Regulace V Energetických Odvětvích

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Regulace V Energetických Odvětvích Vybrané kapitoly z historie de(re)regulace v energetických odvětvích Liberální Institut Working Paper 01-2002 Vypracováno v rámci grantu GAČR č. ... Ing. Miroslav Zajíček MA Senior Research Fellow Liberální institut Září 2002 Praha 1 Abstrakt studie Regulace elektroenergetického sektoru vznikly nikoliv jako důsledek postupné přirozené monopolizace odvětví jako následek charakteristik nákladových křivek, nýbrž jako důsledek politického oportunismu a regulačních zásahů státních orgánů v průběhu druhé poloviny 19. století a první poloviny 20. století. Tento vývoj vyvrcholil po druhé světové válce znárodněním již zmonopolizovaného energetického sektoru ve většině zemí (kromě USA). Toto státně monopolní uspořádání však nedokázalo reagovat na neustále se měnící potřeby zákazníků a na měnící se podmínky především v období tzv. ropných krizí a následujícím. Reakcí na tuto imanentní neschopnost a neefektivní fungování sektoru byl postupný tlak na liberalizaci energetiky, který od konce 70. let nabýval na síle především v Anglii, severských zemích a některých dalších (Nový Zéland, Chile, Argentina). Nakonec se deregulace energetického sektoru stala hlavním tématem druhé poloviny 90. let v Evropské unii. Ta vydala k jejímu provedení několik významných směrnic – především Směrnici 96/92/EC a Směrnici 98/30/EEC. Nejzajímavějším vývojem prošla při deregulaci energetiky Velká Británie, severské země a SRN, který je popsán ve studii podrobně. Z důvodů vlivu „španělského“ modelu je charakterizována i situace ve Španělsku. Deregulace energetiky se stala velkým tématem v USA teprve v druhé polovině 90. let. První zemí, která deklarovala rozbití monopolního uspořádání v USA, byla Kalifornie. Nicméně tato deklarace byla od reality vzdálena, neboť podstatné ceny v Kalifornii zůstaly i nadále regulovány. Právě regulace cen spolu s některými specifickými rysy kalifornské energetiky jsou příčinou tzv. „Kalifornské energetické krize“, která se neopakovala v Pennsylvanii jenom díky shodě okolností. Nicméně reakce na energetickou krizi ze strany státních a regulačních orgánů v Kalifornii je zcela neadekvátní a chybná, neboť se v mnoha ohledech vrací k minulé chybné politice státem regulovaného monopolu a „vytváření vyváženého energetického mixu“. Naopak pozitivním případem povedené deregulace je Texas a jeho „splendid energy isolation“. 2 Obsah Abstrakt studie............................................................................................................... 2 Obsah............................................................................................................................. 3 Seznam obrázků ............................................................................................................ 4 Seznam tabulek ............................................................................................................. 5 Úvod: Vznik regulací v energetickém sektoru.............................................................. 6 Kapitola 1: Stranded Costs.......................................................................................... 14 Kapitola 2: Analytický dynamický model elektroenergetického trhu ........................ 21 Kapitola 3: Evropské směrnice o energetice............................................................... 24 Kapitola 4: Elektroenergetika v Evropě v 90. letech 20. století.................................. 32 Spojené království – průzkum bojem.......................................................................... 32 Německo – život bez regulátora.................................................................................. 53 Severní Evropa – k trhu pod socialistickými vládami................................................. 67 Španělsko – tak trochu jiné/stejné Německo............................................................... 74 Stranded costs v Evropě .............................................................................................. 78 Kapitola 5: Energetika v USA..................................................................................... 81 Kalifornská energetická krize...................................................................................... 81 Kalifornský energetický systém po reformě 1998 ...................................................... 84 Kalifornie a její energetická struktura......................................................................... 89 Krize............................................................................................................................ 90 Plán na stabilizaci elektroenergetického trhu a další vývoj v roce 2001 .................... 99 Vývoj v jiných státech USA...................................................................................... 106 Literatura ................................................................................................................... 110 3 Seznam obrázků Obrázek 1 Fázový diagram dynamického systému........................................................................ 22 Obrázek 2 Komparativní dynamika modelu ................................................................................... 22 Obrázek 3 Organizace elektroenergetiky v UK před deregulací.................................................. 35 Obrázek 4 Procentní pokles cen elektřiny pro průmysl................................................................. 54 Obrázek 5 Procentní pokles cen elektřiny pro domácnosti v EU................................................ 55 Obrázek 6 Ceny elektřiny pro průmysl před a těsně po deregulaci ............................................. 55 Obrázek 7 Prodeje generátorů v SRN v r. 2000 ........................................................................... 57 Obrázek 8 Ceny v západní části USA před deregulací.................................................................. 83 Obrázek 9 Rozdíly mezi velkoobchodními a maloobchodními cenami na západě USA před deregulací..................................................................................................................................... 83 Obrázek 10 Institucionální struktura kalifornského elektroenergetického trhu........................ 87 Obrázek 11 Růsty prodejů SCE (tj. oblast okolo Los Angeles a jih Kalifornie) od roku 1981 do roku 2000 (v %)..................................................................................................................... 91 Obrázek 12 Cena zemního plynu v Kalifornii v roce 2000 .......................................................... 93 Obrázek 13 Ceny elektřiny na Californian Power Exchange od dubna 1998 do ledna 2000 (měsíční ceny získané jako prostý průměr hodinových cen na Poolu během měsíce, v USD/MWh) .............................................................................................................................. 93 Obrázek 14 Průměrné velkoobchodní ceny elektřiny pro SCE................................................... 94 Obrázek 15 Ztráty SCE z prodeje elektřiny od června 2000 do ledna 2001 (v mil. USD) ..... 94 Obrázek 16 Situace na Kalifornském trhu s elektřinou................................................................. 95 Obrázek 17 Kalifornský systém na hranici technických možností.............................................. 96 Obrázek 18 Vývoj spotových cen na Poolu 30.7.2000 ve srovnání s 11.7.1999 (v USD/MWh) ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 Obrázek 19 Vliv „rolling blackout“ na poptávku po elektřině (tj. zatížení soustavy) .............. 98 Obrázek 20 Výrobní mix na americkém elektroenergetickém trhu........................................... 103 Obrázek 21 Vývoj kalifornské energetiky v roce 2001............................................................... 105 Obrázek 22 Vývoj cen elektřiny na VO trhu v Kalifornii v roce 2001 ..................................... 106 4 Seznam tabulek Tabulka 1 Trh výstavby nových zdrojů v r. 1999, dělení podle typu použitého paliva ................ 56 Tabulka 2 Trh výstavby nových zdrojů v r. 1999, dělení podle velikosti elektrárny .................... 57 Tabulka 3 Akvizice v elektroenergetickém sektoru v SRN .......................................................... 64 Tabulka 4 Postavení německého jaderného sektoru v EU ............................................................ 65 Tabulka 5 Porovnání Iberdroly a Endesy ........................................................................................ 75 Tabulka 6 Dlouhodobé kontrakty na nákup elektřiny.................................................................... 85 Tabulka 7 Prodej kapacit novým vlastníkům.................................................................................. 88 Tabulka 8 Prodej instalovaných kapacit podle společností........................................................... 88 Tabulka 9 Největší utility v Kalifornii ............................................................................................. 89 Tabulka 10 Struktura výroby elektřiny v Kalifornii podle energetických zdrojů ...................... 90 Tabulka 11 Srovnání růstu poptávky a instalovaných kapacit mezi 1993 a 1999 ..................... 91 Tabulka 12 Odstávky elektráren v Kalifornii.................................................................................. 93 Tabulka 13 Vyhlášené kritické stavy v Kalifornii.......................................................................... 97 Tabulka 14 Dodávky turbín (plynových i parních) s výkonem nad 2 MW (v letech 2001
Recommended publications
  • Energy in Wales
    House of Commons Welsh Affairs Committee Energy in Wales Third Report of Session 2005–06 Volume I Report, together with formal minutes, Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 11 July 2006 HC 876-I Published on Thursday 20 July 2006 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £0.00 The Welsh Affairs Committee The Welsh Affairs Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Office of the Secretary of State for Wales (including relations with the National Assembly for Wales.) Current membership Dr Hywel Francis MP (Chairman) (Labour, Aberavon) Mr Stephen Crabb MP (Conservative, Preseli Pembrokeshire) David T. C. Davies MP (Conservative, Monmouth) Nia Griffith MP (Labour, Llanelli) Mrs Siân C. James MP (Labour, Swansea East) Mr David Jones MP (Conservative, Clwyd West) Mr Martyn Jones MP (Labour, Clwyd South) Albert Owen MP (Labour, Ynys Môn) Jessica Morden MP (Labour, Newport East) Hywel Williams MP (Plaid Cymru, Caernarfon) Mark Williams MP (Liberal Democrat, Ceredigion) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/welsh_affairs_committee.cfm. A list of Reports of the Committee in the present Parliament is at the back of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Options Report National Grid (North Wales Connection Project)
    DOCUMENT 7.2 Strategic Options Report National Grid (North Wales Connection Project) Regulation 5(2)(q) of the Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 Application Reference EN020015 September 2018 North Wales Connection Project Volume 7 Document 7.2 Strategic Options Report National Grid National Grid House Warwick Technology Park Gallows Hill Warwick CV34 6DA September 2018 North Wales Connections Strategic Options Report Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 2 Background ............................................................................................... 4 3 New Transmission Routes – National Grid’s Approach ..................................... 7 4 The Need for Transmission Reinforcements in North Wales ........................... 12 5 Potential Reinforcement Options Identified .................................................. 19 6 Strategic Options Identified for the North Wales Connections ........................ 25 7 Appraisal of Strategic Option 1 – Wylfa to Connah’s Quay (offshore) .............. 27 8 Appraisal of Strategic Option 2 – Wylfa to Connah’s Quay (offshore) and Wylfa to Pembroke (offshore) ................................................................................ 36 9 Appraisal Approach for Strategic Options 3, 4, 5 and 6 ................................. 45 10 Appraisal of Strategic Option 3 – Wylfa - Pentir Works .................................. 46 11
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release 4Th May 2018
    Press release 4th May 2018 Electric Mountain Visitor Centre Holds Public Exhibition for Refurbishment Plans First Hydro Company, the owner of the Electric Mountain Visitor Centre, has outlined its plans to refurbish the centre in Llanberis. The proposals were presented at a public exhibition held at the Electric Mountain Visitor Centre on 17th April. Local residents and other stakeholders were invited to view information on the proposals, meet representatives of First Hydro and ask questions about the project. First Hydro, which is 75% owned by ENGIE and 25% owned by Brookfield Renewable Partners, operates the Dinorwig Power Station (1,728 MW) and Ffestiniog Power Station (360 MW), as well as the Visitor Centre. John Armstrong, First Hydro Station Manager, said: ‘We were delighted to present our plans for the refurbishment of the Electric Mountain Visitor Centre to the local community. The aim of the new building is to deliver an engaging and attractive visitor experience, providing user- friendly resources that will appeal to tourist and education visitors alike. There will also be much- improved facilities for the community to use. Drawing on ENGIE’s regeneration capabilities, the new building will be sustainably designed, energy efficient and in keeping with the local environment and landscape. We look forward to continuing our public engagement through the construction process and beyond.’ A planning application has been submitted to Gwynedd Council, and the refurbishment work will commence once planning permission has been granted. It is anticipated that the construction of the new centre will take between 12 and 18 months. Last year ENGIE also announced plans to invest £50 million in a refurbishment of two units of the Ffestiniog Power Station, to extend the life of the units by a further 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • View Annual Report
    CARBON C A P T U R E DISTRIBUTED G E N E R A T I O N HYDROGEN FOR TRANSPORTATION LONG-DURATION STORAGE SOLUTIONS FOR TODAY’S GLOBAL ENERGY NEEDS ANNUAL REPORT 2017 CARBON C A P T U R E E R U T P A C FuelCell Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: FCEL) delivers efficient, affordable and clean solutions for the supply, recovery and storage of energy. We design, manufacture, undertake project development of, install, operate and DISTRIBUTED G E N E R A T I O N N I O T A R E N E G maintain megawatt-scale fuel cell systems, serving utilities and industrial and large municipal power users with solutions that include both utility-scale and on- site power generation, carbon capture, local hydrogen production for transportation and industry, and long duration energy storage. With SureSource™ installations on three continents and millions of megawatt hours of ultra-clean power produced, FuelCell Energy is a global leader with environmentally responsible power solutions. LONG-DURATION STORAGE FOR FOR 2 H TRANSPORTATION Dear Stockholders, Many of today’s 2017 Highlights unprecedented global We made significant progress in every aspect energy challenges of our business, concluding our fiscal year with strong revenue, record backlog and represent tremendous a strong balance sheet. These results are growth opportunities transformational and firmly position us for for our company. future growth. FuelCell Energy is recognized as a global leader We received over $1.2 billion in project awards in delivering clean, efficient and affordable during the second half of 2017. At fiscal year- solutions configured for the supply, recovery end, our backlog and project awards totaled and storage of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Porthmadog Maritime Museum
    PORTHMADOG Notes for Teachers – Nodiadau i Athrawon On entering the museum turn right. Start the visit in the first bay on the left. Wrth fynd i mewn i'r amgueddfa trowch i'r dde. Dechreuwch yr ymweliad yn y bae cyntaf ar y chwith. Before the construction of the embankment Cyn adeiladu'r morglawdd (Y Cob) roedd y (Cob) the sea went inland as far as Aberglaslyn. – môr yn ymestyn cyn belled ag Aberglaslyn See Map. Slates were brought down from the – Gweler Map. Daethpwyd â llechi i lawr quarries in the hills by horses and carts to the o'r chwareli yn y bryniau gan geffylau a quays on the river Dwyryd. Here they were throliau i'r ceiau ar yr afon Dwyryd. Yma loaded onto barges that took them down to Ynys arferid eu llwytho ar fadau er mwyn eu Cyngar where they were transferred to ships and cludo i Ynys Cyngar lle cawsant eu taken all over the world. trosglwyddo i longau a’u danfon i bob cwr o’r byd. The founding of Porthmadog – Sefydlu Porthmadog Porthmadog did not exist before William Cyn i William Madocks adeiladu’r Cob ym Madocks, in 1811, built a sea wall, the Cob, to 1811 i ennill tir amaethyddol wrth sychu’r reclaim a large proportion of Traeth Mawr from Traeth Mawr nid oedd Porthmadog yn the sea for agricultural use. The diversion of bodoli. Wrth i’r afon Glaslyn wyro crëwyd the Glaslyn river caused it to scour out a new harbwr naturiol ac adeiladwyd y glanfeydd natural harbour and the first wharves were built cyntaf ym 1825.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Need Case (2016)
    DOCUMENT 9.7.3 Historic Need Case (2016) National Grid (North Wales Connection Project) Regulation 5(2)(q) of the Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009 First published October 2016 Application Reference EN020015 September 2018 North Wales Connections Project Project Need Case National Grid National Grid House Warwick Technology Park Gallows Hill Warwick October 2016 CV34 6DA Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 2 Background ............................................................................................ 3 3 Existing Transmission System in North Wales .................................................. 9 4 Customer Requirements .......................................................................... 16 5 Need for Transmission System reinforcement in North Wales .............................. 19 6 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 25 Appendix A – Summary of National Grid Legal Obligations ....................................... 26 Appendix B – Transmission System Analysis Principles ........................................... 29 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations ................................................................. 44 Page i Page ii 1 Introduction 1.1 This Report (the “2016 Need Case”) updates the assessment of the capacity requirements for the electricity transmission system in North Wales. The assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Networks Connections Update
    Transmission Networks Connections Update May 2015 SHE-T–TO SPT–TO NG–TO/SO SHE-T–TO SPT–TO NG–TO/SO Back to Contents TNCU – May 2015 Page 01 Contents Foreword ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 02 1. Introduction /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 03 2. Connection timescales ///////////////////////////////////////////// 04 Illustrative connection timescales /////////////////////////////////////// 04 Connections by area /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 05 3. GB projects by year ///////////////////////////////////////////////// 06 Contracted overall position /////////////////////////////////////////////// 08 Renewable projects status by year ///////////////////////////////////// 10 Non-Renewable projects status by year – Excluding Nuclear /// 11 Non-Renewable projects status by year – Nuclear only ////////// 12 Interconnector projects status by year //////////////////////////////// 13 4. Additional data by transmission owner ///////////////////////// 14 National Grid Electricity Transmission plc //////////////////////////// 16 Scottish Hydro Electricity Transmission plc ////////////////////////// 18 Scottish Power Transmission Limited ///////////////////////////////// 20 5. Connection locations /////////////////////////////////////////////// 22 Northern Scotland projects map //////////////////////////////////////// 25 Southern Scotland projects map /////////////////////////////////////// 28 Northern England projects map /////////////////////////////////////////
    [Show full text]
  • Annex D Major Events in the Energy Industry
    Annex D Major events in the Energy Industry 2020 Electricity In July 2020 construction work commenced on what is set to be the world’s longest electricity interconnector, linking the UK’s power system with Denmark. Due for completion in 2023, the 765-kilometre ‘Viking Link’ cable will stretch from Lincolnshire to South Jutland in Denmark. In July 2020 approval was granted for the Vanguard offshore wind farm in Norfolk. The 1.8GW facility consisting of up to 180 turbines will generate enough electricity to power 1.95 million homes. In May 2020 approval was granted for Britain’s largest ever solar farm at Cleve Hill, near Whitstable in Kent. The 350MW facility, comprising of 800.000 solar panels, will begin operation in 2022 and will provide power to around 91,000 homes. Energy Prices In February 2020 the energy price cap was reduced by £17 to £1,162 per year, from 1 April for the six-month “summer” price cap period. 2019 Climate Change The Government laid draft legislation in Parliament in early June 2019 to end the UK’s contribution to climate change, by changing the UK’s legally binding long-term emissions reduction target to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The new target is based on advice from the government’s independent advisors, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC). The legislation was signed into law in late June 2019, following approval by the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Energy Policy A joint government-industry Offshore Wind Sector Deal was announced in March 2019, which will lead to clean, green offshore wind providing more than 30% of British electricity by 2030.
    [Show full text]
  • April Forecast Tnuos Tariffs for 2019-20
    Forecast TNUoS Tariffs for 2019/20 April 2018 NGET: Forecast TNUoS Tariffs for 2019/20 June 2017 1 Forecast TNUoS Tariffs for 2019/20 This information paper provides National Grid’s April Forecast Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS) Tariffs for 2019/20, applicable to transmission connected Generators and Suppliers, effective from 1 April 2019. April 2018 April 2018 Contents Contact Us 4 Executive Summary 5 Changes since the previous demand tariffs forecast 9 Gross half hourly demand tariffs 9 Embedded export tariff 10 NHH demand tariffs 12 Generation tariffs 14 Generation wider tariffs 14 Changes since the last generation tariffs forecast 15 Generation wider zonal tariffs 15 Onshore local tariffs for generation 17 Onshore local substation tariffs 17 Onshore local circuit tariffs 17 Offshore local tariffs for generation 19 Offshore local generation tariffs 19 Background to TNUoS charging 20 Generation charging principles 20 Demand charging principles 24 HH gross demand tariffs 24 Embedded export tariffs 24 NHH demand tariffs 25 Updates to revenue & the charging model since the last forecast 25 Changes affecting the locational element of tariffs 25 Adjustments for interconnectors 26 RPI 26 Expansion Constant 27 Local substation and offshore substation tariffs 27 Allowed revenues 27 Generation / Demand (G/D) Split 28 Exchange Rate 28 Generation Output 28 Error Margin 28 Charging bases for 2019/20 28 Generation 29 Demand 29 NGET: TNUoS Tariffs for 2019/20 April 2018 3 Annual Load Factors 30 Generation and Demand Residuals 30 Small
    [Show full text]
  • ¡Si Desea Una Versión Gratuita Y Sin Compromiso De Compra, Póngase En Contacto Con Nosotros!
    G. Michaels Consulting Ltd. 11211 - 76 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canadá T6G 0K2 DBDOC 866-438-2101 (sin costo en USA y Canadá) o 780-438-2101 ® ® www.gmcl.com para su sistema ABB Harmony INFI 90 DBDOC −−− De G. Michaels Consulting Ltd. Más de treinta y siete años de experiencia en soluciones y actualizaciones de software para sistemas de control de procesos le han dado a G. Michaels Consulting Ltd. una perspectiva inigualada en este sector del mercado. Fundamos DBDOC en 1996 para ofrecer soluciones a las necesidades de nuestros clientes, con herramientas de diagnóstico de fallas y de documentación para los sistemas INFI 90®; herramientas que ofrezcan una visión integral de los recursos heterogéneos que comprenden los sistemas de control de procesos. DBDOC es un completísimo producto de gran aceptación entre los usuarios de sistemas DCS en todo el mundo. Nuestros clientes Cientos de clientes satisfechos en veintiún países utilizan DBDOC en una amplia variedad configuraciones, en una diversidad de industrias. Si está pensando en DBDOC para sus actividades industriales, comuníquese con nosotros. Con mucho gusto lo pondremos en contacto con clientes de DBDOC que tengan sistemas similares al que usted quiere. Si desea conocer una lista actualizada de nuestros clientes, visite www.gmcl.com . Servicio y apoyo técnico Gracias a su agilidad de empresa pequeña, G. Michaels Consulting Ltd. puede suministrar un servicio rápido y personalizado a sus clientes en todo el mundo. Estaríamos encantados de trabajar con ustedes. Países Argelia China Jamaica
    [Show full text]
  • Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy Vale of Glamorgan
    The Vale of Glamorgan Council/Cyngor Bro Morgannwg Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy February 2005 VALE OF GLAMORGAN COUNCIL CONTAMINATED LAND INSPECTION STRATEGY JANUARY 2005 First Prepared by Michael Jenkins - April 2001 Contaminated Land Officer Reviewed by George Cowie Pollution Control Officer Executive Summary This Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy has been prepared by the Vale of Glamorgan Council to fulfil the legal requirement of Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Pt IIA came into force on the 1st July 2001 and provided a new regulatory standard for the identification and remediation of historically contaminated land. This strategy document updates the previous strategy document, which was first published in April 2002, and details the methodology to be employed by the Vale of Glamorgan Council to implement it's duties under Part IIA of The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1990. The document reveals the inspection process and sets time scales for completion that will be used by the Vale of Glamorgan Council. The EPA defines contaminated land as any land where there appears to be a significant risk of significant harm to human health and or controlled waters due to substances in, on or under the land. In determining whether land is contaminated local authorities, including the Vale of Glamorgan, must use the principle of Pollutant Linkage. That is a link must be found between a source of potential contamination and a receptor, such as a watercourse or future or current users of a site. All three parts of the linkage, that is source, pathway and receptor, must be present before any land can be designated as contaminated.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: Carbon Reduction by Industry 14 – 21
    Carbon Reduction by Industry and Public Bodies in Wales 3rd report of the Sustainability Committee’s Inquiry into Carbon Reduction in Wales April 2009 Contents Page Chair’s Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 2 – 9 Chapter 2: Key Issues and Recommendations 10 – 13 Chapter 3: Carbon reduction by industry 14 – 21 Chapter 4: Carbon reduction by public bodies 22 – 26 Annex A: Summary of recommendations 27 – 29 Annex B: List of respondents to the call for written evidence 30 Annex C: List of respondents providing oral evidence 31 - 32 Annex D: Carbon reduction calculations 33 - 35 Chair’s Introduction This is our third report into carbon reduction in Wales and much has changed since we published our first report earlier in the year. The urgency of the need for action on climate change is now widely recognised and the recommendation of the UK Climate Change Committee that we need to be moving towards an 80% cut in our carbon emissions has made our inquiry and recommendations even more valid. We also face a worrying time financially with the prospect of further months of recession ahead of us. It is timely, therefore, that we should be focussing on the measures that industry and public bodies can take to reduce their carbon emissions in this report. At a time of financial hardship, sustainability issues are often sidelined as economic considerations take centre stage. I hope in this report that we are able to highlight the benefits to industry and public bodies of adopting a low carbon approach to the way in which they do business.
    [Show full text]