Helminthic Therapy in Science and the Media
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The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes). -
Whatyourdrmaynottellyouabou
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Parasites First published in Great Britain in 2015 by Health For The People Ltd. Tel: 0800 310 21 21 [email protected] www.hompes-method.com www.h-pylori-symptoms.com Copyright © 2015 David Hompes, Health For The People Ltd. David Hompes asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers. HEALTH DISCLAIMER The information in this book is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, nor should it replace a one-to-one relationship with your physician. You should always seek consultation with a qualified medical practitioner before commencing any protocol contained herein. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon the subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. 2 What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Parasites Contents Introduction 5-13 1 What is a Parasite? 14-26 2 Where are Parasites to be found? 27-33 3 Why doesn’t the Medical System fully acknowledge 34-38 Parasites? 4 How on earth do you acquire Parasites? -
Helminth Therapy for Autism Under Gut-Brain Axis- Hypothesis T ⁎ Celia Arroyo-López
Medical Hypotheses 125 (2019) 110–118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Medical Hypotheses journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mehy Helminth therapy for autism under gut-brain axis- hypothesis T ⁎ Celia Arroyo-López Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disease included within Autism Syndrome Disorder (ASD) spectrum. ASD has Autism been linked to a series of genes that play a role in immune response function and patients with autism, com- ASD monly suffer from immune-related comorbidities. Despite the complex pathophysiology of autism, Gut-brain axis Helminths is gaining strength in the understanding of several neurological disorders. In addition, recent publications have Trichuris suis shown the correlation between immune dysfunctions, gut microbiota and brain with the behavioral alterations Gut-brain axis and comorbid symptoms found in autism. Gut-brain axis acts as the “second brain”, in a communication network Microbiome Treatment established between neural, endocrine and the immunological systems. On the other hand, Hygiene Hypothesis Immunomodulation suggests that the increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases in the modern world can be attributed to the decrease of exposure to infectious agents, as parasitic nematodes. Helminths induce modulatory and protective effects against several inflammatory disorders, maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and modulating brain functions. Helminthic therapy has been previously performed in diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and food allergies. Considering gut-brain axis, Hygiene Hypothesis, and the modulatory effects of helminths I hypothesized that a treatment with Trichuris suis soluble products represents a feasible holistic treatment for autism, and the key for the development of novel treatments. -
An Update on the Use of Helminths to Treat Crohn's and Other
Parasitol Res (2009) 104:217–221 DOI 10.1007/s00436-008-1297-5 REVIEW An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn’s and other autoimmunune diseases Aditya Reddy & Bernard Fried Received: 17 August 2008 /Accepted: 20 November 2008 /Published online: 3 December 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract This review updates our previous one (Reddy immune status of acutely and chronically helminth-infected and Fried, Parasitol Research 100: 921–927, 2007)on humans. Although two species of hookworms, Ancylostoma Crohn’s disease and helminths. The review considers the duodenale and N. americanus, commonly infect humans most recent literature on Trichuris suis therapy and Crohn’s through contact with contaminated soil (Hotez et al. 2004), and the significant literature on the use of Necator we have not seen papers on therapeutic interventions with americanus larvae to treat Crohn’s and other autoimmune A. duodenale. Therapy with N. americanus larvae is easier disorders. The pros and cons of helminth therapy as related to use by physicians than the Trichuris suis ova (TSO) to autoimmune disorders are discussed in the review. We also treatment because of the fewer number of treatments and discuss the relationship of the bacterium Campylobacter more long lasting effects of the hookworm treatments. jejuni and T. suis in Crohn’s disease. The significant Though we will continue to use the term TSO in our literature on helminths other than N. americanus and T. review, the term should really be TSE, because the suis as related to autoimmune diseases is also reviewed. treatment is with Trichuris eggs not ova. -
Introduction: Phylum Nematoda
INTRODUCTION: PHYLUM NEMATODA Outline: I. General morphology and physiology of nematodes. A. Movement by sinusoidal (“S” shaped) undulation requiring elevated pressure of fluid in body cavity or pseudocoelom. 1. Greater than external atmospheric pressure. 2. Keeps worm rigid until muscles (longitudinal) contract to bend it. a. muscles extend from hypodermal lateral cords. b. muscles form dorsal and ventral fields. c. muscles innervated from dorsal and ventral cords. 3. Nerve function essential to life: target of many anthelmintics. B. Feeding requires ingestion at anterior end and forcing nutrient into collapsed intestine. 1. Buccal cavity with or without teeth. 2. Esophagus of various configurations. a. rhabditiform b. strongyliform c. filariform d. stichosome esophagus or trichurid 3. Intestine 4. Anus or cloaca near posterior end. C. Excretion at mid ventral pore near anterior end. 1. Excretory glands 2. Excretory ducts running in lateral cords D. Reproduction - for almost all species of nematodes only sexual replication. 1. Males smaller than females. a. males have prominent to vestigial copulatory bursa - often characteristic of genus. b. male copulatory spicules are cuticular folds of the cloaca used to open the vulva of the female - also characteristic of genus. c. testis, seminal vesicle and vas deferens are one long continuous tube ending at the ejaculatory duct in the cloaca. 2. Females also have a tubular reproductive tract that is usually composed of two branches. a. Ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina make up a continuous tube that opens to the outside at the vulva on the ventral surface near posterior or anterior ends or at midbody. b. Eggs in the uterus are released to the outside through the vulva. -
The Transcriptome of Trichuris Suis – First Molecular Insights Into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University The Transcriptome of Trichuris suis – First Molecular Insights into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans Cinzia Cantacessi1*, Neil D. Young1, Peter Nejsum2, Aaron R. Jex1, Bronwyn E. Campbell1, Ross S. Hall1, Stig M. Thamsborg2, Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck1,3, Robin B. Gasser1* 1 Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Departments of Veterinary Disease Biology and Basic Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 3 Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Abstract Background: Iatrogenic infection of humans with Trichuris suis (a parasitic nematode of swine) is being evaluated or promoted as a biological, curative treatment of immune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis, in humans. Although it is understood that short-term T. suis infectioninpeoplewithsuchdiseases usually induces a modified Th2-immune response, nothing is known about the molecules in the parasite that induce this response. Methodology/Principal Findings: As a first step toward filling the gaps in our knowledge of the molecular biology of T. suis, we characterised the transcriptome of the adult stage of this nematode employing next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic techniques. A total of ,65,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into -
Disseminated Strongyloidiasis in an Immunocompromised Host: a Case Report
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(6): 587–590 587 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtb Case report http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.05.004 Disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunocompromised host: A case report Nurul Suhaiza Hassanudin1, Zubaidah Abdul Wahab1, Khalid Ibrahim2, Fadzilah Mohd Nor3,4* 1Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Sg. Buloh, 47100, Sg. Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia 2Director Office, Hospital Sg. Buloh, 47100, Sg. Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia 3Microbiology Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg. Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sg. Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia 4Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) in human are generally Received 28 Oct 2016 asymptomatic, however in immunocompromised individual, hyperinfection may develop Accepted 12 Feb 2017 with dissemination of larvae to extra-intestinal organs. The diagnosis could be easily Available online 25 May 2017 missed due to asymptomatic presentation and insufficient exposure towards the infection itself, which may lead to low index of suspicion as a consequence. In this report, a case of a Malaysian male with underlying diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular ac- Keywords: cident, bullous pemphigus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Disseminated strongyloidiasis who initially complained of generalized body weakness and poor appetite without any Immunocompromised host history suggestive of sepsis is presented. However, he developed septicemic shock later, Hyperinfection and S. stercoralis larvae was incidentally found in the tracheal aspirate that was sent to Strongyloides stercoralis look for acid fast bacilli. -
Methods in Infectious Disease Epidemiology
1 P A R T Methods in Infectious Disease Epidemiology 1 95337_CH01_001–018.indd 1 2/1/13 11:56 PM 95337_CH01_001–018.indd 2 2/1/13 11:56 PM CHAPTER 1 Early History of Infectious Disease: Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases Kenrad E. Nelson and Carolyn Masters Williams INTRODUCTION wrong theories or knowledge has hindered advances in understanding, one can also cite examples of Epidemics of infectious diseases have been docu- great creativity when scientists have successfully mented throughout history. In ancient Greece and pursued their theories beyond the knowledge of Egypt, accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, the time. leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria. 1 The morbidity and mortality of in- fectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, com- THE ERA OF PLAGUES merce, and culture. In epidemics, no one was spared. Smallpox likely disfigured and killed Ramses V in The sheer magnitude and mortality of early epidemics 1157 BCE, although his mummy has a significant are difficult to imagine. Medicine and religion both head wound as well. 2 At times, political upheavals strove to console the sick and dying. However, before exacerbated the spread of disease. The Spartan wars advances in the underlying science of health, medi- caused massive dislocation of Greeks into Athens, cine lacked effective tools, and religious explana tions triggering the epidemic of 430–427 BCE that killed for disease dominated. As early communities con- up to half of the population of ancient Athens. 3 solidated people more closely, severe epidemics of Thucydides’ vivid descriptions of this epidemic make plague, smallpox, and syphilis occurred. -
The Worm Returns Joel V
COMMENT HISTORY Centenary of the CONSERVATION Suburbanites’ BIOLOGY How life OBITUARY Keith Campbell, equation that launched conflicted relationship with turns random energy creator of Dolly the sheep, crystallography p.186 wild animals p.188 into useful work p.191 remembered p.193 JOEL WEINSTOCK LAB JOEL WEINSTOCK The whipworm Trichuris suis is currently in trials for treating Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The worm returns Joel V. Weinstock explains why several clinical trials are deliberately infecting people with helminths to treat autoimmune diseases. or as long as modern humans have a rapid increase in an entirely new set of to wait until the airport could get up and existed, they have carried parasitic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel running again. worms. That is around 200,000 years. disease (the focus of my research). These I was writing a review article at the time, FLike many bacteria, some roundworms and once-rare diseases, caused by autoimmun- on inflammatory bowel disease, and edit- flatworms (helminths) reside harmlessly in ity, have become relatively common in less ing a book about parasites. That day, I was the gut. Others can cause problems. than a century. Why? focusing on a chapter about how the ‘evil’ Before antibiotics and improvements This question was plaguing me as I properties of intestinal parasites are often in sanitation, gastrointestinal infections sat in a plane on the runway of Chicago’s overblown. Considering the vast number of — mostly with bacteria — killed perhaps O’Hare airport for five hours one day dur- people who have carried them throughout one in five children and many adults. -
The Biology of Strongyloides Spp.* Mark E
The biology of Strongyloides spp.* Mark E. Viney1§ and James B. Lok2 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK 2Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6008, USA Table of Contents 1. Strongyloides is a genus of parasitic nematodes ............................................................................. 1 2. Strongyloides infection of humans ............................................................................................... 2 3. Strongyloides in the wild ...........................................................................................................2 4. Phylogeny, morphology and taxonomy ........................................................................................ 4 5. The life-cycle ..........................................................................................................................6 6. Sex determination and genetics of the life-cycle ............................................................................. 8 7. Controlling the life-cycle ........................................................................................................... 9 8. Maintaining the life-cycle ........................................................................................................ 10 9. The parasitic phase of the life-cycle ........................................................................................... 10 10. Life-cycle plasticity ............................................................................................................. -
Parasites 1: Trematodes and Cestodes
Learning Objectives • Be familiar with general prevalence of nematodes and life stages • Know most important soil-borne transmitted nematodes • Know basic attributes of intestinal nematodes and be able to distinguish these nematodes from each other and also from other Lecture 4: Emerging Parasitic types of nematodes • Understand life cycles of nematodes, noting similarities and significant differences Helminths part 2: Intestinal • Know infective stages, various hosts involved in a particular cycle • Be familiar with diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenicity, Nematodes &treatment • Identify locations in world where certain parasites exist Presented by Matt Tucker, M.S, MSPH • Note common drugs that are used to treat parasites • Describe factors of intestinal nematodes that can make them emerging [email protected] infectious diseases HSC4933 Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 Readings-Nematodes Monsters Inside Me • Ch. 11 (pp. 288-289, 289-90, 295 • Just for fun: • Baylisascariasis (Baylisascaris procyonis, raccoon zoonosis): Background: http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside-me/baylisascaris- [box 11.1], 298-99, 299-301, 304 raccoon-roundworm/ Video: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-the-baylisascaris- [box 11.2]) parasite.html Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis, the threadworm): Background: http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside-me/strongyloides- • Ch. 14 (p. 365, 367 [table 14.1]) stercoralis-threadworm/ Videos: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-the-threadworm.html http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-strongyloides-threadworm.html Angiostrongyliasis (Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm): Background: http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside- me/angiostrongyliasis-rat-lungworm/ Video: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-the-rat-lungworm.html HSC4933. -
Helminth Therapy Or Elimination: Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Considerations
Review Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological, and clinical considerations Linda J Wammes, Harriet Mpairwe, Alison M Elliott, Maria Yazdanbakhsh Lancet Infect Dis 2014; Deworming is rightly advocated to prevent helminth-induced morbidity. Nevertheless, in affl uent countries, the 14: 1150–62 deliberate infection of patients with worms is being explored as a possible treatment for infl ammatory diseases. Several Published Online clinical trials are currently registered, for example, to assess the safety or effi cacy of Trichuris suis ova in allergies, June 27, 2014 infl ammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and autism, and the Necator americanus http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(14)70771-6 larvae for allergic rhinitis, asthma, coeliac disease, and multiple sclerosis. Studies in animals provide strong evidence Department of Parasitology, that helminths can not only downregulate parasite-specifi c immune responses, but also modulate autoimmune and Leiden University Medical allergic infl ammatory responses and improve metabolic homoeostasis. This fi nding suggests that deworming could Center, Leiden, Netherlands lead to the emergence of infl ammatory and metabolic conditions in countries that are not prepared for these new (L J Wammes MD, epidemics. Further studies in endemic countries are needed to assess this risk and to enhance understanding of how Prof M Yazdanbakhsh PhD); MRC/Uganda Virus Research helminths modulate infl ammatory and metabolic pathways. Studies are similarly needed in non-endemic countries to Institute, Uganda Research move helminth-related interventions that show promise in animals, and in phase 1 and 2 studies in human beings, into Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda the therapeutic development pipeline.