A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D Architectural Patterns Five principal architectural A series of well-developed architectural styles or vocabu- I Classical and Colonial Revival laries were popular throughout the United States in the styles can be found throughout the United States, which when I Victorian 19th and early 20th century. These styles were adapted by adapted to local requirements, I Arts & Crafts local builders through the use of early pattern books and give neighborhoods unique I later catalogs of house plans. Many early houses were built character. These styles are Mission described in more detail with without the aid of pattern books and are increasingly rare. typical key elements in the These styles represent the broader patterns found in the following pages. neighborhoods constructed largely before 1940. Each style has become adapted to the local environment and local building traditions. Houses that adhere to the traditional architectural and neighborhood pat- terns add to the quality of the public realm and encourage the safety and INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE vitality of a neighborhood. AND CLASSICAL AMERICA 28 Overview of American Architectural Styles Classical and Colonial Revival Victorian Arts & Crafts Mission 29 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D Classical and Colonial Revival Colonial Revival houses reflect the renewed national interest in Classicism which occurred in the late 19th century. The architecture cre- ESSENTIAL ated for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago is a famous ELEMENTS example of this revival. Significant examples of houses from this period can be found throughout the United States. I Simple, straightforward volumes with side In the first half of the 20th century, the Colonial Revival style emerged wings and porches added to make more in the United States as a recognized “American-born” architectural style. complex shapes Colonial Revival style houses were derived from Anglo east coast colonial I An orderly, symmetrical relationship of precedents, which also incorporated eclectic interpretations of classical windows, doors, and building mass details on simple massing types. I Simplified versions of classical details and Colonial Revival style houses have a simple dominant main body columns, occasionally with classical orders used at the entry (which can be one or two stories) to which side wings, rear wings, I Large windows with six-pane patterns, and pavilions might be added. The following illustrations include both sometimes paired historic examples and recently built houses to show the continued use of this building tradition. 30 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials A. Choose Massing Type I Massing typologies are generally very simple with side wings if necessary I Both gable and hip roofs are common I Roof pitches typically range from 6:12 to 10:12 Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape B. 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 Choose Window and Door Composition I Window patterns are generally repetitive and very simple with equal space between windows and doors. 28'—38' 18'—32' 22'—30' I Compositions are often symmetrical with an odd number of bays. 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 I Accent windows and grouped standard windows can be used for emphasis. I Wider houses typically have the entrance in the center of the facade whereas narrower houses generally have doors on the ends. 18'—32' 22'—36' 18'—28' C. Choose Materials Siding: I Cementitious siding or vinyl I Exposure: 5-8" I Corner boards: 4-6" Colors: I Body: Generally, all siding is the same color I Trim: White or off-white 31 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS Step 2: Eaves and Porches A. Select Eave Detail 2"x 4" Lookout I Overhangs typically range from 8" 9" to 18" in depth. Optional Return 12 I Many different designs can be 6–10 6"–10" Flashing created by variations in roof pitch, 5" Ogee Gutter gable end treatment, mouldings, 12 Rake Board 2–5 and dimensions. Flashing Gutter 8" I Boxed-eave detail works for both hip and gable roofs. Blocking 8"–14" Frieze I Typically the same detail 9"– 18" Corner Board throughout the country Crown Moulding Typical Eave Section Gable End Section Gable End Elevation B. Select Porch Location and Design I Porches can range from single- bay porticoes to five-bay full facade porches. I Single-bay porches typically have a gable roof and pediment. I Larger porches generally have hip or shed roofs. Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape I Columns are typically 8 or 9 feet tall; simple, straight box columns, 12 or architecturally correct, doric 2"x 2" Cap 3-4 columns are most common; 5" Ogee Gutter narrower columns can be paired. 8"– 12" 2" Quarter 8" I Porch eave detail resembles that Round of the house; column neck and 1" Half Round beam should be the same width 10"–18" and align. 6"– 14" equal Crown Moulding 1"x 8" or 1"x 10" Box Around Structural Post 8'-0" to 9'-0" 8'-0" to 9'-0" 2"x 2" Pickets Brick Facing 10"– 14" 1"x 10" Chamfered Base Section of Typical Porch Square Column Doric Column 32 Step 3: Windows and Doors A. Select Windows I Double hung windows with 6 over 1 or 6 over 6 mullion patterns are typical. I Standard window dimensions: Width: 2'-4" to 3'-4" Height: 5'-0" to 6'-5" I Standard windows are often paired Accent Window with a 6" mullion (trim) division. I Accent windows should have Standard 6-over-1 Standard 6-over-6 Double-Hung Window Double-Hung Window panes of similar proportion to the standard windows used. I Accent windows are typically used 6"–8" only when space is limited (i.e., over counters, bathroom fixtures, etc.) or as compositional accents. 4"– 6" 6" Paired Double-Hung Window B. Select Doors I Wood, fiberglass, or steel with traditional stile and rail proportions, panel profiles, and glazing patterns I Six- and eight-panel doors are common; partially glazed and fully glazed doors are also used. I Door trim should match window trim. Partially Glazed Door Fully Glazed Door Panel Door C. Cap Backband Select Trim and Shutters Moulding I Windows and doors have simple 5/4"x 6" 4 to 6 inch trim. I Caps, backband mouldings, and aprons under the sill are common. 2"x 3" Sill I Shutters are typically paneled or Apron louvered and should be half the width of the window. Simple 6-inch Trim Backband Trim Paneled and Louvered Shutters 33 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D Victorian The Victorian era refers to the years during which Queen Victoria ruled England, but in reference to American architecture it defines the nation- ESSENTIAL al style that achieved widespread popularity toward the end of her reign, ELEMENTS specifically in the years between 1860-1900. These years saw the rise of the railroad and growth of industrialization, which led to big changes in I Prominent porch elements added to simply the construction of American homes. Traditional heavy timber framing massed houses to create more complex forms methods were being replaced, and consequently architectural styles began I An orderly, symmetrical relationship between to evolve. The emergence of factories accelerated the production of doors, windows, doors, and building mass windows, and detailing. Ornate details had once only been available for I Cut wood ornament influenced by natural landmark houses, but with the combination of mass production and low- forms or turned decorative millwork cost transportation along railways, complex shapes and elaborate details I Vertically proportioned windows and doors became affordable options for all homes. The style was also readily acces- sible to many home builders as a result of pattern books that provided drawings of these early house designs. Traditional houses in the Victorian style were often complex in form, creating picturesque compositions. Heavily detailed porches, elaborate woodwork, and textures created by scalloped, diamond, and fish-scale shingles were all common features. While exotic Victorian houses incor- porating Eastlake, Queen Anne, and Italianate details grew in populari- ty throughout the country, a more restrained style known as folk-based Victorian also emerged, which adapted the elegant styles of Victorian architecture to smaller, simple houses. 34 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials A. Choose Massing Type I Hipped or side-gabled rectangu- lar volume, often with a dormer flush to the front facade I Roof pitch is typically 8:10 I One-story shed or hip front porches from one-fifth to the full length of the main body Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape B. 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 Choose Window and Door Composition I Characterized by a symmetrical and balanced placement of doors and windows I Same window design throughout, 28'—36' 18'—24' 26'—34' with the exception of special windows I Often, the first-floor windows are 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 larger than the second floor. I Align door head with window heads. I Symmetrical and balanced place- ment of doors and windows I Entrance doors are located in the corner of narrow houses and the center of wide houses. 18'—34' 18'—32' 18'—26' C. Choose Materials Siding: I Wood or fiber cement board I Exposure: 5-8" I Corner boards: 3-7" Colors: I Body: Pastels and a range of yellows, beiges, grays, blues, and greens I Trim: Deeper shade of the body color or a slightly different deep shade; white trim may be used 35 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS Step 2: Eaves and Porches A.