Cameroon Investing in Wildlife Security, Community Engagement and Applied Research to Conserve Cameroon’S Endangered Wildlife

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cameroon Investing in Wildlife Security, Community Engagement and Applied Research to Conserve Cameroon’S Endangered Wildlife U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Cameroon Investing in wildlife security, community engagement and applied research to conserve Cameroon’s endangered wildlife. Located in Western Central Africa, Cameroon shares borders with Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic and Chad, in addition to a 250 mile coastline along the Bight of Biafra. Since the independence of part of the country from France in 1960 and the rest from the United Kingdom in 1961, Cameroon has been relatively stable, which has benefited economic and infrastructure development. Cameroon’s 23.1 million inhabitants represent a wide range of ethnic groups Cross River gorilla habitat in Cameroon. and languages. More than 50% of the Credit: Aaron Nichols/Wildlife Conservation Society. population live in urban areas. Current threats to Biodiversity in access for traders. Unsustainable Cameroon has 13 national parks Cameroon demand for bushmeat is fueled by representing a multitude of different urban consumers, who associate climates and landscapes. Northern Elephant poaching bushmeat with status and culture. Cameroon’s sahelian savannas are in Poaching for ivory is the greatest stark contrast to the humid, tropical threat to the survival of elephants Extractive industries rainforests of its south. Cameroon in Cameroon. Across Central Extractive industries – including is often called “Africa in miniature” Africa, poaching is increasing due logging, mining, and oil exploration – because of the diversity of landscapes, to the quality of the ivory of forest threaten Cameroon’s wildlife directly including coastal areas, mountains, elephants; the ability of poachers by destroying or degrading habitat, and and deserts in addition to savanna and to remain undetected in their dense indirectly by providing road access to rainforest. forest habitats; and the lack of law poachers, and by attracting new human enforcement coupled with corruption. settlements. The indirect impact of Cameroon’s beautiful and varied In early 2012, approximately 30-40 extractive industries in Central African landscapes are home to more than 900 poachers on horseback rode into Bouba forests represents a serious threat to bird and 300 mammal species. More Ndjida National Park in northeastern wildlife. than 630 of Cameroon’s species are Cameroon, near the Chadian border, listed as threatened on the IUCN Red and slaughtered up to 600 elephants List, of which 183 are Endangered and (including juveniles) for their ivory. 115 Critically Endangered. Cameroon is home to four subspecies of great Commercial bushmeat trade apes: Cross River gorillas, central Commercial bushmeat hunting is the chimpanzees, Nigeria-Cameroon over-hunting of wildlife for their meat chimpanzees, and western lowland and income. Unsustainable hunting gorillas. Other species of global represents the single greatest threat conservation concern include forest and to the majority of wildlife species in savanna elephants, Preuss’s monkey, Central Africa. Bushmeat hunting and the African golden cat. Scientists is particularly problematic around estimate that fewer than 15,000 forest logging concessions and other work elephants exist in Cameroon and only camps, where new roads provide Cross River gorilla skulls confiscated a small number of them occur inside hunters access into previously remote from poachers. Credit: Aaron Nichols/Wildlife protected areas. forests and also facilitate market Conservation Society Since 2006, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has invested in 45 grants, totaling nearly $5.1 million which has been leveraged by more than $5.6 million in matching funds. Last Great Ape Organization (LAGA) Sanctuary, and the deployment of In 2003, the Last Great Ape ‘gorilla guardians’ or local villagers Organization (LAGA) developed an who collect data and conduct outreach. unprecedented approach to wildlife In 2013, an awareness-raising radio law enforcement in Cameroon with theater program was also broadcast to USFWS support. Bridging civil society hundreds of villages across the Cross activism with government enforcement River gorilla’s range to reinforce the capacity, LAGA demonstrates great importance of gorilla conservation. success in investigations, arrest operations, legal follow-up, and Ecole de Faune de Garoua (EFG) outreach to deter wildlife crimes and The Wildlife College of Garoua (EFG) corruption. LAGA’s approach helped was established in northern Cameroon Staff and supporters of Kagwene Gorilla Cameroon move from a baseline of in 1970 to provide training in wildlife Sanctuary in Cameroon. zero wildlife prosecutions to the arrest management for francophone Africans. Credit: Aaron Nichols/Wildlife Conservation Society of one major illegal wildlife dealer Since 1970, EFG has trained over 1,300 per week from 2006 onwards. Wide students from 24 countries. To date, media coverage raises awareness EFG remains the only regional wildlife of the highest levels of mammalian of the illegality of the trade and the college serving francophone Africa. biodiversity in Cameroon. Since seriousness with which the government In 2011, through a 3-year cooperative 2007, USFWS has supported WCS to is addressing wildlife crimes. The agreement, USFWS awarded $220,000 improve conservation in Mbam Djerem LAGA model is now being replicated to EFG for 11 graduate student by engaging the local community, in six countries in Central and West scholarships, and for a competitive enhancing law enforcement efforts to Africa, coordinated through the faculty development program to raise combat illegal poaching and bushmeat “Eagle” (Eco Activists for Governance the training capacity of the college. hunting, and building the capacity and Law Enforcement) Network based of park staff. USFWS has awarded in Yaounde. LAGA has received seven $187,013, which has been leveraged Sangha Trinational (TNS) with $133,437 in matching funds. prestigious international awards. The Sangha Trinational, or Tri- Since 2005, USFWS funding to LAGA National de la Sangha (TNS), one of has totalled $669,416, leveraged by the world’s largest blocks of pristine Waza (Human-Elephant Co-Existence) USFWS, through support to Des $977,483 in additional matching funds. tropical lowland forest, represents Elephants et Des Hommes, helps to the first three-country transboundary mitigate human-elephant conflict in Cross River Gorilla area to become a World Heritage Site. northern Cameroon in and around With less than 300 individuals in 11 TNS encompasses three contiguous Waza National Park. This project sites in Nigeria and Cameroon, the national parks - Lobéké in Cameroon, was started in 2012 with an award Cross River gorilla represents the Nouabalé-Ndoki in the Republic of of $48,000 by USFWS. In addition most endangered subspecies of gorilla. Congo, and Dzanga-Ndoki in the to implementing an environmental In 2010, USFWS signed its first Central African Republic. Within education program called “My species-focused cooperative agreement TNS, USFWS has supported various Elephant Neighbor”, which conducts in Africa for the proactive conservation activities through 78 grants, totaling surveys of human-elephant conflict, of this critically endangered more than $6.8 million and leveraging the project develops capacity of subspecies. In collaboration with more than $7.6 million. In 2013, Waza National Park staff to enhance the Wildlife Conservation Society USFWS signed a 5-year, $10 million protection of elephants in the park. (WCS), USFWS funding will total cooperative agreement with the African $1.3 million by the end of the five year Parks Network (APN), WCS, and the agreement. In close collaboration World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to further with the governments of Nigeria and strengthen the ecological integrity and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Cameroon, the agreement has led to connectivity in and around TNS. International Affairs the development of a threat monitoring Division of International Conservation framework to guide wildlife security Mbam Djerem National Park 5275 Leesburg Pike, MS: IA efforts and conservation investment Mbam Djerem National Park, located Falls Church, VA 22041 across the Cross River gorilla’s range. in the center of Cameroon, marks 703-358-1754 In addition, the agreement supported the transition zone between savanna 703-358-2115/fax the establishment and continued and forest landscapes. It contains one [email protected] running of the Kagwene Gorilla http://www.fws.gov/international USFWS Support to Cameroon FY2006-FY2013 twitter.com/USFWSInternatl Facebook: USFWSinternationalaffairs Grants Awarded 45 Amount Awarded $5,090,872 September 2014 Amount Leveraged $5,632,715 Total $10,723,587.
Recommended publications
  • 2. the Secession of Biafra, 1967–1970
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2020-06 Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa Thomas, Charles G.; Falola, Toyin University of Calgary Press Thomas, C. G., & Falola, T. (2020). Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112216 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca SECESSION AND SEPARATIST CONFLICTS IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICA By Charles G. Thomas and Toyin Falola ISBN 978-1-77385-127-3 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission.
    [Show full text]
  • EAZA Bushmeat Campaign
    B USHMEAT | R AINFOREST | T IGER | S HELLSHOCK | R HINO | M ADAGASCAR | A MPHIBIAN | C ARNIVORE | A PE EAZA Conservation Campaigns EAZA Bushmeat Over the last ten years Europe’s leading zoos and aquariums have worked together in addressing a variety of issues affecting a range of species and Campaign habitats. EAZA’s annual conservation campaigns have raised funds and promoted awareness amongst 2000-2001 millions of zoo visitors each year, as well as providing the impetus for key regulatory change. | INTRODUCTION | The first of EAZA's annual conservation campaigns addressed the issue of the unsustainable and illegal hunting and trade of threatened wildlife, in particular the great apes. Bushmeat is a term commonly used to describe the hunting and trade of wild meat. For the Bushmeat Campaign EAZA collaborated with the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) as an official partner in order to enhance the chances of a successful campaign. The Bushmeat Campaign can be regarded as the ‘template campaign’ for the EAZA conservation campaigns that followed over the subsequent ten years. | CAMPAIGN AIMS | Through launching the Bushmeat Campaign EAZA hoped to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of great apes in the wild, particularly in Africa, over the next 20 to 50 years. The bushmeat trade was (and still is) a serious threat to the survival of apes in the wild. Habitat loss and deforestation have historically been the major causal factors for declining populations of great apes, but experts now agree that the illegal commercial bushmeat trade has surpassed habitat loss as the primary threat to ape populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerial Surveys of Wildlife and Human Activity Across the Bouba N'djida
    Aerial Surveys of Wildlife and Human Activity Across the Bouba N’djida - Sena Oura - Benoue - Faro Landscape Northern Cameroon and Southwestern Chad April - May 2015 Paul Elkan, Roger Fotso, Chris Hamley, Soqui Mendiguetti, Paul Bour, Vailia Nguertou Alexandre, Iyah Ndjidda Emmanuel, Mbamba Jean Paul, Emmanuel Vounserbo, Etienne Bemadjim, Hensel Fopa Kueteyem and Kenmoe Georges Aime Wildlife Conservation Society Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (MINFOF) L'Ecole de Faune de Garoua Funded by the Great Elephant Census Paul G. Allen Foundation and WCS SUMMARY The Bouba N’djida - Sena Oura - Benoue - Faro Landscape is located in north Cameroon and extends into southwest Chad. It consists of Bouba N’djida, Sena Oura, Benoue and Faro National Parks, in addition to 25 safari hunting zones. Along with Zakouma NP in Chad and Waza NP in the Far North of Cameroon, the landscape represents one of the most important areas for savanna elephant conservation remaining in Central Africa. Aerial wildlife surveys in the landscape were first undertaken in 1977 by Van Lavieren and Esser (1979) focusing only on Bouba N’djida NP. They documented a population of 232 elephants in the park. After a long period with no systematic aerial surveys across the area, Omondi et al (2008) produced a minimum count of 525 elephants for the entire landscape. This included 450 that were counted in Bouba N’djida NP and its adjacent safari hunting zones. The survey also documented a high richness and abundance of other large mammals in the Bouba N’djida NP area, and to the southeast of Faro NP. In the period since 2010, a number of large-scale elephant poaching incidents have taken place in Bouba N’djida NP.
    [Show full text]
  • West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date
    Part I: North Africa Part II: West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date: AFRI CA Overview RICA lies at the heart of the earth's land­ Then, during the nineteenth century, masses. It sits astride the equator, with European traders began setting up trading sta­ . almost half the continent to the north tions along the coast of West Africa. The of the equator, and half to the south. It con­ traders, and their governments, soon saw great tains some of the world's greatest deserts, as opportunity for profit in Africa. Eventually, well as some of the world's greatest rivers. It many European countries took control of the has snow-capped mountains, and parched, arid land and divided it into colonies. plains. The first humans came from Africa. By the middle of the twentieth century, peo­ And in the millennia since those fust humans ple all across Africa had demanded indepen­ walked the plains of Africa, many different cul­ dence from colonial rule. By the end of the tures have arisen there. century, government had passed firmly into Physically, Africa is one enormous plateau. It African hands. However, the newly independ­ has no continental-scale mountain chains, no ent nations must still deal with the legacy of peninsulas, no deep fjords. Most of the conti­ colonialism. The boundaries the European nent is more than 1000 feet (300m) above sea powers created often cut across ethnic and cul­ level; over half is above 2500 feet (800 m). tural groups. Many African nations today are Africa's early history reflects the wide stretch still struggling to reconcile the different cul­ of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Lgbti People in Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana and Uganda
    STATUS OF LGBTI PEOPLE IN CAMEROON, GAMBIA, GHANA AND UGANDA 3.12.2015 Finnish Immigration Service Country Information Service Public Theme Report 1 (123) Table of contents Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. The colonial legacy of anti-sodomy laws ......................................................................................... 7 1.2. The significance of current laws criminalising same-sex conduct ............................................. 11 1.3. Particularities of the situation of lesbians and bisexual women................................................. 12 1.4. Particularities of the situation of transgender and intersex people ........................................... 14 1.5. Violations of international and regional human rights law .......................................................... 14 2. Cameroon .............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.1. The legal framework ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Empty Forests, Empty Stomachs? Bushmeat and Livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins
    International Forestry Review Vol.13(3), 2011 355 Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins R. NASI1, A. TABER1 and N. VAN VLIET2 1Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Email: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] SUMMARY Protein from forest wildlife is crucial to rural food security and livelihoods across the tropics. The harvest of animals such as tapir, duikers, deer, pigs, peccaries, primates and larger rodents, birds and reptiles provides benefits to local people worth millions of US$ annually and represents around 6 million tonnes of animals extracted yearly. Vulnerability to hunting varies, with some species sustaining populations in heavily hunted secondary habitats, while others require intact forests with minimal harvesting to maintain healthy populations. Some species or groups have been characterized as ecosystem engineers and ecological keystone species. They affect plant distribution and structure ecosystems, through seed dispersal and predation, grazing, browsing, rooting and other mechanisms. Global attention has been drawn to their loss through debates regarding bushmeat, the “empty forest” syndrome and their ecological importance. However, information on the harvest remains fragmentary, along with understanding of ecological, socioeconomic and cultural dimensions. Here we assess the consequences, both for ecosystems and local livelihoods, of the loss of these species in the Amazon and Congo basins. Keywords: bushmeat, livelihoods, forest, Amazon, Congo Forêts vides, estomacs vides? Viande de brousse et condition de vie dans les bassins du Congo et de l’Amazone.
    [Show full text]
  • History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies Economics Department 2014 History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade Part of the Econometrics Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Economics Commons, Political Economy Commons, Public Economics Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Kam Kah, Henry, "History, External Influence and oliticalP Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR)" (2014). Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies. 5. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jade/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies 2014 Volume 3 Issue 1 ISSN:2161-8216 History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central African Republic (CAR) Henry Kam Kah University of Buea, Cameroon ABSTRACT This paper examines the complex involvement of neighbors and other states in the leadership or political crisis in the CAR through a content analysis. It further discusses the repercussions of this on the unity and leadership of the country. The CAR has, for a long time, been embroiled in a crisis that has impeded the unity of the country. It is a failed state in Africa to say the least, and the involvement of neighboring and other states in the crisis in one way or the other has compounded the multifarious problems of this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Illegal Bushmeat Hunting in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
    ILLEGAL BUSHMEAT HUNTING IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA DRIVERS, IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Cover photograph courtesy of Peter Holbrow and Wilderness Safaris Recommended citation: Rogan, M.S., Lindsey, P., McNutt, J.W., 2015. Illegal Bushmeat Hunting in the Okavango Delta, Botswana: Drivers, Impacts and Potential Solutions. FAO/Panthera/Botswana Predator Conservation Trust, Harare. 62 pages. ISBN: 978-0-620-68693-8 (print) ILLEGAL BUSHMEAT HUNTING IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA DRIVERS, IMPACTS AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Matthew S. Rogan1, Peter A. Lindsey1* and J. Weldon McNutt2 Technical Cooperation Programme Project (TCP/BOT/3501) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Zimbabwe 2015 1 Panthera 1* Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Botswana Predator Conservation Trust DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ©FAO [2015] FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • How Flat Funding Is Undermining U.S. Global AIDS Programs Flat Funding Is an Insidious Threat to Ending the AIDS Pandemic
    DEADLY IMPACT How Flat Funding Is Undermining U.S. Global AIDS Programs Flat funding is an insidious threat to ending the AIDS pandemic. The impact is long-lasting, far-reaching, and deadly. THE COST OF FLAT FUNDING With only twelve years left to achieve the global goal of ending AIDS as a pandemic, international funding for HIV has reached its lowest level since 2010, declining for the second year in a row—by 7% in 2016.1 International funding for HIV has been stuck in neutral and creeping into reverse, with funds from the U.S. stagnant just as low- and middle-income countries are increasing their com- mitments. Flat funding by the U.S. to its global AIDS program over the past five years is having a deadly impact—undermining treatment and prevention scale up in countries where responses to the epidemic are already dangerously off track. The legacy of flat funding is so pervasive that programs are deciding which high-prevalence regions are so far behind that they will have to wait until others reach saturation. After years of flat funding, a rapid scale up in resources is the only way to achieve a course correction. There are three countries particularly in need of a rapid course correction: South Africa, Mozambique, and Cameroon. These three countries alone represent one-third of new infections and over one-quarter of AIDS-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. In a different context, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (the Global Fund) might together fund a more rapid infusion of HIV services to address the crisis, but today flat funding is making it impossible to deploy sufficient resources and programming.
    [Show full text]
  • BIAFRAN GHOSTS. the MASOB Ethnic Militia
    Biafran Ghosts DISCUSSION PAPER 73 BIAFRAN GHOSTS The MASSOB Ethnic Militia and Nigeria’s Democratisation Process IKE OKONTA NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UPPSALA 2012 Indexing terms: Nigeria Biafra Democratization Political development Ethnicity Ethnic groups Interethnic relations Social movements Nationalism The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-716-6 © The author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2012 Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1. ‘Tribesmen,’ Democrats and the Persistence of the Past ................................ 10 Explaining Democratisation in ‘Deeply-divided’ Societies ............................................ 13 ‘Tribesmen’ and Generals: ‘Shadow’ Democratisation and its Ethnic Double ............. 16 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2. MASSOB: The Civic Origins of an Ethnic Militia ............................................... 23 Chapter 3. Reimagining Biafra, Remobilising for Secession .............................................. 33 ‘Go Down,
    [Show full text]
  • Chinua Achebe, There Was a Country, (New York: the Penguin Press), 2012
    Chinua Achebe, There Was A Country, (New York: The Penguin Press), 2012. pp. 333. By Emily Milstein Chinua Achebe is undoubtedly one of Nigeria’s, and Africa’s, best known and most celebrated authors. Nigeria, Africa’s most popu- lous country and arguably one of the continent’s most diverse, has had a bumpy, conflict-ridden road since the nation gained its independence from Great Britain in 1960. The secession of Biafra in 1967 and the subsequent civil war that exploded in Nigeria are emblematic of the country’s struggle to grapple with the question of what it means to be Nigerian. Achebe’s There Was A Country deals with this question, speaking on behalf of all Igbos and asser- tion their place as Nigerians as well as their right to act in a way that will ensure their well being. Part memoir, part historical nar- rative, and part collection of poems, Achebe’s book seamlessly bridges the gap between these different genres to produce a work of literature that provides readers with a nuanced understanding of complex historical event. Beginning with a bit of personal background, Achebe tells the story of Biafra and of the Igbos’ struggle against persecution and violence at the hands of their fellow, non-Igbo, Nigerians. Well-educated and economically successful, the Igbo contributed significantly to Nigeria’s economic and political development in the mid-20th century. Jealousy on the part of non-Igbo Nigerians however built up anti-Igbo resentment that exploded violently in the period after Nigeria’s 1966 coup. Igbo and Nigerian bloodshed continued into the Biafran war, mounting a huge psychological and physical toll on Nigeria’s Igbos, to which Achebe devotes much of his book.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Codes ISO 3166
    COUNTRY CODES - ISO 3166-1 ISO 3166-1 encoding list of the countries which are assigned official codes It is listed in alphabetical order by the country's English short name used by the ISO 3166/MA. Numeric English short name Alpha-2 code Alpha-3 code code Afghanistan AF AFG 4 Åland Islands AX ALA 248 Albania AL ALB 8 Algeria DZ DZA 12 American Samoa AS ASM 16 Andorra AD AND 20 Angola AO AGO 24 Anguilla AI AIA 660 Antarctica AQ ATA 10 Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG 28 Argentina AR ARG 32 Armenia AM ARM 51 Aruba AW ABW 533 Australia AU AUS 36 Austria AT AUT 40 Azerbaijan AZ AZE 31 Bahamas BS BHS 44 Bahrain BH BHR 48 Bangladesh BD BGD 50 Barbados BB BRB 52 Belarus BY BLR 112 Belgium BE BEL 56 Belize BZ BLZ 84 Benin BJ BEN 204 Bermuda BM BMU 60 Bhutan BT BTN 64 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) BO BOL 68 Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba BQ BES 535 Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH 70 Botswana BW BWA 72 Bouvet Island BV BVT 74 Brazil BR BRA 76 British Indian Ocean Territory IO IOT 86 Brunei Darussalam BN BRN 96 Bulgaria BG BGR 100 Burkina Faso BF BFA 854 Burundi BI BDI 108 Cabo Verde CV CPV 132 Cambodia KH KHM 116 Cameroon CM CMR 120 Canada CA CAN 124 1500 Don Mills Road, Suite 800 Toronto, Ontario M3B 3K4 Telephone: 416 510 8039 Toll Free: 1 800 567 7084 www.gs1ca.org Numeric English short name Alpha-2 code Alpha-3 code code Cayman Islands KY CYM 136 Central African Republic CF CAF 140 Chad TD TCD 148 Chile CL CHL 152 China CN CHN 156 Christmas Island CX CXR 162 Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC CCK 166 Colombia CO COL 170 Comoros KM COM 174 Congo CG COG
    [Show full text]