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Sexual and Religious Identity Development Among Adolescent and Emerging Adult Sexual Minorities View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@USU Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2011 Sexual and Religious Identity Development Among Adolescent and Emerging Adult Sexual Minorities Angie L. Dahl Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Dahl, Angie L., "Sexual and Religious Identity Development Among Adolescent and Emerging Adult Sexual Minorities" (2011). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/995 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEXUAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT AMONG ADOLESCENT AND EMERGING ADULT SEXUAL MINORITIES by Angie L. Dahl A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Psychology Approved: Renee V. Galliher, Ph.D. Gretchen Gimpel Peacock, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member Melanie M. Domenech Rodríguez, Ph.D. Susan Crowley, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Christy Glass, Ph.D. Byron Burnham, Ed.D. Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2011 ii Copyright © Angie L. Dahl All rights reserved iii ABSTRACT Sexual and Religious Identity Development Among Adolescent and Emerging Adult Sexual Minorities by Angie L. Dahl, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2011 Major Professor: Dr. Renee Galliher Department: Psychology As the majority of Americans identify with a religious affiliation, the religious context is an important backdrop upon which identity development occurs. For lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, and allied (LGBTQA) youths, the process of development may be complicated in a religious context due to denominational positions on same-sex sexuality. While recent researchers highlighted the importance of contextual influences on LGBTQA developmental processes, few studies have examined LGBTQA sexual and religious identity development. The goal of the current study was to gain a better understanding and appreciation of LGBTQA adolescent and young adult experiences of religious and sexual identity development. Eight adolescents (15-18 years) and 11 emerging adults (19-24 years) who identified as both LGBTQA and having been raised in an active Christian religious tradition participated in the study. The study included three phases: face-to-face iv individual interviews, journal writings, and focus groups. In each phase of the study, participants were asked to reflect on their experiences of sexual and religious identity development across childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood (if applicable). Findings from the current study supported three broad themes and several subthemes. Early in their development, participants described a behavioral religious participation and early awareness of their same-sex attractions. The young adult participants also shared a tendency to deny their attractions. During their middle phase of experiences, participants often self-labeled as LGBTQA. Religiously, participants shared they questioned their beliefs yet continued their religious participation. A proportion of the participants indicated experiencing guilt, conflict, and mental health difficulties, which many participants related to their emerging sexual orientation and religious involvement. The late experiences, which often coincided with sharing a same-sex attracted label with friends and/or family members, was marked by a religious disengagement, social consequences, self-acceptance, and personal values clarification. Using the participants’ own words these findings are presented, along with possible implications and suggestions for future research. (151 pages) v ACKNOWLEGMENTS As I near the end of my formal training at Utah State University, I have been reflecting on the ways my experiences on the fourth floor of the education building have shaped my own identity, both professionally and personally. Certainly, I have been impacted by numerous individuals who have guided, challenged, and molded me into the person I am today. Undoubtedly, Dr. Renee Galliher has provided much of this direction. I would like to thank her for her encouragement, example, direction, guidance, patience, and most of all, her dedication, over the previous 5 years. She has been a model of mentorship that I hope to aspire to someday. Second, Maure Smith, program coordinator of the LGBTQA services at Utah State University, has been instrumental in helping me recruit participants for this project. Her insight and assistance have been vital to the project’s success. Third, I also greatly appreciate the time and expertise of my committee members, Drs. Melanie Domenech-Rodriguez, Gretchen Gimpel Peacock, Susan Crowley, and Christy Glass. Your feedback was vital to the completion of this project. Fourth, to Jonah and Finley—thank you. Jonah, you have been patient and understanding during my “hyper-focused” years of graduate school. Finley Grace, thank you for going to bed at 7 p.m. so mom could work on her schoolwork. Finally, this project would not have been possible without the cooperation of 19 passionate and resilient individuals: Dane, Marla, Elliot, Ryan, Alex, Bryce, Apollo, Rob, Jane, Lynn, Wil, Alonsa, Joseph, Erika, Tommy, vi Alexia, Andrew, Clyde, and Capernicus—I am humbled that you were willing to share your lives with me. Thank you. Angie L. Dahl vii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 The Researcher ................................................................................................ 1 The Study ........................................................................................................ 3 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................ 5 History of Same-Sex Attraction and Behavior ............................................... 5 Theories and Models of Sexuality Development ............................................ 12 Religion and Identity Development ................................................................ 17 Purpose and Objectives ................................................................................... 33 III. METHODS ..................................................................................................... 34 Overview ......................................................................................................... 34 Participants ...................................................................................................... 38 IV. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................... 48 Adolescent Trajectories .................................................................................. 48 Young Adult Trajectories ............................................................................... 63 Additional Themes .......................................................................................... 87 V. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 91 Early Experiences ........................................................................................... 92 Middle Experiences ........................................................................................ 94 Late Experiences ............................................................................................. 97 Personal and Contextual Factors ..................................................................... 103 Implications..................................................................................................... 106 Limitations ...................................................................................................... 108 viii Page Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................... 109 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 112 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 121 Appendix A: Recruitment Email .................................................................. 122 Appendix B: Letters of Informed Consent ................................................... 124 Appendix C: Interview Script ....................................................................... 131 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................ 134 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Research Summaries: Sexual Minority Religiosity and Health Outcomes ....... 24 2. Research Summaries: Sexual and Religious Identity
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