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Op^Ov BIBLIOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WAGENINGEN WAGENINGEN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PAPERS 95-1 (1995) Biological control ofthrip s pests 1. J.C. van Lenteren and A.J.M. Loomans Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Introduction 2. M. G. Tommasini and S. Maini Université degli Studi di Bologna, Istituto de Entomologia 'Guido Grandi', Bologna, Italy Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie ed Ambientali, Université degli Studi di Ancona, Ancona, Italy Frankliniella occidentalis and other thrips harmful to vegetable and ornamental crops in Europe 3. J. Riudavets Insitut di Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries, Centre de Cabrils, Entomologia Aplicada, Cabrils, Spain Predators ofFrankliniella occidentalis and Thripstabaci 4. A.J.M. Loomans and J.C. van Lenteren Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Hymenopterous parasitoids ofthrip s Thepreparatio n ofthi sjoin t review was financially supported by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General VI, Competitiveness of Agriculture and Management of Agricultural Resources Projectnumber 8001 - CT90- 0026 Op^oV BIBLIOTHEEK LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WAGENINGEN Cip-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Biological Biological control ofthrip spest s/ [J.C.va n Lenteren ...e t al.]. -Wageninge n :Agricultura l University. - (Wageningen Agricultural University papers, ISSN 0169-345X;95-1) Withref . ISBN 90-6754-395-0 NUGI 835 Subject headings:thrip spest s / biological control. Printed inth eNetherland s by Veenman Drukkers, Wageningen Introduction J.C.va n Lenteren andA.J.M . Loomans Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands During the last decade thrips pests have become key pests inman y cultivated crops throughout Europe and elsewhere in the world. Untill the early eighties Thrips tabaci Lind, was the most prevalent thrips pest, but caused problems only occa­ sionally. Since its accidental introduction in 1983, western flower thrips {Frankli­ niella occidentalis (Pergande) became the number oneke y pest in European green­ houses. In the late eighties it invaded vegetables and ornamentals grown in plastic tunnels and the field as well as fruit trees in the Mediterranean area of Europe. To control thrips pest outbreaks, growers were forced to apply chemical treatments in­ tensively, thus upsetting commercially successful greenhouse IPM programmes. By then no adequate method for biological control of thrips was available. Re­ search on predatory mites of thrips had not yet resulted in a satisfactory solution and studies withpredator y bugswer e still in anexperimenta l phase. In 1990 a research project was initiated between the Department of Entomology of the Wageningen Agricultural University (The Netherlands) with IRTA Cabrils (Spain) and University of Bologna/Bioloab Cesena (Italy),t o enhance the develop­ ment of biological control programmes for thrips pests. The project is financially supported by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General VI, within the CAMAR programme. The overall general scientific objective of the project is to collect, evaluate, massproduce and commercial apply natural enemies ofthrip s pests, especially western flower thrips,F. occidentalis. To reach the goals ofth eproject , adetaile dpla n ofwor k was conducted: 1.evaluatio n of literature information on thrips pests and the control capacity of natural enemies already known; 2. performing afield surve y for native natural enemies inEurop e and collection ofparasitoid s (worldwide); 3. development ofa (laboratory ) rearing method for thrips and itsenemies ; evaluation ofne wnatura l enemies ofthrip s inlaborator y experiments; 4. evaluation of natural enemies selected in the third step in experimental greenhouses; 5. testing ofnatura l enemies incommercia l greenhouses and field; 6. assist in development of a mass production and distribution methods and the de­ sign ofadvisor y material. Tasks were divided among theparticipants : Italy concentrated on the evaluation of Orius species, Spain on a study ofnativ e predators and Wageningen on parasitoids of thrips. Criteria developed earlier in Wageningen were used as parameters for pre-introduction selection. This paper first gives an extensive overview of Frankliniella occidentalis and other thripsharmfu l tovegetabl e and ornamental crops inEurope ,the n provides in­ formation about the predators of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thripstabaci, and finally summarizes the present state of affairs on thrips parasitoids, in particular theirpotentia l towards controllingF. occidentalis. vi Frankliniellaoccidentalis and otherthrip s harmful to vegetable and ornamental crops in Europe Maria Grazia Tommasini1 & Stefano Maini2 1 Istituto di Entomologia 'G.Grandi', Universitéd i Bologna, Via Filippo Re 6,40126 Bologna, Italy 2 Dipartimento diBiotecnologi e Agrarie edAmbiental i - Universitéd iAncona , Via Brecce Bianche, 60100Ancona , Italy vu Contents Abstract 1 1.Introductio n 3 2. Thrips pest species in Europe 6 2.1 Frankliniellaoccidentalis (Pergande) 7 2.1.1 Systematic notes 7 2.1.2 Origin and distribution 8 2.1.3 Morphology andbiolog y 10 2.1.4 Behaviour 13 2.1.5 Host plants 14 2.2 Otherthrip s species 17 2.2.1 Thripstabaci Lind . 17 2.2.2 Thripspalmi Karny 18 2.2.3 Thripsfuscipennis Haliday 19 2.2.4 Thripssimplex Morison, ThripsmeridionalisPr. 19 2.2.5 Taeniothripsdianthi Priesner 19 2.2.6 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalisBouch é 20 2.2.7 Parthenothrips dracaenae Heeger 20 2.2.8 Haplothrips cottei (Vuillet),Haplothrips tritici(Kurdjumov ) 21 2.2.9 Liothrips vaneeckei Pr.,Liothrips oleaeCost a 22 3. Direct thrips-induced damage 23 3.1 Damage causedb y Thysanoptera in general 23 3.1.1 Mature leaves 23 3.1.2 Immature leaves 24 3.1.3 Stems,termina l buds 24 3.1.4 Flowers 24 3.1.5 Fruits 25 3.1.6 Bulbs,rhizome s 25 3.1.7 Intoxications, gall growth 25 3.2 Damage causedb yF. occidentalis 25 3.2.1 General damage symptoms 25 3.2.2 Damage symptoms on specific hostplant s 26 4. Indirect thrips-induced damage 29 4.1 Viruses 29 4.2 Bacteria 30 4.3 Fungi 31 viii 5. Sampling 32 6. Conclusions 33 Acknowledgements 34 References 35 Abstract In this review the status of the thrips pest species in Europe and in particular of Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips), the most important pest thrips in Europe nowadays, is reported based on literature information up to December 1992. Different genera are mentioned amongst the Terebrantia suborder and of the Thripidae family: Thrips, Taeniothrips,Heliothrips, Parthenothrips, Hercinothrips and two genera of the sub-order Tubulifera, family Phlaeothripidae: Liothrips and Haplothrips. Some information regarding the biology, distribution and host plants (bionomics) is summarized. In general the damage induced by thrips, in relation to the different parts of the plant attacked, is discussed. The indirect damage like transmission of viruses, bacteria and fungi is described too. Regarding F. occiden­ talis, also systematic notes and an accurate study of the biology, its distribution in Europe, of the plants damaged worldwide and in Europe in particular, are repre­ sented. The typical damages induced by Western Flower Thrips on different crops are discussed. Ashor tpresentatio n ofmethod s of sampling is indicated. Wageningen Agric. Univ.Papers 95-1(1995) 1.Introductio n Thrips is the common name given to insects of the order of Thysanoptera (thusanos, afringe ;pteron, awing) . The order includes over 5,000species ,mos t of which are small in dimension and slender in body (in temperate regions the length generally ranges from 1-2.5 mm) with a distinct head (Palmer et al., 1989). Mor­ phology of the mouthparts differs from one family to another but feeding behav­ iour is generally similar, being characterized by rasping, puncturing and sucking (Borden, 1915). One oddity of the behaviour of some thrips species is that occa­ sionally they can attack man by piercing the skin (Bailey, 1936). The front and hind wings are very slender, featuring a wide fringe of hairs and only a few veins or none at all. Wing length varies according to group, species and sex; macropter- ous, brachypterous and sometimes apterous adults can all be encountered. In the sub-order of Terebrantia the wings lieparalle l to each other while in the Tubulifera sub-order they are overlapping so that only one is completely visible (Figure 1). The mouthparts of these insects are typically asymmetrical, presenting maxillary and labial palps (Mound, 1971).Th e antennae are short and usually comprise from sixt onin e segments.Th e eyes are compound and three ocelli arepresen t onth e top of the head. The legs feature single- or double-segmented tarsi ending in a vesicle (orbladder) . The abdomen is divided into eleven segments but only ten are visible. The end segments ofTerebranti a usually taper to acon e in females and arebluntl y rounded- off in males, whereas in both sexes of Tubulifera the tenth segment forms a tube ending in a terminal whorl of setae. Details of the structure of external genitalia have been described by Melis (1935), Doeksen (1941), Jones (1954) and Priesner (1964). Terebrantia feature a more marked sexual dimorphism than Tubulifera, with males being smaller and ofpale r colour. Thrips reproduction is either partially or totally parthenogenetic. Either way, the various species are all either arrhenotokous or thelitokous and, according to most authors, females are always diploid and males haploid (Lewis, 1973).A s in alltyp
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