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Science Indicators: the 1985 Report. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C

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Science Indicators: the 1985 Report. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C DOCUMENT RESUME ED 266 043 SE 046 443 TITLE Science Indicators: The 1985 Report. INSTITUTION National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. National Science Board. REPORT NO NSB-85-1 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 333p.; Pages 186-301 are printed on colored stock. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (Stock No. 038-000-00563-4). PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) -- Statistical Data (110) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC14 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Annual Reports; Elementary Secondary Education; *Engineering; Expenditures; Federal Aid; Higher Education; Industry; Instrumentation; International Relations; International Trade; Mathematics Education; *Public Opinion; *Research and Development; School Business Relationship; *Science Education; *Sciences; Scientific Personnel; Scientific Research; State of the Art Reviews; *Technology IDENTIFIERS National Science Foundation; *Science Indicators ABSTRACT This report provides basic information on patterns and trends of research and development (R&D) performance in the United States itself and in relation to other countries,as well as data on public attitudes toward science and technology. Major areas addressed in the report's eight chapters include (1) the international science and technology system; (2) support for U.S. R&D; (3) science and engineering personnel; (4) industrial science and technology (examining scientists and engineers in industry, expenditures for R&D in U.S. industry, patented inventions, and university-industry cooperation in science and technology; (5) academic science and engineering (student enrollment and support, faculty roles, academic R&D, the supporting infrasructure, and other areas); (6) precollege science and mathematics education (considering student achievement, scholastic aptitude, top test scores, undergraduate student quality, courses and enrollment, international comparisons, and teachers of science and mathematics); (7) public attitudes toward science and technology; and (8) advances in science and engineering. This last chapter explores the role of sophisticated instrumentation in advancing scientific knowledge. It coLtains five case studies dealing with lasers, spectroscopy, superconductivity, monoclonal antibodies, and advanced scientific computing. (Detailed statistical tables are included in an appendix.) (JN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** US. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION a EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization II a onginating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this docui mani do not necessarily represent official ME pontoon or policy. c" "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY *re.' .1'14 11\Fibetna 6denCe.- 'n41, Foundation 4,r4 TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) ARD 2 NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD ROLAND W SCHMITT (Chairman, National Science ROBERT F. GILKESON, Chairman of the Executive Com- Board), Senior Vice President, Corporate Research mittee, Philadelphia Electric Company and Development, General Electric Company MARY L. GOOD, President and Director of Research, CHARLES E. HESS (Vice Chairman, National Science Signal Research Center, Inc. Board), Dean, College of Agricultural and Environ- CHARLES L. HOSLER, Vice President for Research mental Sciences, University of California at Davis and Dean of Graduate School, The Pennsylvania State University PETER D. LAX, Professor of Mathematics and Director, Courant Mathematics and Computing Laboratory, New York University PERRY L ADKISSON, Deputy Chancellor, The Texas K. JUNE LINDSTEDT-SIVA, Manager, Environmental A&M University System Sciences, Atlantic Richfield Company ANNELISE G. ANDERSON, Senior Research Fellow, WILLIAM F. MILLER, President and Chief Executive Hoover Institution, Stanford University Officer, SRI International WARREN J. BAKER, President, California Polytechnic State HOMER A. NEAL, Provost, State University of New York University, San Luis Obispo at Stony Brook JAY V. BECK, Professor Emeritus of Microbiology, Brigham WILLIAM A. NIERENBERG, Director, Scripps Institution Young University of Oceanography, University of California at San CRAIG C. BLACK, Director, Los Angeles County Mu- Diego seum of Natural History MARY JANE OSBORN, Professor and Head, Department ERICH BLOCH (ex officio), Director, Nauonal Science of Microbiology, University of Connecticut Health Foundation Center RITA R. COLWELL, Vice President for Academic Affairs, SIMON RAMO, Director, TRW, Inc. University of Maryland NORMAN C. RASMUSSEN, McAfee Professor of Engineer- THOMAS B. DAY, President, San Diego State University ing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JAMES j. DUDERSTADT, Dean, College of Engineering, DONALD B. RICE, President, The Rand Corporation The University of Michigan STUART A. RICE, Dean of the Division of Physical Sci- PETER T. FLAWN, President Emeritus, University of ences, The James Franck Institute, University of Texas at Austin, and Vice Chairman, Rust Group, Inc. Chicago THOMAS UBOIS, Executive Officer National Science Board Committeeon Science Indicators John H. Moore,Chairman,Associate Director and Senior Fellow, The Hoover institution, Stanford University (Through June 20, 1985. Currently Deputy Director, National Science Foundation) Jay V. Beck, Professor Emeritus of Microbiology, Brigham Young University Robert Gilkeson, Chairman of the Executive Committee, Philadelphia Electric Company Peter D. Lax, Professor of Mathematics and Director, Courant Mathematics and Computing Laboratory, New York University K. June Lindstedt-Siva, Manager, Environmental Sciences, Atlantic Richfield Company Letter of Transmittal November 22, 1985 My Dear Mr. President: In accordance with Sec. 4(j) (1) of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended, it is my honor to transmit toyou, and through you to the Congress, the seventh in the series of biennial Science Indica- tors reports. These reports are designed to displaya broad base of quantitative information about U.S. science, engineering and technologyto assist national policy makers in their decisions about how bestto allocate scarce resources to these activities. The critical contributions of research and advanced technology devel- opment to ou, international economic competitiveness and to our national security have received clear recognition from both Government and industry in recent years. The analyses in this report track these and related develop- ments in some detail, thereby contributing to better understanding of the scientific and technological enterprise. Like its predecessors, this report provides basic informationon pat- terns and trends of R&D support and performance in the U.S. itself and in relation to other countries, as wellas data on public attitudes toward science and technology. This report breaksnew ground with chapters on science and mathematics education at the pre-college level andon the role of instrumentation in scientific advance. I hope that this report will be of value toyour Administration, to the Committees of Congress, and to the science and technology policy and research communities. Respectfully yours, Roland W. Schmitt Chairman. IN:ational Science Board The Honorable The President of the United States The White House Washington, D. C. 20500 4 Contents Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL iii INTRODUCTION ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi OVERVIEW xiii CHAPTER 1. THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM Highlights The U.S. Position in the International Science and Technology System 4 Resources Devoted to the Science and Technology System 4 The Outputs of Science and Technology 7 Scientific Literature Patents 7 Productivity 8 Commercial Technology in the Western Economic System 9 The International Diffusion of Commercial Technology 10 Trade in High-Technology Products 10 Direct Investment Overseas 12 License Fees and Payments 12 International Diffusion of Technology: The Alternatives 13 International Patterns of Specialization in Commercial Science and Technology 15 National Emphasis in Commercial Science and Technology 15 The Interactions of International Science and Engineering 17 Support for Research 17 International Study and Academic Exchange 18 Foreign Students 18 International Scientific Exchange 20 International Communication and Cooperation in Science 22 Overview 24 References 26 CHAPTER2.SUPPORT FOR U.S. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Highlights 30 National Expenditures for Research and Development 31 Sources of Support for Research and Development 33 Performers of Research and Development 35 Character of Research and Development 36 Trends in Federal Support for Research and Development 37 Federal Outlays for Research and Development 37 Functional Areas of Federal R&D Funding 38 National Defense 39 Other Federal R&D 39 Federal R&D Strategies for Technological Competitiveness 40 New Roles for Science and Engineering 40 Federal Initiatives in the Academic Sector 41 University-Industry Cooperative Research 43 Independent Research and Development 43 Research Support for Food and Agriculture 44 Overview 45 References 46 CHAPTER 3. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL Highlights 52 Utilization of Scientists and Engineers 53 Character of Science and Technology Activities
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