Specialization of agriculture — as the solution to the problem of employment (a case study of region) of the natural environment, as well as their characteristic physical juniper forest landscape, located in the pool and Takabaysay Tutak- and geographic phenomena. “Before we allow the slightest change in say typical carst landscape on the plateau Kyrktau, outlier-lowland any of the components of nature conservationist must ensure that semi-desert landscape with exposures of Paleozoic rocks (Chupana- he understands the unity of the natural environment. It must first ta). In general, large intermountain basins of Central Asia are unique examine the effects of natural phenomena and conditions, and then not only their individual plots, and are remarkable in terms of nature choose how to protect natural resources [4, 38–39]. of each of them [5, 18–20]. In large intermountain basins of Central Asia and framing their The scientific and technical progress, actively and comprehen- slopes are unique natural objects and samples of typical landscapes sively affecting the development of the structure and dynamics of requiring conservation and support their optimal conditions. In landscapes, it is necessary and commandments nationwide cause. Samarkand basin and its surroundings such objects are Amanku- In Issyk-Kul basin reserve regime has been operating since 1948, tan gorge — terraced slope-WIDE forest landscapes, upper plane which can be recommended for other major intermountain basins trees — Grove millennial plane trees with powerful springs, Nav- of Central Asia. Consequently, the development of a network of na- ka — Grove poplar-plane-tree plantations with springs having a ture reserves, game reserves, national parks and recreational reserves large flow rate, a very rare and sporadic in the mountains of Aktau urgent and important problem. References: 1. Abdulkasimov A. A. Control and protection of landscapes intermountain basins of Central Asia.//Geography and natural resources. – Novosibirsk, – 1991. – № 2. – P. 46–51. 2. Armand D. L. We and our grandchildren. Part 2. – M.: Thought, – 1966. – 254 p. 3. Motorina L. V. Objectives of land reclamation in the reproduction of exploited natural resources.//Questions of Geography, – No 108. – M.: Thought, – 1987. – P. 139–144. 4. Parson R. Nature presents the bill. – M.: Progress, – 1969. – 567 p. 5. Abdulkasimov A. A., Davronov K. K., Razikova Z. E. The protection of man-made landscapes intermountain basins of Central Asia.//Ac- tual problems of development of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre. – Samarkand, – 2014. – P. 18–20.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-19-23 Zokirov Sayidfozil Sayidakbarovich, (PhD), Institute of Forecasting and Macroeconomic Research, Tashkent () Ibragimov Lutfullo Ziyadullayevich, (PhD student) University of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iasi (Romania) E‑mil: [email protected]

Specialization of agriculture — as the solution to the problem of employment (a case study of Samarkand region) Abstract: The agrarian situation of Samarkand city which located in the center of the Republic was studied in the follow- ing article. The main meaning of the research is that the author tried to pay attention to the briefly study of agriculture of the region ant its place in the Republican agriculture. In addition, it is estimated as main factor of occupancy of the population and development of agriculture. The main factors are indicated for the development of agriculture and specialization according to the analysis. The process of specialization of production of vegetables, cotton, livestock, gardening, tobacco and others branches in agriculture in the districts of the region influenced to the occupancy of population. Keywords: Specialization of agriculture, potential of the region, agro-industrial, agricultural products, agricultural sector, economic development, employment of population. Introduction. Uzbekistan geography scientist professor Abdusa- by human [3]. It should be noted that the water regime of the Zaraf- mi Soliyev said that, this plain is from southern east to the northern shan River is much more comfortable to provide water to all kinds west direction, it is considered to be the socio-economical “pavement” of cultural crops during the growing season [4]. The largest water and unique root of this historical-geographic area [1]. Samarkand re- reservoir among water reservoirs built in region is considered Kat- gion is one of the important regions to the national economy of Uz- takurgan water reservoir. This water reservoir plays an important bekistan. The provincial agriculture is in the direction of the regional role in the agriculture of Samarkand and Bukhara regions. This water agro-industrial agriculture, and of 75 percent of agricultural GDP [2]. reservoir provides 94 thousand hectares of area of Samarkand and The development of agriculture is depend with Zarafshan Bukhara regions with water. As the result, the irrigation supply is River in the region. Zarafshan River is important in providing enhanced in nearly 150 thousand hectares of area [5]. agricultural crop lands with water and its old tributaries such as, Agricultural potential of region is high and it is on the 3rd Sazagonsoy, Ohakliksoy, Omonqotonsoy, Qoratepasoy, Urgutsoy, place in quantity of agricultural products after Tashkent (12.6%) and Oqtepasoy, Tosinsoy is of great importance and they are managed Andijan (10.2%) in republic (Table 5). In region cotton-growing, 19 Section 3. Geography arable farming, gardening products, grape and tobacco growing are occupies the leading places in the republic in the production of well-developed. It should be mentioned that, in country 96.5% per- grapes (36.5% in comparison to the republic indicator), potatoes cent of tobacco growing corresponds to share of Samarkand region (23.1%), vegetables (16.5%), cereals (10.8%), meat (12.3%), wool [6]. It should be noted that the cultivation of tobacco is only in Ur- (12.8%) and milk (12.3%). gut district of the province. Economic development which is taking place in the coun- Data Analysis. In the independence years large-scale of re- try is continuing to decrease the share of agricultural products in forms were carried out in the country’s agriculture. Samarkand oc- the GDP. If this figure was 30.1% in 2000 (45.4% in Samarkand cupies the high places among regions according to the key indicators region), while in 2015, it decreased to 16.6% (28.7%). 61.7% of re- of the agricultural development of the region. 13.3% of total culti- gional gross agricultural products conforms to the share of farming vated land of republic, 13.1% of agricultural products produced in products and 38.3% of them corresponds to the share of livestock the country in 2015 corresponds to the share of this region. Region products.

Figure 1.The evolutionary change of crop fields of agriculture in Samarkand region Source: It was prepared on the basis of data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan Grain and technical crops occupy a large area in the structure The livestock breeding of region improved significantly due to of sown areas of region. In the analyzing period, their share in the the measures taken in increasing the number of cattle in farms on structure of the sown areas declined from 78.7 to 69.9 percent, while the basis of Program “Stimulating to increase cattle in the farms, the the share of forage crops has decreased from 13.7 to 13.2 percent. economy of farmer and personal assistant”. In 2000–2015 years, the At the same time, the share of the area of potato, vegetable and field number of cattle, in particular, the number of poultry has increased crops increased from 7.6 to 10.4% (Figure 1). extremely (Figure 2).

Figure 2. The dynamics of change in the number of cattle in Samarkand region (all categories of farms), thousand numbers Source: It was made on the basis of information of Statistics Committee of Samarkand region In many ways the increase in the quantity of agricultural prod- tors. The results of the analysis showed significantly rise in the yield of ucts in the region is associated with the increase of efficiency indica- agricultural crops in all types of farms in Samarkand region (Table 1). 20 Specialization of agriculture — as the solution to the problem of employment (a case study of Samarkand region)

Table 1. – The yield of agricultural crops in all types of farms in Samarkand region, c/hectare The increase in the years The name of products 2000 y 2005 y 2010 y 2015 y 2000–2015 (times) Raw cotton 17,9 24,8 24,5 25,0 1,4 Grain 25,7 38,8 45,7 46,0 1,8 Potato 148,1 220,7 258,5 317,2 2,1 Vegetables 213,6 261,6 348,9 446,4 2,1 Fruits 147,4 165,7 226,7 266,3 1,8 Melons 58,2 79,1 102,6 159,7 2,7 Grape 69,2 78,2 116,7 154,5 2,2 Source: It was prepared on the basis of data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan The positive steps reached in improving the efficiency of agricultural products of the region is in many ways, related to the structural and market reforms carried out in the village. Table 2. – The structure of cultivation of the main types of agricultural products in Samarkand region, (%) All types of agricultural Agricultural enterprises Farms Peasant farms Products type 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 Cotton 100 100 10,7 0,3 89,3 99,7 – – Wheat 100 100 8,9 0,7 71,1 79,7 20,0 19,6 Potato 100 100 0.8 0,1 12,1 29,9 87,1 70,0 Vegetable 100 100 4,2 0,3 46,8 56,1 49,0 43,6 Fresh fruits 100 100 8,1 6,1 41,1 49,6 50,8 44,2 Grape 100 100 11,6 0,9 50,7 65,9 37,7 33,3 Melons 100 100 1,0 0,2 43,9 46,8 55,1 53,0 Meat 100 100 2,4 4,5 1,5 3,4 96,1 92,1 Milk 100 100 0,2 0,1 1,9 4,6 97,9 95,3 Egg 100 100 33,8 36,3 13,6 21,5 52,6 42,2 Source: It was prepared on the basis of data from the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan In 2005–2015 years, the share of agricultural enterprises in Due to the economic growth-taking place in our country, we growing cotton reduced from 10.7% to 0.3%, in growing wheat have expressed our opinion about the decline of the share of agri- reduced from 8.9% to 0.7%, the share of farms proportionally in- culture in the content of GDP. Exactly the same situation is also creased from89,3% to 99,7% and from 71.1% to 79.7%. relating to the changes in the employment structure. In recent years Fruit growing in farms increased from 41.1% to 49.6%, grape the share of this sector in the structure of labor resources of region growing rose from 50.7% to 65.9% and the quantity of field crops has significantly decreased. went up from 43.9% to 55.1% (Table 2). Farms maintained their In the process of research territorial content of workers en- high share in growing potato, grape, fruits, vegetable, field products, gaged in agricultural production in the structure of labor resources meat, milk, eggs according to their essence. has been studied. In this case, the ratio of people employed in the The issues of provision of employment to population in agri- balance of labor resources, in agriculture and forestry, as well as in cultural sector farming, is taken to the total labor resources (Table 3). Table 3. – Employment in the agricultural sector of Samarkand region For example, employed The quantity of staffs The name of the cities The number of labor employed in sector in In agriculture and and districts resources In farming comparison to the total labor forestry resources,% 1 2 3 4 5 According to the region 2 033,7 423,1 192,0 30,2 Bulungur 95,9 24,5 11,1 37,2 88,9 22,2 11,2 37,5 Ishtikhan 132,3 29,2 11,3 30,6 Kattakurgan 141,4 34,7 20,7 39,2 Narpay 112,3 26,3 13,6 35,4 Nurabod 77,2 19,9 9,0 37,4 Aqdarya 82,6 21,0 6,1 32,9 Pastdargom 182,3 44,1 16,0 32,9 Pakhtachi 77,0 20,4 16,2 47,5 Payarik 133,7 31,6 16,3 35,9

21 Section 3. Geography

1 2 3 4 5 Samarkand 130,6 43,6 14,2 44,3 Taylak 102,4 24,2 8,9 32,3 255,7 65,3 30,5 37,5 Kushrabod 66,6 16,0 7,0 34,5 Source: It was prepared by the author on the basis of information of Statistics Committee of Samarkand region Based on the results obtained, districts are divided into groups according to the quantity of employees employed in this sector in comparison to the total labor resources (Table 4). The largest share of employed in the agrarian sector in the structure of labor resources is recorded in Pakhtachi and Samarkand districts, the lowest indicator is noted in Ishtikhan, Akdarya, Pastdargom, Taylak, Kushrabod district. On the basis of map information the quantity of employed in the agricultural sectors compared to the total labor resources was below evalu- ated and divided into the criteria (Table 4). Table 4. – Classification of districts of region on the share of the agricultural sector in the structure of employment № Level Criteria The name districts 1 Highest 40%дан катта Pakhtachi, Samarkand 2 High 37–40% Bulungur, Jomboy, Kattakurgan, Nurabad, Urgut 3 Average 35–37% Narpay, Payarik 4 Low 35%дан кичик Ishtikhan, Akdarya, Pastdargom, Taylak, Kushrabod Along with this, the implementation of carrying out measures observed in Pakhtachi (37.3%), Kattakurgan (37.1), Samarkand concerning the creation of new job places in the agricultural sector in (37.1%) and Taylak districts. On the contrary, the low results were the sphere of employment programs has been studied. In 2015 more noted in Bulungur, Jomboy and Kushrabod areas. We may include than 1/5 part of the total new jobs in Samarkand region is created in Narpay and Taylak districts in the next high places. The figure stood the farms. The highest indicators among districts in this area were around 30–35% in these areas.

Figure 3. Created job places in farms (compared to the ratio of total new jobs),% (2015) The next districts entering to the average group are around fication of people, the content of crop fields and the fertileness of 25–30%. Pastdargom, Payarik districts are included in this group. crops. It has the potential to develop intensive agriculture. Oppositely, Districts with low and the lowest indicator in creating According to the results of a survey on the regional location of new jobs in the agricultural sector in the sphere of employment pro- the types of crops, area of Samarkand province was conditionally grams include remaining districts of region (Figure 3). divided into 5 agricultural districts. In addition, in the process of Conclusion. During research the rapid development of agri- research, territorial content of workers engaged in agricultural pro- cultural production in Samarkand region was determined. Attention duction in the structure of labor resources had been studied. was given to the significant decline of the share of this sector in the In summary, during the research agricultural production in the structure of employment and GRP. In the near future this trend of Samarkand region has rapidly developed. At the same time, the quan- socio-economic development of the region is expected to continue. tity of GRP of this sector and the quantity in the structure of employ- Different zones were formed according to the natural and climatic ment has significantly decreased. In the near future of socio-economic conditions of the region, territorial location of population, the quali- development of the region this trend is expected to continue. References: 1. Soliev A. and others. The social-economic development of Uzbekistan territories. – T.: Collection word, – 2010. – P. 348. 22 The problems of doing medical geographic research in Uzbekistan

2. Ibragimov Lutfullo. The Economic Role of the Geographical Potential of Samarkand Region. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE). – 2016 . – Vol. 3, – Issue 4. 3. Abdurakhmonova Y. The morphology of the curved landscapes of Zarafshan and its environmental protection. Dissertation. – Samar- kand. – 2003. 4. Kulmatov Rashid, Christian O, Michael Groll, Dilafruz Kulmatova. Assessment of Water Quality of the Trans-Boundary Zarafshan River in the Territory of Uzbekistan. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, – 2013. – P. 17–26. 5. Gulomov P. H., Vakhabov P., Baratov M., Mamatkulov. Natural geography of Uzbekistan. – Tashkent. – 2013. 6. Musaev P., Musaev J. Economical-social geography of Uzbekistan. Textbook. – Tashkent, – 2010. – P. 123. 7. URL: http: www.stat.uz. The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 8. URL: http: www.samstat.uz. The State Statistical Committee of Samarkand region.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-23-24 Alikul Khamidovich Ravshanov, senior teacher Samarkand State University E‑mail: [email protected]

The problems of doing medical geographic research in Uzbekistan Abstract: Formation and development of studies on medicinal-geographical and medicinal- geoecological studies, as well as the natural pestholes are analyzed. The negative influence of geoecological situations appeared in Uzbekistan and in the Middle Zarafshan basin on the health of population is illustrated. Testimonial of the anthropogenic pestholes is given. Keywords: medicine geography, nosogeography, landscape criticism of medicine, anthropogenic- landscape, agro- landscape. It is known that medicine geography is a science, which creates 1) generality of territorial geographic places; 2) extension de- geographic extension of human disease and reasons of opportunities gree and specialty of disease group; 3) pointers death of general and of medical and anthropogenic factors of origin disease. Medicine child; 4) similarity of medical and ecologic condition; 5) existence geography from meaning has several spheres. It consists of spheres of nozo-geographic areal of some territorial disease; 6) territorial like: Nosogeography of its internal part, medical landscape study, economy and their branch structure; 7) administrative-territorial medical anthropogenic landscape study, medical geo-ecology, mak- unity and etc. Giving description for divided geographic districts ing maps of medicine geography and medical landscape. On the base according their territory, number and dense of population, main of all this lies medicine geographic problems which has connection disease groups characteristics for districts are largely used [1]. with the influence to each other and relations system of medical Medicine geographic analysis and their sanitarian-hygiene con- condition — society and human health. dition of Amudarya delta is deeply investigated by I, Turdimam- It must be admitted that above-mentioned names has each of betov. The main attention in his articles is paid to the following: medicine geographic directions have own research object, subject, to medicine geographic mark which was changed medical environ- purpose, tasks and concept of scientific approach. For example, No- ment in the influence of human economy activity in Amudarya so-geography studies global, zonal and zooms of regional geographic delta, rising and development of medical biologic and sanitarian- extension of some disease type. Medical land shaft study, difference hygiene situation, geographic basis of getting better of appeared from noso-geography analyses positive and negative influence of ecologic equality, divide into districts of Southern Aral region by land shaft complexes to the human health, geo-ecologic conditions disease and to use land shaft principles while doing medical geo- of negative influence to the human health and formation of tasks graphic investigation [2]. on the scientific basis for problems of optimizing conditions, makes It was known that appearance and territorial extension of dis- maps of medical landscape. ease among the population depend on medical and economic–so- The main purpose of medical anthropogenic landscape study is cial conditions, especially ecologic situation. Such nozo-geographic to morphological study of negative influence to the human health and conditions in some regions have been reason of appearance and medical environment which was originated geo-ecologic conditions in geographic extension of several disease. O. Mukhamedov analyzed techno-gene land shafts where developed mine industry areas, in agro- nozo-geographic condition of Samarkand region through study- landscapes, in seliteb land shafts and in the circle of cultural and non ing territorial extension of main types of disease: breathing organs, cultural land shafts which was created by human in economy activities. neoplasm, stomach organs, system of blood circulation, infectious It is possible to perform such tasks in the ways of making maps of medi- and parasitic disease which has being reason for the death of human cal landscapes and through medical geo-ecologic approaches. among population (in 2006). According to the published monograph by N, Komilova and According to his confirmation blood circulation system disease is A, Soliev “Geography of Medicine” in 2005 medicine geographic more extended than other type of disease in the region. It consists of divide into districts in the territory of Bukhara region for health of 56,7% of all disease. It was defined high in dense population areas, population were done an they divided into four nozo-geographic cities and districts where developed production farms. For example: districts. They are high, middle or central, lower and western medical such disease was about 63.8% and 63.7% in Samarkand and Kattakur- geographic district. The following principles were taken as a main gan cities in 2000–2004, about 62.4% in Samarkand district. This situ- measure by authors: ation was recognized very high degree from average degree. 23