The Pre-History of the House of Wettin Identification through DNA of the “Kings’ Cluster”

Contents

Deep male-line ancestry before 2500 BC 2

The DF98 Kings’ Cluster in context: our Bronze age cousins 3

Basic family tree of DF98 derived from SNP testing 4

Reconstructed family tree of DF98 5 Overview & minor branches 5 The S1911 branch 6 The S18823 branch 7 S8350: The House of Wettin from circa 1000 AD 8 Lost souls which need further testing 9

Geographical distribution of cluster members 10 The history of U106 Deep ancestry of U106 (1) INTRODUCTION Homo sapiens This deep phylogenic tree of the human population represents our current understanding of the way the human family tree has Acknowledgements divided along its male lines. This is a rapidly-evolving field, thus the information is subject to considerable change over time. The information in this tree comes from a variety of sources, but I am most grateful to the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) for maintaining the underlying tree structure displayed here. The anthology of This tree summarises the extensive tree that lies above U106. This shows how U106, which now represents many tens of millions ? ? ? ? Y-chromosomal Adam haplogroup statistics on eupedia.com has also been instrumental in creating these data. of men worldwide, branched off from the rest of the human Y-chromosome tree at different points in prehistory. circa 200,000 BC, East Africa Created by: Dr. Iain McDonald; updated: 17 Nov 2014 (2) OUT OF AFRICA Ultimately, we all descend from the first life-forms, which lived approximately three billion How to read this chart years ago. Through a long and convoluted process, they evolved into homo sapiens. While H. This chart shows how the male-line genetic (phylogenic) tree splits from its foundation down to the U106 branch. sapiens has only been around for about half a million years, this is still older than the common A00 A0-T A0 A1 A1b Different ages and geographical origins distances are shown on the chart, which should be interpreted carefully. ancestor of the male lines of every person alive today. We call this person Y-chromosomal Haplogroup BT (B-M42) Adam, because we all descend from him via our father’s father’s father’s father’s… etc. Recent circa 70,000 BC, East Africa Where quoted, ages are given as 95.5% confidence intervals, what we call “2-sigma”. We are 95.5% sure that the real estimates of his age vary widely from 120,000 to 380,000 years ago. dates lie between these two boundaries. By dividing the uncertainty in half, we can recover the 68.3% confidence interval, or “1-sigma” range. Dates are rounded to the nearest 50 years. For example, we are 95.5% sure that the U106 The vast majority of people descend through Haplogroup A. In fact, it’s only recently that founder lived between 3068 BC and 1952 BC. We are 68.3% sure that he lived between 2774 and 2216 BC. researchers discovered our most-distant relations hiding among remote Africa tribes. Haplogroup BT arose in Africa about 70,000 years ago, when the most of the human population This date was calculated using SNP-counting methods which are detailed in the accompanying U106 document. consisted of a small number of tribes living in the Horn of Africa.

The human genetic tree continued to diversify and flourish as mankind expanded throughout B DE C Haplogroup F (F-M89) Haplogroup Frequencies in Europe Africa. Around 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, a small group of migrants is thought to have crossed circa 48,000 BC, South Asia The following data give the number and percentage of various levels between R1b-M343 and U106 in different parts the Red Sea into Arabia, starting the most important in a series of Out of Africa migrations. of Europe, as found by Myers et al. (2007) and selected other studies. These can be used to approximate correction factors to debias our statistics according to how many people of different ancestries have tested. These numbers are Some time not too long after this point, a little over 45,000 years ago, we split from haplogroups only very approximate in many cases and only represent first-order estimates of the underlying population. G and I, which appear to form the original modern human population in Europe. This point is defined by the recently analysed 45,000-year-old remains from western Siberia, from a man COUNTRY POPLN. %M269 %U106 M269 & U106 POPLN. #TESTERS WEIGHT who was haplogroup K (but not haplogroup LT, so near the K2 level). British Isles Ireland 6429508 80% 6% 5143606 385770 99 4 Our base haplogroup, R, arose from this migration between 24,000 and 34,000 years ago. This Scotland 5327000 72.5% 12% 3862075 639240 132 5 is again limited by the archeaological remains of Mal’ta Boy, who was buried 24,000 years ago G H IJ LT England 53012456 57% 20% 30217099 10602491 317 33 in Siberia. By this time, our ancestors had probably expanded to across much of north-west Asia, Haplogroup K2 (K-M526) Wales 3063456 83.5% 5% 2557985 153172 13 12 where they existed as hunter gatherers. before 43,000 BC, Asia Total 67836420 62% 19% 41780765 11780673 658 18 Iberia (3) EXPANSION INTO EUROPE Spain 47150800 42% 8% 19803336 3772064 6 629 Portugal 10607995 56% 1.5% 5940477 159119 3 53 Within haplogroup R, most people are part of R1, descended from an individual living 24,000 to I J 34,000 years ago. The majority of western Europe is descended from the R1 founder. Within R1, M NOS P Q there is a bifurcation into two groups: R1a, or M420, and R1b, or M343. R1a is strongest in Haplogroup R (R-M207) Central Europe eastern populations, where it can exceed 60% of individuals in Poland and the south-west before 22,000 BC, Asia Denmark 5568854 34% 17% 1893410 946705 9 105 Russian states. Its British content is thought to be strongly Viking in origin. Netherlands 16696700 54% 35% 9016218 5843845 32 183 Belgium 11198638 59.5% 25% 6663189 2799659 10 280 R1 (M173) R1b (M343) is thought to have arisen less than 18,500 years ago. In Europe, it is very much France 65460000 52% 7% 34039200 4582200 21 218 dominated by R1b1a2, or M269. This group alone makes up over half the population in Western Germany 81757600 43% 19% 35155768 15533944 103 151 Europe, and makes up over 90% of some populations. Despite this, its origins are still thought to Switzerland 7785000 58% 13% 4515300 1012050 13 78 have been in western Asian populations, and it came to dominate Europe as it expanded Italy 60418711 37% 4% 22354923 2416748 14 173 throughout the continent. Austria 8414638 27% 23% 2271952 1935366 2 968 R2 R1a The date of this expansion into Europe can probably be tied to the sudden growth in the number Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) Eastern Europe (M479)(M420) Hungary 9979000 20% 4% 1995800 399160 6 67 of branches below M269, which can be very roughly dated to around 4000 BC. The origin of this probably after 16,000 BC, North or Central Asia migration and its route into Europe are not well determined at present. However, archeaological Czech Rep. 10261320 28% 14% 2873169 1436584 5 287 remains show that there was extremely few haplogroup R men in Europe before 2600 BC, when R1b1=P25 Slovakia 5443386 25% 3% 2721693 326603 1 327 Poland 38192000 23% 8% 8784160 3055360 19 161 remains from both R1a and R1b are found in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker burials (respectively) R1b1a=P297, L320 in south-eastern Germany. R1a1a Lat./Lit./Est. 6032500 10% 4% 603250 241300 12 20 Belarus 9503807 5% 0.5% 475190 47519 1 48 (M417) R1b1b R1b1c R1b1a1 Ukraine 45939820 25% 9% 11484955 4134583 4 1034 (4) FOUNDING A NEW EUROPEAN POPULATION Romania 20121641 15% 2% 3018246 402432 1 402 (M335) (V88) (M73) R1b1a2 (M269) Bulgaria 7621337 10% 2% 762133 152426 0 - Most of the branches above U106 are minor, however there is one important branch at the level 5350 BC - 3150 BC, Asian Steppe Former Yugo. 20449929 5% 1% 1022496 204499 1 204 immediately above U106, signified by the mutation P311. A split exists at this point in our family Slovenia 2012917 17% 4% 342195 80516 3 27 tree between the larger P312 branch and the smaller U106 branch. L23 (R1b1a2a) Greece 11645343 10% 1% 1164534 116453 0 - Russia 110000000 21% 5.4% 23100000 5940000 7 849 The P312 branch is generally found more on Europe’s Atlantic Coast, while the U106 branch is L51 (R1b1a2a1a) Turkey 76667864 14% 0.4% 10733500 306671 0 - generally found more in Europe’s heartland. This has led to P312 being referred to synonymously L151 (R1b1a2a1a1) with “Celtic” peoples while U106 is “Germanic”. While there is clearly some overlap between European Colonies (estimated) membership of these SNPs and populations, both SNPs originate several thousand years before United States 230000000 46% 15% 105800000 34500000 - - these terms are relevant. Australia 20000000 46% 15% 9200000 3000000 - - L216 Z2103 NZ 4000000 46% 15% 1840000 600000 - - Nevertheless, it is the last common ancestor of these two branches, “Mr. P311” whose clan is now R1b1a2a1a1 (P311) Canada 30000000 46% 15% 13800000 4500000 - - represented by around half of western European men, with a third of a billion diaspora worldwide 3350 BC - 2100 BC, Central or Eastern Europe (see panel at right). The date of this man’s birth is likely to be during the European Bronze Age, Total 1041 million N/A N/A 383 million 110 million and the possible range of dates correspond to a series of archeaological horizons spreading eastwards over Europe at the same time.

Within P311, U106 represents about 1/8th of Europe, or 110 million men worldwide. We estimate P312 L21 U106 (R1b1a2a1a1a) its age to be between 2500 and 4600 years old. We trace what is known about the migrations from M222 Asia to Europe on the next page. 2800 BC - 2050 BC 2500 BC ~2750 B C : R omani a: E nd C ucut eni -T rypi l l i an cul t ure ~2900 B C : Kurgan wave 3: st eppe → E . E urope3000 BC +/- 200: Fir s t ar cheological M269 r em ains in m oder n Rus s ia.2500 BC 2500 BC: Star t of Stonehenge cons tr uction Aft er 2880 B C : C orded wave i n C . E urope 2550 BC +/- 50: Fir s t ar cheological M269 r em ains in w es ter n Eur ope. U106 ~2750 B C : Port ugal : Fi rst B el l B eaker cul t ure 2400 BC Z381 Spread of M egal i t hi c / B eaker cul t ures i n W. E urope 2400 BC U106 family tree Icel and: Hekl a-4 erupt i on E nd of C orded Wave cul t ure Be ll Be a ke r a rrive s in De nma rk Updated: 09 Apr 2015; Dr. Iain McDonald for the U106/S21 group 2300 BC S1688 Z301 Star t of U netice cultur e 2300 BC Z156 FGC20667 Hei ght of St onehenge const ruct i on Z18 S5520 L48 DESCRIPTION

S12025 2251 BC +/- 45: Bell Beaker P312 r em ains in G er m any Shetland: Scor d of Br ous ter cons tr ucted This phylogenic tree of U106 shows the relationships between the 366 2200 BC 4.2kyr event : cl i mat e causes col l apse of Ol d Worl d ci vi l i sat i ons 2200 BC testers with Family Tree DNA BigY results as of 16 Mar 2015, along with the SNP names that define those relationships. Origin dates (to be read at Decl i ne of B el l B eaker cul t ure i n B ri t i sh Isl es 2100 BC Biblic a l Flood Bronz e Age re a c he s Brita in 2100 BC the bottom of the SNP name) are computed using SNP counting. Engla nd: Se a he nge Irel and: M agh It he Z372 Abraham INTERPRETING DATES

2000 BC CTS3104 Bronz e Age re a c he s Ire la nd 2000 BC These have been calibrated to existing data using: 133.74 years per SNP. A L47 Stonehenge com pleted 95% confidence interval of 119-150 years per SNP has been estimated, U198

1900 BC FGC3861 1900 BC hence the absolute ages of each clade are uncertain by +/-12%. For U106 L257 itself, this translates to around +/-560 years. Additional uncertainties due Z9 to random sampling of lines become important in smaller lineages. Exact 1800 BC Hei ght of Unet i ce cul t ure 1800 BC dates should therefore be interpreted very carefully, without placing too Z306 much emphasis on particular short-term events. 1700 BC Z334/ Z30 E.Europe : Trz c inie c c ulture Irel and: É ri món Nordi c B ronze Age begi ns 1700 BC These dates have been checked against those measured for the

S23189 End of Be ll Be a ke r c ulture in Ire la nd A2147 subclades L21 and DF27 on the “brother” branch to U106, P312. The U106 Z304 S6941 Z331 Eruption of The ra , possible c lima tic e ve nt 1600 BC Z2 T ransi t i on Unet i ce → T umul us cul t ure 1600 BC date implies an origin for the upstream P311 subclade of around 2760 BC. Z159 Engla nd: sta rt of De ve re l-Rimbury wa re The date derived from L21 for P311 is 3070 BC. The date derived from

S1691 DF27 is 2990 BC. These dates are all derived using the same methodology 1500 BC DF98 Engla nd: Ayle sbury 1500 BC and are thus all affected by the number of years per SNP chosen as a S18823 S1911 L44 Hebrew E xodus reference value. A540

1400 BC S15510 1400 BC A direct comparison comes from archaeological DNA remains. Z155 FGC20668 Z7 A1243

S22069 DF96 FGC13326 S1686 Haplogroup R is not found in Europe before 2600 BC, despite extensive L200 FGC12791 S1894

DF93 testing of archaeological remains from prior millenia. This provides very 1300 BC S15627 FGC12775 1300 BC

L46 strong evidence that the major incursion both R1a and R1b into Europe FGC396 E .E .: T rzci ni ec → L usat i an t ransi t i on occurred around this date. R1a and R1b remains are first found roughly M6509 DF89 Germany: T ol l ense massacre Y5976

1200 BC S16994 & S25941 T ransi t i on T umul us → Urnfi el d cul t ure 1200 BC simultaneously in south-eastern Germany (Kromsdorf and Ergolding) in Troy de stroye d Near E ast B ronze Age col l apse the period 2600 - 2500 BC. It is clear from the archaeology that the Icel and: Hekl a-3 cl i mat i c cool i ng migration into Europe of the ancestors of U106 happened some time in the S25234

1100 BC S9342 Engla nd: e nd of De ve re l-Rimbury wa re 1100 BC FGC13206 S11515 period 3000 - 2500 BC. S16602 Y5975 17599149 It is reasonable to assume that such an incursion is associated with 1000 BC Ki ngs Davi d & Sol omon It al y: L at i ns arri ve 1000 BC

8546291 a population expansion, leading to the production of many new SNPs. At S4078 S4004 S16265 FGC23312 S3251 FGC11697 Rhine la nd: Golde n ha ts Engla nd: Plymouth the origin of this expansion is likely to be P311, which greatly dominates A688

900 BC S22047 900 BC all R1b in Europe. CTS9369 PF5143 Star t of N or dic clim ate cooling The timing of the origin of U106 and P311 can logically be linked Z375 800 BC S1855 Star t of I r on A ge in Br itain & C. Eur ope; Etr s ucans 800 BC to archaeolgical horizons during this period, hence the expansion of a series Rome T ransi t i on Urnfi el d → Hal l st adt cul t ure of cultures westwards across Europe during the period 3300 - 2200 BC. FGC15339 Ol ympi cs Lusa tia : Biskupin 6877796 FGC15328 It al y: T ransi t i on Vi l l anovan → E t ruscan cul t ure 700 BC S9355 700 BC INTERPRETING STRUCTURE

FGC13313 Major climate cooling, Nordic invasion of C.E. 8691147 The size of individual SNPs is the product of two factors: their relative size S4060 Jast orf cul t ure begi ns Milan, Marseille Ez e kie l Z326 FGC924/CTS10893

S9891 today and the relative frequency at which people test. For example, it is S16361 600 BC FGC18842 600 BC S6915/M10145

L1 clear that Z381 was ultimately more successful than its brother clade, 83855892 18067036 Pythagor as 7608583 S10198 T ransi t i on Hal l st adt → L a T ene cul t ure Z17640. However, populations with dominant populations in the UK and FGC5259 (DF95) S3524 (DF95) 500 BC FGC17464 Star t of I r on A ge in N . Eur ope 500 BC in France (e.g.) will have very different sizes, since very few French men S11739 FGC15332

Y6460 Z8 Socr ates , H er odatus A685 have tested, while many British men have tested.

FGC14814 Rome : fa mine , Athe ns: pe stile nc e FGC8579 London

400 BC S19726 400 BC Much can be guessed from the large gaps and blooms in the FGC5254

S23139 Al exander Z1 Voyage of Pyt heas phylogenic record. For example, the large gap between L48 and Z9 or Z7 Z319 300 BC 300 BC and Z8 could be due to a population crash during this period, or simply the A226

FGC17415 Z346 dominant population migrating out of an area where it is well tested. A1142 S10621 Fi rst Puni c War FGC14840 (FGC8399?) N. It al y: B at t l e of T el amon Conversely, the large number of lines stemming from Z2 and rapid Z11 S1791 FGC14877 200 BC Z343 Hanni bal 200 BC succession of SNPs between Z9 and Z7 could indicate rapid population FGC564

(S3207) S5704 (S3207) CTS2509

S21728 Z344

S15663 growth, or the migration of a population to a better-sampled area. S17242

A294 C i mbri an War Z6 S3933 Interpreting this diagram is therefore best done in the context of a wider S19552 A414 100 BC S11477 100 BC

DF101 geographical analysis, which we present later in this document.

A656 Roma ns in Ga ul, Ibe ria A295 S1774 Z12 Z8175 FGC8578 INITIAL COMMENTS S18890 FGC12058

1 AD FGC918 1 AD Z5054 FGC363

FGC17429 Roma ns in Brita in The structure of this chart points to an initial expansion of U106 that 9066507 Z2396

A317 Agri col a; Mons Graupi us propagated the both lines displayed in grey, the top structure of L48 and the 100 AD L45 Roma ns in Ge rma nia 100 AD

CTS7080 U198 precursor, S1688. Random differences in the number of SNPs could 8122469 A300 FGC13167 Y6454 Hadri an S8958 Ant oni nus mean that Z18, Z372 and L257 formed the tail end of this population 200 AD 200 AD expansion, or they could have come at a later date. It is clear, however, that A410

A299 Rome : Crisis of 3C all major branches then suffered a hiatus in population expansion, or a S10415 ZS1981 FGC11784 population contraction around this time, as a gap of several centuries in S21607 FGC13602 FGC13171 300 AD A341 300 AD present in each of these major lineages. DF102 S10815 S3262 CTS9539 FGC12993 Scoti r aid Rom an Eng. The structure of Z18 appears to have become frozen in shortly 400 AD FGC12663 Roma ns le a ve Brita in 400 AD FGC539 after its appearance with no new SNPs until Z375, a full millenium later. 15907475 FGC8573 S5739 FGC12359 FGC934 Fall of Rom e; H un Em pir e A683 M323 We can surmise that Z18 migrated to an area where it was not able to S4056 CTS10742 Migration Age 7682942 Clovis participate in any major expansions until the post-Roman Migration Age

500 AD 15263842 500 AD period. FGC921 Scot s → Dál R i at a 16524131

S5443 Z306 shows a complex structure, indicating a steady growth of FGC15317 600 AD A1205 600 AD

P89.2 many of its major lineages. This can probably be linked to a period of relative stability, both geographically and socially, The creation of new S3935 S12035 Iberi an C al i phat e 700 AD FGC14794 700 AD SNPs does not appear totally random, with bouts of expansion around 1300 FGC11660 S5750 Russia : Viking inva sions BC (+/- 500 years), 800 BC (+/- 400 years), 400 BC (+/- 400 years), 100 FGC13389 A687 Cha rle ma gne FGC15315 BC (+/- 400 years), 500 AD (+/- 300 years) and 1000 AD (+/- 200 years).

800 AD PF740 Brit.: Viking inva sions 800 AD M1994 Russia & E.E.: Vikings U198 shows a structure evolving later, mainly during the

FGC14798 K. MacAl pi n Danel aw European Bronze Age, indicating a rapid expansion around this time (1300 FGC13445 FGC17500

8633162 Normandy 900 AD FGC17275 900 AD BC +/- 600 years). Z27210 A684 FGC13401 S8350 Hol y R .E . FGC15269 L48 shows a more bursting structure, with short burns containing FGC15048 1000 AD Brit.: Viking inva sions 1000 AD several SNPs (e.g. Z9, Z30, Z2, Z7) each with many branches. These are A561 19087058 typically followed by long hiatus periods (e.g. Z159 to S3251, Z7 to Z8). Norman E ngl and

FGC14878 st

A321 1 C rusade 1100 AD FGC11674 1100 AD A668 6793724 Iberi a: R econqui st a BY118

A765 nd

FGC15271 2 C rusade rd 1200 AD FGC1246 3 C rusade 1200 AD L217.1 A1234 S8368 S5246 A560 Edwa rd I 9th C rusade 1300 AD Edwa rd II 1300 AD 100y War Bla c k De a th SOURCE DATA, ANALYSIS & INFORMATION This page shows what we know for certain about the relationships with DF98. This information has come from SNP testing, mostly through the BigY test at Family SNP-based phylogeny of the Y-DNA R-DF98 "Kings’ Cluster" Tree DNA, but also other “next generation” and SNP “pack” tests from other Predicted structure from STRs companies* and the published literature, and individual SNP tests. Confirmed relationship from SNPs (*BritainsDNA’s Chromo2, Full Genomes Y-Elite, Personal Genomes Project Branch in YSeq U106 panel (courtesy Greg Magoon), YSeq U106 pack, FTDNA SNP packs). Branch in Yseq U106 & FTDNA Z156 panels From this framework tree, we have hung the 67- and 111-marker STR tests from Terminal branch from BigY or FGC Y-Elite Family Tree DNA. These are shown on the following pages, as indicated below.

Compiled 20 January 2016 Dr. Iain McDonald DF98 Kings’ Cluster

S1911, CTS11041 S18823, CTS7658 8150920 S22069 16173428 19105319 4352987 S1894, S1900 22273001 22549847 S10621 M6509 S17640 BY650 2888664 S4004 6364255 4113635 S21616 Dr. Jim Wilson reports a branch between S22069 and S8350. S8350 8465560 S1903 FGC14818 FGC15238 This branch includes S10162 and S11215. S10162 18150936 S25094 S1907 S11215 18739801 22468978 FGC14823 FGC15246 S11739 S17227 19117134 9468170 FGC14758 13813336 S18043 S18821 21397586 S20959 FGC14769 A685 15970594 S22116 21608422 13670086 S23145 FGC14778 6632899 22446058 FGC15239 S23144 21962725 Z18413 19171173 FGC14787 FGC14814 17238837 22554682 PH1654 22478593 6766950 8430213 Z27750 FGC14816 22761447 23240000 7465235 22610215 8633162 16054488 S17640 6755373 FGC14817 25931596(?) 23978993 24365137 23749300 S21616 etc. FGC14830 8998139 19564365 24500956 PH589 FGC14831 9426481 21145824 S17136 13804586 22467970 S23139 A6535 S1981+ 14597473 23350210 A7175 FGC14840 23781545 S19923 15949545 8161633 16567863 19308024 19167085 ZS1981 6382756 22460017 8220580 8670648 6974345 22479195 18995204 CTS5105 23535796 9094831 8520418 23654738 15663769 18110334 Z4303 and many more 7862908 L127.2 M8963 22898298 18203043 and many more etc. etc. Benefiel Hall Rees Kramer Swoboda Propp Jordan Burris Knaupp Kidder Templeton Curry Wallace Keys Capell Butler Wettin Thompson Donald Via Weaver Fowler Thompson Boyd Ferre Wilson Ewing Price Williams Nichols Sheroan Morrison French Blakeslee Staples Jarman Vaino Lyle Persson Sinclair Early White Hamilton Winter Drabold Forman Johnson Smith Treece Warb. Wall Dutton Neely Howell Bowes Reeves Smith Sudasch Smith ? ? ?

YSeq PGP162 FGC BigY BigY SNP Pack Big Y L127.2+ BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY Battini+15 Pack BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY PGP38 BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY Pack BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY Geno2+ Pack Pack Battini+15 BigY BigY BigY BigY Geno2.0 BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY BigY YSeq BigY DF98+ DF98+ DF98+ Chromo2 FGC Z306(+) CTS Geno 2.0 S18823+ S18823+ S18823+ S18823+ PH1654+ DF98+ S22069(+) 464:cccg A6535- CTS7550- CTS7550+ CTS7550- Chromo2 CTS11041(+) 11041(+) Chromo2 S22069+ S22069+ S22069+ S22069+ S18043+ S8350+ 399: L127- CTS11041(+) S11739+ S11739+ S11739+ S22116+ 21t-24c-24.1t L127- L127- M6509+ 464:cccg S1911- FGC15238- ZS1981- ZS1981- S1911- S18823- S1911- S23139- S23139- S18823- S18823- Z4303- Z4303-

Page 8

Page 6 Page 7

Page 5 This SNP tree is used as a basis for the STR tree structure shown on these pages Tests that cannot yet be grouped are listed on page 9 Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster Kings’ Cluster DYF395s1=16-16 Phylogenic family tree of DF98: overview and minor branches Best estimate around 1550 BC. DF98 DYS557=15 95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC 557=15 FGC13333 ? FGC13343

390=23 FGC13352 385=12-14 FGC13354 576=16 CDY=37-37 YCAII=20-23 413=23-24 594=9 572=10 ? S1911 S18823 CTS Tested negative for the five 7550 known subclades at Yseq or with the FTDNA Z4303 Z156 SNP pack Most-recent common ancestor for S1911 Most-recent common ancestor for S18823 L127.2 Back Best estimate around 1350 BC. mutation Best estimate around 1350 BC. to 557=16. 95% confidence interval: 1750 - 950BC 95% confidence interval: 1750 - 900 BC See page 6 See page 7

393=12 FGC13445 S10621 S1894 M6509 S11739 390=23 S8350 385=12-14 447=21 449=30 The House 464c=15 M8963 456=15 PH589 S12647 FGC31961 BY650 FGC14758 S4004 13813336 FGC15238 S23139 ZS1981 413=23-24? of Wettin 557=16! 594=9 481=21 520=21 S1903 A685 572=10 FGC14814 FGC15239 710=35 540=13 See page 8 716=27 505=13 712=21 FGC14840 715=25 510=18 435=12 Z4303, FGC22104, FGC7523 FGC22104, Z4303, L127.2

389ii=30 449=30 464c-d=x-x SNP MRCA: ~1550 AD YCAII=20-23 (1150AD-1738AD) 456=17 STR MRCA: ~1532 AD CDY=37-x (1382AD-1683AD) 485=14 714=27 552=11 449=31 463=25 715=23 511=9 1612

vvvv vv CTS7550

v1738 F2735- v 1759 1750

1750 @Geno2 1780 1787 1756

v1774 1770 1790 1776

1769 1785 1829 1815

v1808 v vv 1817 1861 413=22-23 v 607=15 1883 vvvv vv vv v vv v

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 111 111 111 67 67 67 111 67 67 67 111 111 111 67 67 67 111 67 67 67 67 111 111 67 111 111 67 111 67 111 67 40815/37FDC Pack 255078 Pack 5962/78EG6 272125 190560 13869 10238 181782 178226 74628 66717 52487 57811 107796 294161 221426 94627 92397 86208 DF98,PGP 274005 134421 217354 296099 217145 BigYDF98, 153361 376494 159318 332332 } L127.2 Todd Starr Pitman

BigY} 417963 84362 Wall B2570 Admin: Martha Bowes Bowe(s) Vince Bowes N4826 Reeves Sudasch Terry Bohme Terry BigY Nancy Cordell Boyd } BigY } } Johnson Ernest Johnson / gaelstar / Johnson Ernest Smith Treece Steven Reeves Jim Smith Steven Smith Jef Treece

YSeq: S1911-

Treece: no European origin known. Tested DF98+ in addition to BigY. Pitman: no European origin known. Capt. Thomas Pittman’s daughter married Joseph Wall. Wall: large family with few European connections and an MRCA indicating a common ancestor in American colonial times. Includes a Wall claiming descent from Evan Wall (b. 1379) of Preston Hall in Lancaster and a Weyland from Stuttgart. Starr: no information. Todd: no information. Smith: no European origin known, but Ireland hypothesised. Novel mutation CTS7550+. Personal Genomes Project tested, helped identify DF98. Negative for downstream SNPs S1911, S18823 and L127. Forms unique branch of DF98. Johnson: family origin in UK not known. Boyd: family origin in UK not known. Sudasch: link to Austria, but no further information given. S18823 Best estimate Best aroundestimate 1400 BC. See page 7 page See 95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC 1000 - 1850 interval: confidence 95% Most-recent common Most-recent ancestor for S18823 390=25 389i=12 385b=15

CDY=37-37? Claimed 989 = 29 gen 458=19; 449=30; CD37-38?; DYS413=23-24; 534=16; 446=11 1840 67 2NY8P/71392 Beckwith Norman CDY=37-38? 1735 111 BigY N6918/93UC5

456=15 Thompson 710=35 716=27 589=11 712=19 542=29 532=14 Wayne Thompson : 570=16; CDYa=36; 406S1=11 111 265681 F2735 111 80157 KY 1769 67 46506 v A10=12; 504=16 1812 111 69060 SC Lyle ~1444 AD 1750 BigY Lile Nathaniel 511=12 F2735- ~1413 AD 111106882 Lyles @FTDNA STR MRCA: STR ~1480 AD ~1050 AD 532=15 464d=16;; 565=11 67 161432 VA }

710=36 549=12 111 (1233AD-1594AD) 407461 1640 1801 393=14; 391=10; 458=17; 437=16; 511=10 1856 67 PG82F/234245 McKenzieGermán McKenzie up the tree the up 446=14; A10=12 (450AD-1550AD) 1790 111153351 A7206 (1320AD-1640AD) Henderson (1263AD-1625AD)

Alternative measure: }Mike Henderson located between 385=11-14; 458=17; 534=16 1802 67 69910 SNP MRCA: SNP A685 STR MRCA: STR Beckwith branch Hugh Henderson 235 +/- 67 years from CA from years 67 +/- 235

May be located further 111 marker upgrades planned and North Yorkshire surnames historically surnames

6632899 111 → 1137 AD (869AD­1406AD) 213700 STR age probably underestimated probably age STR YCA=19-19; 513=13 1777 Thompson clan 22761447 17238837 Rattary–Lyle STR modal distance ? Perthshire's Highland Line Highland Perthshire's 111 29033 Rattray–Lyle STR MRCA:

? 67 Rattray 28991 Robert Rattray-Wood Blairgowrie ~1331 AD

(1108-1554) }Hal Rattray 447=26 67 235934, A7HRR STR MRCA: STR MRCA: ~400 BC. 1720

v Helen St. Clair (1000 - 150 BC AD) 464a=14; H4=10 464a=14; 458=19; 511=10 1790 67 207968 St. Clair Admin: Steve St. Clair v 67 383404 1761 Pattison Dale & Carol Pattison v 1565 67 BigY 278252 Bagge Erki Vaino v no further information. further no

? 67 62539 Henderson

? 67 284962 no UK origin is known for these families. Henderson project family K1. family Henderson project no UK origin known is families. for these Henry for F2735. Geno 2.0, and FTDNA. L128-, positive with 23andMe sole Chromo2: completed S1911+, S1894+, Northumberland. Tests origins in Chatton, S1900=CT10465+, S4004+. test of Richard J. Beckwith Sr. (1939- 2011). This DNA sample does not match other Beckwith lines that are available (QGW8J). A Norman descent is claimed for this line, but we the surname has been extant near Blairgowrie, in Angus, since c. 1165 (see also GZ3HV, UMGMK). This line probably is not to be the direct descendancy of the Rattrays (see also thought to be French (Norman?) in origin. thought (Norman?) French to be no known UK origins, but presumed English or anglicised Scots. anglicised or English presumed but origins, UK known no ancestor Edward Pattison, b. c. 1761 Long Newton, Co. Durham, fl. 1841 in Morton-on-Swale, Yorks. where the census records him as being born in the same county. This may be a be may This county. same the in born being as him records census the where Yorks. Morton-on-Swale, in 1841 fl. Durham, Co. Newton, Long 1761 c. b. Pattison, Edward ancestor “In 1565, nobleman Hans Persson Bagge, from Bagogufvud [Bagghufvud] family, moved to [Sweden from Norway], and his descendants in the XVII century settled down in Estonia.” KY family, no origins. European KY family, three American branches of this family are known and have been well tested. No UK origin is known, though the surname does have distinct pockets throughout pockets No country vary in UK origin known, which is the distinct tested. though does have surname known well the been are and have of family this branches American three MRCA for S4004 456=15, 532=14? 456=15, Beckwith: have been unable to verify it. Much of the early work comes from "The Beckwiths" (Paul Beckwith, 1891, Joel Munsell & sons, Albany, NY). Many details of this work have been discredited, including by “Beckwith Notes” (A.C. & E.S. Beckwith, 1899-1906). The link between this family and the families mentioned in PB’s work is dubious. Key points in the claimed ancestry include: Thomas Beckwith (1840-1913; 3 gen), farmer in Mississippi City (NB: differing wives/children); Sir Marmaduke Beckwith (3rd Bt.; 1687-1771; 7 gen); Arthur Beckwith (1615-1642; 10 gen); Thomas Beckwith (1432-1495; 17 gen); Lord Hamon Beckwith (b. 1336; 22 gen); Sir Hercules de Malbisse (m. Lady Dame Beckwith Bruce, of Normandy; 29 gen). that ilk; 25 gen); John de Malbisse (b. 989, we have While no reason to particular doubt nature means we must ancient its this be lineage, more rigorous. have We yet to find any corroborating is correct. this that lineage evidence Thompson: Lyles: spelling. around The is concentrated Lyles variant Stevenage and F2735-. Wakefield. Henderson: Clair: St. Rattray: (FV3JP?)). However it does represent a sizeable proportion of them. Two other 67-/111-marker tests are known matches. Attempts have been made to contact thee individuals without success. The Rattray DNA project takes the default position of respecting privacy over freedom of information. Pattison: record. bad Bagge: (62539):Henderson Henry: Weaver: Further 37-marker DNA matches to McDaniel. Possible further 67-marker match to Hickman (38N4A).

95% c.i.: 1350 - 400 BC 400 - 1350 c.i.: 95% 67 BigY 308345 1770 67 203544 Best estimate Best aroundestimate 850 BC. CDY=37-37 67 3689 S4004, 8327985, 14976377 8327985, S4004, 1790 Jarman 464c=15 John German 570=16 67 N5642 BigY

1680 } 449=28 1111543/ZD7BZ

464c=15 ? 67 RW2SG Frankstone 570=18 David Frankstone YCAIIa=18 CDYa=37 ? 67 N63129 476=17 447=24 67 21623 533=13 712=19 532=12 1804 67 48642 }Lowry 534=16 1814 67199259 U106

Jarman 111290937 1786 111290899 }Brooks

710=33 712=18 1775 67 U106 40641Davis on 607 & 511? & 607 on Back mutations 1628 67 N76266 Bloomer Connection unclear 1910 67189292/VTCF2 Miller 576=16 MRCA: ~250 BC.

v 67 46438 7862908, 8486820, 8521268, 9099966, 14104264, 14562440, 15616956 67 FGC14814 FGC14816 FGC14817 FGC14830 FGC14831 1731 1851 56051 v Via 710=35 111 BigY } MRCA: 109129 Elaine Bouscher

~100 BC. 16989580, 17233822, 18426209, 18562274, 18747260, 18748278, 20831655 Dorothy Wallace (800 - 200 BC AD) 67 1677 BigY 44268 Staples Nancy Creamer 578=8

H4=10 22459412, 22463215, 23617593 391=10 458=18 449=30 607=13 557=14 534=14 710=25 638=12 445=13 463=23 525=11 715=23 510=18 1650 67 131933 389ii=28 Alley CDYa=35 presumably also linked to German origin, no ancestral information given. information origin, no to German ancestral linked also presumably (650 - 400 BC AD) FGC14840 From Birmingham. Also uses surname Lucas. surname uses Also Birmingham. From presumably German in origin (or associated with jars), this family has no ancestral origin no has ancestral family this jars), with in origin (or associated German presumably Traced to Georgia, no origin European known. to Georgia, Traced known. no ancestry European no ancestral origin known before emigration. Also listed on the Ellis project with no no ancestral origin known before emigration. The Y-Search ID E7JSY 76 gives but STRs, it Y-Search The origin known emigration. before no ancestral L48-. No known origin outside America. Tests 96052 and 124642 show ancestral (1775)

BigY Weaver known. no ancestry European 1811 111 284744 Charlie Weaver L48-. No European ancestry known. Also 322971 and 339632. Jarman: available. also data 37-marker Some Maryland. before Frankstone: Lowry: is not whereclear the extra markers come from as all participants tested 67 markers. 37-marker data also available. Brooks: Bloomer: Davis: CDY=38-38. Miller: ancestral information. Alley: Staples: Via: Phylogenic family tree of DF98:Phylogenic S1911 family tree

1865 12 BigY N74079 Price

511=11, 552=25 511=11, Jillian Dubois 439=12; A10=12; 463=23; 650=20; 552=24 111 226750 Lawrence 1720 67 177374 Bill Lawrence 456=15; 576=18 111 3894 }Michelle Gordon 389i=14; 458=18; CDYb=39 67 229483 390=23 ~1544 AD 458=18; 710=33; 714=27 111 N10310 MRCA: STR MRCA: STR 1776 Captain Z156 } Maynard ~1000 BC. 447=26 11157895 Bess (1391AD-1697AD) (1600 - 1 AD) BC FGC14758 FGC14769 FGC14776 FGC14787 CDYb=39 1785 67 95568/UDBKR Clapp 439=13 391=10 449=28 442=11 570=18 511=12 714=27 533=11 452=29 461=13

Donald 1765 67 256545 S1894, S1900 S1894, 1744 67 303258 ~1381 AD 439=14; 449=27; ; 570=19; 534=16; 714=26 11184568 STR MRCA:

~1650 AD 1799 STR MRCA: 1765 570=16 67 126669 95% c.i.: 1650 - 750 BC 750 - 1650 c.i.: 95% (1550AD-1750AD) (1184AD-1579AD) 1730 67 131586 ~1585 AD 111196527 Hadden Ian STR MRCA: STR 447=27; 570=19 Michael Hadden Annie Crenshaw Annie 447=26 after c. 1609

Best estimate Best aroundestimate 1150 BC. 1765 67 226590 Aberdeenshire/ Kincardineshire H4=10;446=14 Hadden (1457AD-1714AD) Aberdeen->Tyrone Plantation of Ulster of Plantation ~1523 AD } 67 511=11 1730 439=12; 456=15; 446=14 211840 Aberdeenshire ? Single Hadden family STR MRCA: STR 447=27; CDYa=37 BigY (1365AD-1681AD) 712=19 1771 111 7C9BT/120386 Donald 385=12-14; 570=17; 594=9; 492=14 1780 111 273072 }Iain McDonald Colin Donald

Most-recent common Most-recent ancestor for S1894 Edwina Bannister this family has no known UK origin, but appears to have several instances, mostly in England. A instances, no has known several family to have this UK origin, but appears This family traces back to Co. Tyrone in Ireland. However, they have a 19th C record of a relative multiple origins of the surname exist in Aberdeenshire. This instance traces to the parish of parish Fintray to the traces instance This in Aberdeenshire. exist origins surname of the multiple no further information known - no successful contact. The family name is historically associated historically is name family The contact. successful no - known information further no this family has no known UK origin, probably due toof lack records inWar. Civil The the American Donald: (Colin match 12-marker A R-P312. be to appear Donalds of households Nearby record. marriage 1791 a on (270372) 1721. found c. found,Donald) is implying origin match an before A second been has in Aberdeen, tracing to Alnwick in Northumberland. The surname first recorded in Aberdeenshire in the 1430s. Hadden: going back to Aberdeen, home of his "old, old ancestors". The Haddens who inremained Aberdeen founded a powerful manufacturing industry, and their descendants emigrated to New York. Kit 256545 traces back to Banchory Devenick, just south of Aberdeen. It is presumed that all Haddens within related. are Kincardineshire Aberdeenshire and Clapp: with Devon, in thoughDerbyshire. 37/37 modernis with (Clamp) concentrated match this variant tester’s 108654. Bess: in Devon. strong a concentration has surname Lawrence: Lawrencekirk exists near Aberdeen.

v 111BigY 86205 v Ewing 1695 67 140787 David Ewing (admin) v 11183697 }Robert Ewing - BigY

1720 v 111 U106 64019 Barnwell 1832 111208337 1750 67 150706

MRCA: 77959/383J9 Graham

~650 AD 1821 67 1720 111 Z306 86356 }Jeff Graham (Mikhoyel Basherives)

1700 1812 v 111 BigY Edin. 181997 WilsonPaul Mize (tantalus14) (100 - 1300 BC AD) 531=12 537=11 710=36 463=25 532=14 504=16 510=16 461=11 617=9 ? Graham clan Graham A7195-A7205 392=14 714=27 716=27 549=12 67 29045 464d=18 385=10-15 Washabaugh 712=23/24 1640 v 67 158823/JYGF7 Black ~1308 AD 1700 v 67 183182 STR MRCA: 1832 v 67 298303}Price MRCA: ~900 BC (1090AD-1526AD) 395s1=15-16 v 67 108495/295T6 BY650 1819 Brothers

? 67 260728

Henderson : no further information. need to source information. to source need (1600 - 250 BC BC) S1903 S1907 : : possibly Barnhill. Origin listed as "Ireland". 111 marker matches to Barnell and a : traces to Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs. : 77959 traces back to Antrim. Also 54963 @ 37 markers. descendants of (?)John Ewing, b. 1695. descendants Ewing group 4c. : no origin known before emigration to US. Substantial distance from N57072. Family from Poltou-Charentes; no dates given. no dates from Poltou-Charentes; : “Long Hills, Ireland”. Location not identifiable. Also kits N31804 (12 markers) and 72338 : no origin known before emigration to US. ? 111 BigY N115533Ferre Felix Ferre Ferre: Henderson: Brothers Price Black “Scotland”). (37 markers, Washabaugh Wilson Bible links family to Edinburgh. Graham Barnwell There project. public on listed not Peebles-shire, of (1771-1831) Fleming Thomas of descendant 67-markera exists toof claiming match be Barnwell a Bourton on Dunsmore, Warwickshire. A exists. also family Shires a to match 67-marker Ewing: 557=15

67 309623 John Myrick 1777 67 Z306 300141}Myrick 1683 1740v 111BigY 197037 Shearin Franklin Sheron 511=9 H4=12 392=14 458=16 557=16 520=18 464a=16 & others CDY=37-39 FGC31961 607=14

1807 67 191741 Falconer 1756 111 194162/R4AF9 Morrison 1795 111BigY 26746/9CZR2} Charlie, Sam Morrison Lowlands S12647 S15847 S20354 & others

390=23 449=30 537=11 520=19 1774 U106 A10=12 111 Downie } 99784/N9SQECraig Downie of Kintail, but the first of whom first but the of Kintail, th

1711 111U106 Sele 339595 Geir Ove Steinsvag v

? 111284221 Prieto 1860 111316193 Hamilton

? 67 308747 1800 67 282949

? 67 217066 1856 67 175035 1837 67 B6160 Wallace

1700 1882 67 362364 (former group 5) modal group 5 group Wallace ? 67 374600 1779 67 100322} 1744 67 372192 1840 67 82178 Arbuckle 1852 67 8DS4Q/214430 Earley 391=10 449=30 A10=12 576=16? 534=16? 534=16 459=9-9 1750 67 U106 E8501 Kiefer

111165516 1800 11133967 }McKenzie* Inclusion uncertain. McKenzie: & DYS492=12 No SNP testing 1702 67 13893 67 285484 111 58455 1905 67 14800 Nichols 1618

S9767 } BigY

PH589 1782 67 35376 S17136 S18214 S19781 S19923 Z29207 M10390 & others 1811 67 Pack 65049

PH589, S17136, PH589, Williams S17640, S21616, S17640, Wayne Williams Battini et al. (2015) S19781 and S19923 and S19781 in this clade, sharing test fri-1788 reported

Best estimate around 1400 BC. 1838 67146263 67148788 may not be part of the cluster, lacking 557=15, but share several markers with Johnson: 459=9-9, 449=30, low 464, high 456, 710=33, 552=11, 463=25. Shared with Brachtli: with Shared 463=25. 552=11, 710=33, 456, high 464, low 449=30, 459=9-9, Johnson: with markers several share but 557=15, lacking cluster, the of part be not may Group C. 1862 army enlistment for ancestor born 1828 states father was born Links to Morrisons in Londonderry was in Scotland. born and Ballymoney. father 1828 forGroup ancestor 1862 states C. enlistment army no origin known before emigration, which was probably before 1720. Many other 37-marker tests, showing DYS464d=16, 457=16 and probably CDYb=37 are recent mutations. recent are CDYb=37 probably and 457=16 DYS464d=16, showing tests, 37-marker other Many 1720. before probably was which emigration, before known origin no Samuel Blakeslee (1624-1672) was an immigrant to America from England. There are several additional 12, 25 and 37-marker tests. 37-marker and 25 12, additional several are There England. from America to immigrant an was (1624-1672) Blakeslee Samuel no origin listed. Also 37-marker kit 233295. kit Also 37-marker no origin listed. origin in Fife. in origin Blakeslee Springer. no as origin European known, listed also origins in London. in origins emigrated to VA 1683, probably from Bristol. Variants Sheron, Sherin.

BigY } origin in Blantyre, Lanarkshire. Blantyre, in origin descended from a group of immigants to America who around from probably Scotland 1700. arrived group from a to America of descended immigants good evidence of an NPE where Charles Shearin (b. 1740) is the father of Moses Myriak (b. 1777). Myriak of Moses (b. 1740) Shearin father the is Charles of NPE where an good evidence 1624 671642 tests. 37-marker additional are in 1638. from There Britain 1618-1674) (fl. to America Nichols immigrant an Richard was no European origin known, also listed as Early. as listed also known, origin European no earliest ancestor Nelson French of French Vermont. Nelson ancestor earliest MRCA for S10621 traces back to Wissembourg,traces just on the French side of the German border (cf. Inniger). origin listed as Spain. as origin listed no geographical information recorded. information geographical no

BigY Yorkshire. in origins 393=12 439=13 570=18 481=23 1812 67 311875 from Bømlo in Hordaland. Nilsson Søra Sele Kristen is ancestor 464c=15 464d=16 French & others? 413=23-24 95% c.i.: 950 BC - 50 BC 50 - BC 950 c.i.: 95% Hill: Mattocks: Maddox: Park: French: Blakeslee: Nichols: McKenzie: 391=10, 449=30, 464=15-15-16-16, 607=14. Their origin (Ullapool) is in Wester Ross, which is more P312 than U106. If U106, may 6 the be traditionally 1488), d. - 1427 (fl. Kintail of L128+ MacKenzie Alexander of descendant a (1578-1626), due MacKenzie Roderick Sir from descent claims to#165516 closeness to Johnson. MacKenzie descent. same the claims also #52806 MacKenzie However, survives. evidence documentary Kiefer: Earley: Arbuckle: Wallace: Hamilton: Prieto: Sele: Downie: Morrison: Falconer: Shearin: Myriak: ? 67 271299 111 251536}Park

Best estimate Best aroundestimate 500 BC. 1800 576=16 uncertain. Recommend more BigY tests. BigY more Recommend uncertain. 710=35 712=21 PF732 SK836 M8963 Links in this recently defined clade remain

406s1=11 DF98 7262399 7398915 7408254 7643541 7834983 8194816 8315762 1911 111 N22014 17789999 18981063 18981064 21053359 22570477 22818977 13800016 14469655 Maddox FGC11224 95% confidence interval: 1850 - 950BC - 1850 interval: confidence 95% 67 DF98 1785 40769 Mattocks } 67 U106

9468170, 13670086, 19171173 13670086, 9468170, 242646 456=18 1780 Hill Most-recent common ancestor for S1911 for common ancestor Most-recent (& others?)

S10621, S17640, S21616, S25094, S21616, S17640, S10621, 1845 37 Pack 190923 1835 37 189690 }Upton 391=10, YCAII=19-22, 456=17?, 449=30? 456=17?, YCAII=19-22, 391=10,

? 67 352202

? 67 319554

? 111197543 67 310321 Decker ? 67 267199 1813 111158655 (Schmidt)

1630 } 67 72S42/197543 (Kasprzak) 589=11 561=16 643=11 446=14 572=10 710=36 389i=14 1543 67 64588 van der Merwe 67 211330 DYS557=15 Koch Kassel 1660 1807 111 157367 FJT6Q 389ii=28; CDYa=36 67 116553}Meryl Opie DYF395s1=16-16 1816 67 43WY3 Gray 549=14 552=25 Kings’ Cluster 449=30 1618 458=18; H4=10 67 66SRV

67 6042/9WS44 456=17 }Wilder Berkshire 11179561/AW8GX Don Hansen 385=14-14; 389ii=28 67 84826/VTSYU

413=21-23? 456=16? 67 91658/GSG75 }Coker 1856 1777 S1911 1890 67 192370 Roth

? 67 228208 Wilson has no has 391=10 from Dubbeldam, Holland. Surname originates in Dortrecht, from the river Merwede. river from the in Dortrecht, originates Surname from Holland. Dubbeldam, uncertain: Placement link via a 12-marker test to the Decker family of Husum. Husum is west of Kiel, in the Northern Albingian Danish Marches on the Jutland no information given.. information no family traces back to Shiplake, family traces Berkshire, with Edward (1623-1690).Wilder (e.g. Other 7GJ6U)families back to Shiplake also trace but are no origin known before emigration, surname localises in south-east England. south-east in localises surname emigration, before known origin no migrated migrated from Deisel, east of Dortmund, to England then New Zealand. Took the name of Cook. Deisel is just inside Lower Saxony, in its no origin known before emigration. before known origin no two families of Neelys, descended from families from New York and Pennsylvania, sharing very similar DNA. The PA Neelys have tested have Neelys PA The DNA. similar very sharing Pennsylvania, and York New from families from descended Neelys, of families two grouped with the 37-marker test 142000, which suggests DYS442=13 might be recent. be might DYS442=13 suggests which 142000, test 37-marker the with grouped stated origin as Ukraine. Mixture of DYS395s1=15-16 and 16-16 and DYS557=15 and 16 in this family. May be recent mutation, hence DF98-. of DYS395s1=15-16 hence Mixture mutation, Ukraine. origin and 16-16 as recent be and DYS557=15 stated May and 16 family. in this 111

22654 Ellis: Neely: Z305+. No known link to Ireland, but likely stems from Londonderry or Co. Tyrone. Wilson: Roth: Ukraine. Origin in Khust, in south-western Coker: Wilder: U106+. not P312+, Gray: Koch: extension. south-eastern van Merwe: der Decker: descent 1630 the share 197543 and 310321 Frisia. North of district the in lies and Saxons, the of home known earliest the is Nordalbingia Peninsula. Decker. Broersen Jan from Lt. 67 133480 570=18; CDY=35-35 67 137035 PA 1695 67 212614 BigY 67 N7324 Neely

}NY 1680 67 89950 Neely Stephen 458=19 557=13 449=28? 464c=17 576=16? 1772 67 147382 Ellis CDY=36-36 Neely

1810 v 111 224096 v Warburton 1575 111 BigY H1112} Ray Warburton

1785 67 331088 67 1200 N49453 v before Dutton FGC 67 BigY 159028 Mike Dutton v MRCA: }Chromo2, FGC, BigY

481=23 710=36 549=14 643=11 75848 111 Chromo2 1660 534=16? ~1100 BC. 1046 552=25 635=22

FGC13445 FGC13476 FGC17098 1785 111BigY 71473 437=14 576=18 570=18

464d=16 20752} 67 BarabaraHowell Howell 1690 449=30 446=12 CDY=35-38 552=25 67 Dutton 76056 (1800 - 500 BC BC) 1820 Barnes 1789 111 435409 Patrick Kelly Parks

1841 111 U106 100769 Sudravskiy Dutton and Warburton lineages descended from the Norman line. We must the Centuryin to Warburton few Arleymiles a seat the south-west). Hall, at (later Several th traces to Halebarns, by traces Warburton Airport. Green, Manchester near The surname localises family from Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyi, in the south-west of the Ukraine, near the Moldovian the near Ukraine, of from south-west the Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyi, in the family no known origin in Europe. link to Birkenhead via test N49453. DYS391 and DYS438=13 are recent. Match to 1660 N49453. not is Match test DYS391 via and DYS438=13 recent. link to Birkenhead are no known origin in Europe. Barnes DNA project lists groups, not meaningful. lists no but are they known DNA project origin in Europe. Barnes taken. L48-. No also known origin. tests European Two 25-marker Sudravskiy: border. Patrick: Barnes: Howell: Dutton: Runcorn. near of Dutton lies village The conclusion. logical but the fully confirmed, Warburton: near here, perhaps thanks to the village of Warburton’s 12 Warburton, a few miles to 43-marker shows tests make up these descendants: similar offraction significant a Warburton families. the north-west, and the Sirde WarburtonPeter (c. 1229-bef. 1315) was the first to hold the name, being descendant ofa Adam a was who 1086), c. - 1046 (c. Dutton of Lord Odard, to back traces tree His 1208). - 1150 (c. Dutton de and Hadden) Haldane Old (cf. the from is Halfdan Norman knight. for possibility Odard’s descent One Cotentin. of Counts the via The consanguinity between these two lines gives considerable credence to the lineages idea represent that these two entertain the possibility, however, that these represent a more-plebian origin tied to nearby geographical names. Best estimate Best aroundestimate 1550 BC. 95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC - 2000 interval: confidence 95% Most-recent common ancestor Most-recent for Kings' Cluster See clades page 5 page Minor Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster Kings’ Cluster Best estimate around 1550 BC. DYF395s1=16-16 DF98 95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC DYS557=15 Phylogenic family tree of DF98: S18823 557=15 Most-recent common ancestor for S18823 Best estimate around 1450 BC. S18823 95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC 458=16 Most-recent common ancestor for S22069 534=16 710=35 456=17 Best estimate around 1250 BC. 712=22 S22069 Minor 95% confidence interval: 1700 - 850 BC. clades S1911 M6509 S11739 House of Wettin (S8350++) Most-recent common ancestor for S1911 Best estimate around 1400 BC. MRCA: ~1150 BC MRCA: ~300 BC (1700BC-650BC) Battini et al. (2015) (850BC-150AD) See 95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000BC test den-104 reported 511=11 S8350 in this clade 7465235 S10162 576=16? sharing PH1654, S11739 S11215 S18043, and S22116 PH1654 S17227 page 5 See page 6 S18043 Several STR mutations seen in the S18821 S22116 S11739 group do not match well with S20959 S23144 the SNP structure. More SNP tests are S23145 24365137 464d=14 required in this region to relate the Z18413 13813336, 15970594, 22446058, 22554682, 23240000, 23978993 SNPs to STR structure. Z27750 FGC15238 In particular, Sinclair is S23139+ but 2888664 lacks the STR mutations 390=23, 4113635 MRCA: ~750 BC. 456=17, 557=14, 572=12 & 549=14 8465560 (1300 BC - 250 BC) SNP tested found in some or all of the rest of the 18150936 with packs S23139 group. 18739801 391=10? S23139- MRCA: ~250 BC 19117134 DYb=39? ZS1981- 21397586 444=13 (800BC-600AD) 21608422 534=14? 21962725 FGC15239 717=18? Suggested 22478593 22610215 Suggested placement: 111 marker 23749300 placement: 24500956 111 marker upgrade or upgrade or advanced SNP advanced test required 439=11? SNP test 607=14 459b=9 MRCA: ~700 BC 456=17? (1250BC-200AD) required. ZS7400 Alternative 607=14? 8430213 in S10621. 576=16 16054488 ZS1981 520=21 19564365 439=11? 6382756 22467970 464d=16 8670648 23350210 532=15 9094831 23781545 643=8 15663769 552=24? 390=23 22898298 391=10? 439=11 MRCA: ~400 AD H4=10 (350BC-1100AD) 456=15? 570=16? 444=14 635=24*

MRCA: ~400 AD (500BC-1100AD) STR MRCA: ~76 BC 390=25 (723 BC - 571 AD) 657 390=23 385b=15 Structure within this STR 456=17? 389i=12 458-834 CDY=37-37? 321-936group is unclear. This is 549=14 251-983only one interpretation, 712=22? but one that ties in with 650=20? the geographical structure of the cluster. 557=14 STR MRCA: ~350 AD (148 BC - 847 AD)

STR MRCA: ~24 AD (571 BC - 620 AD) S8350

1250 The House of Wettin in historical times 1475 1580

CDYa=37 (Ashmore 177234) (Ashmore CDYa=37 See page 8 1585 1611 1561 1600 1600 1600 1611 1621

1620 1609 1635 1645 1648 1641

1685 v 1710 1723 1747 1736 1750 1759 1760 1749 1787 1771 1785 1782 1793 1807 1810 1800 1822 1865 1859 1860 1850 1857 1870 1880 1891

? ? 111 111

111 ? 111 67 67 67 67 67 111 67 111 111 67 67 111 111 67 67 67 67 111 111 111 ? 67 111 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 111 67 67 37 67 Pack Pack 160404 76143 B10535 QCSPZ 60650 60795 122660 117534 124722 BigY 105989 43434 195249 U106 DF98 186986/GM7QU 271449 229473 MT5Q3 BigY U106 145325 Z305 N43102/ZS3MA BigY 136942 220236 187695 BigY Z381 Z381 262642 2HWHM BigY 231289 BigY BigY BigY BigY 79572 BigY BigY 64847 BigY BigY N18610 136344 359087 N93015 178396/727MV 134071 N98803 231354 Brown 150038/7AV3D E2535 148146/J86XN 12190/HRFQD E2091/DY4PX 356230 299595 189450 414366 252263 387146 140211 } 382879 248240 } Blevins/Perry Wood Price Geiger* Helen Rees Hudson Kellner Jones } Ellis }

DF98 Trautmann* Propp White Brachtli* Diane Brakeley Knaupp Rees Nutt Persson Detlef Knaupp Kolb Sinclair Gerald McGarvin Kramer* Hall } Benefiel

Tom Sinclair Tom Redd Jordan Norton Philip Stead Drabold } Tom Sinclair Tom } Forman Don Forman (retinkaru) Forman Don Steven Forman Hamilton Lehman* John (Jack)John Hamilton Haywood EarlyHaywood Early Inniger* Burris Winter* Todd Hall Todd Sander Ayrshire Paul Benefiel MA, USA

*

Drabold: ancestry from Walldorf, near Mannheim. Sinclair: no information given. Forman: This is the descendency of Sir William Forman, Lord Mayor of London 1538, from Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, which traces back Redd: traceable to Nathanael Redd, born PA, USA, who was reportedly of German origin. #124772 is presumed by deduction to descend from Andreas to William Forman, b. 1439. One of his descendents emigrated to the Americas in the early 17th Century, from whom all testers are presumed to Roth, born 1730 in the Upper Palatinate, Germany, probably specifically from Uppan, near Mannheim. descend. They are purported to be descended from Ranolph Forman, b. 1250, Wiltshire. A 1942 ancestry of the Formans claims descendency Nutt: no information given other than “b. 1600”. from an Anglo-Saxon line dating back to Alfred the Great. CDY may contain two recent mutations. Various 12-37 marker tests taken. L127.2-. Knaupp: from Weissenburg, Bavaria. DYS557=14. White: also 37-marker kit 88778. White group R - 1324.1411.11-14.006. Thought to be descended from Peregrine White, the first birth to the Burris: 37-marker matches 177234 Ashmore and two other Burris families from the Carolinas. CDY may have originally been 38-38. No European American Mayflower families. Peregrine White’s father, William White, was born around 1580 in England. This would contradict evidence origin known. given by 315531 which has a different signature. Kellner: no further information. Hamilton: N43102 is one of several known cousins of a Scot exiled to Maine after the Battle of Dunbar: David Hamilton of Cambuslang, Norton: descended from a Mass. carpenter, who is considered to have come from Dean in Bedford. However, their DNA does not match the main thought to be the son of Andrew Hamilton of Westburn. Presumably the family is originally from the town of Hamilton. Norton family from Bedford. Two tested lines of descent come from his son, born 1641. This family is thought to be from Essex, but this has not been Hall: no origin known before Virginia, purportedly from England. evidenced. Early: no family origins known in UK. Ellis: no European origin known. Rees: family from Denbigh. Benefiel: no European origin known. Jones: no European link known. Wood: could not retrieve details. Price: no European link known. Blevins/Perry: unclear as to whether the tester is a Blevins or Perry. Geiger: descended from a 19th Century immigrant from the Kingdom of Wuerttenberg in the south-west of Germany (see also 5FPXW, tested Sander: from a Lutheran family of Herbsleben, near Gotha in Thuringia (cf. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Landgraves of Thuringia). U106+). Close match Roedell cannot be found in public projects, from Triptis, SE Germany. Kolb: from Wolfsheim, near Frankfurt. Winter: traces to Dinkelsbuehl, southern Germany. Brown: Brown group 20, ancestor Peter Brown emigrated to Tennessee. Inniger: sole member of the Inniger surname project, from Schweighofen on the German border with France. Geno 2.0 tested F2735- (cf. Jordan: two test kits from at least two different families. 136344 from Ashchurch near Tewkesbury, 359087 no location. Also two unrelated individuals: Kiefer). 336470: 37 marker test from Cornwall (DF98+) Lehman: purportedly traced to Martin Lehman of Warb, east of Berne in central Switzerland (PFC2Y, GM7QU). The Lehman project shows a N117646: from same descendant. match with the indicated kit number with a Pennsylvanian ancestor. Propp: no further information found than “Germany”. Brachtli: family from Giessen, north of Frankfurt. Purported descent from the “Black Baron von Braechtli” via his son Matthias. Trautmann: from Lodersleben, part of Querfurt in Saxony-Anhalt, near Leipzig. Kramer: from Zeitz/Eisenburg, in Thuringia. Married Germany 1880, arrived USA 1883. 800 850 900 950 1050 1100 1200 1250 1000 1150 1350 1400 1300 1450 1550 1600 1700 1750 1850 1900 2000 1500 1650 1800 1950 834: Bishopric of Hamburg founded. Hamburg of Bishopric 834: Hamburg. on raid Viking 845: Thuringia and Saxony 906-938: affected by Magyar raiders. founded. Meissen 929: conquered. Lusatia Lower 937-963: of Bishopric and Margraviate 968: Meissen founded. conquest. Norman 1066: North. the of Harrying 1069: 1296: Wars of Scottish indep. Death. Black 1346-1350: 641- c. 700: Thuringia 700: c. 641- but partly is itself, re-establishes taken over by Saxony. founded. Bremen of Bishopric 788: into incorporated Saxony 772-806: the Frankish empire. Christianity is enforced. of extent primary 876-954: in England. Danelaw

Princes of Saxony 643=8 532=15 459b=9 576=16 520=21 Saxe-Weimer 552=24? 439=11? 456=17? 607=14? 439=11? 464d=16 Saxe-Meiningen Barons of Rohmann

111 Belgian 576=18; 638=12 ? - 1009 Dedo II Dietrich 991-1034 ? - 1099 Thimo I I Dietrich 1162-1221 III Henry 1215=1288 II Albert 1240-1314 I Frederick 1257-1323 Stern the II Frederick 1310-1349 Strong the III Frederick 1332-1381 1370-1428 Frederick I Warlike the of Saxony) (Elector c. 916 - c. 976 Dietrich I a.k.a. Theirry I of Liesgau (Count of Wettin) ? - 1118? Thimo II the Brave Great the Conrad 1098-1157 of Meissen) (Margrave II Otto 1125-1190 of Thuringia) (Landgrave Portugal S8350 Contact: Brad Little www.the-kings-son.com Wettin S10162 S11215 S17227 S18821 S20959 S23145 Z18413 Z27750 8465560 2888664 4113635 Albertine 18150936 18739801 19117134 21397586 21608422 21962725 22478593 22610215 23749300 24500956 Bulgaria Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 111 BigY } Windsor (P93DY) 1098 Ernestine 413b=24 25gen 916 30gen Wettin of royal is Descent Wettin onlythe line verified Conradhistorically far as as the on historical partly based is I from Deitrich descent (1098-1157). A further Great by most accepted generally which appears tradition, on and partly family sources there but suggested, been have I Deitrich of antecendants of number A historians. is no compelling evidence for any of them. Members of historical families are traditionally indisposed to ancestral DNA testing for a variety of reasons. These include the mistaken beliefs that they can be used orof (predominantly We in medical paternity tests. criminal, place Brad have been approachingLittle) various members of family to Wettin the obtain DNA for testing. have results fromWe so test far received Windsorthe and royal Belgian lines. Privacy concerns prevent us from naming these individuals. Family for Windsorthe available results are tester. Finder 1570 1601 1697 1750 1819 1412 549=12 464b=16 3 460=10 456=18 522=11 576=17? CDYa=35 1

1746 67 126477 Capell

5 460=12; 456=18 111 192658 576=17 714=25 650=20 A10=13 389ii=30 456=18 1807 67 17702 456=18; 481=23 67 85568 Marsh*Joyce Wafford 1580 1748 449=30; CDYb=37; 481=21 67 108704 Merilyn Pedrick 111 } 31934/A6V3X 1784 4 SNP tested SNP 6 549=12 513=13 1792 111BigY 45865/5ZCYM Fowler Ben Zitomer

CDYb=38 * 534=16 111 U106 134903/S7BBS England Southern 449=30 635=24 1550 1644 v 1744 67 34107 Butler* 570=18 710=35 712=19 520=22 2 1748 67 97046 Ellie Kasimir 635=24? 6974345 8520418 Christina Rice 18110334 18203043 BigY } 1748 111 299992 } ~966 AD ~898 AD ~1134 AD 9 Best estimate around 1250 BC. 8 1727 1755v 67 164501 (M59BE)

1737 1755v 67 282704 Curry* ** Corrie, Collins 1773v 111BigY 291262 Jim Curry YCAIIb=22 1750 Lynn Marcinek v Cheryl Curry 458=19 1776 67 N122543 } 95% confidence interval: 1700 - 850 BC. 850 - 1700 interval: confidence 95%

A7174 A7176 714=27 1813 111BigY U7GDD/169849 10 Wallace (908AD-1438AD) (527AD-1178AD) Alan Wallace Most-recent common ancestor Most-recent for S22069 House of Wettin (S10162+, S8350++) Wettin House of A6535 A7175 549=13

BigY MRCA from STRs: 1720 67 212583 Templeton* MRCA from SNPs:

437=16 534=15 Hans van Vliet 385b=15 11 7 Best estimate for MRCA: 446=11; [549=14] 1671 1699v 67 U106*143359 68% confidence interval: 875-1069 AD 875-1069 interval: confidence 68% AD 784-1173 interval: confidence 95%

12 67 Thompson* ** 8161633 1699 464a=16 59056 Jim Thompson 19308024 Skip Thompson 389i=14, 449=28, 576=18 1800 111 320422} (** ) 14 ? 67130804 Dr. Jim Wilson reports branch a above S8350, comprising of S10162, S11215, and number a of other SNPs. CDYa=35 CDYb=37 * v 1750 67101596 SW Scotland, possibly Ayrshire 1760 576=15 534=16 715=23 458=19 67 29642 413b=24 1577 1647 BigY Key(s)** Roy Keys 13 Null425, 635=24 111 33310 714=27 111 } 1784 98416 family originates in Colmonell, south of Ayr. in Colmonell, originates family two closely related tests, 143359 (ST) is descended from James T. b.~1671 Ulster. 59056 is his likely eighth cousin, via James’s probable nephew Samuel T, b.~1699 Ulster. The family arrived in arrived family The b.~1699 T, Samuel Ulster. nephew probable James’s cousin, via eighth 59056 b.~1671 T. 143359 his likely from is James Ulster. descended tests, (ST) is related closely two ancestry before migration to America not known. ancestry before migration to America not known. A 37-marker match to kit 201532 exists in Northern Ireland but this is probably a more distant match. descendant of Samuel Barker Fowler, no further information. further no Fowler, Barker Samuel of descendant traces traces to John Butler of Braintree in Essex. Family emigrated to Boston in 1632. from George Marsh, modern variant Nash. M.P. descends from George Marsh, latterly of Hingham, MA, USA. He arrived in MA in 1635. Most of his shipmates and companions were originally of originally were companions and shipmates his of Most 1635. in MA in arrived He USA. MA, Hingham, of latterly Marsh, George from descends M.P. Nash. variant modern Marsh, George from N112543 and 291262 purported to descend from a common ancestor, James Currie, b. 1750 in Scotland (contact: LM). b. 1750 (contact: Currie, N112543 in Scotland James and 291262 common from ancestor, a purported descend to 1791 111 219788 Holmes + Armstrong? (37) ancestry traced to Fermanagh, Ulster. John Key d. 1713, probably excommunicated 1667 in Donagheady, Tyrone, assumed born c. 1647. Thought to be son of Hugh McKey, son of Daniel McKey, likely Laura Buckmaster 565=11 552=25 442=11 532=14 391=10 385a=10

} Curry: * 164501 to Nathan Currya traces (b.~1755, inofCurry NC), William later relative (b.~1764, PA), probable son ofC. (b.~1727). William His has 37-markerfather taken a (24991). test CC Contact: (1737-1790). Curry James of son (1780-1857) Curry Nathan to back going pedigree a with listed is but (1755-1843) Curry Nathan as MRCA has 282704 * * 37-marker 199219 test shares Nathan’s key mutations but purports Curry an inancestor William b. 1727. He may descend from Thomasa Curry of England, of Newark,later NJ, USA, b. 1630s. Currie. James of ancestors the with DYS458=18 less-mutated the share but 312782) and (161869 provided information ancestral no have 37-markers with kits other Two Belfast. in origin an claims 91820 Kit * NY). Eastchester, of Stivers Elizabeth (m. Scotland in 1675 b. NY, Hollow, Peekeshill of Currey Richard to traces project) Scotland markers, (12 N98340 * Templeton: Thompson: MA, USA around 1718. 320422 (JT) traces to Dunluce, Senegal, Co. Antrim. 37-marker match to 299958 and 242465. Wallace: Holmes: Keys: its but heraldry, Scottish to related artefacts interesting of number a contains arms of coat family The 1577. of date birth assumed his gives this years/generation, 35 on Based Renfrewshire. or Galloway in born YSeq. at A7175+ tested is but BigY in A7175 for call no a has Keys Roy unclear. are origins Butler: Fowler: Marsh: 107600 kit (37 markers). also See also. was he that presumed is it Norfolk, and Hingham,

1792 67 144424/G6XMX Cox 1788 1112342/SGHEF Brown Jim Brown A6535-

1795 67 335454 Hunt Nancy Hunt v 1332 v 1520 1626 1687 67 171663 Kidder 111 DF98 175525/AJB3S Bob Nutt U106: nomad_72000 1800 111* N17194/JYU6Y Dean Doug Dean Do not order a SNP pack test, as cheaper options are available. are options cheaper as test, SNP a pack Do not order

? 67 202818 are interested in further testing but cannot afford BigY at this time. Todd(?) ? everyone in this group to take some form of SNP test, preferably BigY. 67 116284

that is present becomes withclear further SNP testing. Cheaper forms of van Welden Structure within the S8350 group is not well recorded in the STR record. STR the in recorded well not is group S8350 the within Structure 456=17 testing can yield limited but very helpful results. Please contact me if you Only the SNP record reliably contains this information, therefore I advise therefore information, this contains reliably SNPOnly the record

I also advise upgrading to 111 markers if at all possible, as the STR structure STR the as possible, all upgrading at advise to 111 if I also markers 1810 67 67594 HardinDaniel Hardin

? 67 230269

15 Pitman 531=12 459=8-9 607=15? 520=20? presumed originally van Weelden, from Weelden on the Belgian-Netherlands 385b=13 Not SNP tested below S10162/S8350 below Not SNP tested Membership determined from STRs determined Membership ? 67 188524Pearson no further information, matches 56208 Taylor (origin 1660 MD,t USA). MD,t 1660 (origin Taylor 56208 matches information, further no no further information. further no ancestry before migration to America not known. descended from a Massachusetts Ensign, there is a suggested lineage that extends back to back extends that lineage suggested a is there Ensign, Massachusetts a from descended connection to British lineage unknown. lineage British to connection traces to Eydon, to Northamptonshire. traces no further information, surname not verified. not surname information, further no results results from descendant the of Scottisha emigrant from Edinburgh. assumed: William, Date family origins in Plymouth: Thomas Yates (1768-1836). Yates Thomas origins in Plymouth: family 1736 67 265453Yates information. further no Yates: Brown: van Welden: border. Dean: son ofb. William 1830. Kidder: Margareta (m. Kidder John through Rugby, near Park, Great Lancaster of (1332) Kidder Simon Norman). Cox: Capell: Pearson: Pittman: Hardin: Todd: Further 37-marker DNA matches to Armstrong (9WWGT; contacted) and Carpenter (C83KN, USA). 1740 VA, Thomas to Carpenter, traces contacted; 13; Group Q47SD; U106; Further 25-marker DNA matches to 97516 Hounslea. Carpenter Stiles Taylor Walker Best estimate around 1450 BC. 38395 162086 168150 105883 56208 342925 See S11739 page 7 95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC 1000 - 1850 interval: confidence 95% Most-recent common ancestor for S18823 for common ancestor Most-recent Matching tests at 37 markers: S22069 M6509 938 – 1562 AD See page 7 Phylogenic tree of DF98>S18823>S22069>S8350:Phylogenic tree Wettin the House of 1233 AD 1134 AD 1636 AD SNP: AD 1398 – 1085 interval: confidence 68% interval: confidence 95% SNP: AD 1286 – 1021 interval: confidence 68% AD 1438 – 908 interval: confidence 95% SNP: AD 1772 – 1473 interval: confidence 68% AD 1908 – 1311 interval: confidence 95% S18823 See page 7 DF98 1561 AD 1561 AD 1689 – 1351 interval: confidence 68% AD 1722 – 1107 interval: confidence 95% AD 1522 AD 1662 – 1291 interval: confidence 68% AD 1702 – 1035 interval: confidence 95% AD 1610 AD 1640 – 1562 interval: confidence 68% AD 1664 – 1446 interval: confidence 95% AD 1698 AD 1724 – 1650 interval: confidence 68% AD 1732 – 1600 interval: confidence 95% AD 1349 AD 1489 – 1151 interval: confidence 68% AD 1536 – 948 interval: confidence 95% AD 1523 AD 1609 – 1393 interval: confidence 68% AD 1667 – 1247 interval: confidence 95% AD 1483 AD 1557 – 1241 interval: confidence 68% AD 1612 – 961 interval: confidence 95% AD 1247 AD 1407 – 1039 interval: confidence 68% AD 1505 – 824 interval: confidence 95% AD 1136 AD 1282 – 948 interval: confidence 68% AD 1392 – 770 interval: confidence 95% AD 1002 AD 1149 – 841 interval: confidence 68% AD 1275 – 674 interval: confidence 95% AD 898 AD 1045 – 711 interval: confidence 68% AD 1178 – 527 interval: confidence 95% 557=15 6 9 4 8 7 2 1 13 12 14 11 Origin estimates for second-order STR nodes: second-order for estimates Origin STR nodes: third-order for estimates Origin STR nodes: higher-order for estimates Origin DYS557=15 DYF395s1=16-16 Kings’ Cluster S1911 Best estimate Best aroundestimate 1350 BC. See page 6 page See 95% confidence interval: 1750 - 950BC - 1750 interval: confidence 95% Most-recent common Most-recent ancestor for S1911 Limit before 1744 AD STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 270 (119­558) years STR: 5 (3­9) gen → 165 (66­385) years STR: 6 (3­11) gen → 200 (66­472) years STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 31 (23­124) years STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­602) years STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­602) years Limit before 1755 AD STR: 5 (3­9) gen → 165 (66­385) years Limit before 1813 AD STR: 14 (9­20) gen → 490 (235­872) years Limit before 1720 AD STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­358) years STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 130 (39­341) years STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 31 (23­124) years Limit at 1671 AD STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years 1577 AD after Assumed limit Limit before 1750 AD STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 280 (129­568) years AD) (1180-1619 AD 1468 at (4) Places: STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 280 (129­568) years STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years SNP: 2 → 365 (190­635) years STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 35 (23­134) years SNP: 2 → 365 (190­635) years STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 140 (49­351) years STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 140 (49­351) years AD) (1399-1701 AD 1610 at (9) Places: AD) (1048-1652 AD 1470 at (8) Places: STR: 4 (2­7) gen → 140 (49­308) years SNP: 0 → 95 (23­250) years STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 315 (129­612) years STR: 4 (2­12) gen → 140 (49­525) years STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 315 (129­612) years STR: 16 (11­23) gen → 560 (288­1002) years STR: 12 (8­16) gen → 840 (418­1398) years SNP to today = 7 → 1050 (720­1475) years Combined → 898 (434­1426) years from 1814 AD) (452-1379 AD 916 at (1) Places: STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years SNP: 0 → 95 (23­250) years STR: 10 (7­14) gen → 700 (364­1224) years AD) (524-1384 AD 1048 at (1) Places: STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years B. 34107 B. 97046 K. 98416 K. 29642 K. 33310 B. 134903 B. 299992 FOWLER 5 6 7 8 9 3 2 5 4 C. 164501 C. 282704 Th. 59056 K. 130804 K. 101596 Th. 320422 Th. 143359 13 15 10 11 12 14 WALLACE TEMP’TON → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → { { { { 8 4 4 2 7 8 9 7 1 6 1 1 1 1 9 13 13 11 11 12 14 NODE TIME DIFFERENCES TIME NODE Best estimate Best aroundestimate 1550 BC. 95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC - 2000 interval: confidence 95% Most-recent common ancestor Most-recent for Kings' Cluster See clades page 5 page Minor Assume mean tester is born is in: tester mean Assume AD 16 +/- 1950 15 generations = 525 years (395-655) years 525 = generations 15 After 1919 Correct by subtracting 10 years for values years 31 over 8 generations = 280 years (209-351) years 280 = generations 8 (235-395) years 315 = generations 9 (262-438) years 350 = generations 10 (288-482) years 385 = generations 11 (315-525) years 420 = generations 12 (342-568) years 455 = generations 13 (368-612) years 490 = generations 14 1 generation = 35 years (23-47) years 35 = generation 1 (49-91) years 70 = generations 2 (76-134) years 105 = generations 3 (102-178) years 140 = generations 4 (129-221) years 175 = generations 5 (156-264) years 210 = generations 6 (182-308) years 245 = generations 7 Rise Rise to 32 y/gen by 2010 35 1650Assume: y/gen before years 8.4 deviation: Standard Before 1919 interval) 68% confidence gives (brackets ~14. John of Key Tyrone (1647) ancestor Hardin-Pitman-Pearson 15. * SNP tested) relation; (~ Approximate YEARS TO GENERATIONS [Iceland]: (2012) al. et Kong From 1650-1919 over y/gen 1 +/- 35 1974 to 28 to y/gen Decline *8. ancestor Curry-Wallace ancestor Curry Common 9. Scotland 1750 b. Currie, James 10. ancestor Thompson-Templeton *11. ancestor Thompson Common 12. ancestor Holmes-Keys 13. *1. S8350 common ancestor common S8350 *1. ancestor British Common *2. (1750) Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld of Francis 3. ancestor English Common 4. (1748) USA MA, Bradford, of Mash John 5. (1550) Essex ~6. of John Braintree, Butler ancestor Scottish Common *7. NODES . 1200 1400 1500 1700 1800 2000 1300 1600 1900 Geographia 929: Meissen founded. Meissen 929: 1346-1350: Black Death. Black 1346-1350: Bronze age: amber trade west the to wealth brought coast of Jutland. c. 441-650AD: Anglo-Saxon England. to migrations against uprising Saxon 555: Chlothar I upon the death of the Merovingian king Theodebald, of Thuringia part ruled who also from 531. Thuringia 700: c. 641- but partly is itself, re-establishes taken over by Saxony. 1066: Norman conquest. Norman 1066: North. the of Harrying 1069: 49BC: Roman invasion of Gaul. of invasion Roman 49BC: into expansion Roman 70-80AD: Friesland and SW Germany. c. 150AD: Saxons mentioned in Ptolemy's incursions Germanic 259-282AD: into the Roman Empire. appear. first Thuringii 280AD: Roman the support Saxons 356: Julian. usurper, migrations Frisian Earliest 374: to Scotland? (W.F. Skene) 788: Bishopric of Bremen founded. Bremen of Bishopric 788: into incorporated Saxony 772-806: the Frankish empire. Christianity is enforced. founded. Hamburg of Bishopric 834: Hamburg. on raid Viking 845: of extent primary 876-954: in England. Danelaw Thuringia and Saxony 906-938: affected by Magyar raiders. conquered. Lusatia Lower 937-963: of Bishopric and Margraviate 968: Meissen founded. Only 67 and 111 marker data are used for are Only 67 and 111 data marker SOURCE DATA, ANALYSIS & INFORMATION & ANALYSIS DATA, SOURCE and DNA U106 projects and other Tree from sourced Family Y-DNA tests and semargl.me. from Y-Search finding. structure used to aid been have data but <67 marker finding dates pages. following the on given are details Further DNA. in differences on based relationships denote connectors Pink Light blue connectors denote relationships linked by geography and/or histories; or speculative bysurnames, recorded Blue connectors shown paper trails presumed to be complete. Compiled 26 April 2015 McDonald Dr. Iain household back to antiquity. to back household the fact that DNA mutation rates royal include reasonable estimates for all but include previous pages previous is shown on the the 95% confidence interval, based on the data we have. dates are given are e.g., dates "confidence as intervals": be we can 95% sure that between two branches is therefore often much less than the range of dates of range the than less much often therefore is branches two between confirmed by SNPs DF98 that has been Substructure within Substructure date lies within lies date DESCRIPTION group, this matching we Y-chromosome DNA of people in the Using differences Saxon the of tree family the reconstructed have The dates given here are very approximate, these significantly, of Most error. sources relative The and time. place including with taken, have we values vary frommay the uncertainty listed. These a The best way to improve this data is to get more families to test, but that’s hard, cluster. the of part be will family given any when know don’t we because Recommendations for further testing for existing testers are given.

1751 111 DF98 351523 Smith Bill Rogers

? 67 A9AWJ Satterfield ? 67 174814 Hobgood 67 U106 of 1200 2779Lockey after 65% shared descent 1200AD probability

? 67 N77579 Lehnen

? 67 176873 Merrick

? 67 DF98 N60839 Richardson-Bozarth

1809 111102480 no origin European known 1855 67 N24519}Cole 1834 67 191741 no information. further no information. further claims descent from “King Coel Codebog of the Merahi [262 BC]”. This [262 BC]”. Codebog Merahi of from Coel the “King descent claims no origin given. origin no claims descent from the Lockeys of 12th Century Cambs. No evidence of of No 12th evidence Lockeys Cambs. from Century the descent claims earliest known origin in southern US earliest no European origin known origin European no Cole: Richardson-Bozarth: Merrick: is thought to reference Old King Cole (c. 400 AD). and is arrived at by unclear genealogies. Lehnen: Lockey: this lineage can be found. Hobgood: Satterfield: Smith:

? 67 N57236 v 1697 67 151830/XMHA3 v 1550 67 125573 1427 67 U106136046/7ZT5H} Pope (& variants) (& 439=13; 460=10 67

1762 67939 SC 1772 444=12 67 246134 Stephens U106 1742 439=13 67 12614 NC } 67 27039 and many others have 16-16,15 motif but are L21 (24-25 at DYS413) 1761 CDY=37-37 134381 SC

? 67 75ZRA Johnson

? 67 215949

? 111N112756}Nelson

1705 67 DF98 214444 Äijälä v 1750 a small but significant branch of Stephens with several other tests at 37 at tests other several with Stephens of branch significant but small a 67 167051 given. information no 217354 descends from a Bowe, probably of Kilkenny. Apparently not related not Apparently Kilkenny. of probably Bowe, a from descends 217354

Kiper most- his changed (2013) recently N57072 272168. by given information no no information given. information no no origin given; R1b1b2 project. R1b1b2 given; origin no no European connection known. Matches at 34/37 with Johann Chr. Johann with 34/37 at Matches known. connection European no from Alatornio Pirkkiö from Alatornio in Finland, on Swedish border. variants Bobst or (1550-fl.1606) Pope. Johan Bapst variants thought is emigrated to have 1831 111 Z306 N112833 Bauer Wilson: distant known to ancestor John Wilson, b. 1350, Fife. Bauer: Kiper: of Luxembourg. (225284;Keuper east b. in Germany, 1653 Hilscheid Äijälä: Nelson: Bowe(s): to 147853 Bow (Z156+ Z305t-). Can no longer identify source of date for 134421 Bowes, reputedly of Tipperary. Johnson: Stephens: 16-16,15 the P312 with Also has (196043), motif markers. tests but 134381 U106+. is No proven link is knownto Wales - this is probably simply assumed from the surname alone. Pope: around in Germany, 1596. to Annweiler in Belgium, from Stavelot

1732 67 272168 1350 1819 570=18 111DF98 N57072}Wilson

1500 111 U106 121953Stanley ? 67 234865 [?]

1567 67 DF98219657 Sylte Anne Berge v 1765 67 U106N30155 Jelly

? 111110573 1753 67 90927/MNT7E }Bates 1825 67 264060 Doty 1790 67 N38221 Meeker R-DF98 members not placeable in the R-DF98 phylogeny the in not placeable R-DF98 members no information given. information no origin unknown. origin no information given other than “1500-1566”. than other given information no thought to have origins in Norwich. 110573 is from Oklahoma. origins in Tresfjorden, a small harbour between Bergen and Trondheim, in Norway. The family (current family The Norway. in Trondheim, and Bergen between harbour small a Tresfjorden, in origins no origin given. origin no UK origin claimed, but no supportingUK origin claimed, information. Meeker: Doty: Bates: Jelly: Sytle: area. the in bailiffs were Eidhammer) name [?234865]: Stanley: Confirmed or very probable DF98+ but deeper SNP tests needed: YSeq, Chromo2, BigY or FGC or BigY YSeq, Chromo2, needed: SNP tests probable DF98+ but very or deeper Confirmed

? 67 274256 Taylor 111E13858 1140 111E13866 Hennin } Pierre Sage 1520 111E11730 1789 67 328855Cassell-Carson 1820 67 323618Schaefer ? 67 &XI8FJMcConnell

? 67 VR4K7MacReynold 1700 67 24074 Balasquide 1785 67 128926 Guinn 67 1855 67 270022Watkins ? 67 199229Bumgarner DF98 this is the lineage of part of the Maison de Hennin, de Maison the of part of lineage the is this 67 256535 no origin European known.

1715 }Harmon “Scotland”. as origin listed 67 155790 in northern Spain. from Asturias, no available. information no geographical information given. information no geographical 1818 67 192037Rogers given. information no geographical 1802 67 1258 Kincaid “France”. as listed origin ? 67 179607[?] 1765 67 137184Cook Watkins: Guinn: Balasquide: MacReynold: McConnell: Schaefer: Cassell-Carson: Hennin/Denain: originating from (modern spelling) Hainin in western Walloon, Belgium. The three branches shown probably have a common ancestor in Jean (Bastard) from the 1360, whom cousin of Denain comes Innocent Haynin, born a circa while and unrelated, are two The Bry). of (Branch house the of branch direct it appears as though the Branch of Bry represents the true descent of the line’s origin (Etienne de Denain, b. c. 1140), it is possible that this branch is the true descent. ? 67 44975 Gregor ? 67 175179Garrison? 1831 111N112833Bauer ? 67 9420 White 1835 67 235673McVey 1824 67 237265Hewitt 1687 67 268856Riehm 1811 67 172348Reeme 1822 67 249835Svishchev

? 67 76294

DYS557=15 [?] 1717 67 196704Johns 1904 67 108021Johnson DYF395s1=16-16 1715 1812 67 188158Warren 1811 67 65049 Weeks

? 67 185575 Bartlett probably deriving from project, surname wider of a part no given. information ?

67 266570 given. information no origin listed as Ukraine. Map marker placed on Russian on placed marker Map Ukraine. as listed origin Harris adopted. result from semargl.me - could not identify at FTDNA. at - could not identify from semargl.me result no European origin known. origin European no descending from a common ancestor traceable to the Duchy of to the traceable common from ancestor a descending no origin European known. tester Paul Warren, rootstester from KY, possibly VA. no European origin known. origin European no no European origin known. Matches other Rogers tests. Rogers other Matches known. origin European no no given. information no geographical information given. information no geographical no geographical information given. information geographical no 67 147685 in Somerset. from Nailsey

1906 no given. information no European origin known. origin European no Beauchamp-Sanchez no European origin known, thought to be Wales. 1747 67 95684/NW6YPHarris Weeks: Warren: Johnson: Johns: [?76294]: Svishchev: Rostov-on-Don. & Donetsk between coast, Sea Black the from in border, Riehm/Reeme: the same Johann E. Riehm who emigrated to the US from Leimen, near Mannheim, south of Frankfurt. Hewitt: McVey: White: Bauer: Garrison?: Gregor: Cook: [?179607]: Kincaid: Rogers: Harmon: Wuerttenburg. The DYS557=15 mutation mayOther be Harmonsrecent. are DYS557=16. Lower probability of being DF98+. Bumgarner: ? 67 92013 McNaughton ? 67 89371 Krumbhaar ? 67 109584Keeling 1871 67 271448Lehman 1640 67 134792Oppenheimer

? 67 U106 194786[?]

67 181641 1654 Muren v ? 67 235863Kissel ? 67 148851[?] ? 111283613Holstein ? 67 231091Nisley 1770 67 159018Arnold

Kings’ Cluster 1674 1731 67 219934Dabbs

? 67 76817

Sutton to Puerto Rico. traces family from Worms, SW otf Frankfurt. Other branches (Q-M242) have been in no information. further no information. further ? 67 61174 Beverly Hood FTDNA. at - could not identify from semargl.me result Germany. as Origin listed project. in “Donor conceived” listed no further information. 37/37 match with 157454 (also n.f.i.). (also 157454 with match 37/37 information. further no from Germany, presumed Schleswig-Holstein (Danish marches). (Danish Schleswig-Holstein presumed from Germany, in Emmental. originates name Z7. Family family project in Hawaiian group (cf. Keeling curve). No information. further curve). group Keeling (cf. in Hawaiian no origin European known, 25/37 links to 129386 possible marker & 27118. ? from the island of Fedje, NW of Bergen.

67 no information. further traced to NY. No origin European known. traced no information. further 153403}Hood to 1674, 151466 no origin VA. European known, traces relative no further information, presumed ancestry in NC, USA. in NC, ancestry no presumed information, further Oscar Arbodela M. no (Conrad Kissel). information further 1488 111U10660454Arboleda 1627 67 U106 170930Perrault Sutton: Dabbs: Arnold: Nisley: Holstein: [?148851]: Kissel: Muren: [?194786]: Oppenheimer: 1430.Worms least at since The town of Oppenheimand to closer Frankfurt.Mainz lies Lehman: Keeling: Krumbhaar: McNaughton: Harris: Beauchamp-Sanchez: Harris: Bartlett: 1602 67 U106 236445 Miville-Lesuisse

? 67 U106 N80201Quintero

? 67 U106146010 Baltzer 1800 67 U106170356 Langdon ? 67 U106194786 [?] ? 67 U106179607

Unconfirmed additional members and groups additional members Unconfirmed [?]

1700 111314500 Endres 1702 67 38955U106Watson L48-. From French-Swiss Heritage project, L48-. From Heritage French-Swiss ? 67 190503 Robertson ? 67 61803 Lincoln? Adopted. German to be donor Possible reported conception, origin unknown. origin ancestry traced to Gonzalo de Arbodela, Villa del Villa Arbodela, de to Gonzalo traced ancestry L48-. From French Heritage project, no further family from Tenerife, no given. information further from Tenerife, family

1846 67 65463 AKA: Mangoly given. information no

Ballin deceased. is tester - given information no 1816 67 209675 Boon (test DF98, individual or Chromo2/BigY/FGC) at or (test SNPs Yseq,

1801 67 N103131Duncan [?179607]: [?194786]: Langdon: Baltzer: Quintero: Miville-Lesuisse: no further information given. Shares mutations with B1350 (or 1557 Berne Yogue) Giauque c. test Preles, marker 37- Perrault: information given. Arbodela: Castillo de Garcimunoz, Cuenca. Hood:

? 67 157955

? 67 235239} Cline/Kline

Failing this, I recommend testing DF98 at Family Tree DNA and upgrading to 111 markers if you haven’t done so. done haven’t you if markers 111 to upgrading and DNA Tree Family at DF98 testing recommend I this, Failing 1749 67 138829Andersson v 442=11 449=31 1827 67 520=20? 266564

413=22-23 Huigens 1798 67 297863Reynolds

H4=10 67 17725/FD8ZJ

390=25 391=10 458=18 1743 464c=15 1813 67 21975 Brown 389=14-31 Carolyn & Allen Brown YCA=20-23 1770 67 235256 251829 Admin: Jim Brown

~1057 AD 67 481=23 1816 576=18 449=28 Considering DF98 389ii=31 } 1859 11116445 CDY=36-36 ? 67 66677

? 67 44666 }Maher U106 520=21 617=14 (549AD-1234AD) 1811 67 131106 Caroll

STR MRCA: STR 67 ~1494 AD 1778 3670

? 67 3659 1795 67 207959 1792 67 1468 511=11 565=13 448=18 449=30 456=15 607=14 1837 67 158659 458=16 570=16 Egan

(1329AD-1658AD) 67 86444 CDY=35-38 Admin: Sue Egan

STR MRCA: STR 67 25292 1759 67 1466 } 1824 67 46357 1751 67 146891 These members are predicted DF98+, but have not yet had a close relative test this SNP. Advice is to take a second generation test, preferably Family Tree DNA’s BigY test for consistency.

1838 41193 given. information geographical no 67 Simon, is son of Anders, born Finland. Hollola, antecedent in Robson to 169566. group match 2, 37-marker given. with No information further No geographical origin indicated. No geographical No geographical origin indicated. No geographical ?

67 190355 in Banffshire. Drywells at originates R1b1 family A. Matches 109510 matches. 37-marker shown A. Matches U106+ R1b1 to be L48-. Several family no information given. Surname presumed from project inclusion. from no presumed project given. Surname information Origin in Offaly. family from Ollmuth in Germany, east of Luxembourg. east from in Germany, Ollmuth family no origin known before emigration, 144347 (37 markers, related to 41193) has tested has 41193) to related markers, (37 144347 emigration, before known origin no Group N19776 b. Includes 1626. 12 origin with in “England”, in Brown DNA project. Charles Ballin, b. Hannover, adopted as Charles Mangold.

Knight origin known. No geographical Group 1 in the Egan project. Various origins in Tipperary and Offaly. origins Various in Tipperary Group project. Egan 1 in the 67 165658 U106 no information shown, but see also L. David Roper’s website. Roper’s David L. no shown, also information but see

1826 to Georgia. traced } no supposed origin known Huguenot emigration, origins before in Normandy. 1818 67 205798

Robertson: Watson: Endres: 1842 67 207377 Agee McQuillen: Agee: Knight: tests. 37-marker additional several are U106+. There Connection to 37-marker tests Kaufmann (HY5GK; U106) and possibly Zweigle (ZMFGQ). Egan: Caroll: Maher: Brown: Reynolds: Huigens: Andersson: Cline: Duncan: Boon: Ballin: Lincoln:

1843 67 318128 McQuillen

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1000BC 1500BC DF98 confirmed (probable: )

S1911- / S18823- S1911 S18823 Geographical Distribution

S22069 S10621 S1894 FGC13445 M6509 S11739 Aijala DESCRIPTION BY650 S8350 Displayed on this map are the testers with known European origins. In some S4004 FGC FGC Wettin cases, these are not known at a country or regional level, where they are shown M8963 “14-25” S9767 15238 14758 13813336 ZS1981 bracketted without bold font. Where more-detailed information is known, or FGC S23139 can be surmised from testers with (near-)identical DNA tests, these are marked 14814 FGC S1903 ZS7400 FGC A685 15239 with symbols. The colour of the surname and symbol corresponds to the S12647 “16-9-9” FGC31961 14840 A7195 SNP-tested levels on the phylogenic tree. BIASES Sylte The distribution of cluster members is strongly affected by testing biases. A much larger fraction of the ancestral British population have tested than elsewhere in Europe, due to large uptake in former British colonies like the USA. Similarly, relatively few people from France and from Eastern Europe Andersson have tested compared to the size of their populations. We must bear these Muren biases in mind when inferring anything from these distributions.

Sele DISTRIBUTION Bagge Despite these biases, two main population groups are visible in the data. The first is a British group, which may bifurcate into a northern and southern group. We presume that the Irish members are mostly families planted there during the Persson early 17th century. Indeed, several families have documentary evidence of this plantation.

The second major group is German in origin, and includes the House of Wettin itself. This group is concentrated on the Rhine valley between Frankfurt and the Swiss border, but extends north into central Germany. We identify the Worms- Mainz-Heidelburg area as a tentative origin, but lack sufficient SNP testing of the German lines to confirm this. There is a strong S18823 > S22069 > M6509 presence here. Surprisingly the Wettin family it the Wettin group’s sole representative outside of Britain, raising the unlikely but plausible possibility that this family could have come from a British lineage.

TRIBAL ORIGINS Determining an origin for a population such as this requires accurate knowledge of the foundation of that population, which we do not have. Our best estimate for the foundation of our cluster lies around 1500 BC: the uncertainty in such estimates depends most strongly on the rate of SNP Svishchev formation, which is roughly once every 120 to 145 years, giving an uncertainty of +/- about 400 years to the age of DF98. The SNP chain we investigate runs as follows: M269 > L51 > L23 > L11 > P311 > U106 > Z381 > Z156 > Z306 Sudravskiy > Z304 > DF98.

The third millenium BC was a time of considerable change in Europe. M269, Sudasch is now generally thought to have arrived in from the Black Sea area, around Roth 3000 BC, possibly via the river Danube. DF98 congregates around the headwaters of the Danube, where it meets the headwaters of the Rhine. It is thought our ancestors spread from here to the Rhine delta, then across to Britain, where they probably first arrived around 1300 BC. Successive waves Ferre of migration have brought DF98 to the British Isles since then. Given the prevalence of clusters of tests with convergence ages around 1000 years ago, there seems to be a significant Norman contingent to the DF98 tests of the British Isles.

Balasquide This evidence is suggestive of DF98 with being formed and transmitted during the expansion and migration of the Tumulus Culture throughout Western Europe during the later part of the second millenium BC. However, other places of origin are still quite possible. While more-accurate dating (and ultimately archeological DNA) would give us a clearer picture, this currently appears to be a serious contender for our origins. Prieto Underlying image from: The London Geographical Institute’s “The People’s Atlas”, 1920 Scan courtesy of hipkiss.org Arboleda

Quintero (Tenerife) DF98 confirmed (probable: )

S1911- / S18823- S1911 S18823

S22069 S10621 S1894 FGC13445 M6509 S11739 BY650 S8350 S4004 FGC FGC Wettin M8963 “14-16” S9767 15238 14758 13813336 ZS1981 FGC S23139 14814 FGC S1903 FGC A685 15239 S12647 “16-9-9” FGC31961 14840

McKenzie

Decker Duncan Holstein

Donald Hadden

Rattray

Falconer

Downie

Dean Ballinn Hamilton Wilson

Neely Fleming Thompson Templeton Graham van der Merwe Koch Wettin van Welden Keys Trautmann

Sander Kramer

Roedell Pattison Hainin Brachtli Bapst Keuper Maher

Egan Wall? Hill Kolb

Oppenheimer Endres Bowes Roth Dutton Rees Riehm Upton Warburton Drabold Winter Inniger Knaupp Brothers Kiefer Harmon

Bates Barnwell Bloomer Marsh

Jordan Capell

Shearin Butler Weeks Maddox Forman Wilder Miville-Lesuisse Lehman

Yates Kidder