Architectural Patterns D

A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D

Architectural Patterns

Five principal architectural A series of well-developed architectural styles or vocabu- I Classical and Colonial Revival laries were popular throughout the United States in the styles can be found throughout the United States, which when I Victorian 19th and early 20th century. These styles were adapted by adapted to local requirements, I Arts & Crafts local builders through the use of early pattern books and give neighborhoods unique I later catalogs of house plans. Many early houses were built character. These styles are Mission described in more detail with without the aid of pattern books and are increasingly rare. typical key elements in the These styles represent the broader patterns found in the following pages. neighborhoods constructed largely before 1940. Each style has become adapted to the local environment and local building traditions.

Houses that adhere to the traditional architectural and neighborhood patterns add to the quality of the public realm and encourage the safety and

INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE vitality of a neighborhood. AND CLASSICAL AMERICA

28 Overview of American Architectural Styles

Classical and Colonial Revival

Victorian

Arts & Crafts

Mission

29 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D

Classical and Colonial Revival

Colonial Revival houses reflect the renewed national interest in Classicism which occurred in the late 19th century. The architecture cre- ESSENTIAL ated for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago is a famous ELEMENTS example of this revival. Significant examples of houses from this period can be found throughout the United States. I Simple, straightforward volumes with side In the first half of the 20th century, the Colonial Revival style emerged wings and porches added to make more in the United States as a recognized “American-born” architectural style. complex shapes Colonial Revival style houses were derived from Anglo east coast colonial I An orderly, symmetrical relationship of precedents, which also incorporated eclectic interpretations of classical windows, doors, and building mass details on simple massing types. I Simplified versions of classical details and Colonial Revival style houses have a simple dominant main body columns, occasionally with classical orders used at the entry (which can be one or two stories) to which side wings, rear wings, I Large windows with six-pane patterns, and pavilions might be added. The following illustrations include both sometimes paired historic examples and recently built houses to show the continued use of this building tradition.

30 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials

A. Choose Massing Type

I Massing typologies are generally very simple with side wings if necessary

I Both gable and hip roofs are common

I Roof pitches typically range from 6:12 to 10:12

Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

B. 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 Choose Window and Door Composition

I Window patterns are generally repetitive and very simple with equal space between windows and doors.

28'—38' 18'—32' 22'—30' I Compositions are often symmetrical with an odd

number of bays. 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3

I Accent windows and grouped standard windows can be used for emphasis.

I Wider houses typically have the entrance in the center of the facade whereas narrower houses generally have doors on the ends.

18'—32' 22'—36' 18'—28'

C. Choose Materials

Siding:

I Cementitious siding or vinyl

I Exposure: 5-8"

I Corner boards: 4-6"

Colors:

I Body: Generally, all siding is the same color

I Trim: White or off-white

31 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

Step 2: Eaves and Porches

Select Eave Detail 2"x 4" Lookout

I Overhangs typically range from 8" 9" to 18" in depth. Optional Return 12

I Many different designs can be 6–10 6"–10" Flashing created by variations in roof pitch, 5" Ogee Gutter gable end treatment, mouldings, 12 Rake Board 2–5 and dimensions. Flashing Gutter 8" I Boxed-eave detail works for both hip and gable roofs. Blocking

8"–14" Frieze

I Typically the same detail 9"– 18" Corner Board throughout the country Crown Moulding

Typical Eave Section Gable End Section Gable End Elevation

B. Select Porch Location and Design

I Porches can range from single- bay porticoes to five-bay full facade porches.

I Single-bay porches typically have a gable roof and pediment.

I Larger porches generally have hip or shed roofs. Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

I Columns are typically 8 or 9 feet tall; simple, straight box columns, 12 or architecturally correct, doric 2"x 2" Cap 3-4 columns are most common; 5" Ogee Gutter narrower columns can be paired. 8"– 12" 2" Quarter 8" I Porch eave detail resembles that Round

of the house; column neck and 1" Half Round

beam should be the same width 10"–18"

and align. 6"– 14" equal

Crown Moulding 1"x 8" or 1"x 10" Box Around Structural Post 8'-0" to 9'-0" 8'-0" to 9'-0" 2"x 2" Pickets

Brick Facing

10"– 14" 1"x 10" Chamfered Base

Section of Typical Porch Square Column Doric Column

32 Step 3: Windows and Doors

A. Select Windows

I Double hung windows with 6 over 1 or 6 over 6 mullion patterns are typical.

I Standard window dimensions: Width: 2'-4" to 3'-4" Height: 5'-0" to 6'-5"

I Standard windows are often paired Accent Window with a 6" mullion (trim) division.

I Accent windows should have Standard 6-over-1 Standard 6-over-6 Double-Hung Window Double-Hung Window panes of similar proportion to the standard windows used.

I Accent windows are typically used 6"–8" only when space is limited (i.e., over counters, bathroom fixtures, etc.) or as compositional accents.

4"– 6" 6"

Paired Double-Hung Window

B. Select Doors

I Wood, fiberglass, or steel with traditional stile and rail proportions, panel profiles, and glazing patterns

I Six- and eight-panel doors are common; partially glazed and fully glazed doors are also used.

I Door trim should match window trim.

Partially Glazed Door Fully Glazed Door Panel Door

C. Cap Backband Select Trim and Shutters Moulding

I Windows and doors have simple 5/4"x 6" 4 to 6 inch trim.

I Caps, backband mouldings, and aprons under the sill are common. 2"x 3" Sill

I Shutters are typically paneled or Apron louvered and should be half the width of the window. Simple 6-inch Trim Backband Trim Paneled and Louvered Shutters

33 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D

Victorian

The Victorian era refers to the years during which Queen Victoria ruled England, but in reference to American architecture it defines the nation- ESSENTIAL al style that achieved widespread popularity toward the end of her reign, ELEMENTS specifically in the years between 1860-1900. These years saw the rise of the railroad and growth of industrialization, which led to big changes in I Prominent porch elements added to simply the construction of American homes. Traditional heavy timber framing massed houses to create more complex forms methods were being replaced, and consequently architectural styles began I An orderly, symmetrical relationship between to evolve. The emergence of factories accelerated the production of doors, windows, doors, and building mass windows, and detailing. Ornate details had once only been available for I Cut wood ornament influenced by natural landmark houses, but with the combination of mass production and low- forms or turned decorative millwork cost transportation along railways, complex shapes and elaborate details I Vertically proportioned windows and doors became affordable options for all homes. The style was also readily acces- sible to many home builders as a result of pattern books that provided drawings of these early house designs. Traditional houses in the Victorian style were often complex in form, creating picturesque compositions. Heavily detailed porches, elaborate woodwork, and textures created by scalloped, diamond, and fish-scale shingles were all common features. While exotic Victorian houses incor- porating Eastlake, Queen Anne, and Italianate details grew in popularity throughout the country, a more restrained style known as folk-based Victorian also emerged, which adapted the elegant styles of Victorian architecture to smaller, simple houses.

34 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials

A. Choose Massing Type

I Hipped or side-gabled rectangular volume, often with a dormer flush to the front facade

I Roof pitch is typically 8:10

I One-story shed or hip front porches from one-fifth to the full length of the main body

Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

B. 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 Choose Window and Door Composition

I Characterized by a symmetrical and balanced placement of doors and windows

I Same window design throughout, 28'—36' 18'—24' 26'—34' with the exception of special windows

I Often, the first-floor windows are 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 larger than the second floor.

I Align door head with window heads.

I Symmetrical and balanced placement of doors and windows

I Entrance doors are located in the corner of narrow houses and the center of wide houses. 18'—34' 18'—32' 18'—26'

C. Choose Materials

Siding:

I Wood or fiber cement board

I Exposure: 5-8"

I Corner boards: 3-7"

Colors:

I Body: Pastels and a range of yellows, beiges, grays, blues, and greens

I Trim: Deeper shade of the body color or a slightly different deep shade; white trim may be used

35 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

Step 2: Eaves and Porches

Select Eave Detail 2"x 4" Lookout

I Overhang between 8 inches 8" and 16 inches; deeper overhangs are typically used on larger 12 Verge Board houses 8–12 6"–10" Decorative Trim 5" Ogee Gutter Transition I Boxed eaves often have profiled Gutter brackets at 8 to 24 inches on Crown Moulding

center and grouped at corners. 8"

I Raking eaves may have an over- Frieze 6"–12" 6"–12" sized, decorative board at the gable end. 8"– 16" Corner Board

Crown Moulding

Typical Eave Section Gable End Section Gable End Eave Detail

B. Select Porch Location and Design

I Minimum recommended porch depth is 8 feet.

I Windows and doors from active rooms should open onto the porch.

I Victorian porches have either ‘turned’ columns or square, Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape chamfered columns.

I Porches generally have hip or 12 2"x 2" Cap shed roofs. 5" Ogee Gutter 3-4 6"– 10" 8"– 10"

2" Quarter 8" Round 8"–14"

6"– 14" Equal

Crown Moulding 8'-0" to 9'-0" 8'-0" to 9'-0" 8'-0" to 9'-0" 2"x 2" Pickets

Brick Facing

8"– 12" 10"– 12" 6"-8" Turned Post

Section of Typical Porch Turned Post Doric Column Square Column

36 Step 3: Windows and Doors

A. Select Windows

I Use double-hung windows with window patterns of 1 over 1, 2 over 2, 4 over 4, and wide trim.

I Standard window dimensions: Width: 2'-4" to 3'-4" Accent Window Height: 5'-0" to 6'-8"

I When windows are paired, use with a 6 inch mullion (trim)

division. Standard 4-over-4 Double-Hung Window and 2-over-2 Double-hung Window I The window may have a decorative cap. 6"–8" I Accent windows should have panes of similar proportion to the standard windows selected.

I Accent windows are typically used 6" 4"– 6" only when space is limited (i.e., over counters, bathroom fixtures, etc.) or as a compositional accent.

Paired Double-Hung Window Box Bay Window – Front and Side Elevations (reduced scale)

B. Select Doors

I Wood, fiberglass, or steel with traditional stile and rail proportions, panel profiles, and glazing patterns

I Four-panel doors are common; partially glazed and fully glazed doors are also used.

I Door trim should match window trim.

Partially Glazed Door Fully Glazed Door Panel Door

Decorative Cap C. Backband Moulding Select Trim and Shutters

5/4"x 6" I Windows and doors have simple 4 to 6 inch trim.

I Caps, backband mouldings, and

aprons under the sill are common. 2"x 3" Sill

Apron I Shutters are typically paneled or louvered and should be half the width of the window. Simple 6-inch Trim Backband Trim Paneled and Louvered Shutters

37 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D

Arts & Crafts

Often considered the first phase of modern architecture, the Arts & Crafts movement began in England during the late 19th century. This style ESSENTIAL turned its back on historical precedent and defined itself by using natural ELEMENTS materials to create a simple and decorative expression of structural elements. In the United States, the Arts & Crafts style is more commonly I Deep eaves, often with exposed, shaped rafter called Craftsman and became popular in the early 20th century. Low ends or ornamental brackets pitched roofs, wide eave overhangs, and ornamental rafter tails and brack- I Grouped windows in pairs or in sets of three ets are some of the most recognizable features of this style, along with the with divided light patterns in the upper sashes use of rich colors and contrasting trim. The Craftsman style was first seen I Deep, broad porch elements with expressive in the United States in southern California, but it became a very popular structural components architectural language across the entire country, and between the years I Simple, straightforward volume with low- 1905 and 1920 it was the major style used for smaller houses all over slope gabled or hipped roof America. Although it became less dominant around 1930, it is thought I Continuous horizontal trim band or belt course at the second floor window sill line that the principles of Arts & Crafts architecture gave birth to the Prairie style, which was the foremost architectural style for American homes in the years to come.

38 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials

A. Choose Massing Type

I Rectangular or L-shaped volume with a front-facing gable roof containing a second or third story

I Often an in-line gabled porch or wing added to the front leg of the L to create an asymmetrical form

I Roof pitches typically range from 4:12 to 6:12 Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

B. 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 Choose Window and Door Composition

I Composition is characterized by an asymmetrical yet balanced placement of doors and windows.

I Typically, windows occur in pairs and multiples or as sidelights for 26'—38' 22'—32' 22'—32' oversized ground floor windows.

1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 I Entrance doors are most often under porches and off center.

I Doors are wide in proportion, often with transoms and sidelights.

20'—32' 18'—28' 18'—28'

C. Choose Materials

Siding:

I Stucco, wood, or fiber cement board

I Exposure: 3-6"

I Corner Boards are optional; when used, a 4-6" exposure is typical.

Colors: I Body: Can be the same color with frieze; the first and second floors may be differentiated with color.

I Trim: White, off-white, or rich earth tones

39 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

Step 2: Eaves and Porches

A. Select Eave Detail

I Overhangs typically range from

18 to 32 inches in depth. 6" 12 12

6–10 5" 6–10 I Boxed eave with flat soffit, with optional profile brackets at 24

inches on center Gutter Crown Moulding I

2 x 8 inch rafter tail 16 to 24 5" inches on center, the most common eave; often hipped, Bracket 18 - 32" 1'9" gables feature a vergeboard; exposed rafter tails are either Crown Mmoulding Corner Board shaped or cut plumb

Typical Eave Section Gable End Section Gable End Elevation

B. Select Porch Location and Design

I Minimum porch depth 8 feet

I Porches have deep eaves often repeating the same rafter or cornice treatment as the main house body.

I Porches can have gable-ends, shed roofs, or hip roofs. Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

12 I Shed and hip porches typically 6–10 have a 3 in 12 to 4 in 12 pitch.

I Gable-end porches are designed 11"

to express structural elements. 6"

1'6"– 2'0" 5'0" - 5'6" 5'0" - 5'6"

6" 6" 1'2" 8'0" - 9'0"

2"x 2" Pickets 3'0" - 3'6" 3'0" - 3'6" 1'9"– 2'0" 1'9"– 2'0"

Brick Facing

Half-Height Double Post Half-Height Box Column Stucco Pier

Section of Typical Porch

40 Step 3: Windows and Doors

A. Select Windows

I Casements with divided lights are common.

I Double-hung windows are typically vertical in proportion and have a 3 over 1, 4 over 1, 6 over 1, or 9 over 1 muntin pattern. Accent Window

I Accent windows include triple windows, small square accent windows, and box bay windows supported on flat cut brackets. Standard 3-over-1 Double-Hung Window and 6-over-1 Double-Hung Window I Dormer windows are commonly

ganged together. 6"–8"

6" 4"– 6"

Partial Elevation of a Shed Dormer with Grouped Window (reduced scale) Grouped Double-Hung Windows

B. Select Doors

I Arts & Crafts doors are often stained wood or painted rich colors plank designs or a panel door with the top half glazed.

I Doors may have sidelights or transoms in clear or leaded glass.

Partially Glazed Door Fully Glazed Door Panel Door

C. Select Trim and Shutters Cap Backband Moulding I Window and door trim often car- ries a simple moulding and cap above. 5/4"x 6"

I Caps, backband mouldings, and aprons under the sill are common.

I Casements with divided lights are 2"x 3" Sill

common. Apron

I Shutters are typically paneled or

louvered and should be half the Simple 6-inch Trim Backband Trim Paneled and Louvered Shutters width of the window.

41 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS D

Mission

Sometimes thought to be California’s counterpart to Colonial Revival architecture in the Northeast, Mission style became popular around ESSENTIAL 1890, and remained one of the principle styles of building throughout the ELEMENTS early 20th century. Mission style relied heavily on its heritage and was greatly influenced by Hispanic architecture. While this style of building I Stucco walls with a handmade/formed was never commonplace outside the Southwest, there are examples found appearance throughout the country. I Shallow sloped, terra-cotta barrel tile roofs in Mission architecture has a strong identity, notably defined by shaped variegated colors (red is predominant color) parapets and arches, quatrefoil windows, and red roof tiles. Also common I Thick walls with deep recessed openings to this style are smooth stucco walls and open porches supported by large I Covered patios/porches/loggias square piers. This style generally does not include decorative detailing I Detailing primarily at openings and uses elements of Hispanic architecture that can be translated into I Balconies simple shapes. I Decorative ironwork

42 Step 1: Massing, Composition, and Materials

A. Choose Massing Type

I Rectangular volume with a 4 in 12 to 10 in 12 roof pitch and gable or hip parallel to the street

I Inset patios on first floor are common.

I A one- or two-story wing projecting forward from the main body Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape

B. 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 Choose Window and Door Composition

I Character is derived from a good use of proportion and a sparing, well-placed use of ornament.

I Although windows and doors are 28'—38' 18'—32' 22'—30' typically placed asymmetrically, the overall composition is balanced. 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3

I Paired windows are tall with a vertical aspect.

I The size of windows should diminish with each succeeding story.

18'—32' 22'—36' 18'—28'

C. Choose Materials

Cladding:

I Stucco with handmade/formed appearance

I Color: White or light hue

Roof:

I Terra cotta barrel tile, multiple ‘stacked’ tile at eaves

I For cost efficiency, barrel tiles may be used at eaves and asphalt shingles of a similar color used on primary roofs.

43 A PATTERN BOOK FOR NEIGHBORLY HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS

Step 2: Eaves and Porches

A. Select Eave Detail

12 I Second floor offsets should create 6–10

8 to 10 inch overhangs. 12 4-6 I Shallow eaves are constructed of building wall material or molded plaster. 8"

I Open eaves and exposed rafter 9" Gutter tails are common in some areas of the country. Fascia

10" Typical Gable Roof Eave Section Gable End Elevation Typical Eave Section Gable End Elevation

B. Select Porch Location and Design

I Patios and loggias substitute for porches.

I Minimum depth 8 feet

I Defined by either plaster arches with plaster columns, or plaster

arches with cast stone columns Side Gable Front Gable “L” Shape “L” Shape (round, square, or rectangular)

I Porch floors are typically paved with stained concrete, optional

terra cotta tile, brick, or 12 stone accents. 4–6

I Balconies may be designed as shallow ‘French balconies’ and

made of metal or plaster; 8" balconies are deeper when made 2'0" of wood, often becoming a 6" ‘gallery’ onto which multiple rooms may open.

12"–18" 8'6"- 9'0" 8'0"- 9'0"

2"x 2" Pickets 6'0"

1'2" 6" 4' 0"

Section of Typical Balcony Square Stucco Column Timber Post Stucco Arch and Corbelled Opening

44 Step 3: Windows and Doors

A. Select Windows

I Windows may have a vertical or horizontal pane configuration.

I Windows surrounded by stucco should be recessed back from the face of the facade as deeply as possible to create the illusion of thick walls.

I Casement windows are used as either single units, double units, or paired double units. Paired Casement Window 6-over-1 Double-Hung Window

I Windows often have either three- light or six-light, multi-pane units.

I Windows often have flat or arched transoms; transoms have glass patterns similar to window glass patterns.

Oversized Arched Window

B. Select Doors

I Doors are often stained wood or painted a deep color with either wood plank design or a panel door with the top half glazed.

I Single plank/board or panel style door, often with wrought iron accents

I No sidelights

I Recessed as deep as possible

Single Plank/board Door Fully Glazed Door Panel Door

C. Stucco Veneer Window Detail and Shutters

I Cast plaster or concrete surrounds

I Trim is not required; wood lintels are sometimes used above door and window openings. Sill I Raised or flat wood panel or louvered shutters used as an accent

I Shutters should be half the width of Typical Section Paneled and Board Shutters the window.