a flat beach-stone almost all round on both sides but one end left untouched, 11 inches by 6^ inches on the axis and 1-| inch pear-shapeA thic . L LXX7) (P k . ,No d pot-lid, mad y chippingb e , 12 inche inche9 inches2 y sb y circulasb A . r pot-lid, 3^ inche diameten si r and -| inch thick. An oval pot-lid, 5^ inches by 4^ inches on the axis and 1 inch thick. A flat chipped stone like an oval pot-lid, 6^ inches by 4 inches and f inch thick. A flat stone, double-notched on each side, 10 inches long, 4 inches wide at a straight end, 5 inches wide at a curved end d -f, an inch thick (PI. . LXX6) Another . ,No , single- notched on each side, 8 inches by 3^ inches and 1 inch thick. A flattish cleaver, mad chippingy eb , with notched shoulder under handle, whics hi broken off inche7 , s inche4 lon y b gs inc1 wid y hb e thicke halTh f . of a bulbous head, probably of a club, made by pecking, broken at the neck inche5 , s lond bulgan b 3^ inche diameten i s. 3) LXXI. L (P rNo , 1 , pick-lika pointee f o Th d eden implemen f roughlo t y oval section, made by chipping, 8-| inches long by 4 inches and 2^ inches on the axes (PL . A4) . LXXIlargNo , e 1 ,fla t implement mad y chippinb e g wite on h rounded end left smooth and untouched, the other end wider and obtusely pointed, 13 inches long, 4§ inches at one end and 3^ inches at the other and l^r inch thick (PL LXX, No. 5). Another of the same type but smaller, 9|^ inches lon 5y ^gb inche t widesa s d 3^an t inche t roundea s d d en1^an d inch thick somewhaA . t similar implement, also mady b e chippingd roundeen e d flatte d an on duntouched, en r , 10-j inches long y 4b ^ inche d 1^an s inch thic LXXL . Another(P 4) k . ,No , more rectangular in shape and flat oval section, made by chipping, 1\ inches long by 3^ inches and 1^ inch thick. A fine flat leaf-shaped tool made y chippinb Compartmen n i e stonfound x th gan inchen ebo 9 i d , 5 . s No t long, 3 inches at widest and \\ inch at thickest (PL LXX, No. 3). A flat implement, made by chipping, wider at one end than the other, 8-| inches long3-o t | 3 ,inche s widd If- an e inch thick. Another, some- what leaf-shaped, pointed at one end and square at the other, 9^ inches long by 4-J inches at widest and \\ inch thick. An implement made by chipping, flat at one end and square at the other, 8^ inches long by 4 inches wid t d workin1ea ^ an incd hen g thick e thipard f Th nen o t . another, 7^ inches lon 3|y g^b inches acros 2-d e brokej an th inches d en n s at narrower and rounded end and 1^ inch thick. A stone knife, flat d mad an y chippingb e e bacth , k e edgstraighth ed curvedan t , lika e segment 'of a circle, 7 inches long by 3^ inches at widest and f inch at thickest. A knife-like implement made of a split beach-stone with straight bacd roundean k d cutting end, chipped round edg f smooto e h IRON AGE DWELLINGS, CALF OF ED AY, ORKNEY. 181

water-worn side, 8^ inches by 4j inches at widest and 1 inch thick. A flat implement made from a beach-stone, chipped on each side and on e edge th halr lengthe sfo th f inche8 , s lon 5y g^b inches wid 1d ^e an inc h thick pointeA . d implement increasd , an rounde d -en thinne d e dan on t da ing to a rectangular section at the other which is broken, 9^ inches long by 2f inches wide and 2^ inches thick at the broken end. A very rough flat implement, mad chippiny b e l overgal , flat pointeende e on th , t da point suggestin gborea makinr fo r r enlargingo g holes, 8^ inches lony gb 4 inche d !•§•an sinc h thick heavieA . r rough implement mad chipy b e - ping all over and measuring 9 inches long by 4-|- inches wide at one end, Io t f 2fp inc u e incheothe hd th thickt an ra s spatulat A . e implement mad chippingy eb squareld , blunan d ten y pointe e brokeon t da n across e otherth , 1\ inches lon 5y ^gb inche sinc1 wid hd thickean . Another, similarly broken, made fro ma fla t beach-stone chipped more roune th d edges only, 5|- inches long by 4 inches "wide and 1-J inch thick. Two broken piece f club-liko s e implements e mad on e y ,chippin b eon d an g finished by pecking. A beach-stone, worked by chipping at one square enhavy d ma eonl t beeybu n smoothe othee th t rda end, whic pointeds hi , is axe-shaped measured an , s 5f inches lon 2y g^b inche sinc1 wid d h ean thick. Seventy or eighty stone chips (Skaill knives), bringing the total abouo t e hundreon t fifty d stonA dan . e wit hsmala l pecked-out hollow e sidoon ne mada rounde f o e d beach-stone inche5 , n diameter,i s y b 3 inches thick. A core of quartz chipped almost all over, 4 inches by inche3 inche3 y b s s roughlyflakew fe f flint o sA .. Fifteen piecef o s pumice-ston f variouo e s sizes, with signs that thed beeyha n smoothed and rounded by rubbing. A small perforated bead of blue-coloured patinated glass was found just under the surface turf. The sides were flattened. Twenty feet east-south-east of the "workshop" a large isolated saddle- quern lay on the surface of the ground. It measured 2 feet by 2 feet inche0 1 d se ova an thickth ld holloan , w surface measure food1 inche9 t s foo1 inche2 y t b 2^d san inche s deep. Beside it there was a rounded beach-stone, 4 inches in diameter and 1^ inch thick whic brokes s flattehwa it halfn n ni O r .sid ecavita d yha been pecked out measuring 2^- inches in diameter and •§• inch deep. From the same spot came a nicely rounded sea-worn sandstone hammer, abrade t botda h endpitted san d slightl sidee th .n yo Cylindrica shapen li , it measured 5 inches long by 3^ inches in diameter.

I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Major Harry H. Hebden, M.C., of Carrick House, for his continued interest in the excavations, to Miss Margery I. Platt, M.Sc., for her Report on the Animal Bones, to Mr R. B. K. Stevenson for his assistance in examining and reporting on the 182 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1939H13 .

pottery, and finally to the -workmen for their keenness and pains- taking care.

REPORE POTTERYTH N O ROBERTY B . T . BSTEVENSONK . , M.A., F.S.A.ScoT. "Potter's Workshop." Sherds previously found in the "Potter's Workshop" were described r CallandeD y b P.S.A.S.,n i r vol. Ixxirecentle . th 147 p .f O .y discovered sherds (fig. 4), mostly buff or red except where blackened, which show additional features, that illustrate bees ha n, figs lefd10 a , t. 4 e rougth n ho insid thao es largta e numbe smalf ro l stones protrude (cf. PI, . 1) LXXI . No , ,1 thes a e outsidalso yparth d n o o f o t e wher e smoothineth g skin, possibly trua e slips flakeha , d off texturn I . e this sherd woul undistinguishe db - able amon e sherdgth s from Rinyo s woula ; e rathedth r fined quitan r e well smoothed fig. 4, 8, which shows how the strips of which it is made each mortice into the centre of the strip above, a feature that may also go to prove the long continuity of simple ceramic traditions in Orkney. ) sho e 13 commo wth , 12 , n(9 Fig simpl4 . oncm ri e e more; 14—1e ar 6 examples of pots slightly thinner than the majority, but of similar quality. Some of the rims are flattened, a feature noticeable in some of the thicker rims previously published d furthean , r exemplifie , whic y fig11 b d , .4 h had been burnished. Fig. 4, 17, which is also flattened, is of quite a different texture fro e rest e mbodth th , y being rather smoot d frehan e of stonesd s morsofi an t I e . noticeably micaceous tha e othersth n . Fig. 4, 1-7, show bases with various profiles. Fig. 4, 4, which shows the lower building stages juss i , s e grittothea tth s rya bases t hardebu , d an r well smoothed mose Th t . important sherds are, however, those illustrated . The21 d yan belon 0 figy 2 b , .ligho 4 gt t brow r greno y carinated bowls, o rdiamete m possiblri e bowe th f botinches9 o ryon s s a lhi . The- yre semble closel e shapeth y s introduced into Jarlsho e seconth t a fd period of Dwelling III, and continuing in its third period. At Jarlshof this marks the beginning of the Iron Age. These Eday sherds are quite different in texture from the others just described, but are not unlike some of the Jarlshof sherds with very little steatite temper e carinatioTh . f o n fig. 4, 21, has been squeezed out to make it more prominent. The smooth- ing of the surface is so good as to be almost burnishing. Fig. 4 (18, 19) show rims of steatite vessels.

Dwellings beside "Potter's Workshop." Belo pavemene wth passage poine th f th o tt teplaa e marketh nn o dL (fig. 1) were found pieces of a pot closely resembling fig. 4,10 (PI. LXXI, 1, No . Som1) .outes it f eo r surfac flaked eha same d th of en fi mannere th d ,an IRODWELLINGS,E NAG CAL F EO DF AY, ORKNEY3 18 .

C.S.T.C. I 8 9 Fig . CalfofEday4 . : Section Potterf so y Vessels fro "Potter'e mth s Workshop." 184 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1939H13 .

grits protrude insidee th n do . exterioe Parth f o t plains i r t pars bu , ha t been decorated in a most unusual manner, by close-set dimples made with a rounded point. There seem to be no very relevant parallels, although pitting is prominent at All Canning's Cross. Fro e dwellingmth whico t s e pavemenhth t belonged thud an ,s later tha e dimplenth d presumablo sherdss d an , y later tha e sherdnth s from e "Potter'th s Workshop," toopottere th , s completelyi y different (fig. 5) . It is more like that described by Dr Callander from Chamber B of the 1" 10

ii; i•/ -.- _ — __ ___ --__ _ _ _f— ——i — _ _ ji 5

v..,\ / / Vi:*\ /__'

', C.S.T.C.

Fig . Cal5 .Bdayf o f : Section Potterf so y Vessels fro Latee mth r Dwellings beside the "Potter's Workshop." (J.) adjacent stalle dt lacki cairne t surfacth s Bu . e t finish no e rim e th ,ar s everted e base(6—10)th d s an (1—3, ) hav4 , emarkea d external concavity, a nearl s whilha y 5 evertica l musal e considere t lb i t sideo S . d quite distinct thie nTh .wall hare e touchd sandar s th an contaid o yt an , n virtually no grit except for some particles of quartz. The colour is dark reddish brow o blact n k outside d blacan , k inside e mosTh t. complete bass verticaha e l streaks cause y somb d e smoothing implement inside and out. Fig. 5 (1, 4 and 8) show traces of building-joints. Fig. 5, 11, is a rim of steatite. E GALLERIE TH T KILDONAA N DDU N BAY, KINTYRE5 18 .

REPORT ON THE ANIMAL BONES. By Miss MARGERY I. PLATT, M.Sc., Royal Scottish Museum. Structure No. 3, "Potter's Workshop." e remainTh s here comprised a parcanno f o taxid nan s vertebra f o a sheep. In addition was the proximal articulation of the tibia of a red deer (Cervus elaphus Scoticus, Lonnberg).

Buildings beside "Potter's Workshop." Ox relics were most numerous here, and included part of the upper jaw with teeth, a fragmentary rib and scapula, cannon and phalanx bones, a fragmentary pelvis, tibia and distal articulation of a humerus. Both young and mature animals were represented. There were also a few molar adulteetn a f ho t sheep doga pig'a ,f o . sb ri canine e pard th f an ,o t The only avine remains were a femur and two coracoids of cormorant (Phalacrocorax . carboc (L.) f widelo ) y differing sizes.