Check List 8(1): 057-076, 2012 © 2012 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution

Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, an urban pecies

S forest in Metropolitan Chennai, India

of

Prabakaran Nehru 1,3*, G. Gnanasekaran 1,2,4 1,5 2 ists L

1 Care Earth Trust, No 5, 21st Street, Thillaiganga Nagar,, ChennaiN. Muthu - 600 061, Karthick India. and D. Narasimhan

India. 2 Madras Christian College, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology. Tambaram, Chennai – 600 059,

3 Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Division of Landscape Ecology. Anaikatty (PO), Coimbatore - 641 108, India. * 4 CorrBotanicaespondingl Survey Author. of India, E-mail: Southern [email protected] Regional Centre, T.N.A.U Campus. Coimbatore – 641 003, India. 5 Scott Christian College, Department of Botany. Nagercoil - 629 003, India.

Abstract: Humans have altered the forests of urban regions drastically, thereby reducing the original forests to isolated fragments. Such fragments may contain remnants of the original vegetation. Nanmangalam Reserve Forest (NRF), located in the Metropolitan Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, is an example of such a forest fragment, covering an area of 321 ha. A total of 449 angiosperm species belonging to 313 genera representing 83 families were recorded from NRF. Amongst the species, 79% were dicots and 21% were monocots. The most genera/species rich families were Fabaceae (37/69) and Poaceae (34/52). The species rich genera included Cassia (10), Crotalaria (7), Erogrostis, Hedyotis and Phyllanthus (6 each). Six endemic species were recorded. This diversity amidst a rapidly expanding city has to be protected in order to enable the conservation agenda of urban areas.

Introduction to determine the i) rate of species turn-over over a period Urban woodlands in long-settled parts of the of time, ii) persistence of native species in a fragmented developed world can provide an opportunity to undertake forest landscape and iii) species prone to local extinction experiments on the ability of human impacted systems due to various natural and anthropogenic pressures. to maintain biodiversity, while at the same time offer a Exploring and understanding species diversity of remnant glimpse into the historical processes of ecological change

Primack 1996). In almost all urban forests worldwide, the theforests patterns could of therefore species diversitybe the primary and distribution scientific approach provides maintenanceand species of loss diversity due to has human been passive, activity that (Drayton is, the land and atowards strong classification database for of formulatingthese forests. and Documentation implementing of was not chosen explicitly for biodiversity, but was driven management and conservation measures (Pragasan and by other considerations. These types of areas have been Parthasarathy 2009). called ad hoc biological reserves (Pressey 1994). This study was conducted to inventory the angiosperm Forests in urban landscapes are vulnerable to ad diversity of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest (NRF), an urban hoc human activities that are broadly described as forest on the East Coast of India. ‘developmental activities’. As a result of such intense human activities, the once extensive and contiguous Materials and Methods Study area small isolated fragments, often supporting remnants of The city of Chennai (erstwhile Madras), located on theforested past vegetation areas of urban along regions with exotics are now (Chazdon confined 2003). to the East Coast of India, is the capital of the Indian State Studies on the role of remnant vegetation indicate that of Tamil Nadu and the 34th largest city in the world. The such patches and their vegetation can play a critical role in growth of the native and immigrant population, urban the conservation of relict and native species in the urban commercial, industrial and educational facilities, and Information Technology and allied services are the major et al. 2006). Further, driving force behind the rapid expansion of the city. This isolatedenvironment forest (Drayton fragments and Primack are known 1996; to Chazdon act as a 2003; seed historical city has been subjected to continued yet varying banksRamanujam for native and speciesCyril 2003; and Kenichiprovide suitable habitats for intensities of anthropogenic activities, notably increased endemic and rare species. These patches are often the sole infrastructure and conversion of land and water bodies to refuge for a wide-range of organisms in the urban areas human settlements. Champion and Seth (1968) observed (Chazdon 2003). Ehrlich and Murphy (1987) emphasized that studies felling, lopping and browsing, resulting in irregular forests on remnant forests should focus on the process of local withthat theopen forests patches. in this The landscape thorny and have unpalatable been influenced species byin extinction of the species and their recovery processes. these open patches were considered by them to depict the climax vegetation. The Nanmangalam Reserve Forest (NRF), Chennai, utilizationDrayton and and Primack land use (1996) patterns state in that forests studies are focusing important on has an expanse of 321 ha (12°55’5” N to 12°56’13” N documentary evidence of flora, vegetation features, forest

057 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

are given in Figure 3-9. Among the species recorded, reserve at 12°55’43” N and 80°10’30” E) and is considered 79% were dicots and 21% were monocots. Fabaceae (69 partand 80°9’46” of what isE to designated 80°10’57” as E; South central Chennai coordinate (Figure of the 1). species, 37 genera) and Poaceae (52 species, 34 genera) NRF encompasses habitats such as hillocks, plains with are the two most species and genera rich families. About scrub forest, Eucalyptus 50% of the genera and species were from 10 dominant families. Thirty-three families were represented by a water throughout the year plantations and two of freshthe Department water ponds of single species and 40 families were represented by a single (FigureForests, 2). seasonal The soil flood type plains,of NRF abandonedis described quarries as red loamy with genus. The genera richness was high in Cassia (10 species), and rocky. Average annual rainfall ranges between 1200 Crotalaria (7 species), Erogrostis, Phyllanthus and Hedyotis mm and 1500 mm, with an annual average precipitation (6 species each). and 45°C, with an annual mean temperature of 28.6°C. are predominant, followed by trees (15%) and shrubs of 1317.3 mm. Decadal temperature ranges between 20°C (14%).Habit-wise Others classification like grasses (12%), reveals climbers that herbs (9%) (39%) and Data Collection under-shrubs (6%) also contributed towards the species Field trips were made during a nine month period richness, but lianas (2%) and sedges (3%) were poorly (August 2008 - April 2009) ensuring that the dry and monsoon seasons were accommodated. Since the NRF is a of fresh water ponds, NRF harbors about 13% (n = 55) of protected area we had a limited permission to collect plant represented. Due to seasonal flooding and the presence specimens. Therefore, voucher specimens were collected The NRF is mostly covered by thickets of shrubs intermixedaquatic (20%) with and Eucalyptus semi-aquatic plantation. species (80%). About 28% of the arborescent taxa present in NRF are armed (Figure only when species identification was not possible in the 7). The dominant arborescent plants of NRF are Ziziphus helpfield and of valid were references deposited (Henryin Care earthet al. trust. The collectedet al. xylopyrus, Acacia planifrons, Atalantia monophylla, specimens were identified and authenticated with the Canthium parviflorum, Catunaregam spinosa, Scutia 1987; Henry myrtina, Benkara malabarica and Ziziphus oenoplia. High Henry1989; Gamble 1994) and and further Fischer validated 1921–1935; through Matthew herbarium 1991; anthropogenic pressure, browsing and lopping are the Bor 1960; Janarthanam and Henry 1992; Livingstone and presumable reasons for the occurrence of more number of College. Angiosperm phylogenic group II was followed armed arborescent species (Figure 10). toreferencing classify the at species. the Botany Nomenclature Department, and Madras author Christian citation The presence of locally rare species, such as Utricularia for all the species were thoroughly checked in Tropicos caerulea, Utricularia graminifolia, Utricularia polygaloides, (2012) data base. Utricularia scandens, Drosera burmannii, Drosera indica, Habenaria viridiflora and Osbeckia zeylanica in Results and Discussion Eucalyptus tereticornis In total, 449 species and 4 varieties of angiosperms plantation (Figure 2C) is a noteworthy observation. belonging to 313 genera representing 83 families were Althoughthe seasonal the plantation flooding areasarea supports of less ground cover, recorded for NRF (Table 1). Photographs of selected species these rarely occurring herbaceous species are found

Figure 1. Map of the Nanmangalam Reserve Forest.

058 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India commonly within this plantation. While plantations of The present study has recorded 149 woody species Eucalyptus spp. were reported to have a negative effect on the regeneration of native species (Gareca et al. recorded by Parthasarathy et al. (2008) during their Zhang and Shenglei Fu 2009), within NRF the plantation fromextensive NRF, studywhich covering is equal 75to theforest number fragments of woody on the species East seems to be supportive. Plausibly, the shade created by2007; the Coast of Tamil Nadu. Other recent studies on the same Eucalyptus canopy is favoring the survival of these moist forest type by various authors have recorded less number time. In contrast, at places where shrubs predominant, loving plants by keeping the floor wet for long period of of species than in NRF (Ramanujam and Kadamban 2001; ParthasarathyRamanujam and 2010). Cyril 2003; Reddy and Parthasarathy floor gets dry much faster because of the openedLeucas canopy.diffusa, 2003;This Mani isolated and patch Parthasarathi of forest 2006; not only Udayakumar harbors high and CymbopogonSix endemic travancorensis, species were recorded, Cynodon barberi, of which Euphorbia five are plant diversity, but is also known to support a wide range corrigioloidesendemic to Peninsular and Chrysopogon India and asper Sri Lanka). The ( grass species, Dimeria acutipes, Tamil Nadu. andof fauna will be (79 published species oflater). birds, This 40 remnant butterflies, patch six of reptiles, forest The once common is endemic terrestrial to Kancheepuram orchid, Eulophia District, isfive home amphibians to many and of five the mammals locally rare - personal plant speciesobservation and epidendraea (Figure 3C), now considered locally extinct repository of several plant and animal species. Further, it from Chennai, is found profusely in a hillock and foothills is one of the last remaining representatives of the natural of NRF. Trees like Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Buchanania forest in an otherwise rapidly growing city of Chennai. axillaris, Santalum album and Manilkara hexandra, once known to be common and now found only in the protected past to provide space for educational institutions. It is forests in the landscape of the Coromandel Coast, were recommendedLarge tracts of this that forest urban were planning de-notified exercise in the for immediate the city also recorded in NRF. These occurrences highlight the role of Chennai be undertaken with a long term vision that of NRF as a refuge for remnant species, and eventually as a reconciles conservation and development goals, rather seed bank for the recovery of forests.

A Bthan be determined by short-term benefits.

C D

Figure 2. mined pits (Photos by P Nehru). A) A view of the dense scrub forest of NRF; B) NRF boundary and the expanding city; C) Seasonally flooding Eucalyptus plantation; D) Stone

059 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 3. A) Asparagus racemosus Theriophonum minutum Eulophia epidendraea Habenaria viridiflora Gloriosa superba Iphigenia indica (Photos by P Nehru). ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F)

060 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 4. Plants growing in moist areas: A) Dopatrium junceum Drosera indica Utricularia polygaloides Osbeckia zeylanica Drosera burmannii Lindernia oppositifolia ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F) (Photos: A, B, C, E, F by P Nehru and D by C Arivazhagan).

061 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 5. Scandant herbs of NRF: A) Rhynchosia aurea Desmodium triflorum Blepharis maderaspatensis Blepharis repens Portulaca suffruticosa Evolvulus alsinoides (Photos by P Nehru). ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F)

062 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 6. Climbers of NRF: A) Solena amplexicaulis Hemidesmus indicus Merremia tridentata Cucumis melo Luffa cylindrica Rivea hypocrateriformis (Photos by P Nehru). ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F)

063 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C

D

E

F

Figure 7. Common armed shrubs of NRF: A) Capparis brevispina Capparis zeylanica Benkara malabarica Canthium parviflorum Maytenus emarginata Flacourtia indica (Photos by P Nehru). ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F) 064 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 8. Shrubs of NRF: A) Dodonaea viscosa Grewia hirsuta Carmona retusa Breynia vitis-idaea Memecylon edule Cassia auriculata (Photos by P Nehru). ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F)

065 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 9. Trees of NRF: A) Ziziphus xylopyrus Atalantia monophylla Buchanania axillaris Santalum album Morinda pubescens Psydrax dicoccos var. dicoccos ; B) ; C) ; D) ; E) ; F) (Photos: A, B, C, E, F by P Nehru and D by N Muthu Karthick).

066 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

A B

C D

E F

Figure 10.

Anthropogenic pressures: A) broom grass collection; B) fuel wood collection; C) medicinal plant collection; D) garbage dumping on the margins of NRF; E) cattle grazing; F) pathways frequently used by humans (Photos by P Nehru).

067 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1.

List of angiosperms recorded from the Nanmangalam Reserve Forest (H - Herb; G - Grass; S - Sedge; CL - Climber; L - Liana; SH - Shrub; US - Under shrub; T - Tree; A - Armed; UA - Unarmed; *- Planted species; # - Specimen that could not be collected due to permission issues). VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Andrographis echioides Nees H UA Andrographis paniculata H UA # Asystasia gangetica H UA (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees # Barleria prionitis US A (L.) T. And. # Blepharis maderaspatensis H UA L. # Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth H UA CET 414 (L.) B. Heyne ex Roth # Acanthaceae Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees H UA Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston US UA # Justicia adhatoda SH UA # Justicia prostrata Gamble H UA L. # Lepidagathis cristata Willd. H UA CET 432 # Ruellia tuberosa H UA Stenosiphonium russellianum Nees US UA CET 442 L. # Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum H UA Achyranthes aspera . aspera H UA L. # Aerva lanata H UA L. var # Allmania nodiflora H UA (L.) Juss. ex Schul. # Alternanthera sessilis H UA (L.) R. Br. # Alternanthera tenella Colla. H UA CET 436 Amaranthaceae (L.) R. Br. ex DC. # Amaranthus spinosus H UA Amaranthus viridis H UA L. # Gomphrena serrata H UA L. # Pupalia lappacea H UA CET 417 L. # Trichuriella monsoniae H UA (L.) Juss. Amaryllidaceae Crinum viviparum H UA (L. f.) Bennet # Buchanania axillaris Ramam. T UA Anacardiaceae (Lam.) R. Ansari and V. J. Nair # Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. T UA # Annona reticulata T UA Annonaceae # *Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites T UA L. # Calotropis gigantea SH UA # Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) Haw. var. adscendens H UA CET 410 (L.) W.T. Aiton # Carissa spinarum SH A Catharanthus roseus H UA L. # Gymnema sylvestre UA (L.) G. Don # Hemidesmus indicus indicus UA (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. CL # Ichnocarpus frutescens UA (L.) R. Br. var. CL # Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight and Arn. UA Apocynaceae (L.) W.T. Aiton CL # *Nerium oleander SH UA CL # Oxystelma secamone UA CET 389 L. # Pergularia daemia (Forrsk.) Chiov. UA H. Karst. CL Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt UA CL # Secamone emetica UA CL # Tylophora indica UA (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. CL # Wattakaka volubilis UA (Burm. f.) Merr. CL # Wrightia tinctoria tinctoria T UA (L. f.) Stapf L # Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton natans H UA R. Br. var. # Lemna perpusilla Torr. H UA (L.) Engl. and generic Krause # Pistia stratiotes H UA Araceae # Spirodela polyrhiza H UA L. # Theriophonum minutum H UA CET 415 (L.) Schleid. # Borassus flabellifer T A (Willd.) Baill. Arecaceae Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. SH A L. # Phoenix sylvestris T A # Agave angustifolia Haw. SH A (L.) Roxb. # Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Willd. A # Chlorophytum tuberosum H UA L # (Roxb.) Baker #

068 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Asparagaceae Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. f. H UA Acanthospermum hispidum H UA CET 445 # Ageratum conyzoides H UA DC. Blumea aurita H UA L. # Blumea obliqua H UA (L. f.) DC. # Eclipta prostrata H UA (L.) Druce # Emilia sonchifolia H UA CET 418 (L.) L. # Asteraceae Epaltes divaricata H UA (L.) DC. Parthenium hysterophorus H UA (L.) Cass. # Synedrella nodiflora H UA L. # Tridax procumbens H UA (L.) Gaertn. # Vernonia cinerea H UA L. # Vicoa indica H UA CET 437 (L.) Less. # Xanthium indicum US UA (L.) DC. Dolichandrone falcata Seem. T UA J. Koenig ex Roxb. # Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam. SH UA Bignoniaceae # Coldenia procumbens H UA # *Cordia obliqua Willd. T UA L. # Ehretia pubescens T UA # Boraginaceae Heliotropium bracteatum H UA CET 419 Benth. # Heliotropium indicum H UA R. Br. Cereus pterogonus SH A L. # Nopalea cochenillifera SH A Cactaceae Lem. # Opuntia elatior Mill. SH A (L.) Salm-Dyck # Opuntia stricta var. dillenii SH A # Cadaba fruticosa SH UA (Ker Gawl.) L.D. Benson # Capparis brevispina SH A (L.) Druce # Capparidaceae Capparis sepiaria SH A DC. # Capparis zeylanica SH A L. # Crateva adansonii odora T UA L. # Polycarpaea corymbosa corymbosa H UA CET 435 Caryophyllaceae DC. subsp. (Buch.-Ham) Jacobs # Polycarpaea corymbosa var. longipetala Sriniv. H UA CET 434 (L.) Lam. var. Maytenus emarginata SH A Celastraceae (L.) Lam. and D. Naras. Reissantia indica (Willd.) N. Halle` SH UA (Willd.) Ding Hou # Cleome aspera H UA # Cleome rutidosperma H UA CET 438 Cleomaceae Koenig ex. DC. # Cleome viscosa H UA DC. Gynandropsis gynandra H UA L. # Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba UA (L.) Briq. # Anogeissus latifolia T UA L. CL # Combretum ovalifolium Roxb. UA (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall ex Bedd. # Combretaceae *Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. T UA L # *Terminalia catappa T UA # *Terminalia chebula Retz. T UA L. # Commelina attenuata Vahl H UA # Commelina benghalensis H UA # Cyanotis axillaris H UA CET 385 Commelinaceae L. # Cyanotis cristata H UA (L.) D. Don ex Sweet Murdannia nudiflora H UA CET 396 (L.) D. Don # Murdannia spirata H UA CET 413 (L.) Brenan Evolvulus alsinoides H UA (L.) G. Brückn. Evolvulus nummularius H UA (L.) L. # Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. H UA (L.) L. # Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea carnea SH UA # Ipomoea coptica Roth ex Roem. and Schult. UA Jacq. subsp. # Ipomoea pes-tigridis UA (L.) CL # Ipomoea sepiaria UA L. CL # Koenig ex Roxb. CL # 069 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Merremia emarginata UA Convolvulaceae Merremia tridentata UA (Burm. f.) Hallier f. CL # Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy UA (L.) Hall.f. CL # Coccinia grandis UA L # Corallocarpus epigaeus UA CET 441 (L.) Voigt CL # Ctenolepis garcinii UA CET 452 (Rottler) Benth. and Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke CL Cucumis melo UA (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke CL Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus UA L. CL # Luffa cylindrica UA (L.) Jeffrey CL # Momordica charantia charantia UA (L.) M. Roem. CL # Mukia maderaspatana UA L. var. CL # Solena amplexicaulis UA (L.) M. Roem. CL # Bulbostylis barbata UA (Lam.) Gandhi CL # Cyperus clarkei T. Cooke UA CET 420 (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke SD # Cyperus distans UA SD Cyperus iria UA L. f. SD # Cyperus rotundus rotundus UA L. SD # Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl UA L. subsp. SD # Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma dichotoma UA SD # Fimbristylis miliacea (Thunb.) Vahl UA (L.) Vahl subsp. SD # Fimbristylis ovata UA CET 443 SD # Kyllinga nemoralis UA (Burm. f.) J. Kern SD Lipocarpha raynaleana Govind. UA (J.R. Forst. and G. Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. and Dalziel SD # Mariscus paniceus Vahl UA SD # Pycreus pumilus UA SD # Dioscorea pentaphylla UA (L.) Nees SD # Drosera burmannii Vahl H UA CET 440 Dioscoreaceae L. CL # Drosera indica H UA CET 444 Droseraceae Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb. T UA L. Ebenaceae Diospyros ferrea buxifolia SH UA # Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. T UA (Willd.) Bakh. var. (Rottb.) Bakh. # Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon quinquangulare H UA # Acalypha indica H UA L. # Acalypha lanceolata Willd. H UA L. # Croton bonplandianus H UA # Drypetes sepiaria (Wight and Arn.) Pax and Hoffm. T UA Baill. # Euphorbia antiquorum SH A # Euphorbia corrigioloides H UA L. # Euphorbia hirta H UA Boiss. # Euphorbia indica H UA L. # Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli SH UA Lam. # Jatropha gossypiifolia SH UA L. # Micrococca mercurialis H UA L. # *Pedilanthus tithymaloides US UA (L.) Benth. # Ricinus communis SH UA (L.) Poit. # Sauropus bacciformis H UA CET 453 L. # Sebastiania chamaelea H UA (L.) Airy Shaw Securinega leucopyrus SH UA (L.) Müll. Arg. # Tragia involucrata var. involucrata UA (Willd.) Müll. Arg. # Abrus precatorius UA L. CL # *Acacia auriculiformis T A L. CL # Acacia caesia SH A A. Cunn ex Benth. # Acacia ferruginea T A Fabaceae (L.) Willd. # *Acacia leucophloea Willd. T A DC. # Acacia planifrons Wight and Arn. T A # Aeschynomene aspera H UA # Aeschynomene indica H UA L. # L. # 070 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Albizia lebbeck T UA Alysicarpus monilifer H UA (L.) Benth. # Alysicarpus ovalifolius H UA (L.) DC. # Bauhinia racemosa T UA (Schumac) J. Leonard. # Butea monosperma T UA Lam. # Cajanus scarabaeoides UA (Lam.) Taub. # Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. UA (L.) Thouars CL # Cassia absus H UA CL # Cassia auriculata SH UA L. # Cassia fistula T UA L. # Cassia hirsuta US UA L. # Cassia mimosoides H UA CET 412 L. # Cassia occidentalis US UA L. Cassia pumila H UA CET 439 L. # Cassia roxburghii T UA Lam. Cassia siamea T UA DC. # Cassia tora US UA Lam. # Clitoria ternatea UA L. # Crotalaria hebecarpa H UA L. CL # Crotalaria juncea US UA (DC.) Rudd # Crotalaria medicaginea var. medicaginea H UA CET 448 L. # Crotalaria pallida Aiton var. pallida US UA Lam. Crotalaria prostrata Rottler ex Willd. H UA # Crotalaria retusa US UA # Crotalaria verrucosa US UA L. # Dalbergia lanceolaria T UA L. # *Dalbergia sissoo T UA L. # *Delonix regia T UA Roxb. ex DC. # Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum US UA (Boj. ex Hook) Raf. # Desmodium triflorum H UA (Sw.) DC. # Dicerma biarticulatum H UA (L.) DC. # Dichrostachys cinerea T UA (L.) DC. # *Enterolobium cyclocarpum T UA (L.) Wight and Arn. # Erythrina suberosa Roxb. T A (Jack.) Griseb. # Gliricidia sepium T UA # Hardwickia binata Roxb. T UA (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. # Indigofera aspalathoides H UA # Indigofera linifolia H UA CET 398 M. Vahl ex DC. # Indigofera linnaei Ali H UA (L. f.) Retz. Indigofera tinctoria H UA # Indigofera trifoliata H UA L. # Leucaena leucocephala T UA L. # Mimosa intsia SH A (Lam.) De Wit # Mimosa pudica H A L. # *Peltophorum pterocarpum T UA L. # Pithecellobium dulce T A (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne # Pongamia pinnata T UA (Roxb.) Benth. # Prosopis juliflora T A (L.) Merr. # Pseudarthria viscida H UA (Sw.) DC. # Pterolobium hexapetalum Santapau and Wagh SH A (L.) Wight and Arn. # Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Schindl. UA # Rhynchosia aurea UA CL # Rhynchosia rufescens UA (Rottler) DC. CL # Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston H UA (Willd.) DC. CL # *Tamarindus indica T UA # Tephrosia maxima Pres. H UA CET 446 L. # Tephrosia pumila H UA

(Lam.) Pers. # 071 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Tephrosia purpurea H UA Tephrosia villosa H UA Fabaceae (L.) Pers. # Teramnus labialis H UA (L.) Pers. # Zornia diphylla H UA (L. f.) Spreng. # Canscora heteroclita H UA Gentianaceae (L.) Pers. # Enicostema axillare H UA CET 366 (L.) Gilg # Hydrilla verticillata H UA Hydrocharitaceae (Lam.) A. Raynal Ottelia alismoides H UA (L. f.) Royle # Hydroleaceae Hydrolea zeylanica H UA CET 450 (L.) Pers. # Hypoxidaceae Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. H UA (L.) Vahl Anisomeles indica US UA # Anisomeles malabarica SH UA (L.) Kuntze # Basilicum polystachyon H UA (L.) R. Br. ex Sims # Geniosporum tenuiflorum Merr. H UA CET 372 (L.) Moench # Gmelina asiatica SH UA Hyptis suaveolens US UA L. # Leucas aspera H UA (L.) Poit. # Leucas biflora H UA CET 383 (Willd.) Link # Leucas diffusa H UA (Vahl) R. Br. ex Sm. Leucas indica H UA Benth. # Lamiaceae Ocimum adscendens Willd. H UA (L.) R. Br. ex Sm. # Ocimum americanum H UA # Ocimum tenuiflorum US UA L. # Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleensen H UA CET 374 L. # Premna corymbosa SH UA Premna tomentosa Willd. SH UA (Burm.f.) Rottler. and Willd. # Tectona grandis T UA # Vitex negundo var. negundo SH UA L.f. # Cassytha filiformis C UA L. # *Barringtonia acutangula T UA Lauraceae L. # Utricularia caerulea H UA Lecythidaceae (L.) Gaertn. # Utricularia graminifolia Vahl H UA CET 455 L. # Utricularia polygaloides Edgew. H UA Lentibulariaceae Utricularia scandens H UA # Iphigenia indica H UA CET 423 Benj. # Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell H UA Liliaceae (L.) A. Gray ex Kunth Lindernia crustacea H UA # Lindernia oppositifolia H UA CET 430 Linderniaceae (L.) F. Muell. # Lindernia parviflora (Roxb.) Haines H UA (L.) Mukerjee Hugonia mystax UA Linderniaceae # Strychnos lenticellata A.W. Hill UA Linaceae L. L # Ammania baccifera baccifera H UA Loganiaceae L # Rotala rosea H UA L. subsp. # Rotala verticillaris H UA Lythraceae (Poir.) C.D.K. Cook # Abutilon hirtum SH UA L. # Abutilon indicum SH UA (Lam.) Sweet # Corchorus aestuans H UA (L.) Sweet # *Guazuma ulmifolia T UA L. # Grewia hirsuta Vahl. SH UA Lam. # Grewia orientalis SH UA # Malvaceae Helicteres isora SH UA L. # Hibiscus micranthus US UA L. # *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis SH UA L. f. # Hibiscus vitifolius US UA L. # Malvastrum coromandelianum US UA L. # Melochia corchorifolia H UA (L.) Garcke # Pavonia odorata Willd. H UA L. # # 072 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Pavonia zeylanica H UA Sida acuta H UA (L.) Cav. # Sida cordata H UA Burm. f. # Sida cordifolia US UA (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk. # Malvaceae Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich. US UA L. # Thespesia populnea T UA # Triumfetta rhomboidea US UA (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa # Urena lobata sinuata US UA Jacq. # Waltheria indica H UA L. subsp. (L.) Borss. Waalk # Memecylon edule Roxb. SH UA L. # Melastomataceae Memecylon umbellatum SH UA # Osbeckia zeylanica Steud. ex Naudin H UA CET 406 Burm. f. # Meliaceae Azadirachta indica T UA Cissampelos pareira hirsuta Forman UA A. Juss. # Pachygone ovata UA Menispermaceae L. var. (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) CL # Tiliacora acuminata Miers UA (Poir.) Diels. CL # Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers UA L # Glinus oppositifolius H UA CL # Molluginaceae Mollugo nudicaulis H UA (L.) Aug. DC. # Mollugo pentaphylla H UA Lam. # Ficus amplissima Sm. T UA L. # Ficus benghalensis var. benghalensis T UA # Ficus hispida SH UA Moraceae L. # Ficus racemosa T UA L. f. # Ficus religiosa T UA L. # Streblus asper T UA L. # Muntingiaceae *Muntingia calabura T UA Lour. # *Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. T UA L. # Myrtaceae *Psidium guajava T UA # Syzygium cumini T UA L. # Boerhavia diffusa H UA Nyctaginaceae (L.) Skeels # Boerhavia erecta H UA CET 401 L. # Nymphaea pubescens Willd. H UA Nympheaceae L. Nymphaea nouchali H UA # Ochnaceae Ochna squarrosa SH UA Burm. f. # Oleaceae Jasminum angustifolium Willd. var. angustifolium UA L. # Ludwigia adscendens H UA Onagraceae CL # Ludwigia perennis H UA (L.) H. Hara # Opiliaceae Cansjera rheedei SH UA L. # Eulophia epidendraea C.E.C. Fisch. H UA Orchidaceae J.F. Gmel. # Habenaria viridiflora H UA CET 449 # Orobanchaceae Striga angustifolia H UA (Rottl. ex Sw.) R. Br. Passiflora foetida UA (D.Don) C.J. Saldanha # Turnera subulata Sm. US UA L. CL # PassifloraceaePedaliaceae Pedalium murex H UA CET 451 # Breynia vitis-idaea SH UA L. Cleistanthus collinus SH UA (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. # Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Thonn. H UA (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook. f. # Phyllanthus debilis H UA Phyllanthaceae # *Phyllanthus emblica T UA Klein ex Willd. # Phyllanthus maderaspatensis H UA L. # Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. SH UA L. # Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. H UA # Bacopa floribunda H UA CET 424 # Dopatrium junceum H UA Plantaginaceae (R. Br.) Wettst. Limnophila indica H UA (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham ex Benth. # Scoparia dulcis H UA (L.) Druce # L. # 073 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica H UA Alloteropsis cimicina G UA CET 361 L. # Andropogon pumilus Roxb. G UA CET 368 (L.) Stapf Apluda mutica G UA CET 363 Aristida adscensionis G UA L. Aristida hystrix G UA CET 380 L. # Aristida setacea Retz. G UA L. f. Axonopus compressus G UA CET 371 # Bothriochloa pertusa G UA CET 364 (Sw.) P. Beauv. Brachiaria distachya G UA CET 379 (L.) A. Camus Brachiaria remota (Retz.) Haines G UA (L.) Stapf Chloris barbata Sw. G UA # Chloris montana Roxb. G UA CET 370 # Chrysopogon asper G UA Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng) Choiv. G UA CET 362 (B. Heyne) Heyne ex Blatter and McCann # Cymbopogon travancorensis G UA CET 367 Cynodon barberi Rang. and Tadul. G UA CET 381 Bor Cynodon dactylon G UA Cyrtococcum trigonum (Retz.) A. Camus G UA CET 377 (L.) Pers. # Dactyloctenium aegyptium G UA Desmostachya bipinnata G UA CET 382 (L.) Willd. # Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf G UA CET 375 (L.) Stapf Dichanthium caricosum G UA CET 392 Digitaria ciliaris G UA CET 384 (L.) A. Camus Dimeria acutipes G UA CET 408 (Retz.) Koeler Eleusine indica G UA Bor Enteropogon monostachyos G UA CET 376 Poaceae (L.) Gaertn. # Eragrostiella bifaria G UA CET 400 (Vahl) K. Schum ex Engl. Eragrostiella brachyphylla G UA CET 447 (Vahl) Bor Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud. G UA CET 407 (Stapf.) Bor Eragrostis macilenta (A. Rich) Steud. G UA CET 402 Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. G UA CET 403 Eragrostis tenella tenella G UA Eragrostis tenella and Schult. var. insularis C.E. Hubb. G UA (L.) P. Beauv ex Roem. and Schult. var. # Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. G UA CET 404 (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. # Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. G UA CET 405 Heteropogon contortus G UA CET 388 Heteropogon polystachyus (Roxb.) Schult. G UA CET 395 (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. and Schult. Iseilema prostratum G UA CET 365 Leptochloa uniflora Hochst ex A. Rich. G UA CET 421 (L.) Andersson Mnesithea laevis G UA CET 411 Oplismenus compositus G UA CET 409 (Retz.) Kunth Panicum psilopodium Trin. G UA CET 433 (L.) P. Beauv Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus G UA CET 416 Paspalum distichum G UA CET 425 Paspalum scrobiculatum G UA CET 393 L. Perotis indica indica G UA CET 373 L. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. and Schult. G UA CET 399 (L.) Kuntze var. Setaria verticillata G UA CET 397 Sporobolus coromandelianus G UA CET 428 (L.) P. Beauv Sporobolus indicus diandrus (Retz.) G UA CET 454 (Retz.) Kunth Tragus roxburghii Panigrahi G UA CET 386 (L.) R. Br. var. Jovet and Guédès Vetiveria zizanioides G UA CET 369 Polygalaceae Polygala arvensis Willd. H UA CET 422 (L.) Nash Portulaca quadrifida H UA CET 431 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea H UA L. Rhamnaceae Scutia myrtina SH A L. # (Burm. f.) Kurz # 074 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

Table 1. Continued.

VOUCHER FAMILY SPECIES HABIT ARMATURE NUMBER

Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. UA *Ziziphus mauritiana mauritiana T A Rhamnaceae L # Ziziphus oenopolia SH A Lam. var. # Ziziphus xylopyrus Willd. T A (L.) Mill. # Benkara malabarica SH A # Canthium parviflorum SH A (L.) Tirveng. # Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. SH A Lam. # Dentella repens H UA # Hedyotis affinis Roem. and Schult. H UA CET 426 (L.) J.R. Forst. and G. Forst. # Hedyotis biflora H UA CET 387 Hedyotis brachiata Wight H UA (L.) Lam. Hedyotis corymbosa H UA CET 394 Rubiaceae # Hedyotis herbacea H UA CET 391 (L.) Lam. Hedyotis puberula H UA CET 429 L. Ixora pavetta Andrews T UA (G. Don) Arn. Mitracarpus villosus H UA CET 390 # Morinda pubescens Sm. T UA (Sw.) DC. Psilanthus wightianus T UA # Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. var. dicoccos SH UA (Wall. ex Wight and Arn.) J.-F.Leroy # Richardia scabra H UA CET 427 # Spermacoce articularis H UA L. Rubiaceae Spermacoce hispida H UA L.f. # Tarenna asiatica asiatica SH UA L. # Atalantia monophylla T A Kuntze ex K. Schum. var. # Rutaceae Glycosmis mauritiana SH UA DC. # Toddalia asiatica SH A (Lam.) Tanaka # Salicaceae Flacourtia indica SH A (L.) Lam. # Santalaceae Santalum album T UA (Burm. f.) Merr. # Allophylus cobbe SH UA L. # Cardiospermum halicacabum UA (L.) Raeusch. # Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa SH UA L. CL # Lepisanthes tetraphylla Radlk. T UA (L.) Jacq. # Sapindus emarginatus Vahl T UA # Madhuca longifolia T UA Sapotaceae # Manilkara hexandra T UA (J. König ex L.) J.F. Macbr. # Datura innoxia Mill. US UA (Roxb.) Dubard # Datura metel US UA # Physalis angulata H UA L. # Physalis lagascae Roem. and Schult. H UA Solanaceae L. # Solanum americanum Mill. H UA # Solanum torvum Sw. SH A # Solanum trilobatum A # Solanum virginianum H A L. CL # Typhaceae Typha angustifolia UA L. # Ulmaceae *Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. T UA L. SD # Lantana camara var. aculeata Moldenke. SH UA # Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora H UA L. (L.) # Stachytarpheta jamaicensis H UA (L.) Greene # Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus H UA (L.) Vahl # Cissus quadrangularis SH UA Vitaceae (L.) F. Muell. # Cissus vitiginea UA L. # Xyridaceae Xyris pauciflora Willd. H UA L. L # Zygophyllaceae Tribulus lanuginosus H UA CET 378 # L.

075 Nehru et al. | Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, India

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Henry, A.N., G.R. Kumari and V. Chitra. 1989.Bladderworts of India Series I: Analysis. Vol. 2. Coimbatore: Botanical Survey of India. 258 p. Janarthanam, M.K. and A.N. Henry. 1992. . Kolkata: speciesBotanical in Survey restored of India. forests 144 on p. degraded lands in Singapore. Forest Received: December: February 2011 2012 Kenichi,Ecology S., S.J. and Davies Management and Y.N. 237:Kheng. 574-582. 2006. Regeneration of native plant Accepted: January 2012 : Pedro V. Eisenlohr Published online Editorial responsibility

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