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Rapport Au Premier Ministre Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives MIVILUDES sectaires Rapport au Premier ministre 2007 Sommaire Le mot du Président ............................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................ 7 1ère Partie Prévention et évaluation du risque .............................................11 Les dérives sectaires : analyse du dispositif juridique ......................... 1 L’emprise mentale à l’examen des décisions de justice ..................... 25 Les dérives psychothérapeutiques : le cas des faux souvenirs induits 9 2 e Partie Enfance et éducation ............................................................................51 Les suites de la commission d’enquête parlementaire « L’enfance volée » .................................................................................................... 5 e Partie La détection du risque dans le domaine économique ...69 Les risques inhérents aux réseaux de vente multi-niveaux ................ 71 Les risques liés à certaines techniques de coaching en entreprise .... 8 4e Partie Études diverses .........................................................................................95 Stupéfiants et dérives sectaires ............................................................. 97 Le satanisme : un risque de dérive toujours d’actualité ................... 107 Stratégie d’influence de la mouvance sectaire à l’international : l’exemple de l’OSCE .......................................................................... 111 Le risque sectaire : dispositif juridique et administratif en Europe centrale ................................................................................................ 11 Regard d’une psychologue sur les dérives de la pratique des faux souvenirs induits ................................................................................. 159 5e Partie Activités administratives 2007 ......................................................171 La Miviludes ...................................................................................... 17 Rapport au Premier ministre 2007 ▼ Les ministères ...................................................................................... 179 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 215 Annexes Témoignages ....................................................................................... 219 Activités parlementaires : questions écrites ....................................... 22 Adresses et liens utiles ........................................................................ 2 4 MIVILUDES ▼ Le mot du Président Il y a bien longtemps, au moins un quart de siècle, l’État ne se pré- occupait pas de ces mouvements que l’on appelait, sans chercher plus loin, des sectes. Les uns en souriaient, mais les autres voulaient réveiller l’opinion publique. Un Premier ministre confiait la rédaction d’un rapport sur le sujet à un parlementaire en mission. Roger Ikor interpellait le Président de la République, les familles s’organisaient en associations de défense des victimes, le Parlement créait une Commission d’enquête, le Gouvernement mettait sur pied un Observatoire, un nouveau Premier ministre instituait une Mission de lutte contre les sectes, un autre la transformait en Mission Interministérielle de Vigilance et de Lutte contre les Dérives Sectaires, les médias presque unanimes dénonçaient le fléau des méthodes d’emprise de ces groupes. Bref, la prise de conscience du phénomène était bien réelle, et le sentiment que l’on ne pouvait se décharger de ce problème sur la sphère privée, largement partagé. Au-delà des nuances liées aux sensibilités politiques des uns et des autres, au-delà des subtilités de vocabulaire, c’est en fait toute une politique de prévention, d’information, d’aide aux victimes et à leurs familles, et de lutte contre toutes les formes de dérives sectaires qui a pris forme petit à petit à la lumière des expériences acquises, dans le plus large consensus politique qu’un sujet de société ait jamais pu réunir dans notre pays. La mouvance sectaire, qu’elle se manifeste dans le domaine spirituel, philosophique, ésotérique, occultiste… en perte de vitesse très sensible depuis le début du nouveau siècle, ou qu’on la retrouve dans ses expressions plus modernes et mieux adaptées à l’attente de nos concitoyens que sont les thèmes de la santé, de la formation, du développement personnel, du coaching ou de l’accompagnement sur mesure etc… ne pouvait laisser faire sans réagir et force est de reconnaître qu’elle a su s’organiser rapidement pour riposter, au double plan national et international. Son discours est désormais bien au point : Toute action de l’État en ce domaine est attentatoire à l’exercice des libertés publiques et en particulier à la liberté de croyance, sans que la notion de croyance puisse le plus souvent être réellement mise en évidence. Toute mise en garde des pouvoirs publics est discriminatoire, toute accusation diffamatoire. Il n’y a pas de victimes, seulement des apostats dont les témoigna- ges sont plus que sujet à caution. Il n’y a pas de faits établis, il n’y a que des rumeurs. Rapport au Premier ministre 2007 ▼ 5 Il y a bien ça et là quelques décisions de justice, mais elles sont forcé- ment iniques et cette jurisprudence ne pèse pas très lourd face aux décisions des juridictions européennes ou nationales dont les arrêts et jugements sont alors interprétés et croisés par les mouvements en question avec un don pour l’instrumentalisation qui mérite l’admiration. En résumé, il n’y a pas de victimes et pas de trouble à l’ordre public ; il y a des affaires plus urgentes et plus sérieuses qui devraient mobiliser l’éner- gie de l’État, seule une poignée de personnes, toujours les mêmes d’ailleurs, gaspillent les deniers publics dans une vaine chasse aux sorcières qui date d’un autre temps. Eh bien, pendant trois ans, j’ai rencontré quotidiennement ces victimes que l’on voudrait invisibles, j’ai écouté leurs familles, j’ai mesuré les dégâts, les dommages irréparables commis par tout ce que la mouvance sectaire compte de gourous et d’apprentis sorciers. J’ai constaté l’attente de tous ceux qui avaient souffert et souffraient encore du fait d’agissements faisant fi de tout respect de la dignité humaine. J’ai relevé le cynisme et l’arrogance de certains responsables de mouve- ments sectaires. Je suis encore stupéfait par l’aplomb et la mauvaise foi de leurs leaders et de leurs défenseurs. C’est pourquoi je veux rendre hommage à l’action de tous ceux qui se dévouent sans compter pour que nos concitoyens ne succombent pas à l’atti- rance exercée par ces mouvements et pour que ceux qui ont gravement nui à d’autres hommes, à d’autres femmes, à des enfants, pour que ceux qui abusent de la faiblesse, de la crédulité ou de la détresse de leurs semblables soient obli- gés de rendre des comptes à la justice. A tous, élus de la Nation, responsables d’associations, professionnels de la santé, de l’éducation, de la justice, personnes qualifiées, fonctionnaires de l’administration centrale, déconcentrée ou territoriale, je dis un merci sincère pour leur action désintéressée et profondément humaine. Les comportements totalisants des mouvements sectaires les conduisent à piétiner la devise de la République : quel sens ont encore les mots « Liberté Égalité Fraternité » dans un monde où la dignité humaine n’a plus cours ? Puissions-nous ne jamais nous tromper de victimes et continuer à répondre à ceux qui appellent légitimement l’État au secours. 6 MIVILUDES ▼ Introduction Le décret qui a institué la Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires fait obligation à son Président de présenter chaque année un rapport au Premier ministre. Ce document est le cinquième, puisque la création de la Mission remonte à décembre 2002. Les deux premiers documents, par ordre chronologique, avaient suc- cessivement mis l’accent sur le risque sectaire puis sur les dérives sectaires, s’ef- forçant de bien cadrer le champ de ses activités et de préciser, à l’usage du Parlement qui suit attentivement son action et des citoyens attendant de l’État d’être protégés contre un danger ressenti comme particulièrement intoléra- ble, la nature des risques, et la façon d’en appréhender la réalité dans le strict respect de l’état de droit. Dans son troisième rapport, la Mission mettait l’accent, exemples à l’ap- pui, sur quatre domaines qui justifiaient, compte tenu de la qualité des victimes potentielles, une vigilance aiguë et une complète information des responsables politiques et administratifs : les atteintes visant les mineurs, les dérives sectaires dans le domaine de la santé au sens large, le risque de pénétration de l’appa- reil économique et l’infiltration du secteur porteur qu’est, en termes d’image, l’aide humanitaire. L’an passé, le choix a été fait d’aborder des sujets nouveaux, reflétant au plus près l’évolution du paysage sectaire ainsi que la capacité d’adaptation, au quotidien, des organisations en question et de leurs dirigeants. Il ne s’agis- sait pas, pour la MIVILUDES, de stigmatiser qui que ce soit a priori, mais bien de jouer pleinement son rôle de vigie en procédant, en amont, à une analyse du risque, à une recherche objective de l’évolution des dangers. En effet, cha- que fois que l’État se prémunit contre un type de risque, la mouvance sectaire a tôt fait de s’adapter en contournant les textes,
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