Vocabulary Unit 2B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Vocabulary Unit 2b periodic table - a chart of the chemical elements that displays them in rows horizontally in order of increasing atomic number and vertically according to similar chemical properties of their atoms trend - periodic trends, arising from the arrangement of the periodic table, provide chemists with an invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's properties period - row in the periodic table that determine the number of energy levels group - column in the periodic table metals - any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets nonmetals - any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine) metalloid - of or being a nonmetallic element that has some of the properties of metal representative elements - those elements within the first two groups on the far left and the last six groups on the far right of the Periodic Table transition elements - any of the set of metallic elements occupying a central block that show variable valence and a strong tendency to form coordination compounds noble gases - any of the gaseous elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, occupying Group (18) of the periodic table. halogen - reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen, from which simple salts can be made alkali metals - very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides alkaline earth metal - six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)) energy level - the specific energies that electrons can have when occupying orbitals in the electron cloud valence electron - electrons that occupy that outer shell (energy level) of the atom and determine reactivity reactivity - the sharing of valence electrons.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Periodic Trends and the S-Block Elements”, Chapter 21 from the Book Principles of General Chemistry (Index.Html) (V
This is “Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements”, chapter 21 from the book Principles of General Chemistry (index.html) (v. 1.0M). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/ 3.0/) license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz (http://lardbucket.org) in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/). You can browse or download additional books there. i Chapter 21 Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements In previous chapters, we used the principles of chemical bonding, thermodynamics, and kinetics to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the chemistry of the elements. Beginning in Chapter 21 "Periodic Trends and the ", we use the periodic table to guide our discussion of the properties and reactions of the elements and the synthesis and uses of some of their commercially important compounds.
[Show full text]
Chemistry 1000 Lecture 13: the Alkaline Earth Metals
Chemistry 1000 Lecture 13: The alkaline earth metals Marc R. Roussel September 25, 2018 Marc R. Roussel Alkaline earth metals September 25, 2018 1 / 23 Mg{Ra Group 2: The alkaline earth metals Group 2, except maybe Be Soft metals Form M2+ cations Very negative reduction potentials: 2+ − M(aq) + 2e ! M(s) Element Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra E◦=V −1:847 −2:356 −2:84 −2:89 −2:92 −2:92 Relatively small 1st and 2nd ionization energies: Element Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra −1 I1=kJ mol 899:5 737:7 589:8 549:5 502:9 509:3 −1 I2=kJ mol 1757:1 1450:7 1145:4 1064:2 965:2 979:0 Marc R. Roussel Alkaline earth metals September 25, 2018 2 / 23 Mg{Ra Comparison to alkali metals Physical Properties: Property Na Mg Mohs hardness 0.5 2.5 Density=g cm−3 0.968 1.738 Melting point=◦C 97.72 650 Boiling point=◦C 883 1090 Chemical properties are often similar to those of the alkali metals, but less reactive: Example: Reaction with water: M(s) + 2H2O ! M(OH)2 + H2(g) =) Often has to be done in hot water or with steam Marc R. Roussel Alkaline earth metals September 25, 2018 3 / 23 Mg{Ra Why \alkaline earth" metals? The name \alkaline earth" was originally applied to the oxides of these metals. Earth is a term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances which are insoluble in water and remain stable when heated. The alkaline earth metal oxides have these properties.
[Show full text]
3 Families of Elements
Name Class Date CHAPTER 5 The Periodic Table SECTION 3 Families of Elements KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: • What makes up a family of elements? • What properties do the elements in a group share? • Why does carbon form so many compounds? What Are Element Families? Recall that all elements can be classified into three READING TOOLBOX categories: metals, nonmetals, and semiconductors. Organize As you read Scientists classify the elements further into five families. this section, create a chart The atoms of all elements in most families have the same comparing the different number of valence electrons. Thus, members of a family families of elements. Include examples of each family in the periodic table share some properties. and describe the common properties of elements in the Group number Number of valence Name of family family. electrons Group 1 1 Alkali metals Group 2 2 Alkaline-earth metals READING CHECK Groups 3–12 varied Transition metals 1. Identify In general, what Group 17 7 Halogens do all elements in the same family have in common? Group 18 8 (except helium, Noble gases which has 2) What Are the Families of Metals? Many elements are classified as metals. Recall that metals can conduct heat and electricity. Most metals can be stretched and shaped into flat sheets or pulled into wires. Families of metals include the alkali metals, the alkaline-earth metals, and the transition metals. THE ALKALI METALS READING CHECK The elements in Group 1 form a family called the 2. Explain Why are alkali alkali metals.
[Show full text]
The Main-Group Metals
INTERCHAPTER I The Main-Group Metals Large deposits of the calcium-containing mineral gypsum, CaSO4·2 H2O(s), are found in many areas. Shown here are the largest known crystals of gypsum discovered in a cavern below the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico. Several of these giant crystals exceed 10 meters in length! University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com I. THE MAIN-GROUP METALS I1 The metals that occur in Groups 1, 2, and 13–15 in the periodic table are called the main-group metals. The chemical reactivities of these metals vary greatly, from the very reactive alkali metals, which combine spon- taneously with the oxygen and water vapor in the air, to the relatively unreactive Group 14 metals tin and lead. We discussed the alkali metals in Interchapter D, and here we discuss the other main-group metals. As usual, we recommend the periodic table website, Periodic Table Live! You can find a link to the website at www.McQuarrieGeneralChemistry.com. Figure I.1 The Group 2 elements. Top row: beryllium, magnesium, and calcium. Bottom row: strontium and barium. I-1. The Alkaline-Earth Metals Form Ionic Compounds Consisting of M2+ Ions The alkaline-earth metals—beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium—occur in Group 2 in the periodic table (Figure I.1). Beryllium is a relatively rare element but occurs as localized surface deposits in the mineral beryl (Figure I.2). Essentially unlimited quantities of magnesium are readily available in seawater, where Mg2+(aq) occurs at an appreciable concentration. Calcium, strontium, and barium rank 5th, 18th, and 19th in abundance in Figure I.2 The mineral beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18(s), is the chief the earth’s crust, occurring primarily as carbonates source of beryllium and is used as a gem.
[Show full text]
Kudos and Renaissance of S-Block Metal Chemistry
Editorial Kudos and Renaissance of s-Block Metal Chemistry Sven Krieck 1 and Matthias Westerhausen 1,* Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-3641-9-48110 Academic Editor: Peter W. Roesky Received: 13 March 2017; Accepted: 21 March 2017; Published: 21 March 2017 Abstract: In recent years, the organometallic and coordination chemistry of the alkali and alkaline earth metals has experienced tremendous progress to tackle the needs of today’s society. Enhanced ecological awareness and global availability favor research on the chemistry of the essential s-block metals. Nowadays, the s-block metals are conquering new chemical fields based on sophisticated theoretical and preparative achievements. Recent investigations show a huge impact of the s-block elements on stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Keywords: s-block metals; catalysis; Grignard reagents; alkali metals; alkaline earth metals The s-block metals subsume the elements of the first two groups of the periodic table—the alkali and alkaline earth metals. The non-radioactive elements were all discovered by the middle of the 19th century [1] (Table 1), initiating a profound s-block metal-based chemistry with a very long tradition. Generally, the toxicity is low and highly toxic congeners are limited to the radioactive metals and beryllium [2], justifying the underrepresented extent of their chemistry. Table 1. Year of discovery [1] and selected properties [3] of the s-block metals (radii are given in pm; cation radii are given for six-coordinate ions).
[Show full text]
Chemistry of Alkaline Earth Metals: It Is Not All Ionic and Deﬁnitely Not Boring!
3XEOLVKHGLQ&RRUGLQDWLRQ&KHPLVWU\5HYLHZV ZKLFKVKRXOGEHFLWHGWRUHIHUWRWKLVZRUN Chemistry of alkaline earth metals: It is not all ionic and deﬁnitely not boring! Katharina M. Fromm University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Some scientists might consider group 2 chemistry as ‘‘boring, closed shell and all ionic, aqueous chem- istry, where everything is known! It is not worth investigating”. How wrong they are! Far from forming only purely ionic compounds, this review will shed light on some spectacular molecules, showing that alkaline earth metal ions can behave similar to transition metal ions. After general remarks about each element, from beryllium to barium, mainly recent examples of group 2 coordination compounds will be presented, their bonding situation will be discussed and examples of applications, e.g. in catalysis, will be given. Contents 1. Introduction . ........................................................................................................ 1 2. Beryllium . ........................................................................................................ 2 3. Magnesium . ........................................................................................................ 3 4. Calcium . ........................................................................................................ 7 5. Strontium . ....................................................................................................... 12 6. Barium . ......................................................................................................
[Show full text]
3.3 Metals Metals Are Elements That Are Good Conductors of Electric Current and Heat. They Also Tend to Be Shiny and Bendable
3.3 Metals Metal – Reactivity – Luster – Corrosion – Malleable – Alkali metal – Ductile – Alkaline earth metal – Thermal conductivity – Transition metal - Electrical conductivity – Metals are elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. They also tend to be shiny and bendable – like copper wire. The majority of elements in the periodic table are metals. They begin on the left side and extend across the periodic table. The physical properties of metals include luster, malleability, ductility, and conductivity. Luster – shiny and reflective Malleable – can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4OTj9yNOak – aluminum foil, start at 1:50 Ductile – can be pulled out into long wires Example – copper is both malleable and ductile Thermal conductivity - ability of an object to transfer heat Electrical conductivity – ability to carry electric current. Most metals are good thermal AND electrical conductors. Metals also generally have low specific heat (which means they heat up quickly). Only a small amount of thermal energy is required to raise the temperature of metal. Some metals are magnetic. Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) are attracted to magnets and can be made into magnets. Most metals are solid at room temperature. Only mercury (Hg) is a liquid at room temperature. Chemical Properties – the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other substances is called its reactivity. Metals usually react by losing electrons to other atoms. Sodium (Na), as mentioned before, explodes in water, but gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) do not react with other substances. The reactivity of other metals fall somewhere between those of sodium and gold.
[Show full text]
Group 1: the Alkali Metal Family
Group 1: The Alkali Metal Family Location: The alkali metal family is found on the periodic table in Group 1, which is on the far left side of the table. The metals in this group are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. The gas hydrogen is also put in this group because it shares similar reactivity with the alkali metals. Properties: All the metals in this family are silvery-white and soft enough to cut with a knife. They have low melting points. These metals, along with hydrogen, are extremely reactive. Hydrogen will blow up if it comes into any contact with flames. These metals are so reactive they will burn the skin if touched, so they are not safe for humans to handle. They tarnish rapidly. The metals in this family react violently with water. They easily react to form salts with elements from the halogen family. Because these elements are so reactive, they are never found in their pure forms in nature. In nature, they are always found combined with other elements. The metals in this family are easy to identify because they each give off a different color when they burn. Lithium flames are a crimson color, sodium flames are yellow, potassium flames are violet, rubidium flames are reddish-violet, and cesium flames are blue. Little is known about francium because it is so rare and it is radioactive. Uses: The alkali metal family has many important uses. Lithium is used in grease and other lubricants. It is also used in aircraft parts and batteries. Sodium is found in salt, and used in gasoline.
[Show full text]
Lecture 9 Alkali-Metal Atoms. Alkaline-Earth Metal Atoms & Their
Lecture 9 Alkali -metal atoms. Alkaline -earth metal atoms & their singly -charged ions. The central -field approximation. Self - consistent solutions. Which atoms are the best suited for precision experiments? Considerations: 1) electronic structure 2) lifetimes of states: availability of metastable (long-lived) states 3) wavelengths of relevant transitions (convenience, available laser power, etc.) 4) special considerations that enhance the effect to be studied, for example, some effects are enhanced for heavy atoms (need large Z) or for accidentally close energy levels 5) nuclear properties (nuclear spin, availability of stable isotopes, availability of several isotopes), is the isotope bosonic or fermionic? 6) special considerations for quantum control - minimization of decoherence. 7) availability, material considerations, toxicity, radioactivity Lecture 9 Page 1 1. Very light atoms and corresponding ions (H, He). 2. Atoms with the simplest electronic structure - alkali -metal atoms, alkaline -earth metal atoms and their singly-charged ions, similar systems (Al+, Yb+, Yb, etc.) Alkali -metal atoms Bosonic isotope - total integer spin Z Configuration Stable isotopes Lithium Li 3 1s 2 2s 6Li , 7Li Sodium Na 11 1s 22s 22p 6 3s 23 Na Potassium K 19 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6 4s 39 K, 40 K, 41 K Rubidium Rb 37 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 24p 6 5s 85 Rb, 87 Rb Cesium Cs 55 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 24p 64d 10 5s 25p 6 6s 133 Cs Francium Fr 87 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 24p 64d 10 4f 14 5s 25p 65d 10 6s 26p 6 7s none (energy to remove one
[Show full text]
Solubility Patterns in the Periodic Table SCIENTIFIC Periodic Table Demonstrations and Activities
Solubility Patterns in the Periodic Table SCIENTIFIC Periodic Table Demonstrations and Activities Introduction The alkaline earth metals are so-named because their oxides are highly basic (alkaline) and because they occur abundantly on Earth. Alkaline earth metal compounds—carbonates, sulfates, silicates—are abundant in minerals such as dolomite (cal- cium and magnesium carbonate), epsomite (magnesium sulfate), and baryte (barium sulfate). The solubilities of these com- pounds vary widely, depending on the metal cation. Are there any patterns or periodic trends in the solubility behavior of alkaline earth metal compounds? Concepts • Alkaline earth metals • Periodic trends • Double replacement reactions • Solubility rules Materials Alkaline earth metal chlorides Testing Solutions Barium chloride solution, 0.1 M, BaCl2, 6 mL Ammonium oxalate solution, 0.25 M, (NH4)2C2O4, 4 mL Calcium chloride solution, 0.1 M, CaCl2, 6 mL Potassium iodate solution, 0.2 M, KIO3, 4 mL Magnesium chloride solution, 0.1 M, MgCl2, 6 mL Sodium carbonate solution, 1 M, Na2CO3, 4 mL Strontium chloride solution, 0.1 M, SrCl2, 6 mL Sodium sulfate solution, 1 M, Na2SO4, 4 mL Reaction plate, 24-well Safety Precautions Potassium iodate is moderately toxic and is irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Strontium and barium compounds are toxic by ingestion. Oxalates are toxic by ingestion and are irritating to body tissues. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical-resistant gloves and apron. Please review current Material Safety Data Sheets for addi- tional safety, handling, and disposal information. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.
[Show full text]
Chapter 15: the Periodic Table
647-S1-MSS05 8/13/04 4:52 PM Page 432 The Periodic Table Skyscrapers, Neon Lights, sections 1 Introduction to the and the Periodic Table Periodic Table Many cities have distinctive skylines. What is 2 Representative Elements truly amazing is that everything in this pho- 3 Transition Elements tograph is made from 90 naturally occurring Lab Metals and Nonmetals elements. In this chapter, you will learn Lab Health Risks from Heavy more about the elements and the table that Metals organizes them. Virtual Lab How is an atom’s Science Journal Think of an element that you structure related to its position have heard about. Make a list of the properties you know and on the periodic table? the properties you want to learn about. Jim Corwin/Index Stock 647-S1-MSS05 8/13/04 4:52 PM Page 433 Start-Up Activities Periodic Table Make the following Foldable to help you classify the elements in Make a Model of a Periodic the periodic table as metals, nonmetals, and Pattern metalloids. Every 29.5 days, the Moon begins to cycle through its phases from full moon to new STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet moon and back again to full moon. Events of paper from side that follow a predictable pattern are called to side. Make the front edge about periodic events. What other periodic events 1.25 cm shorter can you think of? than the back edge. 1. On a blank sheet of paper, make a grid with four squares across and four squares down. STEP 2 Turn lengthwise 2.
[Show full text]
State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production
energies Review State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos 1,* , Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel 2,3 ,Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello 4 , Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas 5 , Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas 4,6, Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez 6, Alfonso Talavera-López 7 and Jose Antonio Rodriguez 8 1 Cátedras CONACYT-Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carr. Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, Pachuca C.P. 42184, Mexico 2 Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México C.P. 02200, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico 4 C. CONACYT-CIATEC, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas, Omega 201, Industrial Delta, León 37545, Mexico; [email protected] (V.A.S.-T.); [email protected] (O.A.L.-R.) 5 Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, Mexico; [email protected] 6 Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 86, Col. Leyes de Reforma 1ª Secc., Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México C.P. 09310, Mexico; Citation: Tavizón-Pozos, J.A.; [email protected] 7 Chavez-Esquivel, G.; Suárez-Toriello, Unidad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carr. A Guadalajara km 6, Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas C.P.
[Show full text]