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Production and Productivity of Boswellia Papyrifera Production and Productivity of Boswellia papyrifera in Jebel Elgarrie area (Blue Nile State) By Lubna Ali Mohammed Nour Faculty of Forestry University of Khartoum, 2002 A thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree Supervisor: Dr .Abdalla Mirghani EL Tayeb Department of Forest Management Faculty of Forestry University of Khartoum March 2008 DEDICATION To whom I love, to the spirit of my late mother; to my beloved father, to my brothers and sisters, To my husband, Abd Elsalam Abdalla, to my sweet daughters Sahar and Raghad, I dedicate this work. Lubna, 2008 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all who helped and cooperated in this study. Special thanks and gratitude and appreciations are due to Dr. Abdalla Mirghani El Tayeb for his keen supervision to this study and for his patience, guidance and encouragement throughout the study period. My thanks and gratitude are extended to Dr. Abdelazim Yassin, Dean Faculty of Forestry U. of K. for his help during the data analysis. My special gratitude is extended to Hatil Hassan Elgasim for his help during the field work and to the forest guards of Jebel Elgarrie forest. My gratitude extends also to the colleagues, who helped during the laboratory work period: Abubakr Ahmed Shukralla, Nahla Ahmed and Nasreen Hassanein. Special thanks are due to Mr. Musa Sulieman Musa (Safuri) Director of Forests in the Blue Nile State. Also my thanks extend to Ustaz Elsheikh Abdalla Elsheikh, Ustaz Fatah elrahman Elhalawi ,Ustaz Balla Elfadil ,Ustaz Saleem Otuk,Ustaz Elyass Ahmed Elyass and Mr.Jamal Eltayeb. I would also like to express my deep appreciation to my sweet sisters (Sana, Samah and Nour) for their co-operation and moral encouragement and support. ii Abstract Production and Productivity of Boswellia papyrifera in Jebel Elgarrie area (A case study: Jebel Elgarrie Area, Blue Nile State) This study was conducted in natural and artificial stands of Boswellia papyrifera in Jebel El Gerrie Forest reserve. The objective of this study is to provide sufficient Boswellia stand information, which includes diameter class distribution and relationships between tree measurable parameters and resin yield. Two hundred and thirty two trees were randomly selected for tapping. Seven to eight collections were made from each of these trees. Resin yield from each collection was weighed and registered. Relationships between measurable parameters and resin yield were sought, using the spread sheet Excel and the statistical package SAS. The results of both natural and artificial stands showed that in the natural stand there is a strong relationship between resin yield and average height and also between resin yield and average crown width at (p≤0.5), while in plantation stands, there was extremely weak relationship between resin yield and all measurable parameters, including diameter at breast height. However, the results obtained from this study can help to make predictions about future resin yields in natural Boswellia stands based on easily measurable tree parameters. The study recommends to raise the awareness of local communities about the best methods of Boswellia tapping as well as exertion of more effort towards the rehabilitation and best management of Bosweliia papyrifera stands in Blue Nile state. iii ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻧﺘﺎج وإﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺻﻤﻎ اﻟﻠﺒﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮي ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ اﻷزرق ﻟﻘﺪ اﺟﺮﻳﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺠﺮﻳﻦ اﺣﺪهﻤﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺰرع ﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﻘﻔﻞ ( Boswellia papyrifera) ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق اﻟﺮﺻﻴﺮص . هﺪﻓﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻳﺠﺎد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺸﺠﺮة وﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﺎﻗﻬﺎ وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺎج واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ . ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﺪد 31 ﻓﺪان ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺠﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ (7 ﻓﺪان) واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰرع (24 ﻓﺪان). ﻓﻲ هﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر 232 ﺷﺠﺮة ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻻﺟﺮاء اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ . اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺗﺒﻌﺖ هﻲ وﺿﻊ دﻳﺒﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺠﺎراﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرﻩ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻄﺮ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺎج وﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ . ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺎف. ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل 7-8 ﻟﻘﻄﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ (2005-2006). وﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻧﺘﺎج آﻞ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ وزﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎت . ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة، ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺟﺪوﻟﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻰ (SAS) وﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ(EXCEL) واﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرهﺎ هﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺎج وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻠﻲ. ﻓﻲ (SAS) اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إدﺧﺎل أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ . وﻟﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أن هﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺠﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ آ ﻤﺎ أن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺰرع. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS page Dedication i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii Arabic abstract iv Table of contents v List of tables vii List of figures viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1General introduction 1 1.2 Main Non-wood Forest Products 2 1.3 Boswellia distribution and description 4 1.4 Problem statement 6 1.5 Objectives of the study 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1Taxonomy of Boswellia papyrifera 8 2.2 Geographic Distribution of the Genus Boswellia 9 2.2.1 Distribution in Africa 9 2.2.2 Distribution of Boswellia papyrifera in the Sudan 10 2.3 Gum and Resin Exudation and importance 12 2.3.1 Management of Boswellia stands for resin production 14 2.3.1.1 Tapping of Boswellia stands 14 2.3.1.2. Boswellia papyrifera tapping stages 17 2.3.1.3 Collection of Boswellia resin 19 2.3.1.4 Yield of resin 21 2.3.1.5 Resin storage and cleaning 21 2.3.1.6 Grading of the resin 22 2.4 Chemical composition of Boswellia papyrifera 22 2.5 Uses of oleogum resins 23 CHAPTER THREE STUDY AREA 3.1 Location 25 3.2 Administration structure 25 3.3 Population 27 3.4 Climate 27 3.5 Vegetation 27 3.6 Soil 28 v CHAPTER FOUR MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.1 Data collection 29 4.1.1 Inventory of Boswellia papyrifera stands 31 4.1.2 Sampling techniques 31 4.1.3 Layout of the sample plots 32 4.1.4 Resin production processes 32 4.1.5 Tools used for the inventory and tapping 32 4. 2 Data analysis 33 CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Process of analysis 34 5.2 Relationship between Resin yield and measurable parameters 34 5.2.1 Relationship between Resin yield and tree diameter 34 5.2.2 Relationship between Resin yield and tree height 36 5.2.3 Relationship between Resin yield and tree crown 40 5.2.4 Resin yield in Jebel Garrie area 44 5.2.5 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 44 5.2.5.1 Natural Stand 44 5.2.5.2 Plantation stand 47 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions 49 6.2 Recommendations 51 References 52 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Title page Table 1.1Main NWFPs put on the market in northern Sudan 4 Table 2.1 Exports of gum olibanum from Sudan (1992-1995). 14 Table 2.2 Resin production in Rashad province (1988-1997) 21 Table 2.3Chemical composition of Boswellia resin 23 Table 4.1 Boswellia papyrifera stands in the Blue Nile State 30 Table 5.1 natural stand season 2005 36 Table 5. 2 natural stand season 2006 36 Table 5. 3 plantation stand 36 Table 5. 4Relationship between resin yield and height 38 Table 5.5Relationship between yield and height squared (H2) 38 Table 5.6Relationship between resin yield and height 38 Table 5.7Relationship between yield and height squared (H2) 39 Table 5.8Relationship between resin yield and height 39 Table 5.9Relationship between yield and height squared (H2) 39 Table 5.10Resin yield (gm) in relation to crown (m) 42 Table 5.11Resin yield (gm) in relation to crown (m) squared 42 Table 5.12Resin yield (gm) in relation to crown (m) 42 Table 5.13Resin yield (gm) in relation to crown (m) squared 43 Table 5.14Resin yield (gm) of Boswellia papyrifera vs. crown 43 Table 5.15Resin yield (gm) vs. crown (m) squared 43 vii LIST OF FIGURES Fig page Fig. 2.1Distribution of Boswellia papyrifera in Sudan 11 Fig. 2.2The zone of resin formation 16 Fig. 2.3Raika for collection of resin 20 Fig. 3.1Map of the study area 26 Fig. 4.1 B. papyrifera stand in Jebel Elgarrie area 29 Fig. 5.1 Scatter diagram of resin yield vs. tree diameter in natural stands 35 Fig. 5.2 Scatter diagram of resin yield vs. tree diameter in planted stands 35 Fig 5.3 Scatter diagram of resin yield season 2006 vs.tree diameter in 35 atural stands Fig 5.4 Scatter diagram of reisn yield vs. tree height in natural stands. 37 Fig 5.5 Resin yield vs. tree height in natural stands. 37 Fig 5.6 Resin yield vs. tree height in Plantation stands. 37 Fig 5.7 Resin yield (season 2005) vs. tree crown in natural stands. 40 Fig 5.8 Resin yield (season 2006) vs. tree crown in natural stands 41 Fig. 5.9 Resin yield (season 2006) vs. tree crown in plantation stands 41 Fig 5.10 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 45 (d-class 9-12.9) Fig. 5.11 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 45 (d- class 21-24.9cm). Fig5.12 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 46 (d-class 41-44.9 cm). Fig5.13 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 46 (All diameter classes). Fig5.14 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 47 (d-class 11-14.9). Fig 5.15 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 47 (d-class 31-34.9) Fig5.16 Relationship between resin yield and collection number 48 (pooled data).
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