Vol 8 No 4 April 2008

Features Hard hitting ads ZEALAND to tackle binge aipiro o Aotearoa COUNCIL OF NEW VISORY Whakatupato W AD Kaunihera A matter of conscience

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44-1-1 113116031160 AALCADVLCADV oorgrg MMarch08.iniarch08.ini i 117/04/20087/04/2008 12:03:4312:03:43 PPMM alcohol.org.nz is published quarterly by the Alcohol Advisory Council of / te Kaunihera Whakatupato Waipiro o Aotearoa. An editorial committee oversees the newsletter. The next issue of alcohol.org.nz will be published in June 2008. To receive a copy, contact: Alcohol Advisory Council PO Box 5023 Lambton Quay The Alcohol Advisory Council of ALAC’s aims are pursued through Wellington 6145 New Zealand was established by a policy liaison and advocacy, information New Zealand 1976 Act of Parliament, under the name and communication, research, Phone 04 917 0060 the Alcoholic Advisory Council intersectoral and community initiatives, Call free 0508 258 258 (ALAC), following a report by the Royal and treatment development. ALAC is Fax 04 473 0890 Commission of Inquiry into the Sale funded by a levy on all liquor imported Email [email protected] of Liquor. into, or manufactured in, New Zealand © ALAC 2008 for sale and employs 30 staff. The The Commission recommended alcohol.org.nz Council currently has eight members establishing a permanent council ISSN 1175-2831 (Print) and reports to the Minister of Health. whose aim was to encourage ISSN 1177-9578 (Online) responsible alcohol use and Editor/writer: Lynne Walsh minimise misuse.

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Message from the CEO 2

Message from the Minister 3

ALAC Campaign 4

A Matter of Conscience 8

One Way Door Remains Open 12

Health Benefits of Alcohol 14

New Faces at ALAC 18

Upcoming Conferences 19

Parihaka International Peace Festival 20

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44-1-1 113116031160 AALCADVLCADV oorgrg MMarch08.in1arch08.in1 1 117/04/20087/04/2008 12:04:0012:04:00 PPMM Message from the CEO Kia ora, Kia orana, Ni sa bula, Namaste, Taloha ni, Malo e lelei, Fakaalofa atu, Halo olaketa, Talofa lava, Greetings...

Family Planning says the campaign highlights the realities of what can happen when alcohol blurs people’s decision-making capacity. Jigsaw Family Services says it is important to get As we expected ALAC’s new ad people in homes and communities talking about , and the new campaign shows the negative impact binge drinking campaign has elicited some strong can have on children and families across New Zealand. responses, both positive and negative. We have also had some complaints – as is peoples’ right – particularly about the ads screening during times children are watching television. Some of these complaints have been made On the positive side, we have had direct to ALAC, while others have been taken to the Advertising Standards Authority. great support from a number of It is always difficult to communicate a strong message without going beyond what some people believe is acceptable. In the agencies – including Jigsaw, the case of this campaign, we feel it is time to be honest about some Family Planning Association, and of the worst effects of intoxication. The ads aim to get thinking about the personal Children’s Commissioner Cindy Kiro. costs of binge drinking – to themselves, and their friends and family. To get this message across realistically, we had to show All have put out supportive media some of the real consequences. Unfortunately, the situations portrayed in the three commercials mirror what is happening in releases, with Cindy Kiro saying she New Zealand every day. The new commercials have got people talking – let’s take this is heartened to see children and opportunity to keep the debate going. Only by having these discussions will we continue to find ways to help people who are young people have been considered worried about their drinking or the drinking of others; and ways to address this binge drinking culture of ours. in the planning of the campaign.

Gerard Vaughan CEO

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The ads feature a drunk woman who is dragged away from a pub by an undesirable man, a drunk man playing with a child and smashing him into a wall accidentally, and a drunk, Recently I launched ALAC’s new bloodied man lying on the bathroom floor of his home much television ads with Gerard Vaughan to the dismay of his young daughter who finds him. We want people to reflect on the messages contained in at Parliament. the ads and relate them to their own perspectives and experiences, in turn changing their harmful drinking habits. The ads show the realities many New Zealanders are faced The ads focus on the harm that can with every weekend and we want the ads to make people think about the harm they can cause their friends, their be caused by binge drinking. They families and themselves through poor choices they make due to excessive drinking. are hard hitting, designed to shock, We have faced up to the fact that New Zealand has an unhealthy drinking culture and we’re doing something and they’re a big step up from the about it. campaign that has run over the past We all know that alcohol contributes to a lot of our crime, particularly violence. Police are taking an increasingly two years. tough stance on policing alcohol breaches and we are also attempting to change attitudes and behaviours around excessive drinking. This is exactly what this campaign I believe people will be highly aims to do. These ads have that extra kick and we hope they will get shocked by the scenarios in the through to people in a big way and that we’ll start to see New Zealand’s unhealthy binge drinking culture changing, ads; I know I was. But we make no as people start to think more and more about the effects their drinking may have on themselves and others. apologies for this. The sad reality is I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate that the things they demonstrate ALAC for its great work on the campaign so far. I look forward are happening every week in to hearing about the success of this latest part of your New Zealand. programme to change New Zealand’s unhealthy drinking culture.

Hon Damien O’Connor Associate Minister of Health

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Graphic images of all-too-common message, It’s not the drinking, consequences of binge drinking it’s how we’re drinking. feature in a hard-hitting advertising campaign launched by ALAC this ALAC CEO Gerard Vaughan says month. The commercials are part he makes no excuses for the hard- of an ongoing campaign to address hitting nature of the campaign, as it New Zealanders’ propensity to takes an honest approach to what is binge drink. a serious problem for many people.

The new campaign was launched “The commercials mirror the serious by Associate Minister of Health effects of alcohol misuse and do not Hon Damien O’Connor on 2 April. exaggerate what is happening every week around New Zealand. The commercials show people making poor and dangerous choices after “They aim to get New Zealanders excessive drinking, and illustrate thinking about the personal costs of realistic transformations – when good binge drinking – to them, and their times turn bad. They continue the friends and family.”

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ALAC’s drinking culture campaign is part of a programme of “We must increase the number of work designed to change the current environment of tolerance of drunkenness, binge drinking and intoxication. drinkers who think about “We must increase the number of drinkers who think about the effects of getting drunk and the effects of getting drunk and who agree it is never okay to get drunk. We want people to reflect on the messages from their own who agree it is never okay to get perspective and experiences, and consider changing harmful drinking habits,” Mr Vaughan says. drunk. We want people to reflect Each of the three commercials follows one person from when on the messages from their own they start drinking to a shocking conclusion. We see ‘Uncle Mark’ having a few at a barbeque, ‘Lisa’ having drinks after perspective and experiences, work, and ‘Danny’ drinking at the local pub or sports club. Uncle and consider changing harmful Mark is a show-off drinker, Lisa is drinking to boost her confidence, and Danny is a team drinker. drinking habits” As they continue to drink, there is a ‘tipping point’ when their harmless behaviour becomes harmful – to themselves and others. We follow them along their drinking pathway as they continue to make poor choices due to the volume of alcohol consumed. continued over

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“Consequences of binge drinking The commercials include information about how to get help if you are concerned about your drinking, or the drinking of others. include injury and crime; domestic An 0800 number (0800 787 797) directs callers to the Alcohol Drug Helpline, while the campaign website – violence; neglect of family www.hadenough.org.nz – has information about binge drinking, responsibilities, like providing the where to go for help, being a responsible host, managing your drinking, and campaign material. basic necessities of life to children Mr Vaughan says binge drinking causes a lot of harm to of food and adequate clothing; New Zealanders and their families. “Consequences of binge drinking include injury and crime; lost productivity at work; hospital domestic violence; neglect of family responsibilities, like admissions; memory loss and providing the basic necessities of life to children of food and adequate clothing; lost productivity at work; hospital admissions; embarrassment, depression memory loss and embarrassment, depression and more.” and more.” He says while the campaign targets problems caused by excessive drinking it does not target drinking per se. “Campaign advertisements are not aimed at drinkers who use alcohol only in moderation.

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“But it is time to mature as a nation about the degree of binge Awareness of ‘drinking culture’ drinking happening in our communities and the effects it has. “When there are figures, for example, showing some 70 per cent advertising of weekend accident and emergency admissions and 75 to 90 Research undertaken between July and September 20071 per cent of weekend crime is alcohol-related, any glamorising of found that: binge drinking and intoxication should stop.” • almost all adults are aware of the discussion about ALAC research1 carried out in 2007 found that 25 per cent of New Zealand’s drinking culture. Three-quarters of adults those surveyed were binge drinkers, 62 per cent were moderate had unprompted awareness of ALAC’s drinking culture drinkers and 12 were non-drinkers. campaign, and 99 per cent were aware of the campaign Gerard Vaughan says the cost of the advertising campaign, when prompted about $3 million per year, can be compared to the costs of alcohol-related harm – thought to be between $1 billion and • one third of all adults who were aware of any drinking $4 billion a year. habits-related advertising said they had discussed this advertising with other people “There are personal, family and community costs as well that are not included in this figure. It will be money well spent if this • one quarter of adults who said they were now drinking less campaign reduces, even by a small amount, the effects of indicated that their decision to drink less had been binge drinking. influenced in some way by the alcohol-related publicity “Despite the success of previous advertising, the message has they had seen. This represents 10 per cent of all drinkers yet to get through to many people about the harms caused by excessive drinking. • there are high levels of awareness of the campaign message, “It’s not the drinking, it’s how we are drinking”, “Previous advertising has focused on ‘softer’ consequences such with one third of all adults having unprompted awareness as embarrassment and regret. The new campaign focuses on of this message and 97 per cent being aware of it when more serious stark realities.” prompted He says the campaign, which also features print advertising, is not about simply delivering a social message by mass media. • well over half of adult New Zealanders (65 per cent) were thinking about the harms to themselves and others that “We know that advertising alone will not change behaviour, resulted from their drinking which is why this campaign is just one part of a multi-faceted programme to tackle increased moderation and reduce alcohol- • almost three quarters of adult New Zealanders agreed they related harm. However, advertising – in conjunction with a were more likely to cause serious harm to themselves or whole range of other strategies – can influence behaviour. others when they got drunk.

“These other strategies include policy work, education, service 1 Research New Zealand. ALAC Alcohol Monitor – Adults & Youth. provision and enforcement. July-September 2007 Quarterly Report “For example, ALAC is committed to strengthening its links to communities which are most affected by alcohol, such as M≠ori, young people between the ages of 12 and 24, and Pacific Island groups. These links and other less high profile and local programmes will augment the new campaign.” 1 Research New Zealand. ALAC Alcohol Monitor – Adults and Youth 2006-07 Drinking Behaviours Report.

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Last year a bill went before the House “Following the development of the party system, it became increasingly difficult to get elected to Parliament without first seeking to return the minimum legal becoming a member of a political party,” Mr Lindsey said. “Decisions about how to vote in Parliament were largely purchase age for alcohol to 20. controlled by the party rather than the individual member. As a result, MPs who had strong convictions on an issue, or who wished to represent the views of their constituents as opposed to those of their party, often found themselves at odds with their After extensive debate in the media, party’s parliamentary leadership.” polls, lobbying and many arguments The first time conscience voting was used was in the 1870s, to legislate the sale and consumption of alcohol. for and against, the die was cast when, Although most MPs at the time agreed that alcohol was a disruptive influence on society, they disagreed on what to on 8 November, 2007, politicians do about it, Mr Lindsey said. To a considerable extent, the debate reflected differing opinions voted against the amendment. about the role of the state, with some MPs arguing that government had no role in regulating what was considered a private matter, while others took the view that it must intervene It was the 56th time politicians had for the protection of vulnerable citizens and the greater good of the whole community. debated an issue relating to alcohol “As you might expect, given the controversy surrounding alcohol consumption in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the and voted as a matter of conscience. lines of dispute were drawn between the prohibitionists, the moderates, and those opposed to any form of restriction,” Under our parliamentary system, most votes in Parliament are Mr Lindsey said. determined largely by the collective decisions of the parties. “Conscience voting was restricted to issues surrounding the use However, on a range of moral or social legislation they are able of alcohol for the next 60 years, until the 1930s, when its scope to cast a personal vote, otherwise known as a “conscience” vote. began to widen slowly. In recent times issues that have been the subject of conscience “At this time tensions were beginning to develop between the votes, other than the sale and consumption of alcohol, policies of the two major parties and the personal moral values have included capital punishment, homosexual law reform, of some individual MPs. For the most controversial matters there prostitution, gambling, adoption, abortion, pornography, and was a need for a safety valve and following the Second World smoking in public places (see table, page 11). War it increasingly took the form of the conscience vote. David Lindsey, a doctoral candidate, University of Auckland*, “During this period there was also a decline in the relative said conscience voting was an indirect consequence of authority of institutional religion, allowing both social mores New Zealand’s long tradition of government by party. While there to shift and creating a moral vacuum that Parliament was have always been groups of politicians who form themselves into increasingly called upon to fill,” Mr Lindsey said. voting alliances, prior to the development of the party system These trends led to the use of more conscience votes across these loyalties were usually informal and flexible. a wider range of issues, to the extent that between 1873 and

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2007, 131 conscience votes were held – all but eight conducted of hiding behind the conscience vote as an excuse to not show since 1945. leadership,” Mr Bell said. Mr Lindsey said that these days parties usually allowed “There is a ton of research and examples to show what good conscience voting for four reasons: policies around alcohol should look like. This issue is so • the issue at hand is not one the party has, or can be expected important parties need to form policies based on the evidence to have, a policy on and these policies should go through rigorous policy review.” • an issue is so sensitive to the electorate that it is desirable Professor Doug Sellman, Director of the National Addictions that it be divorced from party politics Centre, University of Otago, Christchurch, agreed: “At best conscience voting on issues relating to alcohol and other drugs • the consciences of a proportion of MPs would be affronted if is a way for parties to abrogate their responsibilities. At worst party whips were applied it could reflect the fear Parliament has of the big corporations. • it is an issue that is traditionally treated as a conscience If the latter is so, it is something we should all be worried matter about,” he said. “Parties may, however, also find its use convenient for political “When a government resorts to conscience voting it is not reasons. For example, a party may wish to avoid the appearance governing. Alcohol is New Zealanders’ favourite drug, yet of disunity among their members, or they may see benefit in governments haven’t yet been able to deliver policies to deal with appearing to take the high moral ground on an issue by treating its harms effectively. It is even worse with other drugs. Tobacco it as a conscience matter. is the only substance that is beginning to be managed in a rational way, to good effect. “A government may also perceive it as a way of garnering support from across the House over pieces of legislation it may not be “Without rational public discussion about drugs, including the sure it will win. The decision about whether to grant their MPs a various political parties clearly stating their positions, we are free or conscience vote will vary from party to party and issue to not going to get rational drug policy. Conscience voting hasn’t issue. The Smoke-Free Environment Amendment Bill 2003, for delivered good public policy to date on what is a very serious example, was a conscience vote for some parties, notably issue for this country,” Professor Sellman said. New Zealand First and United Future, but not for others.” Bruce Robertson, Chief Executive of the Hospitality Association Ross Bell, Executive Director of the New Zealand Drug of New Zealand, didn’t disagree. He said he had concerns Foundation, said it was important to note that there is no about the much higher propensity for quirky and impractical parliamentary rule that the conscience vote needs to be used for amendments that can occur on the floor of the House. “When any legislation. “All parties are too timid to come up with decent you have Members of Parliament moving changes to wording alcohol policy and take a full party position. Parties are hiding or policy in the House and if it is popular it can win the vote behind the conscience vote. without any rigorous analysis. There is no ability to put it in front of a select committee. “It is true to say, however, that in the recent past there have been cases where minor parties have been brave enough to make “Conscience votes can be fraught in terms of making consistent, a party policy decision.” quality legislation. This applies outside of alcohol-related issues as well, a recent example being the shop trading hours So does the conscience vote do us more harm than good? legislation.” Certainly the New Zealand Drug Foundation believes the However, on a more positive note, Mr Robertson said that with approach is very harmful and it has a stated policy calling for the 1999 Sale of Liquor Act there was significant cross-party the abolition of conscience votes on alcohol related policies. work done to create consistency. “The select committee did an “Parties should be forming policies based on evidence, instead

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excellent job in looking at the options and scenarios available public opinion is somehow better represented during conscience and providing the House with pathways for consistent legislation votes, ensures that citizens, organisations and lobbyists, not to for the option chosen. They did a good job in helping Parliament mention the media, retain a heightened interest in proceedings produce some legislation that was consistent and practicable.” when conscience votes are held.” Gerard Vaughan, CEO of ALAC, said there was always a tension Certainly the issue of increasing the purchasing age and the in debates about alcohol use between individual choice, and arguments for and against were debated by the public and in the the extent to which people were prepared to have laws that media. The debate helped achieve widespread recognition of the restricted their freedoms around when, where and how much problem, and went some way to promoting the fact that raising they could drink. the purchasing age was not the sole answer to the problems of “There is a level of openness around the debate in a conscience youth drinking. vote because the view of each MP is declared. On the other A result of the keenness of the debate on the issues surrounding hand, the final decision rests on individuals which means that young people drinking is the review, which will look specifically wider social impacts may or may not be considered. at the effectiveness of current restrictions on the sale and supply “Our drinking culture means that there is significant harm of liquor to people under 18. to our society from the way we drink and whatever procedure Mr Lindsey said conscience voting was somewhat unique among Parliament decides to follow, our law making processes need parliamentary procedures, in that it is maintained and shaped by to produce a cohesive alcohol policy and legislation that works expectations rather than regulations. While its basis is political, together to reduce the social impact of alcohol use. its operation is heavily influenced by the norms, debates, and “Our policies and our legislation have to deliver a comprehensive standards prevalent within society at any given point in time. framework that enables all aspects to work in a supportive and As such, it is subject to evolution and development as society coordinated way towards less social harm. itself evolves, and over the past half-century the subjects receiving conscience votes have gradually widened. It is therefore “What is useful is vigorous cross-party debate around what to be expected that over the next 50 years the subjects of is good policy to have about alcohol issues. conscience voting will change further. “As it currently stands with the conscience voting on issues “The unpredictability of the outcome always provides an relating to alcohol, the decisions are heavily influenced by incentive for parliamentarians to weigh up the importance of the norms and standards that are currently prevalent within their own personal views compared to those of their constituents, society. Therefore it is even more important to raise however that might be defined in this era of list and electorate New Zealanders’ awareness of our drinking culture and the issues MPs, and the members of the party they have been elected it presents us with, so that society itself will demand change. to serve.” He believes the challenge for ALAC in this environment is to have a voice in the alcohol debate to increase the chances *Articles by David Lindsey on conscience voting are: ’A Brief History of Conscience that laws are made based on evidence of what reduces alcohol- Voting in New Zealand’, Australasian Parliamentary Review, Vol 23, No. 1, 2008; related harm. ‘Conscience Voting’, in Raymond Miller (ed.), New Zealand Government and Politics, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 4th Edition, 2006. Despite valid arguments on both sides of the debate over the benefits of conscience voting, an intangible benefit is that it heightens interest in Parliament and in the issue being debated, Mr Lindsey said. “The sense that the outcome of a legislative vote is not a foregone conclusion, and an intuitive belief that the range of

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The subjects of conscience voting by decade

Subject 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Alcohol 1 1 2 2 1 2 8 11 13 9 3 2

Business/ 1 1 1 1 3 2 Employment

Gambling 4 9 2 3 6 1

Marriage/ 2 2 3 8 2 3 Family/Children Crime and 1 1 1 1 1 Punishment

Administration 1 1 2

Morality/Ethics 1 1

Health and 3 3 1 Safety

Homosexuality 2

Life and Death 1

Grand Total 1 1 2 0 2 1 1 3 15 26 22 28 18 10

Note: the 2000s includes the period from 2000-2005 Source: David Lindsey, ‘Conscience Voting in New Zealand’, unpublished dissertation, Department of Political Studies, University of Auckland, 2005

What is your opinion of conscience voting on alcohol issues? Have your say at www.alcohol.org.nz

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The one-way door policy designed to reduce violence in inner-city By targeting lower-level offences such as minor assault and Christchurch was not without its faults, but it worked well enough disorderly conduct, there had been less serious violence being to be extended. reported in the central city, he said. The Christchurch Central Business District Alcohol Accord was “It is important to remember, police statistics are just one implemented from October 2006 to March 2007 in a bid to measure of the success of the one-way door initiative under the reduce alcohol-related violence and crime in the Christchurch CBD. Alcohol Accord. Just as important are the partnerships that have The initiative arose out of collaboration between representatives of formed between licensees and agencies and the joint responsibility the Police District Licensing Unit, Christchurch City Council, by everyone to improve central-city crime and violence.” Hospitality Association, and the Canterbury District Health Board Inspector Knowles said the police had made an ongoing division Community and Public Health. commitment to continue with the level of central-city policing The aims of the policy were to: that had operated during the trial, working to further reduce central-city violence. • reduce the incidence of violence where the perpetrator and/or victim are affected by alcohol “The Alcohol Accord is a key initiative to help achieve this goal.” • improve local-level responses to alcohol-related violence Central Business District Alcohol Accord Management Committee chairman Peter Morrison said the liquor industry was pleased with • increase the safety of environments where alcohol the success of the accord since it was launched. consumption occurs “It has helped reduce serious central-city crime and violence and • reduce crime and violence in the CBD by 10 per cent has had no negative impact on licensee turnover.” The key component of the accord was planned to be a 3am Since the trial ended early last year licensees had endorsed the one-way door operating in licensed premises on Thursday, Friday continuation of the accord, which highlighted the industry’s and Saturday nights, meaning patrons couldn’t enter bars after commitment, Mr Morrison said. that time. “The Alcohol Accord has not only built strong partnerships and A high level of participation in the initiative was achieved, with better co-operation between licensees and agencies, it has also more than 50 licensed premises in the CBD signing the Alcohol improved street lighting, resulted in better rubbish collection, Accord. improved taxi access and helped identify unsafe areas in the city.” The intervention was implemented mostly as planned, with the The committee has also decided to introduce new initiatives key exceptions that the one-way door was delayed from the under the accord, such as working to alleviate issues associated planned 3am to 4am, and was diluted somewhat by allowing with party buses dropping off intoxicated passengers in the licensed premises the option of operating a cover charge as an central city at night, improving pedestrian access along Oxford alternative to the one-way door. Terrace, and working with suburban bars and sports clubs to The goal of a 10 per cent reduction in alcohol-related crime and alleviate the issues associated with intoxicated patrons arriving violence in the inner city was not met. In fact, there was a 75 per in the central city late at night. cent increase in total offences during that time over the same It also agreed to push for further changes to the Sale of Liquor period a year earlier, though the majority of that resulted from Act to provide sensible restrictions on liquor promotions, and to breaches of the liquor ban. launch educational programmes relating to the liquor ban and Christchurch Central Area Police Commander Inspector Gary personal safety. Knowles said much of that increase was expected and was An ALAC evaluation of the one-way trial showed there were directly attributed to the increased police presence in the inner improved perceptions of safety in the Christchurch CBD at night. city and more effective community partnerships. There was also a unanimous view that relationships between “Importantly, the number of serious offences – grievous assaults, stakeholders had been significantly improved by the intervention, sexual attacks and robberies – fell during the six-month trial and this was regarded as a key achievement of the project. period, by as much as 21 per cent compared with the same period in 2005-06. And since the trial period ended the number However, it was noted that involving licensees earlier would have of serious offences has continued to decline.” benefited the project. The one-way door solution had substantially

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been decided before licensees became involved in the project, In addition, police are introducing a Responsible Server and it appeared the result was that they were not fully persuaded programme, under which all staff involved with selling alcohol will about the policy and hence did not support the 3am proposal. be trained to a certain level. Sergeant Al Lawn, head of the Christchurch Police Liquor “We are doing that with the Casino at the moment, in conjunction Licensing unit, was one of the instigators of the policy after with their training staff, and it makes a big difference,” Sergeant studying successful trials in Australia. On the Gold Coast Lawn said. alcohol-related offences dropped by 17 per cent and sexual Christchurch City Council has been thrilled with the take-up of offences by 12 per cent after the introduction of such an accord. the policy by the licensees, council Community Adviser Robyn However, the hour of difference between 3am and 4am is crucial Steel said. to the success of such measures, Sergeant Lawn said. “The licensees are in the process of re-signing the accord, and it “Crime starts to tail off the later in the morning you go, so the was their decision to do that, which is great. That will take it later you start intervening the less opportunity you have to cut through to July 2009, and it will be re-evaluated after that.” crime,” he said. There were also plenty of positives to take out of the crime “The Christchurch experience was not as successful as it could statistics from the trial period, Ms Steel said. have been if we had gone with an earlier time. All of the “There were pockets of times when serious crime was reduced by Australian policies had a 3am cut-off, but to get the industry on 22 per cent, and that is really significant in times when violent board we had to give something to get something. crime statistics all around are rising,” she said. “But I think this is a good start. We are working with the industry “Also, the police have been fantastic, and put a lot of energy into to turn the corner on this problem.” supporting the policy. Statistics for breaches of the liquor ban The central city can be made safer still by expanding on the and disorder offences went through the roof over that trial period, initiatives undertaken so far, Sergeant Lawn said. and that was purely the result of increased police presence.” “There are a number of influences that need to be turned around Improved perceptions of safety in the inner city were encouraging to help create a better perception in the city. One is to get people but Christchurch still had some way to go in that area, with a in town earlier. Currently they are not coming into the central city quality of life report last year rating the city last among until 12.30am, after already consuming three-quarters of the New Zealand’s 12 largest in that area, Ms Steel said. alcohol they will drink during the night, bought cheaply at “There is still only 38 per cent of our population that thinks the off-licences. Christchurch inner-city is safe after dark. So we are not great, and “These are people who are predominantly price-sensitive need to do more yet.” – young people with only a certain amount of disposable income. Further initiatives include support for training of bar and security “If we can change the price structure and availability of alcohol, staff, and improving late-night public transport from the inner and get people into the city earlier, it would even be possible to city, she said. have a 1am one-way door policy and have an even greater impact “For taxi drivers it is not too appealing to pick up someone who is on crime.” incredibly drunk at four o’clock in the morning. We have an That has already started happening voluntarily in some outlets alternative transport committee looking at that. in Christchurch, with some bar managers deciding to implement “There are always things you can do.” the one-way door policy an hour or two before 4am, Sergeant The promise shown by the Christchurch one-way door policy has Lawn said. been picked up on elsewhere, with Nelson and among a “That is just brilliant, because the managers are seeing the policy number of communities considering adopting similar one-way as a tool and most people understand the policy and just accept it.” door measures at certain times of the night. The next step will be extending the accord to smaller off-licences, Have you encountered the one-way door? Give your opinion at encouraging them to stop selling alcohol at 11pm, and working www.alcohol.org.nz. with alcohol outlets in the suburbs, where many people drink before heading to the inner city, Sergeant Lawn said.

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It has long been recognised that We are told of reports and studies throughout the world, and embraced by the media, that red wine can protect us from heart alcohol consumption influences disease, colds, peptic ulcers, and even herpes, and that wine can act as a mild natural tranquiliser, serving to reduce anxiety the health of populations. and tension. These benefits have even been given a name, “The French Paradox”, after the current affairs programme “60 Minutes” reported in November 1991 on the diet of people in southern France and the medicinal rather than toxic effect of It has been established that alcohol on them. alcohol has clear and major Another study told us that wine might even preserve cognitive function in the elderly. Several European studies have shown detrimental effects on health that the prophylactic effects of regular light to moderate alcohol consumption might include the prevention or postponement of through its contribution to many Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other forms of dementia. Could wine be the original brain food? diseases and injuries, but there All of these benefits of wine have invariably come with provisos – including moderation, only if taken with food, only for people has also been evidence of over 40 years of age, only for postmenopausal women, not for women with a family history of breast cancer, only if sipped at significant health benefits. home rather than drinking in a crowded pub. Wine Institute of New Zealand chief executive officer Philip Gregan says when it comes to health the costs and benefits of any activity need to be taken into account. “Some things are very difficult to account for,” he says. “For example, how do you quantify the benefits of somebody enjoying a drink containing alcohol? “We believe you have to look at both sides of the discussion. We think a glass or two of wine a day can be a normal part of a healthy diet for many people, but there are obviously some people who shouldn’t be drinking at all. “We think the socialisation aspect of wine consumption is important, and beneficial, to society. There are great benefits to a group of friends having a dinner party and having nice food and wine.” Mr Gregan believes it is spurious to draw parallels between the harmful effects of alcohol and cigarettes. “All evidence suggests that even one cigarette is bad for you, whereas for many people one glass of wine isn’t bad for you. In fact, at worst it may be neutral, and at best it may be beneficial.

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of Alcohol – or not

“We advocate moderation, and people taking responsibility for “Any new guidelines should be based on the most recent how much they should drink.” and relevant medical and scientific thinking. Continuity and The relationship between alcohol consumption and health is consistency are critical to public health messages if they are to complex. The biological and social effects of alcohol use result be in any way effective, so unless there is strong evidence to from three main intermediaries or pathways: intoxication, support a change, the current alcohol guidelines should be dependence, and direct biochemical effects. These effects relate maintained.” to both the average volume of alcohol consumed and the pattern In response, the chair of the NHRMC Alcohol Guidelines of drinking. Committee, Professor Jon Currie, said: “We have been rigorous Social outcomes of alcohol consumption, such as family and systematic in searching for the best available, peer-reviewed problems, public disorder or workplace problems, contribute to evidence and assessing that research, as we always do when health in a broad sense. developing guidelines. These are based on more than 400 international research papers. The debate in and around the health benefits of wine is currently raging in Australia, as the National Health and Medical Research “This evidence indicates that at a population level, more than Council (NHMRC) defends the quality and accuracy of its draft two drinks a day is damaging to health.” alcohol guidelines. In response to claims that the guidelines were “culturally The draft guidelines released by NHMRC propose much lower irrelevant”, Professor Currie said, “The responsible consumption thresholds for adult drinkers – reducing the previous adult levels of alcohol is a health issue, not a cultural issue. People make of six standard drinks a day for men and four for women to no their own choices – it is not our role to tell them how to behave. more than two drinks a day for both men and women. “But it is our role to ensure people have solid, evidence-based The guidelines recommend abstinence for women who are information so they can make educated and informed decisions pregnant or breastfeeding, bringing Australia in line with on health issues. These new guidelines will allow people to make New Zealand. They also recommend no alcohol for those under those decisions.” the age of 15 years and that any drinking by 15 to 17-year olds In New Zealand we have taken a different approach, and firmly is no more than the adult level and is supervised. believe that the way to make a change is to inform people, but The NHMRC is now reviewing more than 160 submissions on also to bring about a culture change in drinking behaviours. the draft guidelines. A vocal opponent has been the Winemakers To talk about the benefits of alcohol consumption is to dance Federation of Australia. Its chief executive, Stephen Strachan, on the edge of the issues our country is facing. There is very has said: “The draft revised guidelines do not take physiological compelling evidence that the harms are significant. and biological differences into account and recommend an upper The study, The Burden of Death, Disease and Disability due limit of two standard drinks per day for both men and women. to Alcohol in New Zealand, funded by ALAC and published in There is insufficient scientific evidence to support this change. 2005, found that injury was a major contributor to alcohol- “Furthermore, the draft revised guidelines ignore benefits related mortality in this country in 2000, being responsible for associated with moderate alcohol consumption. The weight of 51 per cent of deaths and 72 per cent of years of life lost. accumulated medical evidence in support of benefits associated Most alcohol-related deaths before middle age were due to with moderate consumption is overwhelming, and any omission injury. Cancers accounted for a further 24 per cent of deaths and of these factors is a glaring inadequacy in the revised draft 14 per cent of years of life lost, with the remainder due to other guidelines. chronic diseases. “The combined impact of this omission and the dramatic reduction in the daily recommendation will simply leave consumers confused and distrustful. continued over

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The link between alcohol and cancer was confirmed this year by “The analysis of non-death injury and illness was quite a broad- Australian cancer specialist Professor Bernard Stewart, who has brush approach, and our conclusions definitely erred on the side developed a system for assessing the risk of cancer in certain of conservative,” she said. activities. His system identified alcohol as a high-risk factor for “When you talk about alcohol-related illness, do you include only developing cancer, particularly among those who smoke. the drinker, or other people who are affected? As an example, Most of the positive effects of alcohol consumption were found children who grow up with violent alcoholics have a lot of in the prevention of ischemic heart disease deaths in older conditions or aspects of their life that we could easily call illness people who had a pattern of drinking characterised by frequent or ill-health, that is directly related to alcohol, but none of that low-volume intake (78 per cent of all deaths prevented). gets counted in these sorts of studies. Reduction in deaths due to stroke, diabetes and complications “The paper did include the affect of alcohol on violence, so of choleithiasis made up the remainder. people who were assaulted where alcohol was involved were The study’s authors estimated that about 1040 deaths in included. But overall there were not many aspects of ‘harm to New Zealand in the year 2000 were attributable to alcohol others’ that were included, and that is a huge area. consumption and that 980 deaths were prevented by alcohol, “People who try to measure these things say that the social cost resulting in a relatively small net loss of about 60 lives. of alcohol, if it is turned into economic terms, is bigger than the However, because many of the alcohol-attributable deaths personal effects of alcohol.” occurred before middle age and the deaths prevented were The authors of the study concluded that alcohol is responsible almost entirely among older people, the balance of years of life for a considerable burden of ill-health in New Zealand. They lost were much less favourable – while 17,200 years of life were found that while elimination of alcohol consumption is not estimated to be lost, only 5,300 years of life were estimated to realistic, and may not be desirable, an evidence-based approach have been gained, resulting in a net loss of nearly 12,000 years to promoting safer drinking has the potential to reduce both of life due to alcohol. acute and chronic consequences of alcohol. In a separate study the report’s authors also looked at alcohol- Five major messages emerged from the analysis: related illness and injury not resulting in death, and concluded that there was a loss of 33,500 disability-adjusted life years There are no health benefits of drinking alcohol attributed to alcohol for the New Zealand population in 2002. before middle age. This comprised 7.4 per cent of all disability-adjusted life years lost in the population (10 per cent in men and 4 per cent Most of the benefits of alcohol consumption accrue in the in women). elderly, and so benefits that appear large in terms of mortality are less impressive when expressed as years of life lost. The study stated that these figures actually underestimate the The benefits are associated with regular low-volume intake, adverse impacts of alcohol consumption on health, because they and risks associated with heavy drinking persist into old age. exclude many mental health outcomes and important social consequences. The pattern of drinking is very important in The paper’s principal author, Jennie Connor, said the paper determining the health effects of alcohol made no claim to present the entire picture of the effects consumption. of alcohol on health in New Zealand; it just examined the It is increasingly clear that for drinkers consuming the same measurable, physical aspects that were able to be studied average volume of alcohol, pattern of drinking has a major using the systems available. influence on both benefits and harms. Moving towards patterns of drinking that are safer in terms of physical health outcomes

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is also likely to reduce the unmeasured social consequences of Dr Connor also sees a looming danger in the amount of alcohol alcohol consumption. being consumed by young people. “The developing problem is in young teenagers,” she said. Injury is responsible for half of all alcohol- “Apart from dying of injuries and so on, they are drinking heavily attributable deaths and almost three-quarters of the at an age when their brains are still developing, and they are years of life lost due to alcohol. doing themselves quite serious damage.” Changes in the pattern, as well as the context, of much alcohol The debate over the health benefits, or not, of alcohol will consumption will be needed to substantially reduce the burden continue, and both sides of the debate will continue to produce of injury due to alcohol. Even among low-volume regular drinkers, data to support their view. However, in the meantime we can there are increased risks of injury associated with alcohol. count the cost, in terms of lost production and reduced working efficiency, hospital treatment and prevention services, and the There is a huge burden of disability due to direct costs to society in terms of social welfare, policing, court alcohol use disorders that is not reflected in processing and imprisonment, mortality and morbidity. mortality figures. The norm of high per occasion consumption (bingeing) means The health burden of alcohol falls inequitably that alcohol is ranked just below tobacco in terms of harm and on M≠ori. costs, for New Zealand somewhere between $1billion – $4 billion a year (Easton, 2002). These costs are: The combination of more harmful drinking patterns and a smaller proportion of the older age groups where benefits accrue, means • $665 million in public health that the M≠ori population is more adversely affected by alcohol (70 per cent weekend A&E admissions) than the non-M≠ori population. Almost all health benefits from • $240 million for crime and its consequences alcohol consumption are in non-M≠ori, and using measures of (70 per cent of police time) the health effects of alcohol for the combined New Zealand • $200 million in social welfare population obscures these disparities. • $300 million in other Government spending Dr Connor said: “It seems likely that there is a protective effect of alcohol, but as a scientist I can only say that it seems likely. • $1.7 billion in lost productivity There are many physical and chemical reasons why alcohol should be good for your heart, but there have been cases in the past where that hasn’t translated into a real effect. And even the best methods we have for measuring it are reasonably crude.” She said there are also clear social health benefits from the consumption of alcohol, but there is no way of measuring that. “If there weren’t benefits people wouldn’t use it. So it is good for the social health of some people, but the only other health benefits are essentially for vascular disease in older people. “All of the rest of it is bad, healthwise, and the biggest issue is injury, particularly in young people. The leading cause of death in people in New Zealand between the ages of one and 45 is unintentional injury, and the number one identifiable contributor is alcohol.”

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New Staff Dr Andrew Hearn – Manager Strategy and Research Tuari Potiki – Manager Strategic Operations Dr Andrew Hearn joins Aoraki te Mauka, Waitaki te ALAC from the Department awa, Kai Tahu te iwi, Kati of Building and Housing, Taoka/Kai Te Ruahikihiki ka where he was Deputy Chief hapu, a tena ra koutou Executive Sector Policy with katoa. responsibility for a team of Tuari has been involved policy, monitoring and in the AOD, mental health research staff. and justice sectors for many He has also held general years and most recently has management roles whose been ALAC’s Southern responsibilities spanned Regional Manager. He strategy, policy, research and worked in a number of planning with several different roles government agencies, including the Land Transport Safety as a clinician and tutor before moving into management roles Authority, and he was a manager in the Strategic Development in both the public and NGO sectors. Branch of the State Services Commission. Following a secondment to ALAC in 2000, Tuari took up a senior Andrew’s early career started in community corrections and management position with Ngai Tahu Development Corporation corrections policy. A common thread running through Andrew’s where he managed social development programmes for the career is his enthusiasm for harm reduction and harm iwi. In 2005 Tuari returned to ALAC, managing work for the minimisation. southern region. He has extensive experience in the development and oversight of Tuari also has extensive governance experience having served strategy and policy in regulatory environments affecting the wider terms on the boards of the Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand public. For example, Andrew has led the the Canterbury Community Trust and He Oranga Pounamu. development of an extensive range of road safety strategies, Tuari and his wh≠nau have relocated from Christchurch to policies and interventions, much of which focused on reducing take up the new role and have settled in Maupuia. alcohol-related traffic offending and road crash trauma. Tuari says he is excited about the new position Strategic Andrew lives in Ngaio, where he has been endlessly renovating Operations Manager and getting back into senior management an old house for years. He shares the house with a his wife work. He is committed to helping ALAC move into ‘the sharp Elizabeth, a very large Golden Retriever called Wilson, and end’ of changing the drinking culture in New Zealand and is whichever of his two student children happen to have returned looking forward to helping make a real difference in reducing home from flats or halls of residence at that particular time. alcohol harm to wh≠nau. Andrew was drawn to the role at ALAC because of its potential. “Some of the most satisfying times in my career have been in road safety,” he says. “I was lucky to be involved in work that led to marked reductions in deaths and injuries on our roads and some enduring changes in people’s attitudes and behaviours when driving. I see similar possibilities for reducing harm amongst New Zealanders in the work that ALAC and its partners have ahead of them. That made the job very attractive.”

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Pacific Spirit Conference 2008 National YATA conference 2008 Date: 8-9 May 2008 When: 21-22 May 2008 Venue: Centra Hotel Cnr Kirkbride and Ascot Roads, Mangere, Where: Rotorua Auckland Theme WINDS OF CHANGE MOVING FORWARD: REFLECTION See the Change, Be the Change, Become the Future. AND FUTURE PRACTICE Pacific Spirit Conference 2008 is an ideal opportunity Focus to ensure that the Winds of Change bring about positive outcomes for Pacific communities in Aotearoa. Each of us The Youth Access to Alcohol (YATA) community action has a part to play in ensuring the Winds of Change clear the programme has been up and running for some six years now way for a brighter positive world for our future generations and has slowly evolved into a number of different models starting now. spread across 35 YATA communities within New Zealand. YATA communities consist of working groups whose aim is to This sixth biennial conference is about shifting our attitudes reduce the irresponsible supply of alcohol by adults to minors. to the next level within a forum where Pacific narratives form ALAC provides National Co-ordination and resource support for the cutting edge of our evidence-based practice. We will each of the 35 YATA groups. encourage youth as facilitators and champions of change for a better world, free from alcohol-related harm. The 2008 YATA conference will focus on bringing together the 35 recognised YATA communities to share information Themes and expertise. The first day will focus on ALACs new Strategic Youth – An opportunity to present on youth issues in relation Plan and business plan and discuss the future direction of to alcohol and to strengthen youth participation in the sector. YATA as a community action programme. A second focus of Research and Knowledge – Showcasing recent research and the first day will be to investigate ways in which community the use of traditional knowledge. level projects are evaluated and the ways in which ALAC can continue to support evaluation work in communities. Community Showcasing – An opportunity to highlight community led initiatives e.g. church and youth groups. On day two, special guest speakers will be addressing the audience on other strategic work occurring outside of ALAC YOUTH SYMPOSIUM that has impact on the work YATA groups are conducting within their community. Day two will provide a chance to A youth symposium will take place the day before Pacific reflect on the bigger picture that alcohol related issues Spirit on 7 May 2008 at the conference venue. This is a sit within. fantastic opportunity for young people to participate in discussions about youth issues in relation to reducing the For more information contact: Jodie Robertson, Coordinator harms caused by the misuse of alcohol and also to begin Community Action, (09) 916 0331 or 021756533 or discussing the kinds of solutions they believe should be [email protected] considered. This day is facilitated by youth for youth and the important contents of the day will be presented to the conference attendees over the following two days. More details about the symposium will be posted.

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44-1-1 113116031160 AALCADVLCADV oorgrg MMarch08.in19arch08.in19 1919 117/04/20087/04/2008 12:04:5812:04:58 PPMM Parihaka International Peace Festival 11th – 13th January 2008

Tuia te kawe Tairanga. Te kawe oi, Te kawa o te haere (Braid... together the outstretched sash. The sash swinging in unison, the sash upon the move)

The Parihaka International Peace Festival is a three-day annual Te Maunga o Taranaki event that brings together over 10,000 people from all different poetry, healing and speakers’ forums, a kids’ zone, kai & craft walks of life to honour the visions of the 19th century spiritual stalls, as well as two music stages. The themes for the 2008 and political leaders Te Whiti O Rongomai and Tohu K≠kahi. festival were eco responsibility, peace and justice (vehicles of Parihaka is a small Taranaki settlement, located seven kilometres dialogue and action). inland from ‘Te Moana T≠pokopoko a Tawhaki’ (the Tasman Sea), Through ALAC’s M≠ori Wh≠nau Programme Te PΩtea Hapori, midway from Mt Taranaki. Sitting quietly in a landscape of ALAC was one of the sponsors of the 2008 festival. ALAC is volcanic lahar mounds, this unassuming village is a site of committed to supporting wh≠nau, hapu, marae, iwi and M≠ori immense historical and cultural importance. organisations through the Te PΩtea Hapori programme. The focus Parihaka still dreams and works toward fulfilment of the visions of Te PΩtea Hapori is to support community events where alcohol and insights of its spiritual and political leaders Te Whiti o is supplied or provided by supporting the development and Rongomai and Tohu K≠kahi. The spiritual legacy is one of living implementation of policies and practices to ensure safer drinking in harmony with the land and humanity. It is also a legacy of practices occur. non-violent resistance action and a belief in the peaceful and ALAC is focused on changing the drinking behaviour and to do respectful co-existence of M≠ori and other races. that, the majority of funding and resources will be allocated to The Parihaka International Peace Festival was not just a events where alcohol is supplied or provided. ALAC’s sponsorship summertime music festival, but also a festival that included film, was to tautoko the many volunteers (at least 60) that took on security roles during the event. The Parihaka Management Trust, responsible for the management of the festival, have allowed people to come into the festival and provide their own alcohol, and monitors it to ensure it is within a responsible limit and host responsibility is carried out with the festival participants’ safety in mind. Te Rina Moke (Kaiwhakarite, ALAC) says, “The Parihaka Peace Festival is a kaupapa that ALAC is very keen to tautoko. Parihaka Management Trust have created a festival where wh≠nau wellbeing is paramount, and the environment created is one of wh≠nau responsibility towards drinking responsibly and safely”. Looking out from the main stage

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44-1-1 113116031160 AALCADVLCADV oorgrg MMarch08.in20arch08.in20 2020 117/04/20087/04/2008 12:04:5812:04:58 PPMM Electronic mailing lists for the alcohol and drug field

Two electronic mailing lists have been set up to enable individuals to communicate via email with other alcohol and drug professionals in New Zealand. You can either subscribe to a general mailing list or register to connect to a network of M≠ori alcohol and drug workers.

SUBSCRIBESUBSCRIBE NOW NOW Contact other alcohol and drug professionals: 1. If you have access to the web, subscribe by going to http://lists.iconz.co.nz/mailman/listinfo/aandd You will find a form to fill out. You will need to choose a password.

2. If you don’t have access to the web, send an email message to [email protected] leaving the subject line blank. In the body of the message, type: Subscribe ***** (where ***** is an alphanumeric password of your choice between 4 and 8 characters). If you have any problems with the above, or for further information, please contact: Email: [email protected] Phone: 04 917 0060

Join a network of M¯aori alcohol and drug workers: 1. If you have access to the web, subscribe by going to http://lists.iconz.co.nz/mailman/listinfo/te_kupenga_hauora You will find a form to fill out. You will need to choose a password. REGIONAL OFFICES 2. If you don’t have access to the web, send an email message to [email protected] AUCKLAND 09 916 0330 [email protected] Phone: 04 917 0060 CHRISTCHURCH 03 365 8540 [email protected] WELLINGTON 04 917 0060 [email protected] CALL FREE 0508 258 258

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