APPENDIX A G Groundwater R Reservoir r Station 6 o e Station 5 Station 1 s u e n r d v w o i a r t e Diagram of Room Set-Up for Learning Stations r W Water Treatment a t e Station 10 r

T r e a t m e U Urban Runoff n r t b Station 3 Station 2 E Erosion Station 1 C Cloud a r o n l o s

u R i o d u n n o f f Station 11 O Ocean c e a n A Agricultural A Agricultural R Residential g Station 9 I Irrigation I Industrial e Station 4 Station 7 Station 8 g r n R Runoff r s r r d i u i i i c g d c u n u u a e s o l l n t t t t u i r f u o t f i i r a r a n a a l l l l

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Stay inthecloud andreturntothebackofline. Proceed tothe Agriculture RunoffLearning Station (#4) f. Proceed totheUrbanRunoff Learning Station(#3) e. Proceed totheErosionRunoff Learning Station(#2) d. Proceed totheGroundwater Learning Station(#5) c. Proceed totheReservoirLearning Station(#6) b. a. 1. Roleadieandfollowthepathaccordingto thenumberyouroll: Directions path ittakeswilldeterminehowisusedand thepotentialpollutantsitwillpickupalongway. Rain fallstotheEarthandlandsonavariety ofobjects:ground,trees,buildings,roads,lakesandstreams.The You arearaindropfallingfromcloud.Willyoubeusedby nature,orwillyoubeusedbyhumanactivities? Roll 6 Roll 3 Roll 5 Roll 1 Roll 4 Roll 2 : You arenotheavyenough tofalloutofacloud yet. : You fallontothegroundandrunover ahillside : You falloverfarmland. : You fallintoamanmadereservoir. : You falloveracity. : You fallontothegroundandseepintoEarth. Learning Station1 Rain -SurfaceRunoff

Cloud APPENDIX B APPENDIX APPENDIX C erosion in an ecosystems can cause a decrease a. 2. Roll the die. 1. Add one tablespoon of soil to your water. Directions mudslides and other natural disasters. Your raindrop collects sediment, rock and soil as it runs down a hillside, in process called Proceed to the Ocean (#11). Proceed to the Reservoir (#6). b. Roll even Roll odd : Your raindrop runs into the ocean. : Your raindrop runs into a reservoir. Learning Station 2 surface water quality Erosion and biodiversity Eryanne Edgerley . It can also lead to erosion . Rapid

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a. 1. Rollthedie. Directions disposed of, sediments,pathogens,fertilizers/nutrients,hydrocarbons,garbage,andmetals. lawn fertilizers,pesticides,automobilefluids, roaddeicingchemicals,householdchemicalsthatareimproperly ground, suchasasphaltandconcrete.Common surfacerunoffpollutantsthatcanoccurinurbanareasinclude Your raindroplandsinanurbanareawithmanysurfaces thatdonotallowwatertoeffectivelysoakintothe Proceed totheOcean(#11). b. Add 1tablespoonofvegetableoiltoyourwaterrepresentautomobileoil. surrounding soil. Proceed totheWater Treatment Center(#10). Addafewdropsofblue food dye. andentersthestormdrain andentersthesewersystem. Proceed totheWater Treatment Center(#10). c. Add1tablespoonofvegetable oiltoyourwaterrepresentautomobileoil. andentersthesewersystem. Roll 5or 6 Roll 1or2 Roll 3or4 : Runofffromyourlawn reachesthestreetcarryingfertilizersandpesticides : Your raindropispollutedwithautomobileoilonaroadand drainsoffintothe : Your raindropispollutedwithautomobileoilandrunsinto a stormdrain Learning Station3

Urban Runoff APPENDIX D APPENDIX APPENDIX E a. 1. Roll the die. Directions Your raindrop lands on active farmland. Agriculture can have adverse impacts water quality. b. chemicals can enter the environment and lead to environmental health-related concerns. Pesticides and herbicides are commonly used on crops in order to ensure adequate production; however, these Proceed to the Reservoir (#6). Proceed to the Ocean (#11). b. a. oxygen, and is detrimental to aquatic life. Add a small handful of soil your raindrop. 2. Roll the die again. erodes into the surrounding surface water causing sediment pollution. Sedimentation clouds water, reduces that must be managed properly in order to prevent or reduce adverse effects on the quality of water supplies. d. Animal agriculture produces large amounts of waste, including manure, bedding, spilled feed, and carcass disposal a hypoxic zone devoid of aquatic life. c. plants and algae decompose they reduce oxygen levels in the water. If oxygen levels decrease too low, they can create Excess nitrogen and phosphorous from fertilizers can cause a rapid increase in plant algal growth. When the dye. Roll 5 Roll 1 or 2 Roll even Roll 3 or 4 Roll odd Roll 6 : Your raindrop is polluted with animal waste. Add a small handful of grass or other plant/straw matter. : Your raindrop falls onto organic farmland not using chemicals and is polluted. Due to runoff, excess soil : Your raindrop runs down a stream into reservoir. : Your raindrop runs down a stream into the environment. : Your raindrop is polluted with a residue pesticide and/or herbicide. Add three drops of red food dye. : Your raindrop is polluted with excess nitrogen causing an algal bloom. Add three drops of green food Learning Station 4 Agricultural Runoff

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freshwaterecosystems. b. intrusioncancontaminate groundwaterbymixingsaltwaterwithfreshwaterandcanadversely affect a. 1. Rollthedie. Directions lakes andentersthroughrechargeareassuch asaquifersorpermeablesoilsandrocks. for irrigationandindustrialpurposes.Itconnects bodiesofwaterthroughdischargepointssuchasspringsand beneath theearth’s surface.Groundwatercontainsthebulkofworld’sfreshwater supplyandiscommonlyused Groundwater comesmainlyfromrainorsnow thatpercolatesintothegroundbygravity, saturatingsoilandrock cleaningupcontaminated groundwaterisadifficultandexpensiveprocess. c. undergroundsewagepipes andlandfills.Becauseofitsdeeplocationbeneaththe Earth’s surface, onetablespoonofsoysaucetoyourraindrop.Humancausesgroundwater contaminationinclude 2. Selectonecard. Roll 5or 6 Roll 1or Roll 3or4 2: Your raindropispollutedwithsalt.Addoneteaspoonofsalt toyourraindrop.Saltwater : Your raindropremainscleanunderground. : Your raindropispollutedwithhumancontainmentsfromleaking sewagepipes.Add Learning Station5 Groundwater

APPENDIX F APPENDIX Station (#8) Proceed to the Industrial Learning from the ground for industrial purposes. of the ground. Your raindrop is drawn up that allow groundwater to be pumped out An aquifer is a formation of soil and rocks Card #3 Station (#7) Proceed to the Residential Learning drinking well. from the ground a city’s of the ground. Your raindrop is drawn up that allow groundwater to be pumped out An aquifer is a formation of soil and rocks Card #1 Note : Duplicate cards as needed. You may want to print extra copies of each card to offer a larger stack. Learning Station 5 Cards

Proceed to the Ocean (#11) the Ocean. formed through a spring and has reached pressure underground, your raindrop was out of the ground. Through difference in that allow groundwater to be pumped An aquifer is a formation of soil and rocks Card #4 Learning Station (#9) Proceed to the Agriculture Irrigation crop. from the ground to irrigate a local farmer’s of the ground. Your raindrop is drawn up that allow groundwater to be pumped out An aquifer is a formation of soil and rocks Card #2

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1. Selectonecard. Directions due toerosionlimitsthewaterstoragecapacity ofthereservoir. the aquaticecosystemandaffectslife upstreamanddownstream.Additionally, sedimentthataccumulates power, floodcontrol,fireanimalagriculture, andrecreation.However, thisconstructionofadamchanges constructing adamacrossriver. Thewaterheld inreservoirsareusedfordrinkingwater, irrigation,hydroelectric A reservoirisanartificiallakeusedtostore water. Theseman-madebodiesofwateraretypicallycreatedby Learning Station6 Reservoir

Eryanne Edgerley APPENDIX G APPENDIX Station (#8) Proceed to the Industrial Learning significant amount of water for cooling. For example, nuclear power plants need a industries require a large amount of water. small or large industries. Many larger Reservoirs may store water for use in Card #3 Station (#7) Proceed to the Residential Learning from the reservoir for household purposes. water. Your raindrop has been pumped water for household uses and drinking Reservoirs are commonly used to hold Card #1 Note : Duplicate cards as needed. You may want to print extra copies of each card to offer a larger stack. Learning Station 6 Cards

Proceed back to the Cloud (#1) to evaporate back into the raincloud. A sudden heat wave causes your raindrop Card #4 Learning Station (#9) Proceed to the Agriculture Irrigation crop. for uses in a local farmer’s raindrop has been pumped and transported to be used for agricultural purposes. Your Many reservoirs are used to store water Card #2

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a. 2. Rollthedie again. f. e. d. c. Addonetablespoonofdishwashing detergent. b. a. 1. Rollthedie. Directions waterborne illnessesandcaninjurekillaquatic life. are someexamplesofcommonresidentialpollutants thatcanenterthewatercycle.Someofthesepollutantscontributeto Sewage, soap,foodscraps,toiletpaper, medicine, detergents,toothpaste,commonhouseholdcleaners,andotherchemicals Throughout ourdailyactivities,weaccumulate numerouspollutantsthatenterourwatercyclewhenflusheddownthedrain. bathing (19%),andwateringoutdoorlandscaping (averagesvarybyclimate). Activities thatconsumelargeamountsofwater includeflushingthetoilet(26%ofhouseholdindoorwateruse),laundry(22%), The averagepercapitawaterconsumptionin theUnitedStatesexceeds550liters(250gallons)perday, themostofanycountry Proceed tothe Water Treatment Center (#10). b. Proceed tothe Ocean(#11). Roll 6 Roll 3 Roll 5 Roll 1,2,3or4 Roll 1 Roll 4 Roll 2 Roll 5or6 : The household uses phosphate-free laundrydetergent.Your: Thehouseholdusesphosphate-free raindropremainsclean. : Your raindropispollutedwithleftover medicineflushed.Addonetablespoonof maple syrup. : Your raindropispollutedwithotherhousehold waste.Addasquareoftoiletpaper. : Your raindropispollutedwithphosphorousfromthedishwashing detergent. : Your raindropispollutedwithfoodwastes. Addonetablespoonofcereal/crackers. : Your raindropispollutedwithhumanwaste.Addoneteaspoon ofchocolatesprinkles. : Your raindrop runsdown astorm draininto theenvironment : Your raindropisflushedand entersthesewer. Learning Station7

Residential APPENDIX H APPENDIX . APPENDIX I a. 1. Roll the die. Directions ecosystem. than the water with which it is being mixed. The warmer holds less dissolved oxygen and disrupts natural aquatic oxygen Industries, small and large, use large quantities of freshwater on an annual basis. 2. Proceed to the Water Treatment Plant (#10). their wastewater. wastes, while many others use some type of Some industries have modified their manufacturing processes to minimize waste production or recycle environmentally sound. d. of the water supply for a hotel that uses green detergents. Some hotels are making commitment to be c. aquatic life because the oxygen levels are too low. reduce oxygen levels in the water. If oxygen levels decrease too low, they can create a hypoxic zone devoid of This can cause a rapid increase in plant and algal growth. When the plants algae decompose they Add 3 drops of yellow food dye. Add 3 drops of blue food dye to represent chemicals. b. Heat ( up in the tissue of plants and animals increasing amounts through food chain (a process called processes release pollutants that affect surface water sources and groundwater.Toxic chemicals and heavy metals that can build thermal pollution supply). When Roll 5 Roll 1 or 2 Roll 6 Roll 3 or 4 : The hotel uses green detergent and other environmentally friendly practices. Your raindrop becomes part : The manufacturing plant treated their wastewater to remove chemicals. Your raindrop remains clean. : Your raindrop is polluted with waste discharge from a manufacturing plant. : Your raindrop was used in a power plant cooling process and polluted with thermal pollution. cooling water ), nutrients (increased nutrient loads can cause Learning Station 8 is discharged back into surface waters its temperature typically substantially higher industrial wastewater treatment euthrophication Industrial Effluents (waste discharges) from manufacturing , a process that depletes the tcnlg nodrt ra technology in order to treat bioaccumulation dissolved ).

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for suitableagriculturalproduction;however, throughhumaninterventionssuchas raise marketanimalsalsohasimpactsonwater consumptionandwaterquality. Some Agriculture intheUnitedStatesaccountsfor80 percentofthenation’s consumptive wateruse.Wherewechoosetogrowcropsa Proceed to theAgriculturalRunoff Learning Station(#4). b.Net Water Applied < 20 cm3 = Your raindrop has evaporated. Proceed tothe Cloud (#1). a.Net Water Applied>= 20cm3 =Your raindrop reachedthe ground anddrainedinto surrounding areas. 4. Proceed totheLearning Station basedonyour calculation: Note:When multiplyingbyapercentage, convertthe percentage totheappropriate decimalequivalent (65%=0.65) NetWater Applied(cm3)=NumberRolledx10 %efficiencyoftheirrigationssystemchosen 3. Calculatethenetwater applied(cm3)usingthisformula: 2. Rollthedie.Thenumber rolledsymbolizesthevolumeofwaterused toirrigatethecrops. 1. Choosetheirrigation systemyouwanttouse. Directions Efficient irrigationmethodsconservewaterand minimizewatercontamination.Efficienciesofthreetypesirrigationsystems aquaculture, recreation,andfirecontrol. in theearth,oftentimesfacilitateirrigation.Furthermore, impoundmentsmay serveassurfacewatersourcesforfish,andwil collects (e.g., reservoirsorponds)thataretheresultofconstructiona damorembankment,bydiggingalargedepr by divertingwaterfromoneareatoanother, typicallythroughpipes,canals,orditches.Water impoundments,areaswherewater Irrigation isaprocesswherebywaterartificially appliedtolandforthepurposeofassistingincropproduction.Thisis sufficient watersuppliescanbeobtained.

Micro-Irrigation (e.g. microsprayormist) -85%efficient Micro-Irrigation Sprinkler System(e.g. travelinggun)-65%efficient Surface Systems(e.g. wildflood)-30%efficient Learning Station9 -waterisappliedtotheentirefieldandcan runoffthefield. - operatedunderpressurethroughperforated nozzles -lowpressuresystemsthatsprayorsprinkle wateroverfields. Agricultural Irrigation irrigation watersheds , diversions maylacksufficientwatersupplies , and impoundments accomplished include: ession dlife,

nd APPENDIX J APPENDIX ,

APPENDIX K 2. During through a large bar screen. 1. In the Residential wastewater treatment is typically a four-step process: on human health and the of local watershed. 2. After pouring your water through the filter, proceed back to the Cloud (#1). effluent? Is there any residue left on the filter? As the water filters through and is collected in cup below, what observations can you make about the resulting 1. Pour your raindrop through the filter in funnel. Directions Prior to the treated water being returned surface sources, excess chorine is removed. 4. In the 3. The are physically separated from the water. needs to be treated because it may contain harmful Domestic secondary treatment preliminary treatment final treatment wastewater treatment primary treatment phase, any remaining harmful micro-organisms are killed using chlorine or ultra-violet disinfection. phase, any remaining harmful micro-organisms Learning Station 10 phase is where micro-organisms digest dissolved organic matter from the wastewater. phase is where micro-organisms , impurities such as solid waste (which settles to the bottom) and oils rise top) pae ag bet eg,sik n te ers r eoe hntewtrpse phase, large objects (e.g., sticks and other debris) are removed when the water passes ( sewage treatment pathogens ) facilities address some issues associated with water quality. Wastewater , toxins , and Water Treatment organic matter that can have damaging effects

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2. Afterpouringyourwaterintothebucket,proceed backtotheCloud(#1). theresultingmixture? Asthewaterfiltersthroughandiscollected inthecupbelow, whatobservationscanyoumakeabout 1. Pour yourraindropintothelargebucket(usingfunnelifneeded). Directions may pick-up pollutants. naturalorhuman-created human-induced activitiescanhavenumerous environmentaleffects.Aswatertravelsdowntothelowestpoint,it Water thatentersthenaturalwatercyclethroughrivers,streams,andsurface runoffresultingfromnaturalor Learning Station11 Ocean

Eryanne Edgerley APPENDIX L APPENDIX