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Adamussium Colbecki Oceanographic moorings as year-round laboratories for investigating growth performance and settlement dynamics in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki BACKGROUND Oceanographic Moorings (OMs) are standard marine platforms composed of wires, buoys, weights and instruments, and are used as in situ observatories to record water column properties. However, OMs are also comprised of hard substrates on which a variety of invertebrates can settle when they encounter these structures along their dispersal routes. In this contribution, we studied the fouling communities found on two OMs deployed in the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Furthermore, a cage containing the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902) was incorporated in the OM. The growth of the caged A. colbecki was evaluated after one year and their shells used as biological proxy for seawater temperature and salinity. METHODS A variety of settlers were collected from FLUX OF LARVAE two different OMs BROUGHT BY CURRENT deployed in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) and species identified using a combination -47m of morphological and genetic (mainly through DNA barcoding) characteristics. -59m Caged scallops were individually marked with permanent tags and their growth studied in terms of Size-Increment Data (SID). Cages were specifically designed to prevent damage to individuals due to water drag during OM deployment and retrieval. Growth parameters from the caged individuals were applied to the Adamussium juveniles that had settled on the mooring, to trace the likely settlement period. -145m RESULTS The growth performance of caged Von Bertalanffy growth functions A. colbecki was similar to that from for Adamussium colbecki previous growth studies of this 120 species. The remarkable survival rate of caged specimens (96.6%) supports the feasibility of caging 90 experiments, even for a species with a fragile shell such as the Antarctic scallop. 60 Some of the new recruits found Shell height (mm) Ralph and Maxwell, 1977 Stockton, 1984 on the mooring were the Antarctic 30 Berkmann, 1990 scallop A. colbecki, the same species Chiantore et al., 2003 (BTN, 10m depth) Chiantore et al., 2003 (aquaria) we put into special cages fixed to it. Heilmayer et al., 2003 The settlement of the Adamussium 0 0 05 10 15 20 25 juveniles started during the Austral Estimated age (yrs) spring with a peak in summer months and, remarkably, coincided with seasonal changes in water temperature and flow direction, which were recorded by the mooring’s instruments. Genetic data from other settlers provided new information about their larval ecology and connectivity. Water current timeseries 2006-2007 Blue: seawater temperature < -1.7 ºC. Red: > -1.7 ºC, indicating sea ice melting. 30 cm/s Time distribution of Adamussium size classes s a 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Size classes % VB Mar/05 Jul/05 Oct/05 Jan/06 May/06 Aug/06 Nov/06 Feb/07 Chaintore et al. 2003 ize classes % VB parameter parameters present dat Time S DISCUSSION The outcome of this study represents a baseline for the characterization of Antarctic fouling biodiversity. We hope that in the near future an internationally coordinated systematic study of settlers could be initiated around the Antarctic continent. This could utilise ‘new generation OMs’ equipped with standardized settlement structures and agreed sampling protocols for the study of fouling communities. This is an open access graphic distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Oceanographic moorings as year-round laboratories for Image credits: investigating growth performance and settlement dynamics Stefano Schiaparelli in the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902) PeerJ 4:e6373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6373 (copyright) PNRA http://peerj.com/articles/6373/.
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