Barbara Guandalini (*), Marchi Nazaria (**) (*) Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Sviluppo dell’Amministrazione digitale e sistemi informativi e geografici . [email protected] (**)Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Geologico Sismico e dei Suoli. [email protected] The case study of the industrial Ceramics District: an integrated analysis of land use changes

RUBIERA Study area The study area was chosen because of its deeply-rooted industrial production vocation, which has remained unchanged over several years despite cyclical economic downturns. Regione Emilia-Romagna CASALGRANDE It includes the Municipalities of Casalgrande, Castellarano, Castelnuovo Rangone, Castelvetro of , Fiorano Modenese, Formigine Maranello, Rubiera, Sassuolo, Scandiano, and Prignano sulla : except for

PRIGNANO SULLA SECCHIA

SERRAMAZZONI the last two, these Municipalities are all part of the so called “Sassuolo-Scandiano ceramic district”.

study area

Objectives acquire a deeper knowledge of the area and its history concerning land use changes

provide useful tools to assess the effects of that history on environmental, landscape and socio-economic components of the study area

Photo Agea 2011 Industrial districts and urban areas Land use map 2008 Stopping the growth? Land Use LEGEND

Land use analysis Urban fabric 11 Industrial or commercial units 12 The analysis consisted in comparing the “1954”, “1976”, “2003” and “2008” land use maps produced by the Emilia-Romagna Regional Transport units 13 Mine, dump and construction sites 14 Authority. surfaces Artificial Artificial, non-agricultural vegetated areas 15 Arable land 21 Since they are characterized by different captions and minimum areas, a common caption was first of all defined related to all maps; Arable land planted with trees 22 Permanent crops 23

Pastures 24

then, maps with smaller areas were generalized to make them comparable with the less detailed ones. areas Agricultural Heterogeneous agricultural areas 25

Forests 31

Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations 32

Land use changes were analyzed with a specific focus on the caption “items” related to manufacturing activities and built urban areas. areas

Forestand Open spaces with little or no vegetation 33 seminatural seminatural Furthermore, land use evolution was separately studied in lowland areas and in hills. Inland wetlands 41

Maritime wetlands 42 Wetlands

Water courses 51 Water Soil contamination bodies Water bodies 52 How much soil does it consume? SIN analysis Under the project “Feasibility study for the remediation of surface aquifer in the ceramic district of Modena and Reggio Emilia” (Resolution 1838/2007), SIN areas (Sites of National Interest) were defined, according to the definition provided by the Ministerial Decree DM 26/02/03. This further analysis focused on those areas. Class Nomenclature A specific land use caption was used, including 5 items (buildings, storage areas or squares, parking areas, 11 Buildings 12 Storage areas areas for agricultural use, areas devoted to other) and an interpretation of images related to 1974-78, 1998, 13 Parkings 2003 and 2008 periods was provided. 20 Agricultural areas 30 Other areas 2008 Soil reclamation Some results of Land Use Analysis Reducing soil consumption Some results of SIN Analysis

Land use changes (in km2) Land use changes (in km2) Area (ha) 500 This table shows the land uses relieved in the 18000 The different trends Land use (I level) in Emilia-Romagna region in the study area 1976 1994 2003 2008 450 430 15531 15289 16000 between the regional 400 SIN areas by the Regional Land use maps of 400 Artificial surfaces 34,3 36,3 40,6 41,8 14000 12975 Artificial surfaces territory and the study 350 Agricultural areas 13,8 15,0 10,1 8,9 13149 310 1976, 1994, 2003 and 2008. 12000 Agricultural areas Artificial surfaces 300 Agricultural areas 318 Forest and Forest and seminatural areas area is principally due to 4,7 1,8 10000 Forest and seminatural areas seminatural areas Wetlands 250 A significative percentage of no-sealed land Wetlands 8000 Water bodies the industrial vocation of Wetlands 6273 200 Water bodies 6267 5359 use items (agricultural and seminatural areas, 6000 5348 150 130 129 Water bodies 0,4 0,0 2,4 2,4 that area. 110 104 4000 100 107 2057 99 inland waters) are included: from 20% to 35 %. 1903 Artificial surfaces grew 48 2000 50 956 7 14 14 337 538 544 9 2500 318 to the detriment of 0 14 0 Land use changes (in ha) - SIN areas 0 0 0 456 422 194 249 256 0 Land use maps don’t reveal soil consumption

1954 1961 1968 1975 1982 1989 1996 2003

1961 1968 1975 1982 1989 1996 2003 agricultural areas. 1954 1998 2057 due to contamination but they can show the 2000 1797 1761 Land use changes (in ha/year) 1976-2003 and 2003-2008 Lowlands of the study area Urban areas, industrial and commercial units are 66,4 land use history of contaminated areas. 70,0 1500 1430 1340 60,0 51,8 still growing but at a rate lesser than in the past. 1215 1247 50,0 43,4 It’s important to underline that different land 1080 1079 1237 1247 40,0 35,7 1000 27,8 On the contrary, transport units, mine, dump 30,0 971 uses consume soil in different ways: consider, 914 16,9 Buildings 870 20,0 13,8 13,2 10,3 Storage areas 10,0 6,3 and construction sites grow faster, in the last i.e., the different off site transfers of pollution 500 Parkings 628 0,0 Agricultural areas Urban fabric Industrial or Transport Mine, dump Artificial, 106 135 commercial units and non- period. All those artificial surfaces are located 52 Other areas 93 units construction agricultural between industrial and urban areas. 0 sites vegetated

areas mostly in the lowlands.

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 The focus on SIN points out that urban regene- 1976 In particular, they are concentrated in some Distribution of Land use 2008 of the study area inside Vulnerable Zones ration percentage, i.e. land reuse for manufacturing or residential purposes, is areas that are very vulnerable from an Area (ha) District % in ZV Categorie 5262,55 76% Urban fabric rather low (<20%) and it is mainly concentrated in the period between ‘76 and environmental point of view. 3141,5 89% Industrial or commercial units 222,76 92% Transport units 2003, whereas it actually suffered a setback in the following period. Important areas of 1138,55 62% Mine, dump and construction sites 974,28 80% Artificial, non-agricultural vegetated areas 25530,88 42% Arable land Area % 1976 1998 2003 2008 refilling of aquifers, at 0 0% Arable land planted with trees 4094,54 59% Permanent crops Furthermore it shows that land use changes the base of the 750,25 13% Pastures Buildings 23,9 26,9 25,2 23,5 621,62 8% Heterogeneous agricultural areas in areas affected by contamination mainly Apennines, character- 7706,99 10% Forests 3534,91 7% Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations Storage areas & 21,3 22,1 25,3 26,0 occurred in areas adjacent to actual ized by a high risk of 1632,28 0% Open spaces with little or no vegetation Parkings -grouped- 30,28 100% Inland wetlands production activities (parking & storage). groundwater contami- 0 0% Maritime wetlands Agricultural & Other Violet = vulnerable zones (for aquifers) 55,8 51,0 49,5 50,5 1291,17 63% Water courses areas -grouped- Red = limit of the plain 104,85 81% Water bodies Black = buildings and area of study (2008) nation.

References: Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Sistemi informativi geografici, 2011 - Carte dell’uso del suolo 1976 – 2003 – 2008 Di Gennaro A., Guandalini B., F. Innamorato (2009). “Land use dynamics and soil consumption in ” Atti del 6^ Congresso Europeo EUREGEO, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Sistemi informativi geografici, 2010 - Carta dell’uso del suolo 1994 Munich (Germany), 2: 33-36 Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Sistemi informativi geografici, 2008 - Carta dell’uso del suolo 1954 Di Gennaro A, Malucelli F., Filippi N. And Guandalini Barbara (2010). Dossier “Dinamiche di uso dei suoli: analisi per l’Emilia Romagna, tra il Regione Emilia-Romagna, Del. Consiglio regionale n.570/97 - Carta regionale della vulnerabilità 1850 e il 2003” Rivista “Territori” n.1, Editrice Compositori srl