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Home , Suinae, Wild boar, Wrangler (profession)

WILD BOAR PRODUCTION

ECONOMIC AND PRODUCTION INFORMATION FOR SASKATCHEWAN PRODUCERS FOREWORD

The objective of this publication is to help individuals assess the economic opportunity for establishing a enterprise. The information can be used by producers and investors as a guide for their own business plans. Producers should note that the information in this publication will require adjustment according to their individual situations. This publication was originally written by Blaine Sudom of Saskatchewan and Food. This publication was updated by Raymond Nixdorf, Garth Lipinski and Sherri Dobbs of Saskatchewan Agricul- ture and Food. (Cover photograph courtesy, Vic Leblanc) Special thanks to the Saskatchewan wild boar producers, who assisted in providing the actual producer costs involved in operating a wild boar enterprise in Saskatchewan. The assistance of those who reviewed this publication is greatly appreciated. For further information contact: Ray Nixdorf Provincial Specialist Specialized Phone: 787-6607 email: [email protected] Don Barber Livestock Production Economist Phone: 787-5962 email: [email protected]

Livestock Development Branch Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food 129 - 3085 Albert Street Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0B1 Facsimile: 787-9297

Updated July, 2001 This and other Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food publications can be accessed on- at the Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food website at: http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca

I TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ...... I Table of Contents ...... II List of Appendices ...... IV List of Tables ...... IV List of Figures ...... IV Introduction ...... 1 The Origin of Wild Boar ...... 1 Wild Boar in Captivity ...... 1 The Wild Boar Industry ...... 1 Industry Overview...... 1 Marketing Wild Boar...... 2 Important Considerations ...... 2 On- Quality Assurance ...... 2 Code of Practice...... 2 ISO 9000 ...... 3 HACCP ...... 3 Canadian On Farm Food Safety Program ...... 3 Grading / Classification ...... 3 Markets for Wild Boar and Wild Boar Products ...... 3 Wild Boar Meat...... 3 Meat Prices ...... 5 Wild Boar Breeding Stock ...... 5 Breeding Stock Prices ...... 5 Harvest Preserves ...... 6 Wild Boar Management ...... 6 Characteristics of the Wild Boar ...... 6 Physical Characteristics ...... 6 Behaviour of the Wild Boar ...... 7 Type of Production Systems ...... 8 Extensive (low input) Production System...... 8 Intensive Production System...... 8 Wild Boar Herd Production Profile...... 8 Resource Requirements ...... 8 Capital Requirements ...... 8 Housing and Shelter Requirements ...... 8 Land Requirements ...... 9 Fencing Requirements ...... 9 Handling Facilities ...... 10 Equipment ...... 10 Breeding Stock Purchases ...... 10

II Operating Requirements ...... 10 Feed and Water Requirements ...... 10 Feed ...... 10 Water ...... 11 Supplements ...... 11 Wages and Benefits ...... 12 Bedding ...... 12 Breeding Stock Purchases ...... 13 Veterinary Fees and Supplies ...... 13 Fuel and Oil ...... 13 Repair and Maintenance ...... 13 Utilities ...... 13 Insurance ...... 13 Marketing and Transportation...... 13 Death Loss...... 13 Slaughtering and Processing Costs ...... 13 Property Taxes ...... 13 Miscellaneous Costs ...... 13 Operating Interest ...... 13 Income ...... 13 Projected Financial Statements...... 13 Summary of Assumptions ...... 13 Income and Cost Summary ...... 14 Sensitivity Analysis: Market Price Assumptions...... 15 Appendix I: Projected Financial Statements...... 16 Appendix II: Wild Boar Fence Costs (per 1,000 feet of fence) ...... 20 Appendix III: and Housing Plan used in the Projected Financial Statements (30-Sow Farrow-to-Finish Enterprise) ...... 21 Appendix IV: Example Handling Facilities ...... 22 Appendix V: Skeletal Chart ...... 23 Appendix VI: Associations, References and Information Sources ...... 24

III List of Appendices Appendix I: Projected Financial Statements...... 16 Appendix II: Wild Boar Fence Costs (per 1,000 feet of fence) ...... 20 Appendix III: Pasture and Housing Plan - 30 Sow Farrow to Finish Enterprise ...... 21 Appendix IV: Example Handling Facilities...... 22 Appendix V: Pork Skeletal Chart ...... 23 Appendix VI: Associations, References and Information Sources...... 24

List of Tables Table 1: Common Wild Boar Terms ...... 1 Table 2: Comparison of Nutrient Composition of Various Products...... 4 Table 3: Selected Retail Meat Prices, January 2001 ...... 4 Table 4: Recognized Breeding Stock Lines ...... 5 Table 5: Hybridization of Wild Boar ...... 5 Table 6: Stock Prices for Wild Boar, 2000 ...... 6 Table 7: Development of Saskatchewan Harvest Preserves ...... 6 Table 8: Wild Boar Production Profile ...... 9 Table 9: Feed Consumption per Animal ...... 11 Table 10: Summary of Feed Requirements for Wild Boar ...... 11 Table 11: Summary of the Capital and Operating Inputs for a Farrow to Finish Wild Boar Enterprise ...... 12 Table 12: Average Income and Cost Summary of an Established 30 Sow Farrow to Finish Wild Boar Enterprise...... 14 Table 13: Projected Cash Flow and Income ...... 15 Table 14: Present Value of Net Income ...... 15

List of Figures Figure 1: Family Tree ...... 1 Figure 2: Physical Characteristics of a Wild Boar ...... 7 Figure 3: Example Production System ...... 8

IV INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Suidea Family Tree. THE ORIGIN OF SUIDAE Fam ily WILD BOAR Babyrousinae Phacochoerinae The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is one (Babyrussa) () (True ) of eight species of that belong to the “true ” sub- Babyrousa family of SUIDAE (Figure 1). The wild boar is the principle ances- B. babyrussa P. aethiopicus P. a frica nu s () ( ) () tor of the . The original range of the wild boar included and North Sus Potamochoerus S . salivanius S. philippensis P. la rva tus Africa. Native populations of (Pigm y Hog) (Philippine Warty H og) (Bush Pig) P. porcus S . barbatus S. celebensis wild boar existed from Ireland in () the west to in the east, and (Bearded Hog) (Sulawesi Warty Hog) S . verrucosus S. cebifrons Hylochoerus from to southern Scandina- (Javan Warty Hog) (Visayan Warty Hog) H. meinertzhageni via and . S . scrofa S. bucculentus (Forest Hog) (Eurasian W ild Pig) ( Warty Hog) There are many diverse sub- species of wild boar that occur across this wide geographic area. WILD BOAR IN CAPTIVITY background. Standards meet the physical requirements for wild This has led to theories that the Most of the sub-species of wild wild boar in and Asia boar interbreed successfully with boar but may have a varying belonged to different species. each other and also with the percentage of domestic pig in However, at present, it is gener- domestic pig. This is significant their background. Development of ally agreed that all European and because some wild boar in com- a breed registry and establishment Asian wild boar are members of mercial production contain a of standards for wild boar breed- the same species. percentage of domestic pig in ing stock has been a goal for the their background. The differences industry. between wild boar and domestic pigs cannot necessarily be deter- THE WILD BOAR mined genetically. The INDUSTRY Table 1: Common Wild Boar terms. maintenance of pure Term Definition stock of wild boar INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Boar sexually mature male depends upon observ- The wild boar industry has been Sow older female having already given ing the physical and slowly growing in in Gilt unbred female behavioural character- recent years, with commercial Barrow castrated male intended for market istics of the wild boar. Finisher feeder between 12 - 18 months operations in most provinces. In Grower feeder between 6 - 12 months The terms full blood Saskatchewan, there are approxi- Weanling and standard are used mately 120 producers of wild or Shoat weaned pigs 25 to 40 lb boar estimated to be raising over Drift or to describe the purity Sounder group or family unit (herd) of wild boar used in 10,000 animals. Farrow to give birth commercial opera- Several producer-organized Honers or upper canines designed to keep tions. Full bloods are association and cooperative Witters tusks sharpened considered to be pure Rippers or options exist to address the Tusks lower canines wild boar with no marketing and information domestic pig in their requirements of wild boar

1 producers. Contact information This additional effort required to These questions are an important for producer groups can be found market the product is reflected in part of a complete business plan in Appendix IV. the marketing costs of the animal. and must be answered before Wild boar are considered to be a For example, the transport and establishing a wild boar enter- domestic farm animal in Saskatch- marketing cost to move a domes- prise. Often individuals will have ewan and are not subject to the tic hog to market for a 30-sow heard of different market opportu- same regulations that govern farrow-to-finish producer would nities, or in fact may know of farm animals such as elk and . be in the neighbourhood of $5 to other producers who are selling Wild boar are subject to regula- $7. For the same size wild boar into a specific market and will tions that apply to the establish- operation, the costs could range therefore assume that they also ment and operation of domestic from $8 to $20 per pig. The will be able to sell into that same livestock operations in Saskatch- difference includes increased market. This is a very risky ewan. Important regulations that costs for advertising, market assumption. When developing a apply include The Stray Animals investigation, distribution and marketing plan, it is important to Regulations, 1999 and The Agri- transportation. These costs would start with what the consumer cultural Operations Act. depend upon whether the pro- wants, who will buy the product ducer is selling animals for meat and then work back to produc- Wild boar breeding stock can be or breeding stock. Currently, tion. There are number of key brought into Saskatchewan from producer coops cover much or all steps in the process for develop- other provinces in Canada. Im- of their members’ transportation ing a plan that are outlined in ports from other countries are and marketing costs. Appendix V. subject to Agriculture and Agri- Estimating transport and market- ON-FARM QUALITY Food Canada’s quarantine and ing costs are an important part of ASSURANCE inspection regulations. the analysis of a wild boar enter- Food safety is becoming an MARKETING prise, since these costs will affect the financial projections and increasingly important issue for WILD BOAR profitability for the operation. the consumer. The consumer is IMPORTANT When thinking about getting into making purchasing decisions based upon the quality and safety CONSIDERATIONS the wild boar there are a number of important marketing issues of products. Factors such as type One of the key differences be- that must be considered. For of animal, animal welfare (feed- tween the business of raising wild example: ing programs and handling boar and traditional agricultural practices), processing practices, • Who are your customers? industries is that the marketing packaging and marketing and are • What product(s) will you sell? infrastructure which exists in all judged by consumers at point- these other sectors (e.g. pork, • Where will you sell your of-sale. grain etc.) does not currently exist product(s)? for the wild boar sector. There is • When will you sell your When developing quality control standards, the wild boar industry no provincial marketing agency product(s)? should be aware of quality con- • How much will be sold each that will process and market wild trol programs being developed year? boar for the producer. Individuals for and other agricultural looking at producing wild boar • What pricing strategy you will sectors. and/or wild boar products must be use? prepared to market their own • What promotion techniques Code of Practice product or be willing to find a will be used? Development and adoption of a person, cooperative or company to • What are the costs of marketing voluntary code of practice would market their products. the product(s)? promote the highest standards of

2 and handling. HACCP • Meat: meat colour and texture The recommendations of such a Hazard Analysis Critical Control affect consumer acceptance code would not be comprehen- Points (HACCP) program is a and shelf life. sive, but would cover a wide Quality Assurance system that MARKETS FOR WILD scope of production and hus- was originally developed for bandry issues. BOAR AND WILD BOAR NASA in 1959 to assure 100% PRODUCTS Canadian On-Farm Food safety of food to be used in Safety Program space. It is a science based ap- The main market activity is proach to identify and prevent focused around wild boar meat The Canadian On-Farm Food hazards which contaminate food. and, to a lesser extent, breeding Safety Program (COFFS) is a The emphasis is on prevention stock and supplying trophy producer-led partnership between through monitoring identified stock to harvest preserves. industry and government. It was critical points of production. There are limited markets for established in 1997 as part of HACCP programs are developed some wild boar by-products Canada’s Integrated Food Safety by the industries affected. such as tusks for carving and Strategy. The COFFS will cost- bristles for brushes. The hide of share (federal/industry) the MEAT GRADING AND wild boar is pliable, durable and development of national com- CLASSIFICATION soft, and is used to manufacture modity-specific on-farm food Standardized meat grading pro- leather goods. safety initiatives. The funding is vides a method of ensuring administered by the Canadian Currently no known retail meat consistent product quality to Federation of Agriculture. markets exist for wild boar wholesale purchasers and other meat within Saskatchewan. ISO 9000 consumers. To date, no national Sales of meat continue to be meat grading system has been ISO 9000 is a set of five univer- limited to local markets. A developed for wild boar. Existing sal standards for a Quality Assur- more developed market appears systems are largely proprietary. ance system that is accepted to exist internationally, in the Export sales of meat would be around the world. When you , Japan, , greatly enhanced by the develop- purchase a product or service Germany, the United Kingdom ment and implementation of a from a company that is registered and some areas of the Pacific national system. with an appropriate ISO 9000 Rim (e.g. Japan, Hong Kong). standard, you have important In a meat grading system, car- In addition to the meat, there assurances of the quality of your casses are judged on: may be opportunities to sell purchase. The International • Maturity (age): tenderness is stock for breeding or to har- Organization for Standardization directly related to age, with vest preserves. The markets (ISO) is a worldwide federation younger animals generally for breeding stock are cur- of national standards bodies from being more tender. Maturity is rently concentrated in Western some 130 countries. ISO is a assessed by the amount of Canada. With commercial non-governmental organization cartilage hardening (ossifica- harvest preserves, hunters pay established in 1947. The simpli- tion) on the ends of vertebrae. a fee to harvest trophy wild fied mission of ISO is to promote • Conformation (muscling): boar that are in a secure area. the development of standardiza- muscle development is related tion and related activities in the to meat yield. Wild Boar Meat world with a view to facilitate • Fat: fat colour, distribution, The meat of the wild boar is a international exchange of goods thickness and firmness affect lean, nutritious and, according to and services. consumer acceptance and meat tasters, a good-tasting product. yield. Table 2 shows the nutritional

3 Table 2: Comparison of Nutrient Composition of Various Animal Products.

Item (per 100 gram portion) Calories Fat (g) Cholesterol (mg) Protein (mg) Wild Boar, composite sample1 160 2.80 45 22 159 3.30 66 25 , breast 159 3.42 83 31 , light meat 154 3.45 68 29 Salmon 138 5.75 39 20 Lamb, leg roast (lean) 178 7.62 83 25 Beef, bottom round (lean) 214 9.76 92 31 Beef, ground 265 18.40 85 24 , 213 10.35 125 26 Pork, shoulder cut (lean) 219 10.64 101 29 , breaded 215 11.00 77 17 1Composite sample of wild boar meat submitted to Canadian Food Products Development Centre, March 1989 (Source: Game Industry Board) content of wild boar compared to whole suckling pigs, cuts and tions. Castrated males may also other selected . value-added products such as be an advantage in harvest pre- smoked , jerky, and serves. It may not always be The market for wild boar meat is sticks. possible to process harvested small at present, but increasing. intact males in a timely fashion Consumption is based largely Domestic ethnic markets and increasing the likelihood of upon traditional ethnic demand export markets demand a very tainted meat. Although castrating and the special occasion market. lean, dark-. This meat males reduces the possibility of Marketing to the health conscious can be produced by selecting meat tainted by testosterone, consumer is another opportunity quality breeding stock and feed- tainting can also be greatly that may develop in the future. ing a low energy, high protein reduced by separating the females Whichever market is targeted, the ration during the grower and and intact males prior to puberty producer must consistently finishing stages. and keeping them in areas that produce the quality meat de- Some producers castrate wild are at least 20 to 30 feet apart. manded by the consumer. Wild boar males. This production boar meat is sold in various practice allows both sexes to be The location of the market being forms and products such as commingled in finishing opera- targeted will determine where the wild boar will have to be proc- Table 3: Selected Retail Meat Prices, January 2001. essed. Item Price/lb Price/kg 1. If the market is strictly Carcass $3.50 $7.72 farm gate and directed to Suckling, whole (25-60lb) $4.50 $9.92 local consumers, then the Leg roast, boneless $4.00 $8.82 Loin, bone in $4.00 $8.82 boar can be slaughtered Loin, boneless $4.00 $8.82 and processed on-farm or Roast, shoulder $4.00 $8.82 in plants in Saskatchewan Spare ribs $5.00 $11.02 that are inspected by the $5.00 $11.02 Department of Health. Sausage $5.00 $11.02 Jerky $20.00 $44.09 2. If the product is to be sold Pepperoni $8.00 $17.64 through the wholesale or (Source: Random survey of Saskatchewan Widl Boar producers)

4 retail system within the Wild Boar Breeding Stock the market place. Example hy- province, then slaughter The terms full blood and standard bridization levels for crosses of and processing must be are used to describe the purity of wild boar with varying amounts done in provincially wild boar used in commercial of domestic swine in their back- (domestic) licensed and operations. Full bloods are con- grounds are shown in Table 5. inspected plants. sidered to be pure wild boar with Breeding Stock Prices 3. If meat products are des- no domestic pig in their back- tined for out-of-province ground. Standards meet the physi- Much of the existing market for sale, then federally li- cal requirements for wild boar but Saskatchewan wild boar breeding censed and inspected may have a varying percentage of stock is in Western Canada and slaughter and processing domestic pig in their backgrounds. neighbouring states. Table 6 lists facilities must be used. To produce the meat quality stock prices for wild boar in Saskatchewan. Generally, full 4. Meat products destined for demanded by many export mar- kets, pure full blood wild boar blood stock is sold at a higher Europe must be slaugh- price than standard stock. tered and processed in a might be required. European Union-approved The four breeding bloodlines The information provided in this plant. Saskatchewan does recognized in the wild boar publication on prices and general not have a federally li- industry are listed in Table 4. market demand for meat and censed or European Un- breeding stock will provide ion-approved slaughter Development of a breed registry producers with an idea of the plant for wild boar. and establishment of standards general market place. It is im- for wild boar breeding stock has portant to realize that this Meat Prices been a goal of the industry. This information is general in na- will ensure that desirable breed- The price of wild boar meat in ture and operators/managers ing stock is the basis for produc- will have to clearly identify a Saskatchewan is higher than tion, which is an important part domestic pork, but lower than market and develop their own of providing the uniform and specific marketing plans. game meats. Table 3 outlines the high quality product demanded by reported retail prices for wild boar in early 2001. The prices received by producers Table 4: Recognized Breeding Stock Lines. in January 2001 were $2.00 - Bloodline Origin 2.50 /lb ($4.40 - $5.50/kg) Bzikot dressed weight, with the head Kalden removed. Based on live weight, producers are paid $1.00 - $1.25/ San Diego East Germany (via ) lb ($2.20 - $2.75/kg) for a 180- Swedish 200 pound (80-90 kg) animal. Wild boar dress out at 58%, Table 5: Hybridization of Wild Boar. therefore a carcass weighs 100- 115 pounds (45-52 kg). For this Parent 1 Parent 2 period of time, the producer’s (typically sow) (typically boar) Offspring Level gross income would range from 0% 100% 50% HO or $180 to $280 per animal. standard 50% 100% 75% H1 75% 100% 87.5% H2 87.5% 100% 93.8% H3 93.8% 100% 96.9% H4

5 Table 6: Stock Prices for Wild Boar, 2000. wild boar. Determination of the Animal Type Price Range purity of wild boar is based on the physical characteristics and behav- Bred Sows $500 iour of the animals. Bred Guits $400 Herd Boars $800 Physical Characteristics Female Replacement Weanlings $150 - $300 The following are characteris- Meat Weanlings $100 - $150 tics of wild boar: Trophy Animals $250 - $300 (Source: Random survey of Saskatchewan Wild Boar producers) • Mature boars can weigh up Harvest Preserves time for harvesting trophy boars, to 440 lb (200 kg) and sows An emerging marketing for wild with many operators harvesting up to 370 lb (170 kg). boar in Saskatchewan is harvest between September and January. Slaughter market weight is preserves. Harvest preserves have Table 7 shows the initial growth 180 - 200 lb (80-90 kg). been a growing market in the of the Saskatchewan harvest • Maximum length is 70 United States during the past 10 preserve industry. (NOTE: The inches (1.8 m), up to 39 years. Saskatchewan producers of data for Table 7 is a summary of inches (1 m) high at the specialized livestock have sup- the export certificates issued by shoulder. plied this market. There is con- SAF. The actual number of • Coat colour is usually dark siderable optimism in the animals harvested within Sas- brown to black (or grey). katchewan may be higher.) Saskatchewan game farming The underside may be a industries regarding recent slightly lighter shade of the changes in the regulations to WILD BOAR basic colour and the back allow harvest preserves in Sas- MANAGEMENT ridge or may be katchewan. A potential arrange- darker. Pure wild boar do ment for wild boar operators CHARACTERISTICS OF not have patches or belts of would be to form an alliance with THE WILD BOAR different colours, but may one of the well-established have black spots in their harvest preserves to offer trophy The wild boar commonly raised undercoat. Wild boar may packages of a variety of species. in Saskatchewan are members of demonstrate a white colour the sub-species of European wild Wild boar reach their trophy due to a recessive gene. boar. Breeding stock has been potential after four years of age. Animals with a white coat imported from Europe to estab- Some wild boar producers have should not be used for lish herds in Canada. Wild boar indicated that harvest preserves breeding purposes. Confor- which contain a higher amount of prefer animals around 160 lb (73 mation of the animal is domestic pig in their background kg). It has also been reported that more important than the are known as “ hogs”. gender is not a large factor since colour of the coat. a taxidermist can add artificial There is no agreed upon division • The coat is composed of a fine tusks. There is a large window of between feral hogs and standard undercoat with an outercoat of

Table 7: Development of Saskatchewan Harvest Preserves. Mule Fallow Wild Season Elk Whitetails Deer Deer Sheep Boar Total 1998-99 77 7 - 2 - 5 - 91 1999-00 261 25 2 24 5 9 8 334 2000-01 306 39 5 33 23 12 11 429 (to date) (Source: Saskatchewan agriculture and Food, January 24, 2001. These figures are the number of export certificates issued by SAF. This certificate is not mandatory; therefore the actual number of animals harvested may be higher.)

6 stiff bristles, particularly on Behaviour of the Wild Boar months. Gilts can breed as early as the back. Bristle tips are light The outstanding characteristic of six months of age, but it is com- shades of white or yellow. wild boar is the tendency of practice to breed the gilts at The coat becomes heavier females and their young to form one year of age. during cold winters. matriarchal groups known as The oestrous cycle is approxi- • Young wild boar are born “sounders” or “drifts”. The male mately 21 days and typically sows with lighter yellowish-brown wild boar live alone or in small show a standing heat for two to coats with distinct darker groups and only join the groups of three days. The dominant sow stripes along the back. These females for a short period during tends to cycle first, followed by stripes are a form of protec- breeding season. the rest of the group. tive colouration to camou- It is recommended that breeding flage young wild boar in their The gestation period is three groups comprise between 15 and native of open wood- months, three weeks and three 20 sows. Adding new sows to a lands and tall grassland. days (110-115 days). Weaning breeding group is not recom- occurs at eight to 12 weeks (56- • Wild boar have long snouts mended; rather a new group 84 days). Gilts average three to and the males have tusks should be established in a separate four piglets for their first litter; which are used for digging up pasture. later litters may increase to 10 feed such as , and with a lifetime average of five . The wild boar is an Wild boar tend to be photoperi- piglets per litter. omnivorous feeder. The odic breeders with breeding taking length of snout is used by place during the shortening days Sows build nests prior to farrow- some as a measure of breed of autumn and the lengthening ing. The sow scrapes a hole in the purity. days of spring (see Figure 3 for an ground or lines a suitable space example production system). In with grass or and covers the • The sows have eight to 14 domestic rearing, some wild boar nest with sticks and grass or teats, with twelve being the can be bred year-round but this burrows into a straw bale. The average. characteristic may be due to the sow enters the nest to farrow and • Maximum life span is about proportion of domestic pig in the remains in the nest for several 25 years. wild boar. Wild boar begin to days with the young. After several See Appendix V for a pork develop sexual characteristics as days, the sow will cover the nest skeletal chart. early as four months of age and and leave periodically to feed. are sexually mature at 15 to 24 After about one or two weeks, the

Figure 2:Figure Physical 2: Physical Characteristics Characteristics of a Wild of boar.a Wild Boar. Mane noticeable

Sloping backline, Ears small, erect "wedge-shaped " body

Snout straight, 9" (22cm)

Nose not pink Tail straight, tufted end

7 piglets will come out of the nest production management systems • less space per animal than in with the sow and begin to eat that are similar to outdoor rearing extensive system; small amounts of solid food. of domestic pigs. • shelters and pens are provided; After the initial period of bonding The major factor influencing the and, has occurred, the sow will be system of production is the degree • and grain are fed. very protective of her young. of confinement desired. They are territorial during the WILD BOAR HERD periods of farrowing and early Extensive (low input) PRODUCTION PROFILE Production System rearing, and require a minimum Table 8 outlines production goals The major features of this type of amount of space to avoid fighting for an average wild boar enter- management are: and cannibalism. It is advised not prise. to approach sows during farrow- • herd is under conditions which ing and early rearing. It is recom- simulate the natural environ- RESOURCE mended to wait until the piglets ment of the wild boar; are about three weeks of age REQUIREMENTS before starting any handling. • maximum use is made of avail- able pasture and natural shelter; Resources required for a wild boar enterprise include capital TYPE OF PRODUCTION • males are separated from assets (such as land, fencing, SYSTEMS females at four months of age handling facilities, equipment and are raised out of sight of, There are many different methods and breeding stock), operating and at least 30 feet away from, currently used to raise wild boar, funds, labour and management. females; and, ranging from extensive (low In this publication, the estimates input) production systems to • a combination of pasture, of specific resources required intensive management systems. supplemental hay and grain is were obtained from Saskatch- Extensive production systems fed. ewan wild boar producers. simulate the conditions that pre- vail in the native environment of Intensive Production System CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS the wild boar. Other producers The major features of this type of have developed fairly intensive management are: Housing and Shelter Require- ments Wild boar’s native climate is Figure 3: Example Production System. milder than Saskatchewan. Stock Buy bred that is derived from wild boar Animals Breed from the northern regions of their Start-up Farrow native range, such as , may Year 1 JFMAMJJASOND be hardier than wild boar from more temperate areas. However, Breed Breed all wild boar will need some Farrow Farrow protection from the elements. Year 2 JFMAMJJASOND The amount of protection re- quired will vary depending on the Breed Breed age and gender of the wild boar. Farrow Farrow Mature animals in the breeding Year 3 JFMAMJJASOND herd require the least amount of shelter. Mature wild boar develop Market Market a thick coat during winter. Some

8 Table 8: Wild Boar Production Profile. Piglets, feeders and a longer period which will de- Item Target replacement gilts crease the space and shelter re- Sow: Boar Ratio 15:1 will require some quired for farrowing. protection such as Litter per sow per year 1½ - 2 The recommended minimum area Piglets born alive per litter 5 open shelters, for wild boar feeders will vary Pre-weaning death loss 10% cattle sheds or other depending on the age of the feed- (5% is achieveable with experience & good management) semi-enclosed Weaning age 60 days ers. The recommended areas for shelters along with Weaning weight 5 kg (11 lb) outdoor rearing of domestic pigs is bedding. They will Post-weaning death loss 2% 5½ square feet of covered sleeping offspring per sow per year 8.8 huddle together in area and 18 square feet of outdoor Market age 550days cold weather to penning per pig. This space is not (18 months) preserve heat. Market weight (live) 80 - 90 kg adequate for wild boar. Some (180 - 200 lb) In the summer, wild producers recommend significantly Dressing per cent 58% boar appreciate more space (up to 250 square feet). Market witht (dressed) 46 - 52 kg shade and they will (100 - 115 lb) Fencing Requirements rate for breeding sows 10% or less use a mud-wallow Culling rate for breeding boars 5% or less to cool themselves. Fences for wild boar must be A shallow pit filled constructed to: producers claim that heavy bush with water or other water source 1. Prevent burrowing: wild supplemented by straw for bed- would be adequate. Cattle shel- boar have a natural instinct ding may be adequate shelter for ters or natural bush will provide to dig and will readily mature wild boar. the required shade for wild boar. burrow under fences unless Sows that are farrowing require they are properly con- Land Requirements plenty of straw to facilitate nest structed. building. One nest per farrowing Wild boar can be raised on mar- 2. Confine piglets and sow is required. Some producers ginal land as long as there is a weanlings: nursing piglets place round straw bales in the source of good water and ad- and small weanlings can breeding area into which the sows equate feed. However, due to squeeze through small burrow for shelter. Other possible their rooting behaviour, they can openings, so a small mesh farrowing shelters include old be destructive to ground cover. fence or solid fence is granaries, beef calf-shelters, Sows with litters are territorial needed for these animals. plastic range huts or shelters built and require isolation from other 3. Protect from predators: in from flax bales. Flax bale shelters sows or sufficient space to permit some areas, predators may are constructed by arranging farrowing in a separate area. If be a problem and fences about six large round flax bales in sows farrow in a herd, then a will be required to protect a semi-circle. Fourteen-gauge minimum of one-half acre per the wild boar, especially stucco wire mesh should be put farrowing sow is recommended. young piglets. around the bales to prevent the The total herd size and the number 4. Separate males and females: wild boar from chewing the of sows farrowing and nursing at solid fences may also be bales. Poles are placed across the one time will determine the total required to prevent contact top of the bales and page wire is space required. Wild boar raised between males and females placed over the poles. Loose flax with uncontrolled breeding will after they begin to display straw is piled in a mound over the tend to farrow in the spring and sexual behaviour. poles and wire to form a roof. fall. If breeding is managed, farrowing can be spread out over

9 The Stray Animals Regulations, wild boar between various pens characteristics. Most producers 1999 state that a lawful fence for and to deliver feed and bedding. use standard sows. Names of wild boar must be constructed of Handling facilities are required to certified breeders can be obtained woven wire four feet (1.2 m) separate the weanlings from the from the producer contacts listed high, buried in the ground 1½ feet sows and the males from the in Appendix VI. (0.45 m) deep and into the pen 1½ females, and to load market feet (0.45 m). The wire must be OPERATING weight wild boar. A loading ramp secured to posts that are a spaced REQUIREMENTS is also required to load wild boar a maximum of 16 feet (5 m) apart. into a truck or trailer. Cash costs include feed and water, Costs for construction of three wages and benefits, salt and To separate the weanlings from varieties of fences are included in minerals, bedding, veterinary fees the sows, one of the following Appendix II. Diagrams for each and supplies, equipment repair methods can be used: wire mesh fence variety are also and maintenance, gas, fuel and oil, included. 1. A pen with a small door utilities, insurance, marketing and through which only the transportation, slaughtering/ Additional information specific weanlings can pass. Bait processing and interest on operat- to the construction of high-tensile can be placed outside the ing expenses. fences can be found in the SAF pen to attract the weanlings. FarmFact publication entitled Feed and Water Requirements “Fencing for Elk and Deer” 2. A swinging gate under (SUSDF0399). This publication which only the weanlings Feed is available at the SAF website or can pass is moved through a printed copy can be ordered. a pen to move the sows to The quality of feed and feeding another area. methods are important to produc- Handling Facilities 3. A mobile handling facility ing the type of lean meat desired The most common design is the with moveable panels can be by consumers. In general, wild arrangement of adjacent pens and used. This allows for easier boar are able to use lower-quality, shelters to facilitate moving the expansion of the facility or lower-priced feeds than other wild boar from pen-to-pen as the easy modification. domestic livestock. The ability of animals mature. In some cases, the wild boar to use lower-priced Equipment producers have used a spoked feedstuffs will partially compen- wheel design around an existing Equipment that may be required sate for their lower feed conver- barn or shed which is used to sort would include a feed mix mill, a sion rates. animals between pens and is also tractor with a front-end loader, Due to the lack of nutritional used as a sheltered area for half-ton pickup truck and stock research available on wild boar, the treatment of sick animals. During trailer. Many producers do not nutritional recommendations for mating season, each herd boar grind grain for rations, therefore domestic hogs are used as a guide- and his sows should be kept in do not require a mix mill. A line. It is expected that the daily separate pens to prevent the herd stock trailer may not be required requirements of wild boar will be boars from fighting with each if the producer rents a trailer or lower than that of domestic hogs other. (See Appendix III and IV hires a custom hauler to take because of their lower productivity animals to slaughter. for example designs of handling and slower growth rate. facilities.) Breeding Stock Purchases Sows during gestation and nursing If there are no existing facilities It is recommended that only full require more energy than feeders. available, a handling alley can be blood boars should be used as This is usually accomplished by incorporated into the pen ar- herd boars to ensure all offspring increasing the grain portion of the rangement to allow movement of will demonstrate wild boar feed ration during these stages.

10 Table 9: Feed Consumption per Animal such as barley, wheat, Water other grains, screenings LB KG Wild boar require a source of or pellets. This is Sow Ration clean water, especially during the supplemented by peas Days on ration 365 365 heat of summer. They will eat Grain per day 2 lb 0.91 kg and/or a good quality, snow during the winter, but this Hay per day 2 lb 0.91 kg high-protein legume would likely increase feed con- hay, usually alfalfa. sumption. Wild boar quickly learn Herd Boar Ration Many producers feed to use automatic watering bowls. Days on ration 365 365 whole grains with no Grain per day 2 lb 0.91 kg processing during the Hay per day 2 lb 0.91 kg Supplements growing stages. In- creased protein levels All wild boar will require vita- Creep Ration min, mineral and salt supplements Days on ration 60 60 are desirable during the Grain per day 0.035 lb 0.0161 kg finishing stages. A particularly during winter when Hay per day 0.035 lb 0.0161 kg minimum protein con- pasture is not available. Many tent of 14% is required producers use a commercially Growing Ration for finishing. This is prepared hog mineral premix to Days on ration 300 300 achieved through the supply the wild boar’s vitamin, Grain per day 1.8 lb 0.816 kg mineral and salt requirements. Peas per day 1.2 lb 0.544 kg use of high-protein Hay per day 1 lb 0.45 kg supplements or incor- Wages and Benefits poration of pulse crops. Finishing Ration The labour requirements for wild Days on ration 180 180 Table 9 shows the feed boar are low compared to other Grain per day 1.8 lb 0.816 kg consumption of the types of livestock, since the sows Peas per day 1.2 lb 0.544 kg sample wild boar farrow unattended. Estimated Hay per day 2 lb 0.91 kg enterprise used to wages are $20 per head per year Creep feeding of nursing piglets develop the financial projections for the breeding herd and $12 per with grain or a commercially in this publication. The feed use head for market wild boar. For prepared pig creep feed is desir- is based on estimates provided by hired labour, benefits are esti- able. producers. These are meant to be mated at an additional 14% of the cost of wages and would include The grower ration is energy dense used as guidelines only. As the Canada Pension Plan and Em- and fed until the animal reaches industry matures and more infor- ployment Insurance contributions. 110 lb (50 kg) (approximately 12 mation becomes available, rec- ommended feeding practices may months of age). The animals are Bedding slowly switched to a lower en- change. Bedding is required to keep wild ergy, higher protein finisher ration. Based on the estimated feed re- boar warm and dry especially in This will assist in the production quirements in Table 9, the amount the winter. Many producers use of the desired lean, dark-red meat. of feed required to finish wild boar grain straw. Farrowing sows The basic ingredient of a wild is summarized in Table 10. often make a nest in straw bales. boar ration is an energy source Table 10: Summary of Feed Requirements for Wild Boar. Grain (Barley) Peas Hay Sow/Boar ration 730 lb (331 kg) - 730 lb (331 kg) Creep ration 2.1 lb (0.96 kg) - 2.1 lb (0.96) Growing ration 540 lb (245 kg) 360 lb (163 kg) 300 lb (136 kg) Finishing ration 324 lb (147 kg) 216 lb (98 kg) 360 lb (163 kg)

11 Breeding Stock Purchases Veterinary Fees and Supplies Repair and Maintenance To prevent inbreeding, herd boars Veterinary supplies and services Repairs and maintenance is re- should be replaced as required. include deworming medication. quired for fences, handling facili- Culled sows can either be replaced ties, buildings and equipment. from gilts raised within the herd or Fuel and Oil purchased from a reputable Fuel and oil is required to pre- breeder. pare and distribute feed, and to transport animals. Table 11: Summary of the Capital and Operating Inputs for a Farrow-to-Finish Wild Boar Enterprise Capital Inputs Cost Land $100 - $600 / acre Pasture Improvement $30/ acre Fence $1.36 -$1.61 / foot (see Appendix II) Handling Facility $1,000 - $10,000 (depends on size of enterprise) Housing & Shelter $10 - $40 per sow Water trenching and other equipment $1,500 - $7,500 Feed Mixmill $7,000 - $20,000 Pickup Tuck (half-ton ton) $10,000 (used) - $40,000 (new) Stock Trailer $5,000 - $10,000 Tractor with loader $8,000 - $45,000 Breeding Stock market price (see Table 6) Miscellaneous varies with size of operation

Operating Inputs Costs/year Labour $20/ sow or herd boar; $10/ grower; $5/ finisher Feed- Hay ($50/ tonne) $16.55/ sow or herd boar (730 lb or 331 kg) (Peas $150/ tonne) $28.00/ finisher (540 lb or 245 kg) $6.70/ grower (300 lb or 136 kg) $8.00/ finisher (360 lb or 163 kg.)

- Grain(Barley $95/ tonne) $30.00/ sow or herd boar (730 lb or 331 kg) $47.00/ grower (900 lb or 408 kg)

- Total Feed Cost $46.55/ sow or herd boar $53.70/ grower $36.00/ finisher Bedding Straw ($20/ tonne) $5/ sow; $2/ feeder Livestock/Breeding Stock Purchases market price (see Table 6) Veterinary Fees & Supplies $3/ sow or herd boar; $2/ grower; $1/ finisher Repairs and Maintenance varies with size of operation Gas, Fuel & Oil $2/ sow or herd boar; $1/ grower; $1/ finisher Utilities $5/ sow or herd boar; $2/ grower; $2/ finisher Insurance 1.5% of value of herd Marketing & Transportation $5/ sow or herd boar; $10 -$20 / finished boar Death Loss 10% pre-weaning; 2% for all others Slaughter/Processing & Packaging $40 -$100 / head Property Taxes $4 - $5 / acre Miscellaneous varies with size of operation

12 Utilities Death Loss PROJECTED Utilities include the cost of As long as breeding stock is FINANCIAL telephone (for marketing and culled in to retain the most STATEMENTS purchasing breeding stock), productive animals, death loss A complete set of financial state- electricity (electrified fences), after six months of age should ments are provided in Appendix I water supply and heating water- be minimal. and show an example of the ex- ing bowls. Slaughtering and Processing pected financial results of a far- Insurance Costs row-to-finish wild boar enterprise that is initially established with 15 Insurance is carried on both Currently, producers are respon- bred sows and one herd boar. breeding stock and market sible for the slaughter, process- animals. The insurance cost is ing, , wrapping and The purpose of this financial 1.5% of the insured value, and further-processing of their meat model is to provide information to covers animals for death by products. potential producers who may be transportation accident, fire, interested in establishing a wild lightning, theft, death by wild Property Taxes boar enterprise. This model identi- animal, shooting, smoke, wind, Property taxes are paid on a per fies the resources to be used and hail, flood, explosion and air- acre basis. includes a financial analysis that craft. Insurance could also be demonstrates an approach to carried on the buildings and Miscellaneous Costs determining cash flow require- facilities. Miscellaneous costs would ments and profitability. include business expenses such Marketing and Transportation as accounting fees. SUMMARY OF The cost of marketing and ASSUMPTIONS transportation is higher for wild Operating Interest The reader is cautioned that boar than traditional livestock Operating interest is calculated some of the assumptions made, due to the lack of a formal on average cash costs during the while reasonable, may prove to market structure. Marketing year. be incorrect as more informa- costs would include advertising, INCOME tion becomes available on wild market investigation, distribu- boar production. The prices tion and transport to market. The source of revenue in a wild used are representative of mar- These costs may vary greatly boar enterprise will be mainly ket conditions at the time of from enterprise to enterprise, the sale of finished animals and/ publication, and are not meant depending on membership in or meat products, but income to predict future prices. Many of cooperatives, the markets being can also be made from the sale the assumptions are based on serviced and the distance to of breeding stock or the sale of information provided by existing slaughter facilities and con- boars to harvest preserves. producers. sumer. The following assumptions were used when creating these financial statements: 1. It is assumed that in Year 1 of these fiscal projections, the owner has decided to establish a 30-sow farrow-to-finish wild boar enterprise. The total

13 initial investment in the enter- 4. The price of livestock is based 11. The meat animals are mar- prise is $73,000 for breeding on information provided by keted at a live weight of 86 kg stock, land and improvements, surveying existing producers (190-240 pounds) or dressed facilities and equipment. The (Table 6). Bred sows are weight of 50 kg (110-150 amount of equity at the start of valued at $500 and herd boars pounds). The average price the project is $25,000. The at $800 each. The projections received is $250-300 per balance of capital of $48,000 in this analysis are based market animal (200 pounds ´ is borrowed at the start of the solely on the sale of meat $1.25 per pound live weight). project and repaid at 9% over animals. Livestock market It costs an additional $70 per 10 years. values are held constant animal for slaughter, process- 2. Capital purchases in Year 1 through the 10-year analysis. ing and packaging if produc- include: breeding stock 5. Fencing, pens, housing and ers market meat animals by $16,600; fencing $6,452; shelter are constructed as farmgate sales. Culled sows handling facilities $2,500; described in the plan in Ap- and boars are sold 90% of the water supply $5,000; pasture pendix III. Fencing costs of meat price. purchase and land improve- $6,452 include 4,475 feet of ments (i.e. seeding forage and page wire fence. Housing INCOME AND COST fertilizing) $4,950; trailer consists of bales for shelters. SUMMARY $7,500; a used tractor and 6. In Year 1, equipment is pur- Table 12 provides a summary of loader $15,000; and a used chased used. The stock trailer, the average income and costs for half-ton truck $5,000. tractor, loader and truck are a 30-sow farrow-to-finish wild 3. The breeding herd consists of valued at $37,500 in total. boar enterprise based on the 30 bred sows and two herd 7. The sow-to-boar ratio is 15:1. analysis provided in Appendix I. boars. The sows will each 8. Stocking rate for the breeding Table 13 is a summary of the have one litter in the year they herd is half an acre per sow. projected cash flow and income are purchased and two litters 9. Feed use is based on estimates statement for the wild boar enter- per year thereafter. The far- prise provided in Appendix I. rowing rate is five per litter. provided by producers and Beginning in Year 2, the herd listed in Table 4. For this Table 14 identifies the present will be in full production and example, it is assumed that value of the net income. It is produce 300 offspring each male and female feeders will important to note that in year. Death losses are 10% consume the same amount of analyzing a proposed enterprise, prior to weaning and 2% after feed and that they will finish the present value of future in- weaning. Starting in Year 2, in 18 months. come is a significant measure- 20% of the sows are culled 10. An operating loan will be ment. If a proposed enterprise has each year and herd boars are required in Year 1, Year 2 and a present value of net income that replaced every five years. All Year 3. is less than the equity investment, breeding stock replacements are purchased from other Table 12: Average Income and Cost Summary of an Established producers to enhance the 30-Sow Farrow-to-Finish Wild Boar Enterprise. genetics of the herd. All wild Total Amount boar produced are finished Total Cash Income $66,675 and marketed for meat, hunt - Total Cash Costs $39,512 and, starting in Year 8, breed- = Net Cash Income $27,163 ing stock markets. + Inventory Change ($494) - Depreciation (facilities & equipment $2,723 = Return to Investment and Management $23,946

14 Table 13: Projected Cash Flow and Income. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Net Cash Flow from Production ($36,465) ($37,822) $21,669 $21,669 $20,515 $21,669 $21,669 $27,221 $26,067 $27,221 Accumulated Cash ($12,480) ($54,830) ($36,146) ($15,780) $4,735 $26,403 $48,072 $75,292 $101,359 $128,580 Accrued Net Income $14,003) $17,893 $19,667 $22,109 $23,013 $24,934 $25,720 $32,083 $31,772 $33,607

it should be rejected. A present Sensitivity Analysis: Market the market value of the animals will value of net income that is greater Price Assumptions have the largest impact on the profit- than the equity invested would The production technology and cost ability of a wild boar enterprise. reflect a net increase in equity of of inputs for wild boar production Therefore, the sensitivity analysis the terms of the analysis. may vary from year to year, but the evaluates the impact of the following overall impact of these items on the changes in market values on the net profitability of the wild boar enter- income, net income statement and the prise will be small. The variability in balance sheet (Table 15).

Table 14: Present Value of Net Income. Net present value of cash flow less initial investment $34,093 Internal rate of return 18.77%

Table 15: Sensitivity Anaylsis Market Prices drop by 2%/yr Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Yearly Cashflow -$12,394 -$35,419 $4,320 $3,679 $1,760 $2,015 $1,136 $177 -$1,926 -$2,103 Accumualted Cashflow -$12,394 -$47,814 -$43,493 -$39,815 -$38,054 -$36,039 -$34,903 -$34,726 -$36,652 -$38,755 Beginning Balance $25,000 NPV ($13, 90) IRR -2.81% Net Cash Income -$31,559 -$31,403 $8,698 $8,451 $6,962 $7,685 $7,316 $6,913 $5,417 $5,900 Net Accrual Income -$14,698 $10,306 $3,895 $4,051 $2,937 $4,009 $3,965 $3,867 $2,659 $3,416

Total Assets $79,703 $121,050 $115,852 $111,023 $106,530 $102,343 $98,436 $94,785 $91,366 $88,162 Total Net Worth $10,302 $20,608 $24,502 $28,554 $31,491 $35,499 $39,464 $43,332 $45,991 $49,407

Market Prices 90% of expected Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Yearly Cashflow -$12,468 -$35,354 $1,136 $1,238 $217 $1,370 $1,493 $1,627 $641 $1,831 Accumualted Cashflow -$12,468 -$47,822 -$46,686 -$45,447 -$45,230 -$43,860 -$42,367 -$40,740 -$40,099 -$38,268 Beginning Cash Balance $25,000 NPV ($12,660) IRR -1.47%

Net Cash Income -$31,633 -$31,338 $5,514 $6,011 $5,419 $7,039 $7,673 $8,363 $7,983 $9,834 Net Accrual Income -$15,724 $5,478 $2,143 $3,015 $2,770 $4,711 $5,643 $6,613 $6,495 $8,594

Total Assets $78,750 $115,204 $111,438 $108,013 $104,895 $102,057 $99,471 $97,114 $94,964 $93,003 Total Net Worth $9,276 $14,753 $16,896 $19,911 $22,680 $27,391 $33,034 $39,647 $46,142 $54,735

15 Appendix I: Projected Financial Statements Production Information Capital Purchases Unit Sample Budget Amount Cost Year 1 Yr 2-10 Land/pasture (acres) 15 $300.00 $4,500 Pasture/Land Improvement (per acre) 15 $30.00 $450 Fence Wire Mesh (feet) (w/apron) 4540 $1.36 $6,174 Fence Wire Mesh (feet) (w/o apron) 2010 $1.00 $2,010 Handling Faclities 1 $2,500.00 $2,500 Water & Trenching 1 $5,000.00 $5,000 Machinery & Equipment: 1/2 ton truck (enterprise share) 1 $5,000.00 $5,000 Stock Trailer 1 $7,500.00 $7,500 Tractor with loader (enterprise share) 1 $15,000.00 $15,000 Feed mixmill 1 $10,000.00 $10,000 Total Capital Investment $58,134 Breeding Stock: Sows (buy 3 replacement sows/yr) 30 $500.00 $15,000 $1,500 Boars (replace herd boars in year 5 and year 9) 2 $800.00 $1,600 $1,600 Total Livestock Investment $16,600

Number Unit Sample Budget Operating Expenses of head Cost Year 1-2 Yr 3-10 Vet & med (per sow) 30 $12.00 $360 $360 Repairs and maintenance (per sow) 30 $10.00 $300 $300 Gas, fuel & oil (per sow) 30 $18.00 $540 $540 Utilities (per sow) 30 $10.00 $300 $300 Housing, Shelter and Bedding (per sow) 30 $20.00 $600 $750 Miscellaneous (per sow) 30 $10.00 $300 $300 Marketing & Transportation (per hog sold) 201 $2.00 $6 $402 Property Taxes (per acre) 15 $4.50 $68 $68 Insurance (coverage level) $25,000 $0.005 $125 $125 Labour (operator) 30 $150.00 $4,500 $4,500

Feed Costs Unit Sow Feed Ration (per sow/boar)Lbs/day: Amount Cost Year 1 Year 2 Year 3-10 Hay/alfalfa 2 $0.02 $269 $530 $530 Grain 2 $0.04 $493 $973 $973 Supplement 0 $0.18 $0 $0 $0 Salt/mineral premix 0.07 $0.36 $150 $297 $297 Total/yr $912 $1,800 $1,800 Grower Feed Ration (per grower) Lbs/day: Hay/alfalfa 1 $0.02 $173 $1,052 $1,381 Grain (60% barley 40% pea blend) 3.00 $0.05 $1,181 $7,189 $9,440 Supplement $0.18 $0 $0 $0 Salt/mineral premix 0.07 $0.36 $194 $1,178 $1,547 Creep feed 0.07 $0.03 $20 $32 $32 Total/yr $1,567 $9,451 $12,399 Finisher Feed Ration (per fininsher) Lbs/day: Hay/alfalfa 2 0.02 $0 $691 $1,657 Grain 3 $0.05 $0 $2,362 $5,664 Supplement $0.18 $0 $0 $0 Salt/mineral premix 0.07 $0.36 $0 $387 $928 Total/yr $0 $3,441 $8,249 Value Pricing/Marketing Information Amount Per head Year 1 Year 2 Year 3-10 Finished Market hog (meat) 99 $250.00 $0 $0 $24,750 Finished Market hog (hunt) 99 $250.00 $0 $0 $24,750 Feeder Sales 0 $150.00 $0 $0 $0 Breeder Sales (gilts) 0 $400.00 $0 $0 $0 Breeder Sales (boars) 0 $800.00 $0 $0 $0 Culls 3 $225.00 $675 $675 $675 Market Livestock Inventory (as of Dec 31): 4 month old weanlings (inventory) 127 $75.00 $9,525 $9,525 $9,525 11 month old feeders (inventory) 76 $200.00 $0 $15,200 $15,200 16 month old feeders (inventory) 127 $250.00 $0 $31,750 $31,750 Death loss: Pre-weaning 10% Post-weaning 2% Other Information Producer capital invested $25,000 Land & Equipment Loan required $39,384 Livestock Loan $16,600 Interest rate 9% Loan term (years) 10 Land/equip Loan Payment (P + I) $6,137 Livestock Loan Payment (P+I) $2,587 16 ear 10 Y ear 9 Y ear 8 Y ear 7 Y ear 6 Y ear 5 Y ear 4 Y ear 3 Y ear 2 Y ear 1 Y Annual Cash Flow Summary Cash Inflows Market hog sales (meat)Market hog sales (hunt)Feeder salesBreeder salesCull sales $0Loan Proceeds $0 Cash InflowsTotal $0Cash OutFlows $0 $24,750Capital purchases $56,659 $24,750 $24,750Livestock purchases $0 $55,984 $0 $24,750Sow/boar feed costs $24,750 $675Grower feed costs $675 $24,750 $24,750Finisher feed costs $50,175 $0 $58,134 $0 $24,750 $16,600 $24,750 $0 med & Vet $50,175 $675 $24,750 $24,750Repairs and maintenance $1,500 $50,625 $912Gas, fuel & oil $24,750 $24,750 $0 $0 $1,567 $0 $675 $50,175 $1,500Housing, Shelter and Bedding $0 $24,750 $1,800 $24,750 $300Utilities $50,175 $600 $9,451 $24,750 $1,500 $0Insurance $1,800 $675 $50,175 $0 $12,399 $0 $0Marketing & Transportation $0 $3,100 $300 $3,441 $750 $1,800 $50,625 $1,125 $12,399Property Taxes $360 $50,175 $1,500Miscellaneous $12,399 $8,249 $1,800 $540 $300 $0 $0 $0 $750 $0Labour (operator) $675 $0 $12,399 $1,500 $360Livestock Loan Payments: $8,249 $1,800 $12,399 $540 $300Interest Portion $750 $1,500 $675 $8,249 $1,800 $0 $6 $12,399Principle Portion $0 $0 $360 $0 $300Land/Equip Loan Payments: $3,100 $540 $125 $12,399 $300 $8,249 $1,800 $750 $675 $68 $4,500Interest Portion $402 $12,399 $300 $360 $1,500 $300Principle Portion $0 $8,249 $1,800 $0 $0 $540 $1,125 $125 $4,500 $300 $0 $750 Cash OutflowsTotal $68 $1,494 $402 $8,249 $1,800 $300 $360 $1,093 $4,500 $300 $540 $675 $125 $300Beg of year cash balance $1,396 $0 $750 $0 $8,249 $0 $1,191 $4,500 $0 $406 $93,030Net cash flow for year $300 $68 $360 $3,545 $300 $1,288 $25,000 $540Net balance $2,592 $125 $8,249 $32,163 $300 $1,298 $4,500 $750 -$12,394Operating loan required -$36,371 $402 $3,311 $0 $40,316 $300 $360 $0 $1,172 $0 $2,826 $300 $68 -$47,832Operating loan interest $0 $1,415 -$31,488 $4,500 $540 $125 $300 $40,316 $750 Cash Balance $3,057 -$41,391End of Year $1,044 $11,371 $3,080 $402 -$12,394 $1,542 $300 $9,859 $360 $4,500 -$34,370 $41,920 $300 $0 -$47,832 $43,882 $2,780 $540 $68 $125 $0 $0 $300 -$27,975NPV $3,357 $1,023 $0 $750 $40,316 $1,681 $9,859 $4,500 -$41,391 $905 $402 $37,973 -$19,747IRR -$11,371 $300 $360 $2,478 $40,316 $300 -$34,370 $3,659 $3,949 $540 -$10,779 $125 -$43,882 $31,532 $1,832 $8,705 $4,500 $68 -$27,975 $40,316 $0 $754 $2,148 -$37,973 $406 -$1,003 $25,666 $300 $360 $3,989 $3,418 -$19,747 $1,997 $300 $9,859 $4,500 $41,920 -$31,532 $540 $125 -$10,779 $1,789 $18,117 -$25,666 $7,701 $4,348 $2,838 $68 $589 $40,316 $402 $2,177 $9,859 $300 -$1,003 -$18,117 $300 $9,889 $1,398 $125 $4,739 $2,310 $2,373 $9,859 -$9,889 $410 $7,701 $68 $300 $300 $5,165 $1,631 $45,586 $920 $972 $17,560 $8,705 $125 -$920 13.12% $214 $5,630 $300 $9,859 $68 $890 $507 $7,701 $0 $17,560 $68 $83 $0 $0 $0

17 $0 $0 ear 10 $4,500 Y $56,475 $0 ear 9 Y $4,500 $5,630 $56,475 ear 8 $920 $0 $0 $972 $507 $0 Y $4,500 $5,165 $2,373 $56,475 ear 7 $890 $83 $0 $0 Y $4,500 $4,739 $4,550 $56,475 ear 6 Y $4,500 $4,348 $6,547 $56,475 ear 5 $905 $754 $589 $410 $214 $0 Y $4,500 $3,989 $8,380 $56,475 ear 4 Y $4,500 $3,659 $56,475 $10,061 ear 3 1,603 Y $4,500 $3,357 $1 $56,475 ear 2 Y $4,500 $3,080 $56,475 $13,018 ear 1 1,371 $43,882 $37,973 $31,532 $25,666 $18,117 $9,889 Y $3,311 $3,057 $2,780 $2,478 $2,148 $1,789 $1,398 $9,525 $4,500 $2,826 $1,023 $3,949$1,396$1,191 $3,418 $1,288 $1,298 $2,838 $1,172 $1,415 $2,310 $1,044 $1,542 $1,631 $1,681 $1,832 $1,997 $2,177 $2,373 $0 $21,118 $56,555 $50,114 $43,094 $36,699 $28,471 $19,502 $9,727 $8,723 $0 $14,316 $16,600$33,750 $16,600$15,328 $30,375 $16,600 $14,561 $27,338 $16,600 $13,833 $24,604 $16,600 $13,142 $22,143 $16,600 $12,484 $19,929 $16,600 $11,860 $17,936 $16,600 $16,143 $11,267 $16,600 $16,600 $10,704 $14,528 $13,075 $10,169 $9,660 $70,178 $66,036 $62,271 $58,845 $55,728 $52,889 $50,303 $47,946 $45,797 $43,836 $33,967 $30,887$48,283 $27,530 $43,905 $23,870$69,401 $39,133 $19,882 $100,460 $33,931 $15,534 $89,247 $28,262 $10,795 $77,025 $22,082 $64,961 $5,630 $15,346 $50,553 $8,003 $34,848 $0 $17,730 $8,723 $0 $0 $0 $0 Beg. ear 1 Y $25,000 $9,525 $56,475 $56,475 $56,475 $56,475 $56,475 $56,475 $56,475 $64,176 $74,035 $25,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $7,701 $17,560 $25,000 $79,703 $122,511 $118,746 $115,320 $112,203 $109,364 $106,778 $104,421 $109,973 $117,870 $25,000 $79,703 $122,511 $118,746 $115,320 $112,203 $109,364 $106,778 $104,421 $109,973 $117,870 Ending Net Worth Statement Summary Ending Net Worth Assets Total Current Assets Current Total Long Term Assets Long Term Breeding Stock Machinery Buildings and improvements Land Current Assets Cash on hand Market livestock inventory Total Long Term Assets Long Term Total Assets Total $0 Operating loan interest O/S Livestock Loan Payment: Interest Portion Principle Portion Land/Equip Loan Payment: Interest Portion Principle Portion Liablities Current Liablities Operating loan $1 Total Current Liablities Current Total Liablities Long Term Land/Equipment Loan $0 Livestock Loan Liablities Long Term Total LiablitiesTotal $0 WorthNet NW + Liablities Total $0 $25,000 $10,302 $22,051 $29,499 $38,295 $47,242 $58,812 $71,930 $86,691 $101,250 $117,870

18

$214

$675

ear 10 ear

Y

$410

ear 9 ear

$1,125

Y

$589

$675

ear 8 ear

Y

$754

$675

ear 7 ear

Y

$905

$675

ear 6 ear

Y

ear 5 ear

$1,044

$1,125

Y

$675

ear 4 ear

$1,172

Y

$675

ear 3 ear

$1,288

Y

$675

ear 2 ear

$1,396

Y

$675 $675 $50,175 $50,175 $50,625 $50,175 $50,175 $50,175 $50,625 $50,175

$675

ear 1 ear

$1,494

Y

Net Accural Income Accural Net -$14,698 $11,749 $7,447 $8,797 $8,947 $11,569 $13,119 $14,761 $14,558 $16,621

- Depreciation - $4,557 $4,141 $3,766 $3,425 $3,117 $2,839 $2,586 $2,357 $2,149 $1,961

- Accrued Interest Accrued - $4,707 -$361 -$394 -$429 -$468 -$510 -$556 -$606 -$661 -$720

+ Livestock Inventory Adjustment$26,125 Inventory Livestock + $46,950 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Accrual Adjustments: Accrual

Net Cash Income Cash Net -$31,559 -$31,421 $10,819 $11,793 $11,596 $13,898 $15,148 $16,512 $16,047 $17,862

Total Expenses Total $32,234 $32,096 $39,356 $38,382 $39,029 $36,277 $35,027 $33,663 $34,578 $32,313

Livestock Loan Interest Loan Livestock

Land/Equip Loan Interest Loan Land/Equip $3,545 $3,311 $3,057 $2,780 $2,478 $2,148 $1,789 $1,398 $972 $507

Operating Loan Interest Loan Operating $1,023 $3,949 $3,418 $2,838 $2,310 $1,631 $890 $83 $0 $0

Labour $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500

Miscellaneous $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300

Property Taxes Property $68 $68 $68 $68 $68 $68 $68 $68 $68 $68

Marketing & Transportation & Marketing $0 $6 $402 $402 $406 $402 $402 $402 $406 $402

Insurance $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125

Utilities $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300

Gas, fuel & oil & fuel Gas, $540 $540 $540 $540 $540 $540 $540 $540 $540 $540

Housing, Shelter and Bedding and Shelter Housing, $600 $750 $750 $750 $750 $750 $750 $750 $750 $750

Repairs and maintenance and Repairs $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300

Vet & med & Vet $360 $360 $360 $360 $360 $360 $360 $360 $360 $360

Finisher feed costs feed Finisher $0 $3,441 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249 $8,249

Grower feed costs feed Grower $1,567 $9,451 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399 $12,399

Sow/boar feed costs feed Sow/boar $912 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800 $1,800

Livestock Purchases Livestock $16,600 $1,500 $1,500 $1,500 $3,100 $1,500 $1,500 $1,500 $3,100 $1,500

Expenses

Gross Sales Gross

Cull Sales Cull

Breeder sales Breeder $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Feeder sales Feeder $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Market hog sales (hunt) sales hog Market $0 $0 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750

Market hog sales (meat) sales hog Market $0 $0 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750 $24,750

Income Net Income Summary Income Net

19 Appendix II: Wild Boar Fence Costs (per 1,000 feet of fence) Wire Mesh (diagram A ) Item Amount Unit Cost Total Cost Posts (3-4"diam. x 7') every 16' 65 $ 3.50 $ 227.50 Wire mesh (6" spacing x 4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.54 $ 540.00 Wire mesh containment apron (4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.36 $ 360.00 Staples (lb) 10 $ 1.20 $ 12.00 Rental of post pounder (hrs.) 2.5 $ 10.00 $ 25.00 Labour (hrs.) 20 $ 10.00 $ 200.00 Total $ 1,364.50 Cost per foot $ 1.36

Wire Mesh - Barbed Wire Combination (diagram B ) Item Amount Unit Cost Total Cost Posts (3-4"diam. x 7') every 16' 65 $ 3.50 $ 227.50 Wire mesh (6" spacing x 4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.54 $ 540.00 Wire mesh containment apron (4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.36 $ 360.00 Barbed wire, single strand (ft.) at 8" 1,000 $ 0.02 $ 20.00 Staples (lb) 10 $ 1.20 $ 12.00 Rental of post pounder (hrs.) 2.5 $ 10.00 $ 25.00 Labour (hrs.) 21 $ 10.00 $ 210.00 Total $ 1,394.5 Cost per foot $ 1.39

Wire Mesh - Electric Wire Combination (diagram C ) Item Amount Unit Cost Total Cost Posts (3-4"diam. x 7') every 16' 65 $ 3.50 $ 227.50 Wire mesh (6" spacing x 4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.54 $ 540.00 Wire mesh containment apron (4') (ft.) 1,000 $ 0.36 $ 360.00 Electric wire, 2 strands (ft.) at 8" and 16" 2,000 $ 0.02 $ 40.00 Electric fence energizer 1 $ 175.00 $ 175.00 Insulators 130 $ 0.13 $ 16.90 Staples (lb) 10 $ 1.20 $ 12.00 Rental of post pounder (hrs.) 2.5 $ 10.00 $ 25.00 Labour (hrs.) 21 $ 10.00 $ 210.00 Total $ 1,606.40 Cost per foot $ 1.61

A Wire Mesh only B Wire Mesh / Barbed C Wire Mesh / Electric

16 feet (5m) max.

1 foot 4 feet (0.30m) (1.2m) Barbed Electric 1½ feet wire at wires at (0.45m) 8 inches 8 inches & 1½ feet 16 inches (0.45m)

20 Appendix III: Pasture and Housing Plan Used in the Projected Financial Statements (30-Sow Farrow-to-Finish Enterprise)

550 feet 550 feet

Pasture: 7½ acres Pasture: 7½ acres 15 breeding sows 15 breeding sows 1 herd boar 1 herd boar

600 feet 600 feet

Handling Barn (24' × 24' pole shed) × 2 Holding Pen (75' 135'), 250 ft /pig 4 5 Breeding Boars Alley to handling barn Finishing Pen (75' × 135'), 100 ft2/pig 3 5 Finishers (12 months to 18 months) Holding Pen (75' × 135'), Market Ready Boars, presorted × 2 Finishing Pen (75' 135'), 50 ft /pig 2 4 Growers (6 months to 12 months)

Holding Pen (75' × 135'), 1 1 Breeding Boars

Approximate Fence Costs Total Wire mesh fence, perimeter (with containment apron) 4,540 feet $1.36 / foot $6,174 Wire mesh fence 2,010 feet $1.00 / foot $2,010 Total Fence Costs: $8,184

Approximate Housing / Shelter Costs Straw bales 20 $20 / bale $400 Pole shed (24' x 24') 1 $2,000 $2,000 Total Housing / Shelter Costs: $2,400 Total Cost: $10,584

Note: Ideally, breeding should not be adjacent. Male feeders (uncastrated) over six months of age must be at least 20 to 30 feet from females over six months of age or a four foot high visible barrier fence must be used to separate the males and females. A secure holding area for the breeding boars is also needed. Holding pens for pre-sorted market-ready pigs are a useful management tool.

21 Appendix IV: Example Handling Facilities (system examples provided by the Western Canadian Wild Boar Association)

sorting alley (18" - 24" wide)

holding area

scale swing gate (16')

directing alley (and temporary holding area) area

loading chute 1

gate (to shipping area) return gate (to farrowing pen) scale (2' × 4 '× 5' high)

sorting pen alley from pens (6' × 6 '× 8' high) return gate (to original pen)

2

gate (to breeding pen)

pen B waterer

pen A swing gate (20')

temporary

drive entry holding area swing gate (8') holding area

swing gate (3') 3 pen C pen D waterer

22 Appendix V: Pork Skeletal Chart Location, Structure and Name of Bones

HIND FOOT BONES HOCK JOINT

AITCH BONE HIND SHANK BONES PELVIC BONE { HIP BONE tibia fibula TAIL BONES STIFLE JOINT caudal vertebrae (4) KNEE CAP BACK BONE patella sacral vertebrae (4) LEG BONE CHINE BONE femur bodies of cervical thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae RIB CARTILAGES BACK BONE costal cartilages lumbar vertebrae (7)

FEATHER BONES RIB BONES spinous processes

BACK BONE BREAST BONE thoracic vertebrae (14) sternum

BLADE BONE CARTILAGE ELBOW BONE ulna BLADE BONE FORE SHANK BONES scapula ulna radius RIDGE OF BLADE BONE FORE FOOT BONES NECK BONE cervical vertebrae (7) ARM BONE ATLAS BONE humerus

This diagram is not specifically wild boar but rather domestic swine. The assumption is that the two should be very similar. (Source: USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications, Series 400. June 1997)

23 Appendix VI: Associations, References and Information Sources

Associations References Information Sources Western Canadian Wild Boar Pigs, Wild and Tame Regional Rural Service Centres Association Alice L. Hopf Saskatchewan Agriculture and Barry Olsen - President Holiday House Press Food Box 8, Site 204, RR#1 New York, USA Livestock Development Branch New Sarepta, AB T0B 3M0 Pigs, A Handbook to the Breeds Saskatchewan Agriculture and Telephone: (780) 941-2425 of the World Food Valerie Porter Marketing Groups Canadian On-Farm Food Safety Cornell University Press Program Canadian Classic Wild Boar Sage House, 512 East State Street Suite 1101, 75 Albert Street Co-operative Ltd. Ithacer, New York, 14850, USA Carson Richardson - President Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7 (752-3427) Wild Boars Telephone: (613) 236-6659 Box 149 Darrel Nicholson Facsimile: (613) 236-6165 Ridgedale, SK S0E 1L0 Carolrhoda Books, Inc. Telephone: (306) 277-2077 Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Facsimile: (306) 277-4419 “The Wrangler”, newsletter Canadian Shield Wild Boar Canadian Classic Wild Boar Co-op Slawko Kindrachuk - Chair “Wild Boar Banner”, newsletter 310 Lake Crescent Western Canadian Wild Boar Saskatoon, SK S7H 3A2 Association Telephone: (306) 653-1733 Facsimile: (306) 653-1733

24 Revised July 2001 1M ISBN 0-88656-641 0032