Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin-2003

Part II: Reservoir Tributary Embayments

Wilson Lake Pickwick Lake

N 20 0 20 40 Miles W E

Aquatic Assessment Unit –Field Operations Division Alabama Department of Environmental Management Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin-2003

Part II: Reservoir Tributary Embayments

Report Date: July 2005

Aquatic Assessment Unit –Field Operations Division Alabama Department of Environmental Management Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin-2003

Part II: Reservoir Tributary Embayments

FINAL REPORT

Preface

This project was funded or partially funded by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management utilizing a Clean Water Act Section 319(h) nonpoint source demonstration grant provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region 4.

Comments or questions related to this report should be addressed to:

Alabama Department of Environmental Management Field Operations Division Environmental Indicators Section P.O. Box 301463 Montgomery, AL 36130-1463 Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i

List of Tables ...... v

List of Figures...... vi

INTRODUCTION...... 1

MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 5

RESULTS ...... 16

Guntersville Reservoir Tributary Embayments ...... 27

Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Embayments ...... 37

Wilson Reservoir Tributary Embayments ...... 49

Pickwick Reservoir Tributary Embayments...... 56

LITERATURE CITED ...... 61 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2003, intensive monitoring of reservoir tributary embayments in the Tennessee River basin was conducted in an effort to address nutrient effects and to assist in development of total maximum daily loads as required by Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. Objectives of this survey were to:

a) assess the water quality of tributary embayment locations in the Tennessee River Basin; b) identify tributary embayments most impacted by point and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution; and, c) assist the Nonpoint Source Unit of the ADEM in prioritization of subwatersheds by determining the water quality of tributary embayments.

Tributary embayment locations were targeted because embayments typically exhibit water quality characteristics that are more indicative of the tributary than of the mainstem reservoir. Water quality assessments were conducted at 28 embayments throughout the Tennessee River basin in Alabama at monthly intervals April-October. Chemical, physical, and biological variables were measured at each location to determine water quality and trophic state. Water quality data selected for further discussion consist of the following: a) total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), used as indicators of nutrient content in the waterbody; b) algal growth potential tests (AGPT), used as a determinant of the total quantity of algal biomass supportable by test waters and of the limiting nutrient; c) corrected chlorophyll a (chl. a ), used as an indicator of algal biomass; d) dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, used as a more direct indicator of water quality; and, e) total suspended solids (TSS), used as an indicator of sediment inflow; and, f) Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI), calculated from corrected chlorophyll a concentrations as a means of trophic state classification of a reservoir or embayment.

i These variables were selected because of their relationship to the process of eutrophication and their interest to the regulatory and scientific communities that stems from this relationship. Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Mean TN, TP, and TSS concentrations in Guntersville tributary embayments were among the lowest of any Tennessee basin tributaries (Figs. 6, 7 & 9). However, the highest mean chlorophyll a concentration of any Tennessee basin tributary was found in Roseberry Creek (Fig. 8). AGPT results indicated that Crow, Raccoon, Big Spring, and Brown’sCreeks were phosphorus limited, with mean maximum standing crop (MSC) values well below the maximum 5.0 mg/l level suggested to assure protection from nuisance algal blooms and fish-kills in southeastern lakes (Table 4). N. Sauty and Short Creeks were nitrogen limited while Roseberry, S. Sauty, and Town Creeks were co-limited. The MSC of both Town and Short Creeks exceeded suggested protection levels. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the ADEM Water Criteria (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-.09) limit of 5.0 mg/l for all stations in all months except for Raccoon Creek (June only) (Fig. 14). Heavy rains throughout the area in May caused all tributaries of Guntersville to be thoroughly mixed during the month (Fig. 12). In August, deoxygenation occurred in S. Sauty, Town, Short, Big Spring and Brown’s Creek, representing 30-57% of the water column (Figs. 20-22). Other embayments showed deoxygenation at the bottom June- August (Figs. 18 & 19). With the exception of Crow Creek which remained mesotrophic for most of the sampling season, trophic state index values for all of the remaining tributary embayments were within the eutrophic range (Fig. 17). Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Mean TN and TP concentrations of the tributary embayments of Wheeler were similar to other Tennessee Basin embayments. Flint River had the third highest mean TN concentration of any Tennessee basin tributary (Fig. 6) and the highest mean TP of any Wheeler Reservoir embayment (Fig. 7). Dry Branch, Round Island, Spring, and Second Creeks were among the lowest mean TN and TP concentrations. Chlorophyll a concentrations of Dry Branch, Second

ii Creek, and Flint Creek were among the highest of the basin (Fig. 8). Flint Creek, Dry Branch, and Round Island Creek were among the highest mean TSS concentrations of any tributary of the basin, while Spring and Second Creeks were among the lowest (Fig. 9). AGPT results indicated that Paint Rock and Flint River, Indian, and Limestone Creeks were phosphorus limited (Table 4). Dry Branch, Cotaco, Flint, and Round Island Creek were nitrogen limited while Spring and Second Creeks were co-limited. The MSC of Flint River and both Limestone and Indian Creeks well exceeded the maximum 5.0 mg/l level suggested to assure protection from nuisance algal blooms and fish-kills in southeastern lakes. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the ADEM Water Criteria (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-.09) limit of 5.0 mg/l for all stations in all months except for Indian Creek (May only) (Fig. 25). Heavy rains throughout the area may have caused the Indian Creek embayment to be thoroughly mixed and below 5.0 mg/l in the month of May (Fig. 13). DO profiles indicate deoxygenation of up to 49% of the water column occurred April-September in Spring Creek (Fig. 33). Other embayments contained adequate oxygen concentrations throughout most of the water column (Figs. 29-33). TSI values for the upper tributary embayments of Wheeler were typically in the mesotrophic range (Fig. 28). The TSI values for all other tributary embayments fell in the eutrophic range for all months except May (Fig. 28). Wilson Reservoir Tributaries The second highest mean TN and highest mean TP concentrations in the basin were measured in the Big Nance Creek embayment of Wilson Reservoir (Figs. 6 & 7). The lowest mean chlorophyll a concentration was also measured in the Big Nance embayment (Fig. 8), with the second lowest mean TSS concentration measured in Shoal Creek (Fig. 9). AGPT results indicated that Big Nance Creek was phosphorus limited (Table 4). Town and Shoal Creeks were nitrogen limited, and Bluewater Creek was co-limited. The MSC of Big Nance, Bluewater, and Town Creeks well exceeded the maximum 5.0 mg/l level suggested to assure protection from nuisance algal blooms and fish-kills in southeastern lakes. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the ADEM Water Criteria (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-.09) limit of 5.0 mg/l for all stations in all months except for Town Creek (June only) (Fig. 35). Heavy rains during sampling may have caused low DO and high TSS

iii concentrations in the Town Creek embayment (Fig. 13). DO profiles indicated well-oxygenated water columns for all embayments, April-October (Figs. 37-39). TSI values for Big Nance Creek remained mostly in the oligotrophic range while Bluewater Creek began in the oligotrophic range and gradually increased to eutrophic levels throughout the sampling season (Fig. 36). Town and Shoal Creeks remained in the euptrophic range for most months (Fig. 36). Pickwick Tributaries Water quality concerns for Pickwick Reservoir tributaries center primarily on Spring Creek. The highest mean TN, second highest mean TP, and highest mean TSS concentrations were measured in the Spring Creek embayment (Figs. 6, 7 & 9). The lowest mean chlorophyll a concentration was also measured in that embayment (Fig. 8). The mean TN, chlorophyll a, and TSS concentrations of Cypress, Cane and Second Creeks were low compared to other basin locations. AGPT results indicated that Cypress, Spring, and Second Creeks were phosphorus limited and Cane Creek was co-limited (Table 4). The MSC of Cane Creek well exceeded the maximum 5.0 mg/l level suggested to assure protection from nuisance algal blooms and fish-kills in southeastern lakes. All dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the ADEM Water Criteria (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-.09) limit of 5.0 mg/l for all stations in all months (Fig 40). DO profiles show well-oxygenated water columns for all embayments, April-October (Figs. 42-43). TSI values for Cypress Creek ranged from oligotrophic to eutrophic throughout the sampling season (Fig. 41). Spring Creek was in the oligotrophic range, Cane Creek in the mesotrophic range, and Second Creek in the eutrophic range throughout the sampling season (Fig. 41).

iv List of Tables

Table 1. Embayments sampled during the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin, 2003...... 6 Table 2. Monitoring sites for the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin 2003...... 7 Table 3. Water quality variables measured during the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin, 2003...... 13 Table 4. Algal growth potential testing (AGPT) of Tennessee River Embayments, August 2003 ...... 23

v List of Figures Figure 1. Alabama Publicly Accessible Reservoirs ...... 2 Figure 2. Guntersville Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations...... 9 Figure 3. Wheeler Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations...... 10 Figure 4. Wilson Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations...... 11 Figure 5. Pickwick Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations...... 12 Figure 6. Mean total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of Tennessee Tributary locations, April- October 2003...... 19 Figure 7. Mean total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of Tennessee Tributary locations April- October 2003...... 20 Figure 8. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations of Tennessee tributary embayment locations April- October 2003...... 21 Figure 9. Mean total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of Tennessee tributary embayment locations, April-October 2003...... 22 Figure 10. Map of rain gauge stations and their proximity to RWQM monitoring stations...... 24 Figure 11. Mean monthly rainfall of the Tennessee basin, historic (1931-2000) vs. 2003...... 24 Figure 12. Daily rainfall at select TVA rain gauge stations across the Tennessee River basin, April-October 2003...... 25 Figure 13. Daily rainfall at select NOAA rain gauge stations across the Tennessee River basin, April-October 2003...... 26 Figure 14. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 28 Figure 15. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 29 Figure 16. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 30 Figure 17. Trophic state index (TSI) for Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 31 Figure 18. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Crow and Raccoon Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 32 Figure 19. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Roseberry and North Sauty Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 33 Figure 20. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in South Sauty and Town Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 34 Figure 21. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Short and Big Spring Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 35 Figure 22. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Brown’s Creek, a tributary of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 36

vi Figure 23. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Paint Rock River, a tributary of Wheeler Reservoir, April- October 2003...... 38 Figure 24. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Flint River, a tributary of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 39 Figure 25. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Indian and Cotaco Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 40 Figure 26. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Limestone and Flint Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 41 Figure 27. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Dry Branch, Round Island, Spring, and Second Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 42 Figure 28. Trophic state index (TSI) for Wheeler Reservoir tributaries, April-October 2003. .. 43 Figure 29. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Paint Rock and Flint Rivers, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 44 Figure 30. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Indian and Cotaco Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 45 Figure 31. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Limestone and Flint Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 46 Figure 32. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Dry Branch and Round Island Creek, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 47 Figure 33. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Spring and Second Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 48 Figure 34. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and total suspended solids (TSS) of Wilson Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 50 Figure 35. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) of Wilson Reservoir Tributaries, April-October 2003...... 51 Figure 36. Trophic state index (TSI) for Wilson Reservoir tributaries, April-October 2003. .... 52 Figure 37. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature for Big Nance and Bluewater Creeks, tributaries of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 53 Figure 38. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Town Creek, tributary of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 54 Figure 39. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Shoal Creek, tributary of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 55 Figure 40. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Cypress, Spring, Cane, and Second Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 57 Figure 41. Trophic state index (TSI) for Pickwick Reservoir tributaries, April-October 2003.. 58 Figure 42. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Cypress and Spring Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 59 Figure 43. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Cane and Second Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April-October 2003...... 60

vii INTRODUCTION

ADEM Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring Program

Section 314(a)(1) of the Water Quality Act of 1987 requires states to conduct assessments of the water quality of publicly-owned lakes and report the findings as part of their biennial 305(b) Water Quality Report To Congress. Prior to 1997, funding for the assessments was provided by Lake Water Quality Assessment (LWQA) grants administered through the Clean Lakes Program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Submittal to the EPA of approved lakes assessment information from states ensured continued eligibility for financial assistance under the Clean Lakes Program. With the discontinuance of Clean Lakes Program funding, water quality assessments are currently conducted using funding from a variety of sources, including Clean Water Act Section 319 funds. The Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) has defined publicly- owned lakes/reservoirs as those that are of a multiple-use nature, publicly-accessible, and exhibit physical/chemical characteristics typical of impounded waters. Lakes designated strictly for water supply, privately owned lakes, or lakes managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) strictly for fish production are not included in this definition. Lakes meeting the above definition are listed in Figure 1. In 1985, the need for information on the trophic state of Alabama's publicly-owned lakes led to an initial survey conducted by the ADEM with the assistance of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region IV. The survey established limited baseline information on the lakes and was used to rank them according to trophic condition. In 1989, LWQA funds enabled the ADEM to conduct required water quality assessments of thirty-four publicly-owned lakes in the state and submit the collected information as part of the 1990 305(b) Water Quality Report to Congress (ADEM 1989). Trophic state index (TSI) values calculated from data gathered for the water quality assessments indicated potentially significant increases when compared to TSI values from the study conducted in 1985.

1 Figure 1. Alabama Publicly Accessible Reservoirs

LAUDERDALE 28 JACKSON LIMESTONE 37 MADISON 1) Aliceville COLBERT 36 2) Bankhead 5 LAWRENCE 12 3) Bear Creek FRANKLIN 22 MORGAN DE KALB 4) Big Creek 3 33 35 WINSTON 5) Cedar Creek CULLMAN MARION 21 6) Claiborne BLOUNT ETOWAH CHEROKEE 7) Coffeeville 16 8) Dannelly FAYETTE WALKER STCLAIR 26 9) Demopolis LAMAR CALHOUN 10) Gainesville JEFFERSON 11) Gantt CLEBURNE 12) Guntersville TUSCALO3O2SA 2 23 PICKENS 30 TALLADEGA 13) Harding 1 SHELBY 14) Harris 15 CLAY 14 27 15) Holt 20 TALLAPOOSA 16) Inland BIBB COOSA 40 10 GREENE 34 25 17) Jackson CHAMBERS HALE 24 18) Jones Bluff CHILTON 13 PERRY 19 19) Jordan 38 LEE ELMORE 20) Lay AUTAUGA SUMTER 31 21) Lewis Smith 9 MACON 22) Little Bear Creek MARENGO DALLAS 18 RUSSELL 23) Logan-Martin MONTGOMERY BULLOCK CHOCTAW 8 LOWNDES 24) Martin 25) Mitchell WILCOX BARBOUR 26) Neely Henry 7 BARBOUR 39 27) Oliver BUTLER CLARKE CRENSHAW PIKE 28) Pickwick MONROE 29) Point A 6 DALE HENRY 30) Purdy WASHINGTON CONECUH 29 11 COFFEE 31) Thurlow 32) Tuscaloosa

ESCAMBIA COVINGTON HOUSTON 33) Upper Bear Creek GENEVA 34) Warrior 4 MOBILE 17 35) Weiss 36) Wheeler 37) Wilson BALDWIN 38) Yates 39) W. F. George 40) West Point

2 In 1990, the Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring (RWQM) Program was initiated by the Special Studies Section of the Field Operations Division of the ADEM. Objectives of the program are as follows: a) to develop an adequate water quality database for all publicly-owned lakes in the state; b) to establish trends in lake trophic status that can only be established through long- term monitoring efforts; and, c) to satisfy the requirement of Section 314(a)(1) of the Water Quality Act of 1987 that states conduct assessments of the water quality of publicly-owned lakes and report the findings as part of their biennial Water Quality Report to Congress. Acquiring this information enables the ADEM to determine lake water quality and identify those in which water quality may be deteriorating. Should deterioration in lake water quality be indicated by collected data, more intensive study of the lake can be instituted to establish causes and extent of the deterioration. Thirty-one publicly-owned lakes in the state were monitored at least once during the three-year period 1990-1992. In 1991, additional funding received through the Clean Lakes Program enabled the expansion of the RWQM Program to include all of the 31 publicly-owned lakes in the state, with the exception of those in the Tennessee River system. Expansion of the program allowed more extensive monitoring of certain lakes for which water quality concerns were greatest and the inclusion of Alabama/Georgia border lakes that were not included in earlier water quality assessments. Beginning in 1994, the frequency of reservoir monitoring in the RWQM Program was increased to a minimum of once every two years so that the water quality database and trends in trophic status could be developed more rapidly. Lakes indicated to be use-threatened or impaired from previously collected data continued to be monitored annually. Realignment of the reservoir sampling schedule was also begun in 1994 so that reservoir sampling by basin could be instituted. In 1996, the Nonpoint Source Unit (NPSU) of the Office of Education and Outreach of ADEM adopted a watershed assessment strategy. The intent of the watershed management approach is to synchronize water quality monitoring, assessment, and implementation of control

3 activities on a geographic basis. In Alabama, the major drainage basins are monitored on a 5- year rotation basis. Concentrating monitoring efforts within one basin provides the NPSU with a framework for more centralized management and implementation of control efforts and provides consistent and integrated decision making for awarding Clean Water Act Section 319 NPS funds. During 1997, intensive monitoring of reservoirs by basin was initiated with Coosa and Tallapoosa reservoirs sampled to gather water quality data prior to proposed water diversions in Georgia. Intensive monitoring consists of monthly sampling of mainstem and tributary embayment sites through the algal growing season (April through October). Basins sampled to date are as follows: a) 1997 - Coosa and Tallapoosa River basins; b) 1998 - Warrior River basin; c) 1999 - Chattahoochee and Conecuh River basins; d) 2000 - Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Alabama River basins; e) 2001 –Escatawpa and Tombigbee River basins; and, f) 2002 - Warrior River basin. During 2003, tributary embayments located on Guntersville, Wheeler, Wilson, and Pickwick Reservoirs of the Tennessee River basin were intensively monitored. Water quality monitoring of the mainstem reservoirs of the Tennessee River system is conducted by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) through its Reservoir Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Objectives of the program are to provide basic information on the "health" or integrity of the aquatic ecosystem in each TVA reservoir and to provide screening level information for describing how well each reservoir meets the "fishable" and "swimmable" goals of the Clean Water Act. Sampling activities involve examination of appropriate physical, chemical, and biological indicators in the forebay, mid-region, and headwaters areas of each reservoir. Initiated in 1990, the TVA program provides results of monitoring activities to ADEM on an annual basis through program reports. Data collected through these monitoring efforts will be used to develop lake-specific nutrient criteria, and to assist in development of total maximum daily loads as required by Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling Locations. Embayments sampled during 2003 appear in Table 1. Locations of sampling sites appear in Table 2 and Figures 2 - 5. Multiple tributaries were sampled at each reservoir. Water quality measurements and water sample collections were conducted from boats positioned at the deepest point of the channel at each sampling site. Mainstem reservoir stations were sampled through the TVA Reservoir Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Sample Collection. Intensive monitoring of embayments consisted of monthly sampling of all stations from April through October in the Tennessee basin. All stations were sampled within a one-week period to reduce weather-related variability in water quality conditions. Monitoring and analyses were conducted in accordance with appropriate standard operating procedures. Water quality variables measured during 2003 appear in Table 3. At each sampling site temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH were measured in situ at multiple depths in the water column with Hydrolab III and 4a instruments. A standard, 20 cm diameter Secchi disk with attenuating black and white quadrants was used to measure visibility. Photic zone depth determinations were made by measuring the vertical illumination of the water column using an underwater photometer. The depth at which one percent of the surface illumination was measured by the photometer was considered the photic zone depth. A composite water sample of twenty liters was collected from the photic zone. The sample was collected by raising and lowering a plastic submersible pump and hose apparatus repeatedly through the photic zone while collecting the sample in a plastic container. Withdrawal of individual samples from the composite water sample occurred in the order presented in the following paragraphs. Chlorophyll a samples were collected by filtering a minimum of 500 ml of the composite photic zone sample through glass fiber filters immediately after collection of the composite sample. Immediately after filtering, each filter was folded once and placed in a 50 mm petri dish. Each petri dish was wrapped in aluminum foil, sealed in a ziploc bag, and placed on ice for shipment to the Field Operations Division to be frozen until analyzed. Corrected chlorophyll a concentrations were used in calculating Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) for lakes. A more detailed discussion of Carlson’s TSI appears later in this section.

5 Table 1. Embayments sampled during the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin, 2003. Surface Area Drainage Area Reservoir Embayment (acres) (mi2) Guntersville 67,900 24,450 Crow Creek 110 Raccoon Creek 96 Mud Creek 105 Roseberry Creek 102 North Sauty Creek 84 South Sauty Creek 126 Town Creek 250 Short Creek 113 Big Spring Creek 72 Brown’s Creek 73

Wheeler 67,070 29,590 Paint Rock River 416 Flint River 439 Indian Creek 198 Cotaco Creek 276 Limestone Creek 219 Flint Creek 465 Dry Branch 29 Round Island Creek 116 Spring Creek 31 Second Creek 80

Wilson 15,500 30,750 Big Nance Creek 200 Bluewater Creek 89 Town Creek 250 Shoal Creek 118

Pickwick 43,100 32,820 Cypress Creek 150 Spring Creek 107 Cane Creek 142 Second Creek 47

6 , t n e m y a b m e

. k 2003. e embayment, e r . C

s ’ n Spring Creek embayment, w o r Big B ssee River.

, l e n nel, Mud Creek embayment, n a Description . upstream of AL Hwy 69 bridge. mile main creek channel, North Sauty Creek embayment, main creek channel, Town Creek embayment, point, main creek channel, Approximately 2 miles upstream of lake confluence. upstream of confluence with Tenne Deepest point, main creek channel,upstream Indian of Creek lake embayment, confluence 1 mile Deepest point, main creek channel,immediately Cotaco upstream Creek of embayment, Sharps Ford Bridge Deepest point, main creek channel,approximately Crow 0.5 Creek mile downstream ofDeepest US point, Hwy 72 main creek bridge. channel, Racoon Creek embayment, Deepest point, main creek chan immediately upstream of Hwy. 72 bridgeDeepest at point, powerline main creek crossing. channel,mile Roseberry downstream Creek of embayment, Jackson 0.5 CountyDeepest Park. point, immediately upstream of AL Hwy 79Deepest bridge. point, main creek channel,immediately South upstream Sauty of Creek CR embayment, 67Deepest bridge. point, approximately 0.5 miles downstream ofDeepest AL Hwy point, 227 main bridge. creek channel,immediately Short upstream Creek of embayment, AL Hwy 227Deepest bridge. immediately upstream of AL Hwy 227Deepest bridge. point, main creek ch approximately 1.0 Deepest point, main river channel,mile Paint upstream Rock of River, confluence approximately with 1 Deepest Tennessee River point, main river channel, Flint River, approximately 1 mile 86.7263 86.4551 86.7291 86.5141 85.82496 85.83659 85.90149 86.01811 86.09137 86.10391 86.18317 86.21950 86.29182 86.33057 ------Longitude 5 Latitude 34.58431 34.54297 34.83665 34.75049 34.76665 34.63230 34.59346 34.51905 34.40581 34.36859 34.34551 34.34463 34.4832 34.51073 Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin 9 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 10 Station # Wheeler Reservoir Guntersville itoring sites for the . Mon 2 Basin Tennessee Table

7 Table 2 cont’d.Monitoring sites for the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin, 2003

Basin Reservoir Station # Latitude Longitude Description Tennessee Wheeler 5 34.59322 -86.8902 Deepest point, main creek channel, Limestone Creek embayment, approximately 1 mile upstream of lake confluence. 6 34.55947 -86.9333 Deepest point, main creek channel, Flint Creek embayment, 1 mile downstream of CR 67 bridge at public access area. 7 34.62081 -87.0006 Deepest point, main creek channel, Dry Branch embayment, immediately downstream of Alt. Hwy. 72 bridge. 8 34.69864 -87.0507 Deepest point, main creek channel, Round Island Creek embayment, approximately 1.5 miles upstream of lake confluence. 9 34.72263 -87.2805 Deepest point, main creek channel, Spring Creek embayment, approximately 0.5 mile upstream of CR 400 bridge. 10 34.83745 -87.3715 Deepest point, main creek channel, Second Creek embayment, approximately 0.5 mile downstream of Hwy. 72 bridge.

Wilson 1 34.77935 -87.3932 Deepest point, main creek channel, Big Nance Creek embayment,

8 immediately upstream of AL Hwy. 101 bridge. 2 34.82273 -87.4089 Deepest point, main creek channel, Bluewater Creek embayment, approximately one mile upstream of lake confluence. 3 34.77307 -87.4303 Deepest point, main creek channel, Town Creek embayment, approximately one mile downstream of CR 314 bridge. 4 34.85183 -87.5693 Deepest point, main creek channel, Shoal Creek embayment, immediately upstream of US Hwy 72 bridge.

Pickwick 1 34.78814 -87.6971 Deepest point, main creek channel, Cypress Creek embayment, approximately 0.5 miles upstream of AL Hwy. 20. 2 34.73944 -87.7309 Deepest point, main creek channel, Spring Creek embayment, approximately 1 mile upstream of lake confluence. 3 34.74689 -87.8638 Deepest point, main creek channel, Cane Creek embayment, approximately one mile upstream of lake confluence. 4 34.92624 -88.0468 Deepest point, main creek channel, Second Creek embayment, approximately one mile upstream of CR 14 bridge. s n r o i s C t r i e i a n o t r o v a S r o t c e u g a s b n i i e R l r p R T 2 . m e e l l a a l l t i i S S v v s s r r M %U e e %U t t Q n n u u W r R G G C r %U y t C %U u w a o S r r . C C S r 1 6 d r . C u . a C t %U a n t M t S w r S 3 o o . h T a r r t S 7 C C S . 8 %U y a . g %U r t r a n i t S . e r s S b p e l e i S s M g o i %U R B 4 1 4 r 9 . . C %U a a t y t t S S u a S . %U N 7 5 %U . a t S r C s ' n 0 w o r B Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations 0 N 1 . a t S 7 Guntersville . 2 Figure

9 r e v i R N t n i l F 2 %U . a t k S e %U e r . C R s e n l k i a c i M o d n R I 4 t 1 3 n k i . C a a t P e S n 1 o . t %U %U 7 a s t e S m i k L e d e n 5 r a . l 0 C a s t I o S c d a n %U t u o o C R %U . 7 k 4 8 e . . e a t r a t S C %U S g n i r k %U s p e n e S o r i h t 9 k C c a . t e t n a s e t S n r a i i e r r l i S o g r F C B v n a i r t l d y 6 e u r p n . s b i D a o m e r t c a 7 R T S e S . r r S a e e l l t M 0 e e %U S Q 1 e e Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations . h h W a t R W W S heeler %U %U W . 3 Figure

10 s e l i M 4 %U %U 2 k C %U e c k 0 n C a r N e t g i a B w e 1 2 u . l a B t S 2 k . C a t n N S w k o T C l 3 . a . o a n h t o S S i t 4 a t . S a t s r g S i e i n o i r l v a p r t e %U u m s b i a e r S R T M n n o o Q s s l l i i W R W W %U Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations Wilson . 4 Figure

11 s e l i M 8 %[ %[ 4 k k C C s g 0 s n e i r r p p y S C 2 4 1 . %[ . a a t t S S k C d n k o n C c o i e t e . a S n t s a r S 4 i e C i . o g r v a a n 3 r i t t l . e u S p s a b i t e m r S a R T %[ S k k c c i i M w w Q k k c c W i i R P P %[ Reservoir with 2003 sampling locations N Pickwick . 5 Figure

12 Table 3. Water quality variables measured during the Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin, 2003.

Variable Method Reference Detection Limit

Physical Vertical illumination Photometer, Secchi disk Lind, 1979 --- Temperature Thermistor APHA et al. 1998 --- Turbidity Nephelometer APHA et al. 1998 --- Total dissolved solids Filtration, drying EPA-600/4-79-020 1 mg/l Total suspended solids Filtration, drying EPA-600/4-79-020 1 mg/l Specific conductance Wheatstone bridge APHA et al. 1998 --- Hardness Titrametric, EDTA EPA-600/4-79-020 1 mg/l Alkalinity Potentiometric titration EPA-600/4-79-020 1 mg/l

Chemical

Dissolved oxygen Membrane electrode APHA et al. 1998 --- pH Glass electrode APHA et al. 1998 --- Ammonia Automated phenate EPA-600/4-79-020 0.015 mg/l Nitrate + Nitrite Cadmium reduction EPA-600/4-79-020 0.003 mg/l Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Automated colorimetric EPA-600/4-79-020 0.15 mg/l Dissolved reactive phosphorus Automated single reagent EPA-600/4-79-020 0.004 mg/l Total phosphorus Persulfate digestion EPA-600/4-79-020 0.004 mg/l Total organic carbon Persulfate-ultraviolet EPA-600/4-79-020 0.50 mg/l

Biological

Chlorophyll a Spectrophotometeric APHA et al. 1998 0.1 g/l Algal growth potential test * Printz Algal Assay Test ADEM 1993 ---

* August only.

13 Dissolved reactive phosphorus samples were collected by vacuum filtering approximately 125 ml of the composite sample through a disposable filtering apparatus containing a 0.45 micron membrane filter. The detachable base flask containing collected filtrate served as the sample container. Finally, two half-gallon portions of the composite sample were collected in plastic containers and properly preserved for laboratory analysis of water quality variables. During August, samples for Algal Growth Potential Tests (AGPT) were collected from the composite photic zone sample by filling a properly prepared plastic container and preserving on ice. A more detailed discussion of AGPT appears later in this section. All samples were preserved, stored, and transported according to procedures in the ADEM Field Operations Division Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Control Assurance Manual Volume I Physical/Chemical (2000a). Quality Control / Quality Assurance. For quality control/quality assurance purposes, field duplicates of each sample type were collected at five percent of the sampling sites. Field duplicates were true duplicates of the complete collection process. Blanks were collected at the same frequency as duplicates by processing distilled water through the collection and filtration equipment in the same manner as regular samples. Measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH were replicated at sampling sites where duplicate samples were collected. Trophic State Index. Corrected chlorophyll a concentrations were used in calculating Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) for lakes (Carlson 1977). Carlson’s TSI provides limnologists and the public with a single number that serves as an indicator of a lake’s trophic status. Corrected chlorophyll a is the parameter used in the RWQM Program to calculate TSI because it is considered to give the best estimate of the biotic response of lakes to nutrient enrichment when algae is the dominant plant community. The trophic state classification scale used is as follows: Oligotrophic: TSI < 40 Mesotrophic: TSI 40 –49 Eutrophic: TSI 50 –69 Hypereutrophic: TSI > 70

14 Algal Growth Potential Tests. The Algal Growth Potential Test (AGPT) determines the total quantity of algal biomass supportable by the test waters and provides a reliable estimate of the bioavailable and limiting nutrients (Raschke and Schultz 1987). In control samples, maximum algal standing crop (MSC) dry weights below 5.0 mg/l are thought to assure protection from nuisance algal blooms and fish-kills in southeastern lakes, with the exception of lakes in Florida (Raschke and Schultz 1987). In most freshwater lakes, phosphorus is the essential plant nutrient that limits growth and productivity of plankton algae (Wetzel 1983). Nitrogen usually becomes the limiting nutrient when bioavailable phosphorus increases relative to nitrogen, as in the case of waters receiving quantities of treated municipal waste (Raschke and Schultz 1987). The AGPT is helpful in identifying these common growth limiting nutrients.

15 RESULTS Data Selection. Material in this section is presented by reservoir. Results are graphically displayed. Water quality data selected for display consist of the following: a) total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), used as indicators of nutrient content in the waterbody; b) algal growth potential tests (AGPT), used as a determinant of the total quantity of algal biomass supportable by test waters and of the limiting nutrient; c) corrected chlorophyll a (chl. a), used as an indicator of algal biomass; d) total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, used as an indicator of water clarity; e) dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, used as a more direct indicator of water quality because severe depletion can damage aquatic vertebrate and macroinvertebrate communities and interfere with water supply and recreational uses; and, f) Carlson Trophic State Index (TSI), calculated from corrected chlorophyll a concentrations as a means of trophic state classification of the reservoir.

These data were selected because of their relationship to the process of eutrophication and their interest to the regulatory and scientific communities that stems from this relationship. Stream water quality assessments, land-use information, point sources, and potential non-point sources can be found in “Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin- 2003 Part I“(2005). Graphs. Bar graphs consist of means of the variables for all months depicted in the line graphs. Line graphs for each tributary depict the monthly changes in the variables. Nutrients were plotted vs. discharge when available. Daily rainfall graphs were included since 2003 total rainfall was above average in most months and USGS gages available for only 5 creeks/rivers across the sampling area. Rain gauges were selected throughout the basin to show regional differences in rainfall amounts. These graphs show the amount of rainfall per day alongside the sampling events in order to give an idea of flow conditions in streams without gages. Line graphs of DO concentrations consist of measurements conducted at a depth of five feet, unless otherwise noted, because ADEM Water Quality Criteria pertaining to reservoir waters require a DO concentration of 5.0 mg/l at this depth (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-

16 .09). Under extreme natural conditions such as drought, the DO concentration may be as low as 4.0 mg/l. When depth was at least 3m deep, a profile graph of the sampling station was also included. Profile graphs indicate if the waterbody was thermally and/or chemically stratified. Eutrophication. For those unfamiliar with the process of eutrophication, it may be useful to discuss the relationship of the topics to the process and how the process affects the water quality of lakes and reservoirs. Eutrophication is the process by which water bodies become more productive through increased input of nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus (Welch 1992). Normally, increased plant (algae and/or macrophyte) productivity and biomass are considered part of the eutrophication process though nutrients can increase without an increase in plant growth if available light in the water column is limited by high concentrations of suspended solids. The classical trophic succession sequence that occurs in natural lakes is as follows: Oligotrophy: nutrient-poor, biologically unproductive; Mesotrophy: intermediate nutrient availability and productivity; Eutrophy: nutrient-rich, highly productive; Hypereutrophic: the extreme end of the eutrophic stage.

Depending on the nature of the watershed however, eutrophication of natural lakes may take thousands of years or they may never become eutrophic. All waterbodies monitored during the intensive survey are reservoir embayments rather than natural lakes. Trophic succession in these waterbodies does not occur in the classical form as in natural lakes. After filling of the reservoir basin, trophic upsurge occurs, resulting in high productivity of algae and fish. The trophic upsurge is fueled by nutrient inputs from the watershed, leaching of nutrients from the flooded soils of the basin, and decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and litter. Eventually a trophic depression takes place with a decline in the productivity of algae and fish as these initially available nutrient sources decline. In time, a less productive but more stable trophic state is established. The trophic state that the reservoir eventually settles into (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic) is determined by the combination of the natural fertility of the watershed and the effects of the point and nonpoint sources of pollution within the watershed.

17 The concern about eutrophication from a water quality standpoint is more likely due to cultural eutrophication. Cultural eutrophication can be defined as eutrophication brought about by the increase of nutrient, soil, and /or organic matter loads to a lake or reservoir as a result of anthropogenic activities (EPA 1990). Activities that contribute to cultural eutrophication include wastewater treatment discharges, agricultural and silvicultural activities, residential and urban development, and road building. Increased eutrophication in a waterbody occurring over a period of 10 to 50 years usually indicates cultural eutrophication (Welch 1992). The effects of cultural eutrophication to a reservoir that is highly productive, or eutrophic, can lead to hypereutrophic conditions. Hypereutrophic conditions are characterized by the following: a) dense algal populations; b) low dissolved oxygen concentrations; c) increased likelihood of fish kills; and, d) interference with public water supply and recreational uses. Regardless of whether a reservoir embayment is oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic, cultural eutrophication negatively affects biological communities of these waterbodies through sedimentation and changes in water quality variables such as dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature, and light availability.

18 Tennessee Tributaries

3.000 ) l / g

m 2.000 (

N T 1.000 0.565 0.658 n 0.393 0.441 0.516 0.383 a 0.247 0.299 0.253 0.219 e

M 0.000 t s d y y h y g r n h n ' w t t t r t u n o o r r g n o w u u u i i r o h r e o M a a o o w B c C b p S N T S S o S a e r S s R B o R

Guntersville Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries

3.000 ) l / g

m 2.000 (

N 1.059 T 1.000 0.544 0.651 0.564 0.681 0.545 0.520 n 0.420 0.397 0.422 a e

M 0.000 t r y k e t d g n o k d d r n e c a c n n e n n i n n v i i i D o a e a i o l u a r o t d t r l R F o c P p R o s s n C I e I t R e S C S n i m l i F L

Wheeler Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries

3.000 2.596 ) l / g

m 2.000 ( 1.407

T 0.854 1.000 0.648 0.535 n 0.328 0.470 a 0.312 e

M 0.000 l s g e r n e d a s c e n n n w t o e i n a r r o a o h a c p p C T w S e N y S e S C g u i l B B Wilson Reservoir Pickwick Reservoir

Figure 6. Mean total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of Tennessee Tributary locations, April- October 2003.

19 Tennessee Tributaries 0.060 ) l / g

m 0.040 (

P T 0.015 0.016 n 0.020 0.010 0.010 a 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.007 e 0.005 M 0.000 t s d y y h y g n h n r ' w t t t r t u n o o r r g n o w u u u i i r o e h r o M a a o o w B c C b p S N T S S o S a e r S s R B o R

Guntersville Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries 0.060 ) l / g

m 0.040 (

P 0.022 0.020 T 0.018 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.014 n 0.020 0.012 a 0.007

e 0.005 M 0.000 t r y k e t d g n o k d d r n e c a c n n e n n i n n v i i i D o a e a i o l u a r o t d t r l R F o c P R p o s s n C I e I t R e S C S n i m l i F L

Wheeler Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries 0.060 0.049 ) l / g

m 0.040

( 0.030 0.027 0.026 P T

0.017

n 0.020 0.012 0.014

a 0.009 e M 0.000 l s g e r n e d a s c e n n n w t o e i n a r r o a o h a c p p C T w S e N y S e S C g u i l B B Wilson Reservoir Pickwick Reservoir

Figure 7. Mean total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of Tennessee Tributary locations April- October 2003.

20 Tennessee Tributaries

) 50.00 l /

g 35.03

u 40.00 (

29.17 27.95 a

30.00 24.10 l 21.27 l 19.56 y 20.00 14.05 h 11.35 p

o 10.00 5.11 r o l

h 0.00 t C s d y y h y g n h n r ' w t t t r t u n o o r r g n o w u u u i i r o e h r o M a a o o w B c C b p S N T S S o S a e r S s R B o R

Guntersville Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries )

l 50.00 / g

u 40.00 ( 31.15 30.00 27.88 a

30.00 l l 17.08 y 16.76 16.48 20.00 13.73 h

p 6.08 o 10.00 3.09 5.07 r o l 0.00 h t C r y k e t d g n o k d d r n e c a c n e n n n i n n v i i i D o a e a i o l u a r o t d t r l R F o c P R p o s s n C I e I t R e S C S n i m l i F L

Wheeler Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries

) 50.00 l /

g 40.00 u ( 26.52 a

30.00 l l 19.71 17.22 y 16.79 20.00 h

p 9.31

o 4.66 r 10.00 2.21 1.39 o l

h 0.00 C l s g e r n e d a s c e n n n w t o e i n a r r o a o h a c p p C T w S e N y S e S C g u i l B B Wilson Reservoir Pickwick Reservoir

Figure 8. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations of Tennessee tributary embayment locations April- October 2003.

21 Tennessee Tributaries 40.0

) 30.0 l / g

m 20.0 ( 12.57 12.71

12.00 11.29 10.00 9.71 10.29 11.14 10.43 S 5.67 S 10.0 T 0.0 t s d y y h y g n h n r ' w t t t r t u n o o r r g n o w u u u i i r o e h r o M a a o o w B c C b p S N T S S o S a e r S s R B o R

Guntersville Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries 40.0 26.29 ) 25.86

l 30.0 / 20.29 21.29 g 16.29 17.71 m 20.0 15.00 13.57 ( 9.14 10.29 S

S 10.0 T 0.0 t r y k e t d g n o k d d r n e c a c n n e n n i n n v i i i D o a e a i o l u a r o t d t r l R F o c P R p o s s n C I e I t R e S C S n i m l i F L

Wheeler Reservoir

Tennessee Tributaries 40.0 36.43

) 30.0 l 23.29 /

g 18.57

m 20.0 ( 13.43 12.57 8.71 11.14 11.00 S

S 10.0 T 0.0 l s g e r n e d a s c e n n n w t o e i n a r r o a o h a c p p C T w S e N y S e S C g u i l B B

Wilson Reservoir Pickwick Reservoir Figure 9. Mean total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations of Tennessee tributary embayment locations, April-October 2003.

22 Table 4. Algal growth potential testing (AGPT) of Tennessee River Embayments, August 2003 Reservoir Station Collection Mean MSC (mg/l) Limiting Date C C+N C+P Nutrient

Guntersville Crow Creek 08/19/2003 0.98 0.87 4.24 Phosphorus Raccoon Creek 08/19/2003 2.89 3.06 4.25 Phosphorus Roseberry Creek 08/19/2003 4.71 5.01 7.42 Co-Limiting North Sauty Creek 08/19/2003 2.14 3.26 2.16 Nitrogen South Sauty Creek 08/19/2003 2.93 3.14 3.83 Co-Limiting Town Creek 08/20/2003 9.33 12.14 10.90 Co-Limiting Short Creek 08/20/2003 9.32 51.09 9.05 Nitrogen Big Spring Creek 08/20/2003 4.23 4.66 8.83 Phosphorus Brown’s Creek 08/20/2003 3.75 3.98 6.56 Phosphorus

Wheeler Paint Rock River 08/19/2003 1.22 1.07 14.28 Phosphorus Flint River 08/19/2003 8.28 7.59 34.32 Phosphorus Indian Creek 08/19/2003 10.13 10.48 14.55 Phosphorus Cotaco Creek 08/19/2003 5.01 9.75 5.24 Nitrogen Limestone 08/19/2003 7.04 6.74 9.84 Phosphorus Flint Creek 08/19/2003 3.09 9.64 2.57 Nitrogen Dry Branch 08/20/2003 5.52 25.46 5.52 Nitrogen Round Island Creek 08/20/2003 5.20 10.82 5.58 Nitrogen Spring Creek 08/20/2003 2.24 2.79 3.28 Co-Limiting Second Creek 08/20/2003 5.86 10.51 7.04 Co-Limiting

Wilson Big Nance Creek 08/20/2003 9.09 9.32 124.15 Phosphorus Bluewater Creek 08/20/2003 29.80 42.03 35.30 Co-Limiting Town Creek 08/20/2003 19.00 32.60 21.72 Nitrogen Shoal Creek 08/20/2003 4.99 20.16 5.44 Nitrogen

Pickwick Cypress Creek 08/19/2003 7.24 6.69 35.48 Phosphorus Spring Creek 08/19/2003 1.16 1.32 9.68 Phosphorus Cane Creek 08/19/2003 18.60 22.79 20.73 Co-Limiting Second Creek 08/19/2003 3.31 3.97 4.89 Phosphorus

MSC = Maximum Standing Crop C = Control; C+N = Control + Nitrogen; C+P = Control + Phosphorus Values in bold print are significantly different from control.

23 %U Widows Creek $Z %U %U %U %U %U %U %U Decatur %U %U %U %U (^ %U Huntsville %U (^ (^ $Z %U %U Muscle Shoals %U %U %U %U %U Scottsboro %U %U %U $Z $Z %U RWQM Monitoring Stations Guntersville %U %U %U %U Guntersville Columbus City %U Wheeler 20 0 20 Miles %U Wilson %U Pickwick N Rain gauge (^ NOAA $Z TVA

Figure 10. Map of rain gauge stations and their proximity to RWQM monitoring stations.

Mean Monthly Rainfall Averages

) 12 o m

/ 10 n

i Historic Average (

8 l 1931-2000 l a f 6 TN Regional n i Average 2003 a 4 R

e 2 v

A 0 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Months

Figure 11. Mean monthly rainfall of the Tennessee basin, historic (1931-2000) vs. 2003.

24 TVA Rain Gauge @ Scottsboro, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03 Sampling Event Rainfall

TVA Rain Gauge @ WidowsCreek in AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall

TVA Rain Gauge @ Columbus City, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall

TVA Rain Gauge @ Guntersville, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall

Figure 12. Daily rainfall at select TVA rain gauge stations across the Tennessee River basin, April-October 2003.

25 NOAA Rain Gauge @ Decatur, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall

NOAA Rain Gauge @ Huntsville, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall

NOAA Rain Gauge @ Muscle Shoals, AL

6 )

y 5 a d /

s 4 e h c

n 3 i (

l l

a 2 f n i

a 1 R 0 Apr-03 May-03 Jun-03 Jul-03 Aug-03 Sep-03 Oct-03

Sampling Event Rainfall Figure 13. Daily rainfall at select NOAA rain gauge stations across the Tennessee River basin, April-October 2003.

26 Guntersville Reservoir Tributary Embayments

27 Raccoon Cr Mud Cr Crow Cr Crow Cr Raccoon Cr Mud Cr Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July 2003 July 2003 June Crow Cr Raccoon Cr Mud Cr* June May May Oct April Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April *All readings taken at surface Sep

5.0 0.0

25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0

) l / g m ( S S T

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.150 0.120

r o p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u Aug total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Upper , July ) 2003 a Crow Cr Raccoon Cr Mud Cr (chl June Raccoon Cr Mud Cr Crow Cr a May 03. Oct Oct Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April Sep Sep 0.00 5.00

October 20

15.00 10.00 -

O D ) l / g m ( ' 5 t Aug a Aug July 2003 Jul 2003 June Jun May May Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April Apr Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00

0.000 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 ) l / g u ( a l h

C 4

t o T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a 1 Figure Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April

28 N. Sauty Cr S. Sauty Cr Roseberry Cr Roseberry Cr N. Sauty Cr S. Sauty Cr Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug dissolved oxygen (DO) in Mid July 2003 July 2003 June June S. Sauty Cr Roseberry Cr N. Sauty Cr May May April Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April Oct

5.0 0.0

20.0 15.0 10.0

) l / g m ( S S T

Sep

0.060 0.030 0.000 0.150 0.120 0.090

p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o Aug total suspended solids (TSS), and July 2003 (chl a), Roseberry Cr N. Sauty Cr S. Sauty Cr N. Sauty Cr S. Sauty Cr Roseberry Cr June a May Oct Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Oct April Sep Sep October 2003.

0.00 5.00

15.00 10.00

O D ) l / g m ( ' 5 t a Aug Aug July 2003 July 2003 June June May May Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April April Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll

0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00 .

) l / g u ( a l h

C 5

0.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 2.000

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o 1 Figure Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April

29 Lower Big Spring Cr Brow n's Cr Tow n Cr Short Cr Tow n Cr Short Cr Big Spring Cr Brow n's Cr Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug Jul 2003 July 2003 Jun Brow n's Cr Tow n Cr Short Cr Big Spring Cr June May May Apr Oct Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April

0.060 0.030 0.000 0.150 0.120 0.090

p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o h Sep

5.0 0.0

20.0 15.0 10.0

) l / g m ( S S T Aug , total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in ) a July 2003 (chl a June Tow n Cr Short Cr Big Spring Cr Brow n's Cr Big Spring Cr Brow n's Cr Tow n Cr Short Cr May Oct Oct April Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries October 2003. - Sep Sep

0.00 5.00

15.00 10.00

) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O D Aug Aug Jul Jul 2003 2003 Jun Jun May May Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Apr Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll Apr . 6 1 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00

0.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 2.000 ) l / g u ( a l h C

) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o T Figure Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries, April

30 Roseberry Cr N. Sauty Cr S. Sauty Cr Oct Sep Aug July 2003 Short Cr Big Spring Cr Brow n's Cr Tow n Cr June May Mid Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Oct October 2003. - April Mesotrophic Oligotrophic Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Sep

50 40 30 20 80 70 60

S T I Aug July 2003 Raccoon Cr Mud Cr Crow Cr June Reservoir Tributaries, April May Oct Lower Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries April Sep Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic

Guntersville

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

I S T Aug July 2003 June May Upper Guntersville Reservoir Tributaries Trophic state index (TSI) for April Oligotrophic Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic

20 70 60 50 40 30 80

I S T Figure 17.

31 Crow Creek Crow Creek Crow Creek Crow Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) m m m m ( ( 2 ( 2 2 ( 2

h h h h t t t t p p 3 p 3 3 p 3 e e e e D D D D 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Crow Creek Crow Creek Crow Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m

( 2 ( 2 ( 2

h h h t t t

p 3 p 3 p 3 e e e D D D 4 4 4

5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Raccoon Creek Raccoon Creek Raccoon Creek Raccoon Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) m m m m ( ( (

2 2 2 ( 2

h h h h t t t t p p p

3 3 3 p 3 e e e e D D D D 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Raccoon Creek Raccoon Creek Raccoon Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( 2 ( 2

h h h t t t p p 3 p 3 3 e e e D D D 4 4 4

5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 18. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Crow and Raccoon Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003.

32 Roseberry Creek Roseberry Creek Roseberry Creek Roseberry Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 ) ) 1 ) 1 1 ) 1 m m m m ( ( ( (

h h h h t t 2 t 2 t

2 p

p 2 p p e e e e D D D D 3 3 3 3

Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Roseberry Creek Roseberry Creek Roseberry Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 ) ) 1 ) 1 1 m m m ( ( (

h h h t t t 2 2

2 p p p e e e D D D 3 3 3

Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

N. Sauty Creek N. Sauty Creek N. Sauty Creek N. Sauty Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) m m m ( (

2 m

( 2

h h h t t h t t p

p 3

3 e p e 3 e e D D D 4 4 D 4 4 5 5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

N. Sauty Creek N. Sauty Creek N. Sauty Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( 2 2 ( 2

h h h t t t p p 3 3 p 3 e e e D D D 4 4 4

5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 19. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Roseberry and North Sauty Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003.

33 S. Sauty Creek S. Sauty Creek S. Sauty Creek S. Sauty Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 ) m m m 4 4 m ( ( ( (

h h h 5 5 5 h 5 t t t t p p p p e e

6 e 6 6 e 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

S. Sauty Creek S. Sauty Creek S. Sauty Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 2 2

3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 4 m m m ( ( (

h 5 h 5 h 5 t t t p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8

9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Tow n Creek Tow n Creek Tow n Creek Tow n Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) 4 ) ) m

m 4 m 4 m 4 ( ( ( (

5 h h 5 h t 5 5 t t t p p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Tow n Creek Tow n Creek Tow n Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 2 2 2

3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 4 m m m ( ( (

h h h 5 5 5 t t t p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D 7 7 7

8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 20. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in South Sauty and Town Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003.

34 Short Creek Short Creek Short Creek Short Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 ) 4 m m

4 m 4 m ( ( ( (

h h

5 h h 5 5 5 t t t t p p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Short Creek Short Creek Short Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 4 m m m ( ( (

h h 5 h 5 5 t t t p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8

9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) ) 4 4 m m 4 m 4 m ( ( ( (

h h

5 h h 5 5 5 t t t t p p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek Big Spring Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 4 m m m ( ( (

h h 5 h 5 5 t t t p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9

10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 21. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Short and Big Spring Creeks, tributaries of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003.

35 Brown's Creek Brown's Creek Brown's Creek Brown's Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) )

m 4 m 4 m

m 4 4 ( ( ( (

h h h 5 h 5

t 5 t 5 t t p p p p e e

6 e e 6 6 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Brown's Creek Brown's Creek Brown's Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 ) ) )

m 4

m 4 m 4 ( ( (

h h 5 h 5 5 t t t p p p e e 6 e 6 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Figure 22. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Brown’sCreek, a tributary of Guntersville Reservoir, April-October 2003.

36 Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Embayments

37 Paint Paint Rock R. Discharge Paint Rock R. Discharge 1,500 1,000 500 0 3,000 2,500 2,000 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July 2003 July 2003 June Paint Rock R. June Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Wheeler Reservoir Tributary May May Oct April April

0.0

Sep

60.0 45.0 30.0 15.0

) l / g m ( S S T

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.180 0.150 0.120

p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o Aug , total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in ) July 2003 a (chl June Paint Rock R. Discharge Paint Rock R. Discharge Wheeler Reservoir Tributary 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 May October 2003. - 1,500 1,000 500 0 3,000 2,500 2,000 Oct April , April Oct Sep

0.00 5.00

15.00 10.00

O D ) l / g m ( ' 5 t a Sep Aug Aug July 2003 Jul 2003 June , total phosphorus, chlorophyll a Jun Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Wheeler Reservoir Tributary May May April Apr Total nitrogen . 0.00

50.00 25.00 75.00

0.000 1.500 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.250 1.750 ) l / g u ( a l h

C 23 T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure Rock River, a tributary of Wheeler Reservoir

38 Flint R. Discharge Flint R. Discharge 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1,000 500 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July July 2003 2003 Flint R. June June Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Wheeler Reservoir Tributary May May Oct April April

0.0

Sep 60.0 45.0 30.0 15.0

) l / g m ( S S T

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.180 0.150 0.120

p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Flint Aug , ) a July 2003 (chl a Flint R. Discharge Flint R. Discharge June 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Wheeler Reservoir Tributary 1,000 500 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 May October 2003. hlorophyll Oct - Oct c April Sep Sep

5.00 0.00

15.00 10.00

) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O D Aug Aug July Jul 2003 2003 , total phosphorus, June Jun Wheeler Reservoir Tributary Wheeler Reservoir Tributary May May April Apr Total nitrogen . 24 0.00

50.00 25.00 75.00

0.000 1.750 1.500 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.250 ) l / g u ( a l h C

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure River, a tributary of Wheeler Reservoir, April

39 Indian Cr Discharge Indian Cr Cotaco Cr Indian Cr Cotaco Cr Indian Cr Discharge 200 100 0 500 400 300 500 400 300 200 100 0 Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug Jul 2003 July 2003 Indian Cr Cotaco Cr Jun June Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May May Apr Oct April 0.0

60.0 45.0 30.0 15.0

Sep ) l / g m ( S S T

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.180 0.150 0.120

p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Indian Aug , ) a Jul 2003 October 2003. (chl - Indian Cr Cotaco Cr Indian Cr Discharge a Indian Cr Discharge Indian Cr Cotaco Cr Jun ll Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May 500 400 300 200 100 0 200 100 0 500 400 300 hlorophy c Apr Oct Oct 0.00 5.00

15.00 10.00

Sep ) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O Sep D Aug Aug Jul 2003 Jul 2003 Jun Jun Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May May Apr Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, Apr . 25 0.00

50.00 25.00 75.00

0.000 1.500 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.250 1.750 ) l / g u ( a l h C

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure and Cotaco Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April

40 Limestone Cr Flint Cr Limestone Cr Discharge Limestone Cr Discharge Limestone Cr Flint Cr 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 400 300 200 100 0 800 700 600 500 Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug and dissolved oxygen (DO) for July 2003 July 2003 Limestone Cr Flint Cr June June Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May Oct April April Sep

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.180 0.150 0.120

0.0 p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o

60.0 45.0 30.0 15.0

) l / g m ( S S T Aug October 2003. - total suspended solids (TSS), , ) July a 2003 (chl Limestone Cr Discharge Limestone Cr Flint Cr Limestone Cr Discharge Limestone Cr Flint Cr June a Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May 800 600 400 200 0 400 300 200 100 0 800 700 600 500 April hlorophyll Oct Oct

0.00 5.00

Sep 15.00 10.00

O D ) l / g m ( ' 5 t a Sep Aug Aug July 2003 Jul 2003 June Jun Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May May April Apr Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, c 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00

. ) l / g u ( a l h

0.000 C 1.500 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.250 1.750

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o 26 Figure Limestone and Flint Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April

41 Dry Branch Round Island Cr Spring Cr Second Cr Round Island Cr Spring Cr Second Cr Dry Branch Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July 2003 October 2003. July 2003 - June June Second Cr Dry Branch Round Island Cr Spring Cr May Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May April Oct April

0.090 0.060 0.030 0.000 0.180 0.150 0.120 Sep

0.0 p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o

60.0 45.0 30.0 15.0

) l / g m ( S S T total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Dry , Aug ) a July 2003 (chl a June Round Island Cr Spring Cr Second Cr Dry Branch Dry Branch Round Island Cr Spring Cr Second Cr May Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries April Oct Oct

0.00 5.00

Sep Sep

15.00 10.00

) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O D Aug Aug Jul Jul 2003 2003 Jun Jun Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May May Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll Apr Apr . Round Island, Spring, and Second Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April 27 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00

0.000 1.500 1.250 1.000 0.750 0.500 0.250 1.750

) l / g u ( a l h C T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure Branch,

42 Cotaco Cr Limestone Cr Flint Cr Oct Sep Aug July 2003 June Dry Branch Round Island Cr Spring Cr Second Cr Mid Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May Oct October 2003. - April Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic Sep

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

I S T Aug July 2003 Paint Rock R. Flint R. Indian Cr June Lower Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries May Oct April Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic Sep

40 30 20 80 70 60 50

I S T Aug July 2003 June May Upper Wheeler Reservoir Tributaries Trophic state index (TSI) for Wheeler Reservoir tributaries, April April Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 80

I S T Figure 28.

43 Paint Rock River Paint Rock River Paint Rock River Paint Rock River April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 2 ) 2 m m m m ( ( ( (

3 3 3 3 h h h h t t t 4 t

4 4 p 4 p p p e e e e D

D 5 D 5 5 D 5

6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Paint Rock River Paint Rock River Paint Rock River August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1

) 2 ) 2 ) 2 m m m ( ( (

3 3 3 h h h t 4 t 4 t 4 p p p e e e

D 5 D 5 D 5

6 6 6

7 7 7 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Flint River Flint River Flint River Flint River April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) 2 2 2 ) 2 m m m m ( ( ( (

3 3 3 3 h h h h t t t 4 4 4 t

p p p 4 p e e e e

D 5 D 5 D 5 5 D 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Flint River Flint River Flint River August 2003 September 2003 October 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 2 m m m ( ( (

3 3 3 h h h t t 4 t 4 4 p p p e e 5 e

D 5 D 5 D 6 6 6 7 7 7 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 29. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Paint Rock and Flint Rivers, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003.

44 Indian Creek Indian Creek Indian Creek Indian Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 ) m

m 2

m m 2 ( ( ( (

h h

3 h 3 h

3 t

t 3 t t p p p p e e 4 e 4 4 e 4 D D D D 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Indian Creek Indian Creek Indian Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) 2 2 2 m m m ( ( (

h h h 3 3

3 t t t p p p e e 4 e 4 4 D D D 5 5 5 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Cotaco Creek Cotaco Creek Cotaco Creek Cotaco Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) )

2 ) m

2 m 2 m

( 2 ( m (

(

h 3 h

3 t t

3 h t 3 t p p p e p e 4

e 4

4 e D

D 4 D 5 5 D 5 5 6 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Cotaco Creek Cotaco Creek Cotaco Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) 2 2 ) 2 m m m ( ( (

h h 3 3 h 3 t t t p p p e e 4 4 e 4 D D D 5 5 5

6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 30. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Indian and Cotaco Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003.

45 Limestone Creek Limestone Creek Limestone Creek Limestone Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1

) ) ) 1 ) m m m m ( ( ( (

h h h 2 2 2 h

t t t 2 t p p p p e e e e D D D 3 3 3 D 3

4 4 4 4 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Limestone Creek Limestone Creek Limestone Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( (

h 2 h 2 h 2 t t t p p p e e e

D 3 D 3 D 3

4 4 4 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Flint Creek Flint Creek Flint Creek Flint Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) m m m m (

2 (

( 2 (

h h h h t t t t p p 3 p 3 3 p 3 e e e e D D D D 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Flint Creek Flint Creek Flint Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( ( 2 2 2

h h h t t t p p p 3 3 3 e e e D D D 4 4 4

5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 31. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Limestone and Flint Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003.

46 Dry Branch Dry Branch Dry Branch Dry Branch April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 m m m m ( ( ( (

h h h h t t t t p p p p e e 2 e 2 2 e 2 D D D D

3 3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Dry Branch Dry Branch Dry Branch August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 ) ) ) 1 1 1 m m m ( ( (

h h h t t t p p p e e 2 e 2 2 D D D

3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Round Island Creek Round Island Creek Round Island Creek Round Island Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 1 m m m m ( ( ( (

h h h h t t t t p p p p e e 2 e 2 2 e 2 D D D D

3 3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Round Island Creek Round Island Creek Round Island Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 ) ) ) 1 1 1 m m m ( ( (

h h h t t t p p p e e 2 e 2 2 D D D

3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 32. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Dry Branch and Round Island Creek, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003.

47 Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 ) 4 m m m

m 4 4 ( ( ( (

h h

5 h h 5 5 5 t t t t p p p p e e

6 6 e 6 e 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 4 4 m m m ( ( (

h h 5 h 5 5 t t t p p p e e 6 e 6 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8

9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 ) ) ) 4 )

m m 4

4 m 4 m ( ( ( (

h h h 5 h 5 5 5 t t t t p p p p

e 6 e e e 6 6 6 D D D D 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3 3 ) ) )

4 4 m 4 m m ( ( (

h h 5 h 5 5 t t t p p p

e 6 e 6 e 6 D D D 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 33. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature of Spring and Second Creeks, tributaries of Wheeler Reservoir, April-October 2003.

48 Wilson Reservoir Tributary Embayments

) s f c ( e g r a h c s i D

) s f c ( e g r a h c s i D Big Nance Cr Discharge Big Nance Cr Discharge 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July 2003 July 2003 June June May Wilson Reservoir Tributaries Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May April April

0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000

) l / g m

( 0.0

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0

s u r o h p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( S S T

, and total suspended solids (TSS) of Wilson Reservoir Tributaries, April

) s f c ( e g r a h c s i D

) s f c ( e g r a h c s i Big Nance Cr Discharge D Big Nance Cr Discharge 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Oct Oct , chlorophyll Sep Sep Aug Aug July 2003 July 2003 June June gen, total phosphorus May Wilson Reservoir Tributaries Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May April April Total nitro .

0.00

50.00 25.00 75.00

) l / g u ( 34

1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 2.500 2.000

a l l y h p o r o l h C

) l / g m (

ure g o r t i N l a t o T n e Fig October 2003.

50 Tow n Cr Shoal Cr Bluew ater Cr Bluew ater Cr Tow n Cr Shoal Cr en (DO) of Wilson Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July July 2003 2003 Big Nance Cr Bluew ater Cr Tow n Cr Shoal Cr June June Wilson Reservoir Tributaries Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May May Oct April April Sep

0.0

0.100 0.050 0.000 0.250 0.200 0.150

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0

o h p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r ) l / g m ( S S T Aug total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxyg , July a 2003 June Bluew ater Cr Tow n Cr Shoal Cr Tow n Cr Shoal Cr Bluew ater Cr Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May Oct April Oct Sep

5.00 0.00 Sep

15.00 10.00

) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O D Aug Aug October 2003. July - 2003 July 2003 June June May Wilson Reservoir Tributaries Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May April Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll April . 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00

35 ) l / g u ( a l l y h p o r o l h C

0.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure Reservoir Tributaries, April

51 Tow n Cr Shoal Cr Big Nance Cr Bluew ater Cr Oct October 2003. - Sep Aug July 2003 June Wilson Reservoir Tributaries May April Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

I S T Trophic state index (TSI) for Wilson Reservoir tributaries, April Figure 36.

52 Big Nance Creek Big Nance Creek Big Nance Creek Big Nance Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) m m m m ( ( ( (

h h

1 h h

t 1 1

t 1 t t p p p p e e e e D D D D

2 2 2 2 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Big Nance Creek Big Nance Creek Big Nance Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 ) ) ) m m m ( ( (

h h h 1 1 1 t t t p p p e e e D D D

2 2 2 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Bluewater Creek Bluewater Creek Bluewater Creek Bluewater Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) m m m m (

2 (

( 2 ( 2

h h h h t t t t p p 3 p 3 3 p 3 e e e e D D D D 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Bluewater Creek Bluewater Creek Bluewater Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( ( 2 2 2

h h h t t t p p p 3 3 3 e e e D D D 4 4 4

5 5 5 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 37. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature for Big Nance and Bluewater Creeks, tributaries of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003.

53 Tow n Creek Tow n Creek Tow n Creek Town Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 ) ) 1 ) 1 )

m 1 1 m m m ( ( ( (

h h h h t t t t p p p p e e 2 e 2 2 e 2 D D D D

3 3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Tow n Creek Town Creek Town Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 ) ) ) 1 1 1 m m m ( ( (

h h h t t t p p p e e e 2 2 2 D D D

3 3 3 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 38. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Town Creek, tributary of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003.

54 Shoal Creek Shoal Creek Shoal Creek Shoal Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 ) ) 6 ) 6 )

m 6 6 m m m ( ( ( (

7 7 7 7 h h h h t t 8 t 8 8 t 8 p p p p e e 9 e 9 9 e 9 D D 10 D 10 10 D 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Shoal Creek Shoal Creek Shoal Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 ) ) ) 6 6 6 m m m ( ( (

7 7 7 h h h t t t 8 8 8 p p p e e e 9 9 9 D D D 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 39. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Shoal Creek, tributary of Wilson Reservoir, April-October 2003.

55 Pickwick Reservoir Tributary Embayments

56 Cane Cr Second Cr Cypress Cr Spring Cr Cypress Cr Spring Cr Cane Cr Second Cr Oct Oct Sep Sep Aug Aug July July 2003 2003 Cypress Cr Spring Cr Cane Cr Second Cr June June May Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries May Oct October 2003. - April April Sep 0.0

50.0

0.100 0.050 0.000 0.250 0.200 0.150

200.0 150.0 100.0

h p s o h P l a t o T ) l / g m ( s u r o ) l / g m ( S S T Aug total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) for Cypress, July 2003 , a Cypress Cr Spring Cr Cane Cr Second Cr Cane Cr Second Cr Cypress Cr Spring Cr June May Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries Oct Oct April Sep Sep

5.00 0.00

15.00 10.00

) l / g m ( ' 5 t a O Aug D Aug July 2003 July 2003 June June May May Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries April Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll April . 0.00

75.00 50.00 25.00 40

) l / g u ( a l l y h p o r o l h C

0.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500

T ) l / g m ( n e g o r t i N l a t o Figure Spring, Cane, and Second Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April

57 Cane Cr Second Cr Cypress Cr Spring Cr Oct October 2003. - Sep Aug July 2003 June Pickwick Reservoir Tributaries May April Hypereutrophic Eutrophic Mesotrophic Oligotrophic

80 70 60 50 40 30 20

I S T Trophic state index (TSI) for Pickwick Reservoir tributaries, April . 1 Figure 4

58 Cypress Creek Cypress Creek Cypress Creek Cypress Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 )

m 2 2 m m m ( ( ( (

h h

3 h h

t 3 3 3 t t t p p p p e e 4 e 4 4 e 4 D D D D 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Cypress Creek Cypress Creek Cypress Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) 2 2 2 m m m ( ( (

h h h 3 3 3 t t t p p p e e e 4 4 4 D D D 5 5 5

6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 )

m 2 2 m m m ( ( ( (

h h

3 h h

t 3 3 3 t t t p p p p e e 4 e 4 4 e 4 D D D D 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Spring Creek Spring Creek Spring Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) 2 2 2 m m m ( ( (

h h h 3 3 3 t t t p p p e e e 4 4 4 D D D 5 5 5

6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 42. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Cypress and Spring Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April-October 2003.

59 Cane Creek Cane Creek Cane Creek Cane Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

) 1

1 ) 1 ) ) m m m m ( ( ( (

h h

2 h h

t 2 2

t 2 t t p p p p e e e e D D 3 D 3 3 D 3

4 4 4 4 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Cane Creek Cane Creek Cane Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1

1 ) ) ) m m m ( ( (

h h h 2 2 2 t t t p p p e e e D D D 3 3 3

4 4 4 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO

Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek April 2003 May 2003 June 2003 July 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 ) ) 2 ) 2 )

m 2 2 m m m ( ( ( (

h h

3 h h

t 3 3 3 t t t p p p p e e 4 e 4 4 e 4 D D D D 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO DO

Second Creek Second Creek Second Creek August 2003 September 2003 October 2003

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0 0

1 1 1 ) ) ) 2 2 2 m m m ( ( (

h h h 3 3 3 t t t p p p e e e 4 4 4 D D D 5 5 5

6 6 6 Temperature Temperature Temperature DO DO DO Figure 43. Depth profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature in Cane and Second Creeks, tributaries of Pickwick Reservoir, April-October 2003.

60 LITERATURE CITED

Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). 2005. Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin-2003 Part I. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, Alabama.

Alabama Department of Environmental Management Water Division (ADEM Admin. Code R. 335-6-10-.09). 2005. Water Quality Criteria. Water Quality Program. Volume 1. Division 335-6.

Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). 1990. Water quality report to Congress. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, Alabama. 198 pp.

Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) Field Operations Division. 2000a. Standard operating procedures and quality control assurance manual. Volume I. Physical/Chemical.

Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). 2000b. Surface Water Quality Screening Assessment of the Tennessee River Basin-1998. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Montgomery, Alabama.

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th edition. APHA, Washington, D.C.

Carlson, R.E. 1977. A trophic state index. Limnology and Oceanography. 22(2):361-369.

Lind, O.T. 1979. Handbook of common methods in limnology. The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Missouri. 199 pp.

Raschke, R.L. and D.A. Schultz. 1987. The use of the algal growth potential test for data assessment. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation 59(4):222-227.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for the chemical analysis of water and wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA-600/4- 79-020.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. The lake and reservoir restoration guidance manual. 2nd edition. EPA-440/4-90-006. U.S.E.P.A. Office of Water. Washington, D.C. 326 pp.

Welch, E.B. 1992. Ecological Effects of Wastewater. 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall Publishers. London, England. 425 pp.

Wetzel, R.G. 1983. Limnology. 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 858 pp.