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Bioindicators of Water Quality, Flash Cards

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Bioindicators of Water Quality, Flash Cards 4-H-1018 Bioindicators of Water Quality Authors: Julie Speelman and Natalie Carroll Photographer (unless otherwise noted): Julie Speelman Design and Layout: Linda Hines Aquatic insects can be used as bioindicators of water quality. These bioindicator cards show larval stages of aquatic insects that may be found in Indiana waterways and a corresponding tolerance score. The tolerance score represents the insect’s sensitivity to pollution and is used to estimate water quality. Insects with a tolerance score value of 0 are intolerant to pollution, while insects with a tolerance score of 10 are very tolerant of pollution. More complete instructions and data sheets are available at: www.four-h.purdue.edu/natural_resources/ (select “Resources for Teachers” and “Bioindicators”) Instructions: • Take samples from all stream habitats along a Materials Needed: 200-foot section. dip net • Collect insects for 45 minutes. Captured insects should plastic bowl be placed in container with stream water. or dishpan • Sort the insects that look the same into different egg carton compartments. • Use the bioindicator cards to identify the insects. a stream to sample • Record the number of insects from each insect family you identify on the data sheet. • Complete the calculations and determine the stream water quality rating. Assessing the water quality for your site: 1. Determine the Family Tolerance Score by multiplying the number of insects in each family by the tolerance value given for that family. 2. Determine the Order Totals by summing the number of insects and Family Tolerance Scores for each order. 3. Determine the Grand Total by summing the Order Totals (number of insects and Tolerance) 4. Determine the Biotic Index by dividing the Total tolerance score by the Total number of insects. 5. Estimate the stream water quality rating and degree of organic pollution from the Biotic Index table. Biotic Index Water Quality Rating Degree of Organic Pollution 0.00-3.75 Excellent Organic Pollution Unlikely 3.76-4.25 Very Good Slight Organic Pollution Possible 4.26-5.00 Good Some Organic Pollution Probable 5.01-5.75 Fair Fairly Substantial Pollution Likely 5.76-6.50 Fairly Poor Substantial Pollution Likely 6.51-7.25 Poor Very Substantial Pollution Likely 7.26-10.0 Very Poor Severe Organic Pollution Likely Ephemeroptera Mayflies Isonychiidae Common name: Brush-Legged Mayfly Occurrence: 16 species in North America Size: 8-17 mm Habitat: Riffle areas of streams and rivers on leaves and sticks Feeding group: Collectors/filterers Tolerance score: 2 (low) Polymitarcyidae Common name: Pale Burrowering Mayfly Occurrence: 7 species in North America Size: 12-35 mm Habitat: Silt- and clay-bottomed rivers, lakes, and streams Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers/filterers Tolerance score: 2 (low) Siphlonuridae Common name: Primitive Minnow Mayfly Occurrence: 26 species in North America Size: 6-20 mm Habitat: Shallow areas of lakes and ponds, small streams, sandy-bottomed rivers Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 7 (high) Baetiscidae Common name: Armored Mayfly Occurrence: 12 species in North America Size: 4-14 mm Habitat: Sand, gravel, vegetation, and woody debris of streams, rivers, and lakes Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 3 (low) Ephemeridae Common name: Common Burrowing Mayfly Occurrence: 12 species in North America Size: 10-32 mm Habitat: Silt- or sand-bottomed rivers, lakes, ponds, and streams Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Heptageniidae Common name: Flat-Headed Mayfly Occurrence: More than 130 species in North America Size: 5-20 mm Habitat: Shallow areas of lakes, streams, and rivers on the surfaces of rocks, logs, and vegetation Feeding group: Scrapers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Potamanthidae Common name: Hacklegill Mayfly Occurrence: 5 species in North America Size: 8-15 mm Habitat: Rivers and medium–sized streams attached to rocks and woody debris Feeding group: Collectors/filterers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Leptohyphidae Common name: Little Stout Crawler Mayfly Occurrence: 21 species in North America Size: 3-10 mm Habitat: Streams and rivers with silt or gravel; associated with vegetation and detritus Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Leptophlebiidae Common name: Prong-Gilled Mayfly Occurrence: More than 89 species in North America Size: 4-15 mm Habitat: Variety of streams, ponds, lakes, and rivers on roots or gravel Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 2 (low) Baetidae Common name: Small Minnow Mayfly Occurrence: 154 species in North America Size: 3-12 mm Habitat: Wide variety of ponds, lakes, streams, and rivers Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers/scrapers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Caenidae Common name: Small Square-Gill Mayfly Occurrence: 37 species in North America Size: 2-8 mm Habitat: Ponds, lakes and streams with silty bottoms; associated with vegetation Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers/scrapers Tolerance score: 7 (high) Ephemerellidae Common name: Spiny Crawler Mayfly Occurrence: More than 76 species in North America Size: 5-15 mm Habitat: Lakes, rivers, streams; associated with algal mats, roots, plants, and wood Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 1 (low) Plecoptera Stoneflies Nemouridae Common name: Brown Stonefly Occurrence: 60 species in North America Size: 5-20 mm Habitat: Small rivers, streams, and springs with soft substrates and leaf litter Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 2 (low) Perlidae Common name: Common Stonefly Occurrence: 40 species in North America Size: 8-35 mm Habitat: Streams and rivers under logs and stones Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 1 (low) Taeniopterygidae Common name: Winter Stonefly Occurrence: 30 species in North America Size: 10-20 mm Habitat: Flowing waters on plants or rocks Feeding group: Shredders, some scrapers Tolerance score: 2 (low) Capniidae Common name: Small Winter Stonefly Occurrence: 90 species in North America Size: 5-10 mm Habitat: Fast or moderately flowing streams with gravel and debris Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 1 (low) Leuctridae Common name: Roll-Winged Stonefly Occurrence: More than 40 species in North America Size: 6-20 mm Habitat: Streams with swift currents and gravel or debris Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 0 (low) Pteronarcyidae Common name: Giant Stonefly Occurrence: More than 10 species in North America Size: 15-70 mm Habitat: Small, fast-moving streams Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 0 (low) Perlodidae Common name: Patterned Stonefly Occurrence: More than 100 species in North America Size: 10-50 mm Habitat: Flowing water under stones and leaves Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 2 (low) Lepidoptera Aquatic Moths Pyralidae Common name: Aquatic Caterpillar Occurrence: 20 genera with few species in North America Size: 3-35 mm Habitat: Water plants mainly in ponds or marshes, but sometimes in streams Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Coleoptera Beetles Dryopidae Common name: Long-Toed Water Beetle (adult) (larvae live on land) Occurrence: 10 species in North America Size: 4-10 mm Habitat: Streams and rivers under rocks and logs Feeding group: Scrapers Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Dytiscidae Common name: Predaceous Diving Beetle (adult) Occurrence: 400 species in North America Size: 1-40 mm Habitat: Any aquatic environment Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Dytiscidae Common name: Predaceous Diving Beetle (larvae) Occurrence: 400 species in North America Size: 2-70 mm Habitat: Any aquatic environment Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Elmidae Common name: Riffle Beetle (adult) Occurrence: 80 species in North America Size: 1-8 mm Habitat: Streams and rivers on rocky bottoms Feeding group: Scrapers Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Elmidae Common name: Riffle Beetle (larvae) Occurrence: 80 species in North America Size: 3-8 mm Habitat: Streams and rivers on rocky bottoms Feeding group: Scrapers Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Gyrinidae Common name: Whirligig Beetle, Apple Beetle (adult) Occurrence: 50 species in North America Size: 3-15 mm Habitat: Ponds and streams Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Gyrinidae Common name: Whirligig Beetle, Apple Beetle (larvae) Occurrence: 50 species in North America Size: 6-30 mm Habitat: Ponds and streams Feeding group: Predators Tolerance score: 4 (moderate) Haliplidae Common name: Crawling Water Beetle (adult) Occurrence: 60 species in North America Size: 2-6 mm Habitat: Pools, ponds, and shallow areas of lakes on vegetation Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 7 (high) Haliplidae Common name: Crawling Water Beetle (larvae) Occurrence: 60 species in North America Size: 5-12 mm Habitat: Pools, ponds, and shallow areas of lakes on vegetation Feeding group: Shredders Tolerance score: 7 (high) Hydrophilidae Common name: Water Scavenger Beetle (adult) Occurrence: 200 species in North America Size: 1-40 mm Habitat: Ponds, lakes, and calm areas of streams and rivers Feeding group: Collectors/gatherers Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Hydrophilidae Common name: Water Scavenger Beetle (larvae) Occurrence: 200 species in North America Size: 4-60 mm Habitat: Ponds, lakes, and calm areas of streams and rivers Feeding group: Predator Tolerance score: 5 (moderate) Psephenidae Common name: Water Penny (only larvae aquatic) Occurrence: 9 species in North America Size: 3-10 mm Habitat: Attached to rocks in riffles in streams Feeding group: Scrapers Tolerance score: 4 (moderate)
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