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Breaking the Barriers: Advances in Acoustic Functional Materials National Science Review REVIEW 5: 159–182, 2018 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwx154 Advance access publication 26 December 2017 PHYSICS Special Topic: Metamaterials Breaking the barriers: advances in acoustic functional materials Hao Ge1, Min Yang2,ChuMa3, Ming-Hui Lu1,4, Yan-Feng Chen1,4,∗, Nicholas Fang3,∗ 2,∗ 1National Laboratory and Ping Sheng of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Materials Science and ABSTRACT Engineering, College Acoustics is a classical field of study that has witnessed tremendous developments over the past 25years. of Engineering and Driven by the novel acoustic effects underpinned by phononic crystals with periodic modulation of elastic Applied Sciences, building blocks in wavelength scale and acoustic metamaterials with localized resonant units in Nanjing University, subwavelength scale, researchers in diverse disciplines of physics, mathematics, and engineering have Nanjing 210093, China; 2Department of pushed the boundary of possibilities beyond those long held as unbreakable limits. More recently, structure Physics, Hong Kong designs guided by the physics of graphene and topological electronic states of matter have further University of Science broadened the whole field of acoustic metamaterials by phenomena that reproduce the quantum effects and Technology, Hong classically. Use of active energy-gain components, directed by the parity–time reversal symmetry principle, Kong, China; has led to some previously unexpected wave characteristics. It is the intention of this review to trace 3Department of historically these exciting developments, substantiated by brief accounts of the salient milestones. The latter Mechanical can include, but are not limited to, zero/negative refraction, subwavelength imaging, sound cloaking, total Engineering, sound absorption, metasurface and phase engineering, Dirac physics and topology-inspired acoustic Massachusetts engineering, non-Hermitian parity–time synthetic active metamaterials, and one-way propagation of sound Institute of waves. These developments may underpin the next generation of acoustic materials and devices, andoffer Technology, new methods for sound manipulation, leading to exciting applications in noise reduction, imaging, sensing Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and and navigation, as well as communications. 4 Collaborative Keywords: acoustic metamaterials, phononic crystals, topological acoustics, PT-symmetry synthetic Innovation Center of acoustics, sound absorption Advanced Microstructures, INTRODUCTION transportbecamepossible.Togetherwithsimilarde- Nanjing University, velopments of photonic crystals and optical meta- The study of acoustics involves the generation, prop- Nanjing 210093, materials, the field of classical waves has witnessed China agation, detection and conversion of mechanical what is probably the most influential revolution over waves, i.e., sound and elastic waves. This classical the past century. However, the origin of this revolu- ∗ field includes diverse sub-disciplines such as electro- Corresponding tion can be traced to the quantum theory of solids, acoustics, architectural acoustics, medical ultrason- authors. E-mails: with the advent of the theory of electronic bands. ics, and underwater acoustics. Over the last three [email protected]; Crystals are solid-state materials whose con- [email protected]; decades, the emergence of phononic crystals and stituents are arranged periodically in space. In 1987, [email protected] acoustic metamaterials has provided us with new, the concept of photonic crystals, an optical ana- powerful materials to manipulate sound and vibra- logue of electronic crystals, was proposed by Eli tions, owing to their anomalous acoustic dispersion Received 9 October Yablonovitch and Sajeev John [1,2], which opened relations and unusual properties originating from 2017; Revised 11 a brand new field with great impacts for manipulat- December 2017; multiple scatterings in periodic structures, or lo- ing light. A similar concept for acoustics was also Accepted 11 cal resonances of subwavelength unit cells. Many proposed in parallel to electromagnetism, known December 2017 novel effects, such as subwavelength imaging, nega- as phononic crystals [3,4]. The last two decades tive refraction, invisible cloaking and one-way sound C The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. All rights reserved. For permissions, pleasee-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article-abstract/5/2/159/4775141 by guest on 30 March 2018 160 Natl Sci Rev, 2018, Vol. 5, No. 2 REVIEW have witnessed rapid developments in the field of building block can be described by a spring-mass phononic crystals [5–9]. Photonic and phononic model [30], with the solid sphere being the mass, crystals are both composed of periodically arranged connected to the rigid matrix by the soft silicone rub- scatterers in a homogeneous matrix. The periodic ber, which acts like a spring. The spring allows rela- structures affect the propagation of optical and tive motions between the mass and the rigid matrix. acoustic waves in a similar way to the atomic lat- Near the resonance frequency, the central mass ac- tices interacting with the electronic waves. Waves celerates out of phase with respect to the applying of specific frequencies and momenta are allowed force on the rigid matrix and the dynamic mass den- to propagate in the periodic system. These states sity of the block can turn negative [31]. The intro- are referred to as Bloch states and form an energy- duction of local resonances in a composite medium band structure, which is defined in the reciprocal can have far-reaching consequences. The wave vec- space (momentum space), denoted as the Brillouin tor of an acoustic wave in a homogeneous medium is zone. There may exist gaps separating different en- given by k =|n|ω/c, with n2 = ρ/κ.Themassden- ergy bands in the band structure. In the bandgaps, sity ρ and bulk modulus κ are the two key parame- wave propagation is prohibited along certain, or all, ters of acoustic materials. If the effective mass den- directions. Early research on phononic crystals fo- sity ρ is negative and the modulus κ is positive, then cused on the search for full band gap materials with the wave vector k would be imaginary and the wave exceptional sound attenuation10 [ ,11]. Within the decays as it propagates, thereby giving rise to the band gap, acoustic waves can be trapped at a point band gaps of the locally resonant material. This is the defect, or propagate along the line defect that can first work utilizing local resonances of the subwave- serve as a waveguide. Later, wave propagation in length building blocks to achieve unusual acoustic the pass band was extensively studied, and exotic material properties, and the field of acoustic meta- properties, such as negative refraction, extraordinary materials was initiated with very rapid subsequent transmission and acoustic collimation [12–14], development [32–35]. Resonance-induced negative were explored. These effects offered great poten- effective bulk modulus and double-negative acoustic tial for applications. More recently, the advent of metamaterials were demonstrated theoretically and graphene and its Dirac cones with linear dispersions experimentally [36,37]. Acoustic metamaterials re- have inspired the study and fabrication of phononic quire no periodicity and can be designed at the deep- crystals with Dirac-quasiparticle-like behaviors that subwavelength scale. Hence they can be described can experimentally reproduce quantum electronic by the effective medium theory [38–42]. Moreover, phenomena such as Zitterbewegung and pseudo- the concept of acoustic metamaterials is not lim- diffusion transport of acoustic waves [15–17]. Also, ited only to the locally resonant materials or strictly topological phases of matter18 [ ,19] and the atten- periodic structures. In a broader sense, assemblies dant concept of geometry, i.e. topology, were trans- of subwavelength blocks with homogenized (over ferred to the realm of photonics in 2005, and nu- the wavelength scale) exotic acoustic properties and merous theoretical and experimental investigations functionalities that do not exist in nature can be demonstrated the feasibility of topological photonic termed acoustic metamaterials. states [20,21]. Subsequently, topological properties Acoustic metamaterials that can display both in phonon transport were investigated, uncovering positive and negative effective mass density and bulk the relationship between the geometric phase and modulus are the basis for realizing many intriguing the phonon Hall conductivity [22–24]; topological functionalities. For example, reversed Doppler ef- phases were also realized in acoustic systems, draw- fects have been observed in double-negative materi- ing considerable attention25–28 [ ]. als [43]. Super-resolution imaging can be achieved In order for the phononic crystals to be effec- by designing the flat lens made of double-negative tive in manipulating the acoustic waves, the lattice materials [44]. Transformation acoustics and invisi- constants need to be comparable to the relevant bility cloaking require anisotropic and spatially vary- wavelength. It follows that for low-frequency sound, ing acoustic materials that can only be satisfied by the huge size of the phononic crystal makes it im- acoustic metamaterials [45]. More recently, under practical. In 2000, a locally resonant material was the guidance of
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