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Оn the Problem of Periodization in the History of Medicine

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Оn the Problem of Periodization in the History of Medicine DISCUSSION History of Medicine 2016. Vol. 3. № 3. DOI: 10.17720/2409-5834.v3.3.2016.21n Оn the problem of periodization in the history of medicine Dmitry A. Balalykin I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 8 Trubetskaya St., building. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia Periodization of the history of a research object serves not only as a general guide to a researcher but also reflects his methodology. The author discusses the main methodological issues in the periodization of medical history in a historiography. In relation to the history of medicine, these include the use of analysis principles that are characteristic for universal history, an understanding of the history of medicine as a “healing art”, commitment to the theory of conflict between science and religion, as well as the use of periodization schemes developed for other scientific disciplines. All this leads to a distorted view of the object and the subject of scientific research, excludes a holistic understanding of the history of medicine and leads to a phenomenological approach and incorrect research conclusions. The author believes that the history of medicine should be considered as part of the history and philosophy of science and offers a periodization of the development of medicine that corresponds to this approach. In his opinion, four stages should be recognized. The first stage (6th century BC to 2nd century AD) is associated with the birth of ancient Greek rational medicine. The second (2nd to 16th centuries) is associated with rational medicine in its protoscience phase, characterized by conceptual unity on the basis of Galen’s theoretical and practical system. The third (17th to 19th centuries) is connected with the scientific revolution in medicine, during which a system of ideas about medicine as a science was formed. The fourth (20th century to the present day) reflects current modern medicine. The author gives consideration to different approaches to the periodization of the history of medicine, with examples from both domestic and foreign monographs and textbooks. Special attention is paid to those that form the main trends in the study of the history of medicine. A particular focus is placed on the concept of “religious and philosophical systems” as a methodological approach in the study of medicine in the protoscience period. Keywords: history of medicine, history and philosophy of science, periodization, methodology of the research For quotation: Balalykin D.A. Оn the problem of periodization in the history of medicine. History of Medicine. 2016. Vol. 3. № 3. P. 203–221. About the author Dmitry A. Balalykin – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chairman at the Department of the History of Medicine, National History and Culturology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Moscow). The presence (or absence) of a systemic criteria and justify the chronological frameworks idea about our specialty reflects its generally of the stages in the development of a school of accepted periodization. This statement, generally scientific thought. This can only be achieved speaking, is true not only in relation to the history by correctly understanding the value of all the of medicine, but also to the history of other relevant historical events and establishing the disciplines, such as economics and mathematics. epoch-marking importance or the revolutionary Periodization does not serve only as a nature of some of them. It is necessary to use the reference point for scientists, but also reflects correct methodological approaches in order to their research methodologies. It is, indeed, achieve such goals. impossible to arbitrarily divide the history of a This article is aimed at achieving several ob- scientific discipline into certain temporary time jectives. The fi rst goal is to show the existence of intervals. It is necessary to define periodization serious problems with the current holistic com- prehension of the history of medicine in Rus- Received: 20.06.16 sian historiography and reveal their reasons. © D.A. Balalykin The se cond objective is to criticize the existing 203 Dmitry A. Balalykin approaches to the periodization of Russian medi- The existence of these special, subjects-related cal history and, thirdly, to off er an alternative. In payment rates meant financing, the possibility essence, I would like to raise the question of the of publishing monographs and textbooks, to adequacy of the general view about our specialty defend theses in specialties, while the absence of that has developed in Russian historiography over such special rates meant such universities had to the past 60 years. “fend” for themselves, and justify the necessity of their specialties. All these issues distracted The state of Russian historiography universities from conducting scientific researches The main goal of historical science is to reliably and negatively impacted on their possibilities and establish (as far as it is possible) the historical facts capabilities for carrying out such researches. and use them as a base for formulating a systemic The History of Medicine (or “Medical His- vision of the past. The experts of political history tory”) has existed right from the foundation of have their research goals, while the historians of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and physics or medicine also have their own research has continued to remain a part of it. The His- objectives. Working with different sources forms tory of Medicine has always been an obligatory the basis of all the researches that are conducted part of the academic programmes for higher by the representatives of any of the directions medical education, meaning the existence of of historical science, while the professionalism special faculties (departments) and courses. In of scientists (or researchers) is defined by the other words, we cannot complain about a lack depth of their possession of the skills of historical of due attention to and a decrease in the impor- analysis. tance of our specialty. This is evident in the re- The attempts to reconstruct the processes galia of the medical historians in both the So- that took place in different spheres of public life viet and post-Soviet eras, such as Corresponding throughout considerable periods of time are made Member of the Soviet Academy of Medical on the basis of the generalizations and analysis Sciences I.D. Strashun, Corresponding Mem- of the established historical facts. High quality ber B.D. Petrov, Academician of the Russian knowledge of these facts and the reliability of such Academy of Sciences A.M. Stochik,1 Academi- reconstructions help to recreate a complete vision cian of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences of the historical past of mankind, including the V.N. Ternovsky and Academician of the Russian separate aspects of mankind’s culture. Science, Academy of Medical Science Yu. P. Lisitsyn2 (all naturally, has to be recognized by scientists as an listed in a chronological order). Unfortunately, integral part of this culture. these famous people for a total over 60 years did It would be nice to have a scientific manual or not publish any book that could set an academic review monograph, where all the main problems standard for the history of medicine, by analogy, of the history of medicine had been treated in the for example, with the “History of Western Phi- best way possible (including its periodization). losophy” authored by B. Russell, a fundamental The problem is that such a manual or monograph work on the history of philosophy, a subject that does not exist in Russian historiography. The first is no less diffi cult than the history of medicine. and, apparently, the only book, which made an Anyone, wishing to get acquainted with the attempt to track the development of medicine history of medicine, is forced to seek out text- from the Period of Antiquity to the author’s time books or review manuals in the relevant higher was S.G. Kovner’s work, which was published educational institutions which the famous Soviet in 1878–1888 [1]. This situation cannot be and Russian medical historians wrote about more explained by the insufficiently important position of the history of medicine that had existed in 1 A.M. Stochik (1939–2015), held a Doctorate Degree several medical scientific specialties. It is known, in Medical Sciences, was an Academician of the Russian for example, that universities, academies and Academy of Sciences, a Medical Historian and the author of more than 400 scientific works. institutes’ official courses timetables were the most 2 Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1928–2013) – Doctor of Medical Sciences, important indicators that showed the attention Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences, one that was paid to each scientific discipline in the of the founders of social hygiene, medical historian, author Soviet times. of over 600 scientific papers. 204 History of Medicine. 2016. Vol. 3. № 3 willingly: the study of our subject in the 20th cen- determined. At the same time, however, there tury, just like today, was obligatory. Nevertheless, is the logical question of “The Beginning” and the number of available textbooks was always very “The End” of such history. The scientists, who limited. Today, there are, for example, two main carried out researches into the history of separate textbooks: one was authored by Academician Lis- clinical specialties, constantly faced a need to itsyn, while the second was written by Professor justify the significance of a certain historic fact as T.S. Sorokina [2, 3]. a reference point of the history of the discipline It is quite simple to differentiate between they studied. For example, during my preparation an academic review manual and a textbook. of a doctoral dissertation (Ph.D. thesis) devoted A textbook contains data which is considered to the history of gastric surgery in Russia, I had fully proven and are used in such a volume that to justify the importance the works of V.A.
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