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Morag Allan Campbell Phd Thesis

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Morag Allan Campbell Phd Thesis ‘THIS DISTRESSING MALADY’ : CHILDBIRTH AND MENTAL ILLNESS IN SCOTLAND 1820-1930 Morag Allan Campbell A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2020 Full metadata for this thesis is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this thesis: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/19534 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 'This distressing malady': Childbirth and mental illness in Scotland 1820 - 1930 Morag Allan Campbell This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews September 2019 ii ‘This distressing malady’: Childbirth and mental illness in Scotland 1820 – 1930 Morag Allan Campbell University of St Andrews By permission of University of Dundee Archive Services iii iv Candidate's declaration I, Morag Allan Campbell, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of PhD, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2015. I received funding from an organisation or institution and have acknowledged the funder(s) in the full text of my thesis. Date 12/09/19 Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 12/09/19 Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand, unless exempt by an award of an embargo as requested below, that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that this thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use and that the library has the right to migrate this thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I, Morag Allan Campbell, have obtained, or am in the process of obtaining, third-party copyright permissions that are required or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: v Printed copy No embargo on print copy. Electronic copy No embargo on electronic copy. Date 12/09/19 Signature of candidate Date 12/09/19 Signature of supervisor Underpinning Research Data or Digital Outputs Candidate's declaration I, Morag Allan Campbell, hereby certify that no requirements to deposit original research data or digital outputs apply to this thesis and that, where appropriate, secondary data used have been referenced in the full text of my thesis. Date 12/09/19 Signature of candidate vi Abstract My thesis explores the experiences of women who suffered from mental disorder related to childbirth and pregnancy, looking in particular at Dundee, Fife and Forfarshire in the north-east of Scotland, during the period 1820 to 1930. This study offers a new perspective on women’s lives, wellbeing and healthcare in this region by examining at a local level the ideas surrounding postpartum mental illness. By the mid-nineteenth century, the term ‘puerperal insanity’ was widely known and much discussed and deliberated in medical literature. However, the day-to-day care and treatment of postpartum women suffering from mental disorder was not straightforward. My findings demonstrate that the diagnosis and treatment of postpartum mental illness in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Scotland was a complex issue influenced as much by social and economic factors as by medical ideas. Using records from the chartered asylums at Montrose and Dundee, court and prison records, and newspaper accounts, I have uncovered how childbearing-related mental illness was recognised, accepted and supported by families, neighbours, friends and authorities. Within the asylum, I have revealed how physicians assessed their patients’ characters and status as much as their physical conditions, but nevertheless in many cases provided positive medical care and much-needed rest and nourishment. In criminal cases, my study has looked beyond legislation and verdicts to reveal a positive and constructive approach to the care and custody of women who had committed child murder. Awareness of postpartum mental illness in the community was developed through a collaboration of medical and lay knowledge, acquired through interactions between physicians, families and communities, and filtered through pre-existing understandings and ideas. I have identified a lay understanding and accepted discourse which guided the ideas and actions of friends, family and community in dealing with the problems associated with mental illness among postpartum women. vii viii General Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help and support of a number of wonderful people. My heartfelt thanks go to my supervisors, Prof Aileen Fyfe and Dr Sarah Easterby- Smith, for their expert guidance and constructive advice, for their faith in me and for their unfailing encouragement. I thank also Prof R. A. Houston for his comments during the earlier stages of my research. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the directors and members of the Strathmartine Trust and the Institute of Scottish Historical Research, who, in offering me the very first Strathmartine Trust Scottish History Scholarship, not only gave me the financial help I needed to undertake my Ph.D., but also welcomed me into a friendly and supportive academic community. At the Strathmartine Centre itself, I would like to thank in particular Dr Barbara Crawford, Muriel Watson, Dr Norman H. Reid, Dr Claire Hawes, Anne Rutten and Daniel Leaver – thank you for all the chats over coffee, and for providing many a sympathetic listening ear over the past four years. I would also like to say a massive thanks to all the staff and volunteers at University of Dundee Archive Services, and in particular to Caroline Brown, Dr Jan Merchant, Sharon Kelly, Dr Kenneth Baxter, Keren Guthrie and Jackie Adams for all their help and advice during my many, many visits to the archives. I am very grateful also to the staff at the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, Angus Archives at Restenneth Priory, and the Local History Centre in the Central Library in Dundee. Special thanks also go to my friend Dr Catherine Kennedy for lending her expert eye in the final proofreading of the thesis. To my daughters Jenny and Catherine – thank you for your love, your understanding, and for all your words of motivation over the past four years. And, above all, my very special thanks go to Robyn, my partner and my biggest supporter – without her love, encouragement and trust, I would not have started this project, and without her strength, her spirit and her unerring faith in me, I could not have finished it. ix Funding This work was supported by the Strathmartine Trust through the Strathmartine Trust Scottish History Scholarship [Fund Code 111ENDWHI005]. x Contents Preface 1 An ‘unexpected appearance of insanity’ 1 ‘A delirium without fever’ 5 Rejecting the maternal ideal 7 Witnessing women’s lives through their experience of postpartum mental illness 8 Introduction 15 Histories of psychiatry and women’s health 15 Feminist influences on the study of women and mental illness 17 Gender and mental health 21 Puerperal insanity - key studies and theories 23 Project Aims 31 Sources 32 Methodology 36 Structure of the thesis 39 Summary 42 Chapter One: Caring for the insane in nineteenth-century Scotland 45 Introduction 45 ‘The peculiarities of the Scots’ 45 The organisation of insanity in Scotland 49 ‘These unfortunate persons’ - Caring for the insane in Dundee and Forfarshire 54 Criminal Lunatics 66 ‘Of the very first moral powers’: Staffing the asylums 70 Overview of roles and responsibilities 70 Medical Superintendents 75 Matrons 78 Asylum staff 84 Summary 87 Chapter Two: Locating and measuring puerperal insanity 99 Introduction 99 ‘Are your courses regular?’ Understanding the female animal 101 Using asylum case notes in historical research 105 Diagnosis and discussion at Dundee and Montrose 112 Selecting patient cases for research 124 Ages 127 Where they came from 127 Private/Pauper ratios 129 Married/unmarried/widowed women 132 Working women 135 Length of stay, readmissions and death 138 Summary 140 xi Chapter Three: Exploring family and community narratives 155 Introduction 155 Papers and procedures 156 Patient histories and family strategies 160 Disinterest, delusions and domestic disorder 165 Keeping it in the family 170 What the neighbours said 177 Summary 184 Chapter Four: Treatment, recovery and release 187 Introduction 187 Recovering the ‘latent spark of reason’: Treatment in
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