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A Brief History of Indian Tribes in the States of North and South Dakota Is DOCUMENT RESUME ED 028 868 RC 003 364 Indians of the Dakotas. Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior), Washington, D.C. Pub Date 68 Note-24p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (0-289-766. $0.15). EDRS Price MF-S0.25 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-*American Indians, Collective Settlements, *Cultural Background, Educational Practice, Federal_ Programs, Geographic Regions, Health Services, Historical Reviews, History, Illustrations, Land Use. *Migration Patterns, Natural Resources, Social Ser4ices, *United States History Identifiers- Arekaras, Chippewas, Hidattas, Mandans, North Dakota, Sioux, South Dakota A brief history of Indian tribes in the States of North and South Dakotais presented. Discussion centers around individual Indian tribes, suchas Chippewas and Sioux, which are representative of early and modern Indian life in these States. A section devoted to Indians in these states today offers an indication of the present condition of the Indians in terms of naturalresource development, Indian education programs, housing improvement programs, tribal government role, social service and law enforcement provisions, and health serVices. A description is included of placesto go and things to see on Indian reservations in North and South Dakota. (SW) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WILRRE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION \ POSITION OR POLICY. 1 , 5 ,; ' ( , ( -A \ .% , - / I 4 - ! I , -1, I(S .1 ))../-' ) , 'One, of ,a'series pt autobtogr4hical -drawings by Sitting Bar . -th-e great leader of the United-Sioux, against the white*.rhe-- --; s'sL buflalolin the iliker fight-hand corner ges his name.- ' The , 1 ,\ black object hringingr from,--his' hand shows! that he Amkilled , . and scalpedine,Crdw, whode ibody lies on the groUnd. Now he ? - / ,_proves--his., worth by countiyg a coipon auother, hitting him ' 'c t. with- his bow, although the 'Crow 'is apned witha gun and 55- narrowly misses-him.(PHOTOf COURTESY OP,F THE SSIITEESOPIAN iisTauTiON) \ / i 'N. \ Y --- t 'N\ ,, ,.)., ,--N , ?' . \ , - ? , ,, /--. l'et`r , r. / 71' 1' (- (s r It was more than a namefor a great tribe of warriors andhunters. In the days of westward expansion, it became a cryof terror which swept across the plains like anecho.Redoubtable foes, the Sioux were rarelyvanquished in war.Their defeat came, in the end, not alone by soldiers but by hunger and exposure. But the story of the Indians of theDakotaswhich include four other tribes besides the Siouxdid not endwith Custer's Last Stand. The struggle to build a new life has been along one, fraught with reversals.The Indians of North and South Dakota aretoday people in transition between a time lost forever,but still recalled with bitter- ness, and a time yet to come,when poverty and isolation will no longer scar the living. ........,NORTILDSOUTH DAKOTA All of South Dakota's eight reservations, one in NorthEarly Tribes Dakota, and one which straddles their common border, are today Sioux lands, a total of nearly 5 million acres.North Long before the Sioux migrated to the Dakotas from the Dakota is the home of four other Indian tribes: the Turtleeast, three sedentary tribes had settled along the Missouri Mountain Band of Chippewas, and members of the Hidatsa,River which bisects the two States. Arikara, and Mandan Tribes. Of these, Mandans are believed to have arrived first.They once occupied several villages of semisubterranean earth Many Indian tribes have played parts in shaping the his-lodges in what is now South Dakota, but had moved farther tory and character of North and South Dakota, but the lead-north when discovered by the explorers, Lewis and Clark, in ing role has been that of the Sioux (Dakota) Indians for1804.They were a Siouan language group. whom these States were named.The name Dakota (or its The Mandans were a picturesque tribe whoare best known variants, Lakota and Nakota) probably means "allies." through reports by Lewis and Clark.Their earliest origins 2 : ^ are more a matter of conjecture than certainty. While Mandans were building the villages along the Mis- souri, another agricultural tribe, the Arikara, or Ree Indians, were also settling farther south along the same river.A Caddoan-language group originally from what isnow MIPS Nebraska, the Arikaras lived peacefully in their homes be- side the Missouri until driven north about 1750 by an in- vading band of western Sioux.Arikaras, too, were dis- covered by Lewis and Clark, occupying three villages of earth lodges between the Grand and Cannonball Rivers. Farther northeast, the Hidatsas, or Gros Ventres, a Siouan- language group, had established an agricultural life near Devil's Lake, within the area of the present Fort Totten Reservation of North Dakota.Sometime in the 18th Cen- tury, pushed by the Sioux, Hidatsas moved across the prairies to the junction of the Heart and Missouri Rivers. %A I All three groups were greatly reduced in numbers by the ' VIC smallpox epidemic of 1337, which swept up the Missouri and over the plains, killing thousands of Indians.In 1870, sur- vivors of the Mandans, Arikaras, and Hidatsas were placed on a reservation at the junction of the Missouri and Little This Mandan youth, painted by artist Karl Bodmer, wore an elaborate hairdress incorporating strings of bones, trade beads, feathers, and fur strips.(PHOTO: COURTESY OF THE SM/THSONIAN INSTITUTION) 3 Missouri Rivers of North Dakota.Although cut back inpursued by the Chippewas and the Sioux, the Cheyennes size through the years by land sales, the present Fort Berthold adopted a horse-and-buffalo way of life, becomingone of the Reservation is still the home of the Three Affiliated Tribes. most fierce and warlike of Northern Plains tribes. For a time, At varying intervals, other groups of Indians drifted west Arapaho Indians also lived in the Black Hills of South Dakota, across the Dakotas. Among these were the Cheyennes, antheir migration being similar to that of the Cheyennes. agricultural tribe during their early Dakota residence.Kiowa, Ponca, Omaha, and Assiniboine Tribes also stopped Later, after many years in which theywere attacked andbriefly in the Dakotas, only to be driven out by the Sioux. An Hidatsa village located on a bluff over the Mis- souri River.The traditional "bull-boat" of buffalo skin stretched over a frame of light wood may be seen on the river. (PHOTO: COURTESY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION) -11111J' _ 4.1 vt-t - "L44414. 4 Mr, THE CH I PPEWAS -created international complications for a time.) Members of the Algonquian linguistic family, and once Congress in 1873 appropriated $25,000 for the pumhase of the most numerous tribe north of Mexico, the Chippewaa township on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota as (Ojibway) Indians had started their western migrations dur-a home for the Turtle Mountain Indians, with an a(lditional $10,000 provided to pay for the cost of the move. Most of ing the white settlement of eastern North America.They the Turtle Mountain (Pembina band) refuced to leave their spread out into Canadian Ontario and the whole Great Lakes North Dakota location, however. region, and finally fanned into Sioux areas to the west, all Final settlement of the claims of the Turtle Mountain Band the while pushing the Sioux southward in fierce conflicts overof Chippewas was provided for in a treaty negotined in 1892 rich hunting grounds in Minnesota. and approved by Congress in 1904.Under the treaty terms, As they moved west and south, they tended to break up intothe Turtle Mountain Band ceded claims to all territory ex- more or less independent groups.For a century or more be-cept two townships within the Turtle Mountair. areas.The fore the establishment of the international boundary betweentreaty further provided for a cash payment of $1 million to Canada and the United States, the Plains Chippewas wanderedthe tribe for the land ceded (9 million acres) ; and provided freely throughout the area, mingling with the Crees, a groupalso for the allotment of lands on the reservation and for fairly closely related in language and culture. public domain land grants to tribal members unable to secure As hunting, trapping, and lumbering diminished and agri-land within the designated reservation. culture became the dominant activity of the area, the The Turtle Mountain Chippewas still remain on these lands Chippewas were left somewhat stranded.Many of them hadtoday, governing themselves through an elected 8-member settled in the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, close to thecouncil under a constitution approved in 1959.Their early Canadian border, and 'roamed an area that went south tointermarriage with Europeans are evident in the appearance Devil's Lake and indefinitely westward from the Pembinaof these handsome people.Unfortunately, the remoteness of range. their reservation from the mainstream of industry and com- The southern boundary, and to some extent the westernmerce, and the fractionated land holdings which prevent boundary of lands claimed by the Chippewas, remained un-large-scale ranching and farming, have resulted in conditions disputed until about 1880.(Their overlap into Canadaof chronic poverty in the 20th century. 5 THE SIOUX (2) The Middle, or Wiciyela Sioux Division, who speak Although closely and prominently identified in American the Nakota dialect, were first met by white explorers in north- central Minnesota around the end of the 17th century. history with the hills and plains of the Dakotas, the Sioux were not native to the area, but came from more easternlyShortly thereafter they moved west, splitting into the Yankton and Yanktonai groups.Members of this Sioux Division are parts.(The name Sioux is a French shortcut for the Algon- quin name given these peopleNa do wis sue, an allusion totoday found on the Yankton and Crow Creek Reservations in South Dakota, and Standing Rock and Fort Totten Reserva- snakes or snake-like movement.) The Sioux have been identified in the public mind with tions in North Dakota and Fort Peck, Montana.
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