DOCSLIB.ORG

Application for Reassessment of a Hazardous Substance Under Section 63 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Application for Reassessment of a Hazardous Substance Under Section 63 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 Application for Reassessment of a Hazardous Substance under section 63 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 Name of substance: endosulfan and formulations containing endosulfan Applicant: Chief Executive ERMA New Zealand Office use only Application Code: Date received:____/____/_ ERMA New Zealand Contact: Initial Fees Paid: $ Application Version No: Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 8 The application ...................................................................................................................... 8 Precautionary approach to determining risks ......................................................................... 8 Current use of endosulfan ...................................................................................................... 8 Overseas regulatory status of endosulfan ............................................................................... 9 Risks, costs and benefits of use in New Zealand ................................................................. 10 Preliminary recommendations ............................................................................................. 13 Submissions ......................................................................................................................... 15 Section One – Applicant Details .................................................................................... 16 Section Two – Application Type and Related Approvals .............................................. 17 2.1 Application type ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Sources of information for this application and consideration of uncertainty ........ 18 Section Three – Information on the Substances ............................................................. 20 3.1 Identification of the substances .............................................................................. 20 3.2 Chemical and physical properties of endosulfan and its formulations ................... 22 3.3 Review of hazardous properties of endosulfan and endosulfan formulations ........ 24 3.4 Lifecycle of endosulfan formulations ..................................................................... 27 3.5 Manufacture ............................................................................................................ 27 Importation........................................................................................................................... 27 Repackaging/storage ............................................................................................................ 27 Transport .............................................................................................................................. 27 Disposal ............................................................................................................................... 28 Use of endosulfan ................................................................................................................ 28 3.6 Existing controls for endosulfan and endosulfan formulations .............................. 37 3.7 Controls applied under the HSNO Act ................................................................... 37 3.8 Non-HSNO Act controls......................................................................................... 54 Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997 ............................................ 54 Other requirements............................................................................................................... 55 Section Four – Risks, Costs and Benefits ....................................................................... 56 4.1 Identification of the potential risks, costs and benefits of the substances .............. 56 Risk management context .................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Risks and costs to human health and the environment ........................................... 58 Reports of adverse effects of endosulfan formulations ........................................................ 59 Endosulfan Reassessment – Application June 2008 Page 3 of 244 Identification of benefits (positive effects) .......................................................................... 63 4.3 Assessment of potentially significant risks, costs and benefits .............................. 70 Assessment of environmental risks ...................................................................................... 70 Assessment of human health risks ....................................................................................... 96 Assessment of benefits (positive effects) ........................................................................... 136 4.4 Relationship of Māori to the environment ............................................................ 142 Adverse effects .................................................................................................................. 142 Mauri .................................................................................................................................. 142 Kaitiakitanga ...................................................................................................................... 143 Hauora ................................................................................................................................ 143 Assessment......................................................................................................................... 143 Treaty of Waitangi ............................................................................................................. 143 Section Five – International Considerations ................................................................. 145 Section Six – Likely Effects of the Substance Being Unavailable ............................... 146 Section Seven – Overall Evaluation and Recommendations ........................................ 148 7.1 Overall evaluation ................................................................................................. 148 7.2 Preliminary recommendations .............................................................................. 149 Section Eight – Summary of Public Information ......................................................... 151 8.1 Names of the substances for the public register ................................................... 151 8.2 Purpose of the application for the public register ................................................. 151 8.3 Use categories of the substances ........................................................................... 151 References .................................................................................................................... 152 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 160 Appendix A – Human health hazard profile ................................................................. 161 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 161 Pharmacokinetics ............................................................................................................ 161 6.1 classification – Acute toxicity ................................................................................... 161 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5 classification – Irritancy/sensitisation ...................................................... 162 6.6 classification – Mutagenicity/genotoxicity ............................................................... 163 6.7 classification – carcinogenicity ................................................................................. 166 6.8 classification – Reproductive/developmental toxicity .............................................. 166 6.9 classification – Target organ toxicity ........................................................................ 168 Endocrine disruption ....................................................................................................... 171 Page 4 of 244 June 2008 Endosulfan Reassessment – Application Endosulfan sulphate ........................................................................................................ 174 Endosulfan residue burdens ............................................................................................ 175 Appendix B – Environmental hazard profile ................................................................ 176 Aquatic Toxicity ............................................................................................................. 176 Non-target invertebrate toxicity ...................................................................................... 186 Appendix C – Monitoring studies examined by the Agency........................................ 189 Appendix D – Tier II modelling of aquatic risks.......................................................... 192 Appendix E – Input and results of analysis used to select worst-case sites in Ramanarayanan et al (1999) ......................................................................................... 199 Appendix F – Calculations underlying bird risk assessments ...................................... 201 Appendix G – Margins of exposure for re-entry to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries
    Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries. Peter Jentsch Extension Associate Department of Entomology Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab 3357 Rt. 9W; PO box 727 Highland, NY 12528 email: [email protected] Phone 845-691-7151 Mobile: 845-417-7465 http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/faculty/jentsch/ 2 Historical Perspectives on Fruit Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Chemistries. by Peter Jentsch I. Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 Synthetic Pesticide Development and Use II. Influences Changing the Pest Management Profile in Apple Production Chemical Residues in Early Insect Management Historical Chemical Regulation Recent Regulation Developments Changing Pest Management Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 The Science Behind The Methodology Pesticide Revisions – Requirements For New Registrations III. Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides Resistance Pest Management Strategies IV. Reduced Risk Chemistries: New Modes of Action and the Insecticide Treadmill Fermentation Microbial Products Bt’s, Abamectins, Spinosads Juvenile Hormone Analogs Formamidines, Juvenile Hormone Analogs And Mimics Insect Growth Regulators Azadirachtin, Thiadiazine Neonicotinyls Major Reduced Risk Materials: Carboxamides, Carboxylic Acid Esters, Granulosis Viruses, Diphenyloxazolines, Insecticidal Soaps, Benzoyl Urea Growth Regulators, Tetronic Acids, Oxadiazenes , Particle Films, Phenoxypyrazoles, Pyridazinones, Spinosads, Tetrazines , Organotins, Quinolines. 3 I Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 The apple has a rather ominous origin. Its inception is framed in the biblical text regarding the genesis of mankind. The backdrop appears to be the turbulent setting of what many scholars believe to be present day Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Research/Investigación Effect of Dinotefuran
    RESEARCH/INVESTIGACIÓN EFFECT OF DINOTEFURAN, INDOXACARB, AND IMIDACLOPRID ON SURVIVAL AND FITNESS OF TWO ARIZONA-NATIVE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST HELICOVERPA ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) P. D. Navarro, J. G. McMullen II, and S. P. Stock* University of Arizona, Department of Entomology, 1140 E South Campus Dr., Tucson, AZ 85721-0036. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Navarro, P. D., J. G. McMullen II, and S. P. Stock. 2014. Effect of dinotefuran, indoxacarb, and imidacloprid on survival and fitness of two Arizona-native entomopathogenic nematodes against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nematropica 44:64-73. The effect of three insecticides commonly used in Arizona, dinotefuran, indoxacarb, and imidacloprid, was evaluated on two Arizona-native entmopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis sonorensis (Caborca strain) and Steinernema riobrave (SR-5 strain), using Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as the insect host. Specifically, we assessed their effect on EPN survival and fitness (virulence and reproduction). Three application timings were considered: i) EPN applied first, insecticide applied 24 h later, ii) insecticide applied first, EPN applied 24 h later, and iii) simultaneous application of EPN and insecticide. Our results showed that infective juvenile (IJ) survival of S. riobrave and H. sonorensis was not significantly affected by the application of the selected insecticides. Indoxacarb had an ambiguous effect on the S. riobrave life cycle showing a synergistic effect in the virulence of this nematode but reducing its progeny production by two-fold. Similar results were observed for nematode progeny production when H. sonorensis and indoxacarb were applied simultaneously. All combinations of imidacloprid were antagonistic to the virulence of S. riobrave but additive with respect to the virulence of H.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Baits for the Control of Yellowjackets in California
    Final Report 2010 STRUCTURAL PEST CONTROL BOARD GRANT No. 041-04 Developing Baits for the Control of Yellowjackets in California Michael K. Rust, Donald A. Reierson, and Rick Vetter Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA Table of Contents Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………3 Introduction.....................................................................................................................4 2006 Research…………………………………………………………………………..4 2007 Research….………………………………………………………………………12 2008 Research..…………………………………………………………………………19 2009 Research….……………………………………………………………………......25 Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………29 Appendix I……………………………………………………………………………….30 2 Executive Summary . Monitoring with traps is an essential element in the pest management of yellowjackets. In addition to locating areas of high foraging activity, traps help quantify the foraging activity and establish when baiting programs should begin. The most useful traps collect yellowjackets in a preserving fluid such as ethyl alcohol (ETOH) or propylene glycol antifreeze. However, antifreeze was chosen for our trapping because it is cheaper than alcohol and has fewer restrictions when mailing specimens. The western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvancia, was the most frequently encountered species. V. atropilosa and V. sulphurea are sometimes sympatric with V. pensylvanica but are nearly always less abundant in the specific locations where the species are encountered. Intensive trapping with heptyl butyrate attractant can reduce the numbers of foraging yellowjackets, but trapping alone will not provide area-wide control. Placing rings of traps surrounding picnic areas or pool areas (interceptive trapping strategies) did reduce the number of stings reported park users. A prototype Contech heptyl butyrate flexible bag wet trap was a good monitoring tool. Sterling and other kinds of dry traps are effective at attracting and capturing yellowjackets, but live trapped wasps tend to dismember others in the trap.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Indoxacarb and Fipronil (S)-Methoprene Topical Spot-On
    Dryden et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:366 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/366 RESEARCH Open Access Evaluation of indoxacarb and fipronil (s)-methoprene topical spot-on formulations to control flea populations in naturally infested dogs and cats in private residences in Tampa FL. USA Michael W Dryden1*, Patricia A Payne1, Vicki Smith1, Monica Chwala1, Emery Jones1, Jacob Davenport1, Gabrielle Fadl1, Maria F Martinez-Perez de Zeiders1, Kathleen Heaney2, Pamela Ford2 and Fangshi Sun2 Abstract Background: A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two different spot-on topical flea products to control flea infestations on naturally infested dogs and cats in Tampa, FL USA. Methods: Thirty-two dogs and 3 cats with natural flea infestations living in 18 homes were treated topically with a 19.53% w/w spot-on formulation of indoxacarb. Another thirty dogs and 2 cats living in 19 different homes were treated topically with either fipronil (9.8% w/w)/(s)-methoprene (8.89% w/w) or fipronil (9.8% w/w)/(s)-methoprene (11.8% w/w), respectively. All products were applied according to label directions by study investigators on day 0 and again between days 28 and 30. Flea populations on pets were assessed using visual area counts and premise flea infestations were assessed using intermittent-light flea traps on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28–30, 40–45, and 54–60. Results: A single application of the indoxacarb or fipronil (s)-methoprene formulations reduced flea populations on pets by 97.8% and 85.5%, respectively within 7 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Toxicity of Selected Insecticides and Their Safety to Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Workers Under Laboratory Conditions
    Open Access Austin Environmental Sciences Special Article - Pesticides Acute Toxicity of Selected Insecticides and Their Safety to Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Workers Under Laboratory Conditions Abbassy MA1*, Nasr HM1, Abo-yousef HM2 and Dawood RR1 Abstract 1 Department of Plant Protection, Damanhur University, Objectives: The honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is widely used for the Egypt production of honey, wax, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and venom and crop 2Central Laboratory of Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture pollination. Since honey bees can be exposed to insecticides in sprayed flowering and Land Reclamation, Egypt crops, therefore, this study aimed to assess the acute toxicity and safety index *Corresponding author: Moustafa A Abbassy, of five commonly used insecticides to honey bee workers in laboratory. Department of Plant Protection, Damanhur University, Methods: Bees were exposed to the insecticides: Imidacloprid, Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology, Egypt Thiamethoxam, Esfenvalerate, Indoxacarb and Chlorantraniliprole by two Received: May 03, 2020; Accepted: May 25, 2020; methods of exposure: topical application and feeding techniques. LD50 and LC50 Published: June 01, 2020 values for each insecticide to honey bees were determined after 24 and 48 h from treatment. Results: The LD50 values in µg per bee were 0.0018 (indoxacarb), 0.019 (esfenvalerate), 0.024 (thiamethoxam), 0.029 (imidacloprid) and 107.12 -1 (chlorantraniliprole). The LC50 values (mg L ), for each insecticide, were as follows: indoxacarb, 0.091; esfenvalerate, 0.014; thiamethoxam, 0.009; imidacloprid, 0.003 and chlorantraniliprole, 0.026, after 24 h from exposure. In general, the neonicotinoid insecticides were the most toxic to bees by feeding technique, and indoxacarb, esfenvalerate were the most toxic by contact method while chlorantraniliprole had slightly or non- toxic effect by the two methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Argentine Ant Control Around Homes: Efficacy of Treatments and Urban Runoff
    International Journal of Pest Management ISSN: 0967-0874 (Print) 1366-5863 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ttpm20 Argentine ant control around homes: efficacy of treatments and urban runoff Les Greenberg, Michael K. Rust, SaraJean Wright & Dong-Hwan Choe To cite this article: Les Greenberg, Michael K. Rust, SaraJean Wright & Dong-Hwan Choe (2017): Argentine ant control around homes: efficacy of treatments and urban runoff, International Journal of Pest Management, DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2016.1278085 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2016.1278085 Published online: 17 Jan 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ttpm20 Download by: [University of California, Riverside Libraries] Date: 17 January 2017, At: 12:31 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2016.1278085 Argentine ant control around homes: efficacy of treatments and urban runoff Les Greenberg , Michael K. Rust , SaraJean Wright and Dong-Hwan Choe Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Pest management professionals in California receive more customer complaints about Received 7 April 2016 Argentine ants than for any other urban ant pest. Fipronil, applied as a 30 £ 30 cm band Accepted 2 December 2016 around the house foundation, has become the preferred treatment used to control these ants. KEYWORDS fi Unfortunately, pronil is now showing up in urban waterways at levels that are toxic to aquatic Linepithema humile; urban invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistence of Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb and Lambda-Cyhalothrin on Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Under Protected Cultivation
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(7): 2783-2794 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.325 Persistence of Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb and Lambda-Cyhalothrin on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Under Protected Cultivation Prem Chand Sharma*, Priyanka, Chandresh and Sugandha Sharma Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The present studies were carried out under protected cultivation at CSK Himachal Pradesh K e yw or ds Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Single spray of three insecticides viz., imidacloprid Persistence, (0.018%), indoxacarb (0.015%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) was given on tomato Insecticides, crop. The residues of imidacloprid and indoxacarb were worked out on tomato fruits Protected during winter season 2015 whereas lambda-cyhalothrin residues were worked out during cultivation, summer season 2016. Tomato fruit samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after Residues, Tomato application of insecticide s. The residues were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The initial deposits of imidacloprid, indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin Article Info on tomato fruits were 0.643, 0.401 and 0.550 mg/kg, respectively. The residues of all the th Accepted: insecticides were below detectable limits on 10 day of application. The half-life values of 20 June 2018 imidacloprid, indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin were 2.91, 5.26 and 3.06 days, Available Online: respectively. The corresponding safety intervals were worked out to be 0.36, 0.46 and 1.03 10 July 2018 days for imidacloprid, indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Imidacloprid and Indoxacarb Formulations to Nanoformulations and Their Efficacy Against
    Sabry et al. Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00477-8 Bulletin of the National Research Centre RESEARCH Open Access Development of imidacloprid and indoxacarb formulations to nanoformulations and their efcacy against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) Al‑kazafy Hassan Sabry*, Hamdy Abdel‑Naby Salem and Hala Mohamed Metwally Abstract Background: The conventional pesticide formulations have many side efects on environmental. These efects were due to the huge quantity of pesticides used. Using of nanopesticide formulations can be reduced the quantity of pesticides used and subsequently decreased the cost of pest control and environment contamination. Results: Indoxacarb and imidacloprid nanoparticles were developed. The size of nanoparticles ranged between 200 and 400 nm. The obtained results showed that the percentage of mortalities in second instar larvae of Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis were 95 and 75% in indoxacarb and imidacloprid nanoparticles, respectively. On the other hand, these percentages were 76.7 and 91.7%, respectively, with conventional formulations. In spite of one ffth of pesticide concentrations were used in nanoformulations, the LC50, s in nanoformulations were 2.9 and 15.9 ppm for indoxacarb and imidacloprid, respectively, compared to 34.3 and 66.5 in conventional formulation. The loading capacity in both indoxacarb nanoparticle and imidacloprid nanoparticle were 60.7 and 52.0%, respectively. Conclusion: These results found that indoxacarb and imidacloprid nanoparticles were 12 and 4 times, respectively, more efective than indoxacarb and imidacloprid conventional formulations against the second instar larvae of S. litto- ralis. These results also showed that indoxacarb and imidacloprid nanoparticles can be used as efective formulations against the cotton leafworm larvae instead of the conventional formulation to reduce the environment contamina‑ tion, control cost and pest population.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 Theinternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Was Established in 1980
    The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 cation Hazard of Pesticides by and Guidelines to Classi The WHO Recommended Classi The WHO Recommended Classi cation of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classi cation 2019 The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019 TheInternational Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) was established in 1980. The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase international coordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organizations are: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition ISBN 978-92-4-000566-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-000567-9 (print version) ISSN 1684-1042 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity Spectrum of Spinosad and Indoxacarb: Rationale for an Innovative Pyrethroid Resistance Management Strategy in West Africa
    Activity spectrum of spinosad and indoxacarb: Rationale for an innovative pyrethroid resistance management strategy in West Africa O.G. Ochou1 and T. Martin1,2 1Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA), Bouaké COTE D’IVOIRE 2Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique (CIRAD), Montpellier FRANCE Correspondence author [email protected] Activity spectrum of spinosad and indoxacarb: Rationale for an innovative pyrethroid resistance man- agement strategy in West Africa ABSTRACT ness of the pest control program against H. armigera have been reported during exceptional pest outbreaks To face pyrethroid resistance in the cotton boll- in Côte d’Ivoire. With this in mind, the routine calen- dar-based program, applying six fortnightly sprays of worm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), endosulfan pyrethroid-organophosphate insecticide mixtures over (700 g/ha) has been used in a resistance man- the whole cotton season, has been questioned. The agement strategy for four years in Côte d’Ivoire, pyrethroid resistance problem in H. armigera was con- West Africa. Lately the recommendation is being firmed by Ochou and Martin (2000). Similar cases of questioned with regard to its acute mammalian resistance were reported in H. armigera in most West toxicity and environmental issues. Earlier works African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Togo) (Unpublished data from the West Afri- revealed that insecticides such as spinosad (48 g/ can pyrethroid resistance network with the authors). ha) and indoxacarb (25 g/ha) proved as effective as endosulfan in controlling H. armigera. In con- Development of the IRM strategy trast to endosulfan, the activity spectrum of these against H. armigera non-pyrethroids insecticides appears to be re- To face pyrethroid resistance in the cotton boll- stricted to a few bollworm and leaf-feeding pests.
    [Show full text]
  • MF3070 Pesticide Metabolites
    Pesticide Metabolites In horticultural systems, insect and mite pests are managed electrons. Hydrolysis is the reaction of a compound with primarily through the use of pesticides. A pesticide water that breaks it into less complex compounds. Table 1 formulation includes both active and inert ingredients, presents selected pesticides and associated metabolites. and the active ingredient is the component responsible for Imidacloprid toxicity. For some pesticides, the active ingredient must be converted by the insect, mite, or plant into a lethal Imidacloprid, when applied to plants, is metabolized substance. These substances, known as metabolites, are the almost completely. Approximately 95 percent of the product of chemical reactions that occur naturally within parent compound is metabolized, depending on the plant cells during metabolism. Other factors that may influence species and time. Certain metabolites of imidacloprid are metabolism of certain insecticides include plant type, plant active against insect pests such as aphids. The primary vigor, and temperature. metabolites are olefine, 4-hydroxy, and 5-hydroxy imidacloprid. Olefine is 10 times more active and tends Factors Associated to be more toxic to insects that withdraw food from the with Pesticide Metabolites vascular tissues of plants than imidacloprid. Imidacloprid Insecticides and miticides that work via metabolites are also has a higher attraction (>500 ppm) for the target site known as pro-insecticides or pro-acaricides. These include where the toxin usually binds, the nicotinic acetylcholine imidacloprid (Marathon/Merit), malathion, acephate receptor (nAChR), in certain aphid species. In addition, (Orthene), indoxacarb (Provaunt), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), the water solubility of the metabolite is higher than that of bifenazate (Floramite), and thiamethoxam (Flagship).
    [Show full text]
  • The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Act No.46 of 1968)
    The Insecticides Act, 1968 (Act No.46 of 1968) An Act to regulate the import, manufactures, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for matters connected therewith. [2 nd September 1968] Be it enacted by Parliament in the Nineteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows: 1. Short title, extent and commencement. * a. This Act may be called the Insecticides Act, 1968. b. It extends to the whole of India. c. It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different States and for different provisions of Act. 2. Application of other laws not barred * The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, any other law for the time being in force. 3. Definitions- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- a. "animals" means animals useful to human beings and includes fish and fowl, and such kinds of wild life as the Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify, being kinds which in its opinion, it is desirable to protect or preserve; b. "Board" means the Central Insecticides Board constituted under Sec.4; c. "Central Insecticides Laboratory" means the Central Insecticides Laboratory established, or as the case may be, the institution specified under Sec.16; d. "Import" means bringing into any place within the territories to which this Act extends from a place outside those territories; e. "Insecticide" means- i.
    [Show full text]