New Discoveries at : The Excavation of the Western Palace and the Royal Necropolis of the Amorite Period Author(s): Paolo Matthiae Source: The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Mar., 1984), pp. 18-32 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3209873 . Accessed: 10/04/2014 09:52

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

The American Schools of Oriental Research is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Biblical Archaeologist.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions atM The Excavation of the Western Palace and the Royal Necropolis of the A morite Period

• • •.... . m~,m• .,,...... •r . _ •J .

4V

k14 I

View of the western of the Acropolis at Ebla. Squaresclosest to the viewer belong to the excavation of the WesternPalace; those furtherin the backgroundare associated with Royal Palace G. Inset: Excavations in the WesternPalace uncovereda bowl containing a cuneiform tablet and its envelope, which recordthe name of one of the last kings of Ebla during the Middle BronzeII period.

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions scription in Akkadian was a major period that dates between 2000 and factor in identifying the site as Ebla. 1800 B.c. (Matthiae 1980a: 113-14; BYPAOLOMATTHIAE Between 1974 and 1977 activity con- 1982a:52-54, figure 24; 1982b: 125) centrated on the RoyalPalace of Ear- and which correspondsto the dynas- ly BronzeIVA (circa 2400-2250 B.C.). ties of Isin and Larsain Babylonia. This phasewas highlighted by the Currently it is impossible to discern The workdone at Tell Mar- definiteidentification of Royal autonomous architecturalunits so dikh by the Italian Archae- PalaceG andthe importantdiscov- that successive stages in the con- ological Expedition to ery of the StateArchives. In 1978an struction of the palace can be iden- of the University of attemptwas madeat limitingthe tified. It is likely that most of it was Rome has taken place in three main westernedge of the greatCourt of built in a short time. It is also prob- phases. The first, from 1964 to 1973, Audienceof PalaceG. This was the able that it went through a series of was largely given to excavatingthe beginningof the thirdphase, which restorations and rebuildings in order Middle Bronze I-II city (circa has resultedin the discoveryof the to preserveit. 2000-1600 B.C.).This decade also imposingpalatial building of the It is a huge building. With a witnessed the discovery,outside of WesternPalace, previously called length, running north-south, of its original context, of the headless BuildingQ or PalaceQ, in the Lower slightly less than 115meters and a royal statue whose cuneiform in- City West,as well as the identifica- width that varies between 60 and 65 tion of the royalnecropolis of the meters, it forms an irregularrect- last two centuriesof the greatcity angle nearly 7,300 squaremeters in andthe excavationof the firstprince- area.The plan shows the use of a ly tombs.The presentpaper reports unit, freely adaptedand repeated on the workconducted in this phase throughout, consisting of two, and through1982. occasionally more, rooms and a Theresearch in theWestern court (see Naumann 1971:368, Palaceand in the royalnecropolis figures 292 and 498 through 501). has madea basiccontribution to our Also, blocks of rooms have often knowledgeof the secondand last been juxtaposed,as evidenced by the greatstage of the flourishing of Ebla, frequent abutting of parallel walls the so-calledOld Syrianperiod-the (Matthiae 1982c: 308-09; in press). age of the Amoritedynasties, which The architectureof the Western endedaround 1600 B.C. The contents Palace is particularlyhelpful in iden- of the royalnecropolis and the prox- tifying the peculiar characteristicsof imity of the tombsto the palace,to the Archaic Old Syrian culture. In SanctuaryB2, and to TempleBI lead fact, it follows some basic criteria of to someextremely interesting con- the period concerning the distribu- clusionsabout topography, ideology, tion of space. The inner courts are andreligious institutions of the quite small and rectangularin shape Amoriteperiod. We can, as a result, and are usually parallel to the outer interpretthe unity of the LowerCity walls of the building. Between the Westof Old SyrianEbla as the first courts and the outer walls are some archaeologicalevidence of oneof the orthogonal rooms. There is a recep- basic ideologicalinstitutions of the tion suite in the central area of the MiddleBronze II Amorite dynasties. palace, and movement within the Wesee here a cultdedicated to illus- palace was semiperipheralvia a triousroyal ancestors, rp'um-well chain of small inner courts. Several knownfrom Ugaritic texts-who staircases of three or four ramps,set guaranteedprosperity in this urban against outer walls, led to a residen- center. tial area on the second floor (Mat- thiae 1982c:313-14, figure 10; The WesternPalace: 1982b: 122-24; in press). A New AdministrativeBuilding These architecturalelements of the Old SyrianPeriod contrast sharplywith typical Old The WesternPalace was built during Babylonianbuildings, whose basic Middle BronzeI-that is, during a units consist of a central court with

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984 19

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A B C D E F G H I

0 lOOm and contributedgreatly to defining the main monumental architecturalstyles that distin- guished the urban image of cities in Syro-Palestine.These centers marked settlements from northern Syria to southern Palestine with basic elements of architecturaland urbanistic unity (Matthiae 1981a: 199-208). Thus, the huge earthen ram- parts of Upper Syriawere built after Middle BronzeI-as at Ebla-with the so-called sandwich technique. They are the prototypes that led to the diffusion and improvements of the inner wall, the earthen base- ment, and lastly the stone revete- ment that was found in Palestine during the Middle BronzeIIC (Parr 1975: 19-36; Seger 1975:42-45; Kochavi,Beck, and Gophna 1979: 161-65). The typical Old Syriantem- ple plan with single cella and long Simplifiedtopographical map of TellMardikh showing the areas of room, which occurs in Temple B1 excavation at the end of the 1982season. The letters denote various and N of Lower is sections of the city; the gray areas indicate a rapidchange in elevation. Temple Ebla's City, similar in concept to the LongTem- ple of Hazor,area A, and to the great long rooms parallel to both the sides directly antedates the portico of the fortress temples of Megiddo and of the court and to the outside walls. later palace of IV and the so- Shechem (Kuschke1977: 336-39; In the Mesopotamian palaces, traffic called bit hilani (anAmorite term Ottosson 1980: 53-62). The large radiatedout in multiple directions for the entrance portico) of the first palatial temples with longitudinal from the central court; moreover, millennium B.C. (Woolley 1955: tripartite structure,like Temple D of staircases are less frequent (Mar- 107-13, figure 37; Frankfort1952: Ebla and the Temple of Alalakh Stra- gueron 1982:465-98, 531-83). 126-31; Margueron1978: 170-76). tum IV,are the forerunnersof a long Although the WesternPalace at The reception suite in the Eblaite tradition that spreadover Upper Ebladiffers greatly from Mesopota- building, with its latitudinal tripar- Syria to the EuphratesValley and mian architecturefrom the Old tite structure and two central rooms over northern Palestine, as shown at Akkadian to the Old Babylonianpe- separatedby a portico, is a typical Hazor in the Orthostats Temple, area riods, it does contain elements of the Old Syrianplan that appearsat H, duringMiddle BronzeIIC and Old Syrian style. Thick, massive Alalakh VIIand IV and, with some Late BronzeI and II (Ottosson 1980: foundations using largeblocks with variations, at Tilmen Huiyuikand at 27-37). The long city gates with a high socle for mudbrick super- (Matthiae 1982c:313-15). three buttresses, two gateways,and structures,frequent coveringsof The distinctive architectural two pairs of siderooms, which are so limestone and basalt walls, doorways characteristicsof Ebla'sWestern frequent in Middle Bronze II Pales- made of monolithic slabs-usually Palace and the similarity of these to tine from Gezer and Beth Shemesh made of basalt and sometimes characteristics of other palatial to Hazor, Shechem, Tell Farcah, and markedby niches - all comparevery buildings of the Old Syrian culture Yavne Yam, were modelled after closely with the techniques used in providean important confirmation those of the great centers of Upper contemporarypalaces of Alalakh VII of the autonomy and peculiarity of Syria from Ebla to Alalakh and Tell and Tilmen Huiyk IIC3 (Woolley the architecturaltradition of Upper Tuqan, as well as Carchemish and 1955: 91-106, figure 35; Orthmann Syria during Middle BronzeI and II, Qatna (Matthiae 1980b: 158-67; 1966: 165-66, figures 47 and 48). The the period of Amorite prevalenceand Kaplan 1975: 12-14). Most likely the WesternPalace's entrance portico Hurrianexpansion. Certainly,the vast region between the Taurus (which perhapshad two columns) great urbancenters of Ebla, Qatna, mountains and the Arabian desert

20 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 'SC L..c \ \ .*,,,, ,, 5-.. ., \. 4k

Above: The northernstaircase and entrance to the northeasternquarter of the Western Palace. Viewis from the south. Below: Photographof the eastern wing of the WesternPalace's reception suite viewed from the north and schematic plan of the reception suite.

" \ ".. .-- 0 10 20m

0

Isometric schematic view of the WesternPalace during the Middle BronzeI to II period. never again experienced such specimens of uvular or biconical jars cultural unity as it did duringthe with horizontal rims turned outward Middle BronzeI and II of Syria and and combed bands on the shoulders the Middle BronzeIIA to IIC of (Matthiae 1982a:figure 24). Palestine. Whereverthe floor of phase I was reached,the fill contained only Artifacts from the WesternPalace fragmentsof brokenbricks, never Soundings made below the floors of any ashes or traces of destruction, the final phase of the building in This leads us to believe that the both the east and north sections of WesternPalace went through a series the WesternPalace revealedthe pres- of restorationsand rebuildings,not ence of a still earlier floor containing as a consequence of destruction, but typical pottery of Middle BronzeI in orderto preservethe building. It is Syria (phaseI). This pottery assem- likely, although the data is some- blage included a number of open car- what speculative, that the second inated bowls with high and sharp phase of the WesternPalace, (phase a carinationand rims folded outward; which is the last IIa), representedby . uvular with outturned floor of the to the ., many jars building, belongs ._ 0 rims having two sharpedges; and beginning of the Middle BronzeII traditionalcarinated bowls with period. Late in this phase (IIb)modi- short, thin vertical rims and outer fications led to the sealing of some moldings. There were also several doors and to the restorationof the or-

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGISTIMARCH 1984 21

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions L qp'r r 'VI -760I 1Im

d; ofhthae Tomof heLor ?: ~16. 3br,... r'. '%? I 'i jI.7 2-tb ;t~~ +II- J?r- N "!I o To b bf t e Lird of h e* oats -7. e :' III4? ' 4F '4d li / L 411 TO c? ,-:"*AA jr ??,100-A .2 _ 9 t~i.1 , ..' ~I ~~. ..78 C'-, '44, ' e j, ?1 ~ ~~~.0 ?.V9, 4 ;4r (Matthiae1980a: 116-17; Kupper, in press).The fragmentcontains part of a datingformula, which mentionsa personnamed Indilimgur. He almost certainlywas the last-or one of the last-kings of Eblaat the end of MiddleBronze 1982c: Above:Schematic plan of tombs from the II (Matthiae royalnecropolis. Above right: Court and 125-26). rooms of the WesternPalace in the eastern The numerousnames of staircase quarter;view is from the north. the this court witnessesin the documentsare in Discoveredbeneath floor of not andcan be was the entrance dromos to the T7mbof the largepart Amorite, Princess.Left: Cylinder seal impressionon consideredpartly as Hurrian(Kupper, the shoulder of a jar found in the Western in 1980b: Palace. The god Haddad and the goddess press;Matthiae 116-18). cAnat are depicted giving life to a prince. The This correspondsquite well with the cuneiform writing accompanyingthe scene diffusionof the Hurrianethnic ele- indicates the seal belonged to a son of King which took Indilimgurof Ebla. ment, probably place duringthe eighteenthcentury B.c. followingthe reignsof Hammurapi NorthSyrian palatial production and of Babylonand Yarim-Lim of Aleppo. mustbe relatedto the rarepainted Suchdiffusion is evidentwhen one monochromesherds of the Palestin- comparesthe Maritexts, around ian MiddleBronze IIC of Shechem 1800B.c., and the Alalakhtablets, (Toombsand Wright 1963: 51, 63, datingbetween 1700 and 1650B.c. andfigure 26). (Wilhelm1982: 17-19). The northwesternsection of the Severalfragments of provision WesternPalace was well preserved, jarswhich had cylinder seal impres- despiteextensive sacking during the sions on theirshoulders were found finaldestruction around 1600 sc. in the samesection of the Western Severalimportant finds in this area Palace.In eachcase the cylinderwas thostats(Matthiae 1979a: 148-49; at the level of the destructiongave rolledin a verticaldirection. Two im- 1980c:10).This workwas apparently unexpectedinformation about the portantseals aredocumented by the still goingon when the complexwas last yearsof this MiddleBronze II jarimpressions. One beautiful cylin- finallydestroyed. city.Among the most important derdepicts the godHaddad and the T'o vasesin the ceramichori- findswere a completecuneiform tab- goddesscAnat giving life to a prince; zon of the end of the MiddleBronze let with its envelope,and fragments it has two lines of cuneiformwrit- IIperiod at Eblaare unique: These of anothertablet found in a globular ing, revealingthat it belongedto a aretwo importantmonochrome kra- bowlwith thin flaringrim. Both doc- son of Indilimgur.This wouldex- terswith painteddecorations of umentsdate to the OldBabylonian plainthe seal'shigh artistic quality. birdsfacing each other on eitherside periodand give the text of a legal The ceremonyit represents,the be- of plants.They probably belong to a documentconcerning a loanof silver stowingof life by the goddesscAnat,

22 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGISTIMARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions is certainly related to the idea of The three royaltombs identified the north plus a small burial kingship in the Yambadmilieu below the floors of the east-central chamber (numberQ.78.A). The tomb (Matthiae 1969:35-41; Collon 1975: area of the WesternPalace were was closed to the north by a thin 146-48). The seal is exceptional for originally partof a complicated mudbrick wall which probablycol- its height of 7.5 centimeters and is system of caves;they were artificial- lapsed as a result of water infiltra- certainly a masterpiece without ly connected to each other during tion. It most likely dates to the stylistic parallel in the MatureOld the Middle BronzeII period. At that beginning of the Middle Bronze II Syrianglyptic productioneven in time the caves were preparedfor period, around 1800 B.C.,or slightly comparison to those of Aleppo/ funeraryuse. before.The Tombof the Lordof the Yamiad (Collon 1975: 146-52; 1981: Although minor uncertainties Goats, in contrast, had a vertical en- 33-43). The second cylinder is do exist, we believe that the Tomb of trance shaft to the north. It included smaller but of similar high formal the Princess, located to the south, a squarehypogeum (number quality.It bears a representationof a was the oldest, followed by the larger Q.78.B2),a short gallery (number dignitaryfaced by the god Haddad Tombof the Lordof the Goats to the Q.78.B1),and a semicircular hypo- fMatthiae 1980a: 114-16, figure 14). east, then by the more recent Tomb geum (numberQ.78.C) sealed by a It is probablethat the combined evi- of the Cisterns to the west (Matthiae massive wall of largestones. This dence of the legal tablet and of the 1980a: 100-02; 1982d:6-8). The tomb was originally the richest. It seal impressions gives us the name Tomb of the Princess included a belonged to a king who died around of the last ruler of Ebla, Indilimgur, short dromos, or entranceway,with 1750 Bc. or slightly later.The Tomb who reignedat the time of the Old steps descending from the south to of the Cisterns received its name Hittite kings Hattushili I and from two ancient cisterns whose Murshili I. openings in the ceiling boss had been blocked when the caves were Three Royal'Ibmbsfrom converted into tombs. It too had a the Middle Bronze II Necropolis funeraryshaft, here located to the The excavations of Mardikhlevels IIIAand IIIBof the WesternPalace led unexpectedly to the identifica- tion of the Middle BronzeII royal necropolis (Matthiae 1981b:62-65). The palace was built on a rock layer rich in natural caves, some of which were used by the Ebla inhabitants for places of burial. Fourtombs have thus farbeen identified beneath the central areaof the palace. A fifth cave, located under the pavement of the reception suite of the palatial complex, was only possibly used as a tomb. Discovereda few meters east of the outer wall of the palace was a sixth cave that certainly was used as a tomb. A seventh tomb was also positively identified while two other Upper left: The northernsection of the caves,probably having funeraryfunc- burial chamber (numberQ. 78.A in the Tombof the Princesscontaining Middle tions, were found south of the main BronzeII pottery Upper right: The semni. palace facade.Only three hypogeaof circularhypogeum (number Q. 78.C of the nine previously identified below the Tombof the Lordof the Goats shown beforeit was excavated. The jars belong the best preservedarea of the to the nearby Tombof the Princess.Left: WesternPalace were fully explored Painted mnonochromeiug with metope (Matthiae 1979a: 149-78; 1980c: decorationfound in the Tombof the Princess. Tre vessel is made of white 11-20; 1980d; 1982d:5-14). A par- clay and belongs to the Middle Bronze11 tially excavatedcave to the south period. had been reemployedas a waste deposit for animal bones.

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984 23

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions east, that was adaptedas a staircase. sardonyx,and gypsum from the Ugarit, and Tell el-cAjjul(Sharuhen). The Tomb of the Cisterns was used tomb are sophisticated palatial pro- The only comparableexample of a sometime around 1700 B.C.The three ductions and indicate Ebla'sclose gold bracelet producedin a similar royaltombs explored to date corre- contact with other ancient Near fashion is from the RoyalTomb II of spond to the classic tomb type of the Easternpeoples. The elegant stone Byblos (Matthiae 1981c:210-11, Middle BronzeII in Syro-Palestine vases with sharpprofiles are iden- figure 46; Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 115; which had a funerarychamber and tical in shape to a fragmentary Montet 1928: 170).The princess' entrance shaft; the short staircase bronze vase of the Lordof the Goats golden toggle pin is a masterpiece of dromoi of the tombs of the Princess and are similar to the rarebronze jewelrymaking.It belongs to the and of the Cisterns are partial excep- "Montetjars" found at Byblos and same tradition as the well-known tions to this type (Kenyon1964: TepeHissar (Matthiae 1979a:161-62; toggle pins from Palestine that have 167-477; Montet 1928). 1980d:8). Evidence for interconnec- twisted shafts. The Eblapin, how- TIbmbof the Princess. A variety of tions between Ebla and Anatolia is ever, has the typical star-headof Old objects was found in the Tomb of the providedby a faience vase with two Syrian workshops, which are attest- Princess including ceramic and stone vessels plus a cache of ex- quisite jewelry.Several items suggest the presence of considerable foreign influence at Ebla, if not direct com- mercial contact with other cultural centers. The pottery included ap-

Gold jewelry from the Tombof the Princess.An ear- or nose-ring(approximately 3.1 cm in diameter) with granulateddecoration, six bracelets of twisted gold strands decorated with granulation, and a toggle pin with twisted shaft and star-head.All of the jewelry and objects shown in this article are presently in the Archaeo- logical Museum of Alep- po. Relative sizes are not maintained. P~Q ______#1

proximately seventy vases, most of handles and pointed base that ap- which were constructed of light sim- parently belongs to the same mor- ple ware, with some rarebrown- phological class as a rock crystal vase green polished dishes and a small from Acemhdyiik (Matthiae 1980c: groupof jugs of painted mono- 13-14, figure 14;Ozguc 1966: 48, chrome brown ware. The jarsof the figure 4). simple ware belong to the end of the A very important set of jewelry Middle BronzeII; typical specimens was discoveredburied with the of the middle and final phases of female skeleton from the Tomb of Middle BronzeII are absent. The the Princess. These jewels are of Old largepainted jugs certainly belong to Syrian and perhapsEblaite produc- the same workshop that produced tion. They include six bracelets of some fragments of Alalakh X ware, twisted gold strands that have tiny for they have the same typical balls of gold soldered onto them, a metope decoration. They probably technique called granulation.These were imported from the areaaround bracelets are a rareelaboration of an . Stone vases of alabaster, earringtype known from Cyprus,

24 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions pharaohHetepibrec Harnedjheriotef, probablythe ninth king of the Thir- teenth Dynasty, who briefly reigned around 1760 B.C.It is even possible that the name of the buried person is known, for an engravedcuneiform inscription on the rim of a silver bowl from the semicircular cave reads"belonging to Immeya."Unfor- tunately no title accompanies the name (Archiand Matthiae 1979). Nothing else is known of Immeya except that this same name appears as the apparentlynonroyal addressee on an Old Babylonianletter. The let- ter was found intact on the slopes of the Tell Mardikhacropolis in the Middle BronzeII debris (Kupper,in press). Although there is no proof, we cannot rule out the possibility that the Immeya of the letter and of the bowl inscription are the same person, perhapsa king or a prince of Ebla in the second half of the eigh- Simple ceramic vessels fromhypogeum number Q.78.B of the Tombof the Lordof the Goats. teenth century B.C.(Matthiae 1982c: 125-26). ed in bronzeexamples from Alalakh The grandscale of this burial in- All of the ceramic vessels from andcentral Syria. An ear-or nose- dicates that the deceased was a the Tombof the Lordof the Goats, ring,discovered among the jewelry, member of the royalfamily who died including nearly sixty vases of sim- wasmade with two thick leavesof around 1750 Bc.or slightly later ple ware,were found in the first goldsoldered together and decorated (Matthiae 1979a: 162-78; 1980a: hypogeum where the funeraryshaft with remarkablegranulation. It also 102-07; 1980e: 195-202; 1982d: opened. In this same areawere re- is of Syro-Palestinianproduction and 10-12). This date is reinforcedby an mains of what probablywas a char- is similarto goldexamples, of Egyptianceremonial mace found in iot coveredwith bronze plaques. In somewhatinferior quality, from the tomb. The mace belonged to the the semicircular cave were bronze MiddleBronze IIC Tell el-cAijul 1980d: 1981c: (Matthiae 14-15; Archaeologicaland Historical Phases of Mardikh" 211-14;Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: L1 116-18).The last piece in the set is a MardikhI c. 3500-2900 ProtohistoricPeriod necklace,whose centerpiece is a MardikhRA c. 2900-2400 EarlyBronze I-mI EarlyProtosyrian Period lapis-lazuliscaraboid surrounded by MardikhIIBI c. 2400-2250 EarlyBronze IVA MatureProtosyrian Period a lost cloisonnddesign. Its beads are MardikhiB2 c. 2250-2000 EarlyBronze IVB LateProtosyrian Period of the collaredmelon-shape type MardikhIIIA c. 2000-1800 MiddleBronze I ArchaicOld Syrian Period whichare attested widely through- MardikhIIIB c. 1800-1600 MiddleBronze i MatureOld Syrian Period out the ancientNear East during the MardikhIVA c. 1600-1400 LateBronze I EarlyMiddle Syrian Period MiddleBronze II period (Matthiae MardikhIVB c. 1400-1200 LateBronze II RecentMiddle Syrian Period 1981c: 212-13). MardikhVA c. 1200-900 IronI Neo-SyrianPeriod Tobmbof the Lordof the Goats.Of all the that to the MardikhVB c. 900-720 IronII or tombs, belonging III "Lordof the Goats"was the richest, MardikhVC c. 720-535 Iron Aramaeanand 'Neo-Hittite" Age yet it didnot escapeviolation. The MardikhVIA c. 535-325 PersianAge bodyburied there had been dis- MardikhVIB c. 325-60 HellenisticAge turbed;only humanlong bones, MardikhVII 3rd-7thcent. LateRoman and Byzantine Age whichare now being analyzed, re- mainedscattered on the tombfloor. 'Takenfrom page 52 of Matthiae 1981a

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGISTtMARCH 1984 25

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions weapons, gold jewelry,ceremonial amount came from contemporary dresses, display emblems, stone Egyptian,most likely pharaonic, vases, and ivory amulets. Unlike the workshops(Scandone Matthiae 1982). Tomb of the Princess, this tomb con- Among the typical Old Syrian tained some globularbowls with productionsare a largenumber of flaring rims, typical of the middle and final phases of the Middle BronzeII period. Many of the bronze objects from this tomb are very poorly preserved because of repeatedwater infiltra- tion. They include decorations of Above: This bronzeobject, representingthe lost wooden furnitureas well as forepartof a goat. was found in the Tombof and emblems. There are the Lordof the Goats. It is attached to a peg weapons and may have originally decorated the arm- several fragmentsof "entorsade" rest of a throne.Below: A bronzefenestrated revetment plaques, probablybelong- ax with axial molding also from the Tombof ing to legs of furniture.Particularly the Lordof the Goats. interesting are two goat heads, each attached to a peg, which may have decoratedthe ends of the armrests of beads which, in the case of the rare a throne; two small statues of squat- pseudobarreltype with central ting goats appearto have decorated square sections, are made of gold, the top of the throne'sback. These lapis lazuli, and camelian. The other pieces are unique and it is difficult to types are more interesting for their identify their place of manufacture, parallels to beads found in other although they are probablyof North parts of the ancient Near East.The Syrianproduction. Weapons from gold tubularbeads from the Tombof the tombs include spearheadsand the Lordof the Goats have been fenestratedaxes of the long narrow found in palatial contexts in royal or duckbill type that are typical of tomb IIIof Byblos and in the treasury Syria during the Middle BronzeII hoardof the palace of MegiddoVIII period (Matthiae 1980f:58-62). A (Matthiae 1981c:216-17; Montet few bronze artifacts from the tomb, 1928: 169-70; Loud 1948:25 and however,point undoubtedly to a 173).Seven spindle-shapedbeads are connection, and possibly an actual quite important.They are cast and provenance,in western Iranas con- fluted with elongated collars and are firmed by recent finds from the ex- clearly models for well-known, al- cavations in the region of Hamrin in though uncommon, hammeredgold- from Larsato Assur and Sharuhen. eastern Iraq.Four peculiar "bells" leaf beads of Middle BronzeIIC Many round,gold-leaf studs, each from the tomb may also demonstrate Palestinian sites like Tell Beit Mir- having four holes, were also found in contact with western Iran,for their sim, Tell el-cAijjul(Sharuhen), Tell the tomb. They certainly once be- closest comparisons,although of FarcahS, and Megiddo (Matthiae longed to ceremonial garments. A inferior craftsmanship,are found 1981c:214-15; Maxwell-Hyslop in tombs from TepeGiyan IV 1971: 125-26). The wonderfulcast (Pinnock 1979). melon-shapedbeads with plain col- The extraordinaryoriginal lars belong to a class of beads known wealth of the Tombof the Lordof the Goats can only be surmised when one considers what must have been plunderedduring the sack of the A lapis-lazuli and gold pendant WesternPalace at the end of the (approximately3 cm wide) in the an and an seventeenth The shape of eagle century B.C. gold Egyptianfinger ring (approx- jewelrywhich was left behind was imately 2.2 cm wide) with largely of Syrianand probably cloisonnd decoration from the Tomb the the Goats. Eblaite production,while a smaller of Lordof

26 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions similar stud was found at Kultepe Ib, bolic of Upper or southern Egyptand where it was probablyimported from is a popularmotif in Egyptianart. northernSyria, while rosette-shaped Both the ring and the necklace were types from Megiddoand Sharuhen worked in a reddish-coloredmetal- are imitations dating to the begin- quite different from the light-colored ning of the Late BronzeI (Matthiae gold used in Old Syrian jewelry-and 1981c:220-21; Maxwell-Hyslop their quality is comparableto pro- 1971:134; Loud 1948: 164). ducts of the late Twelfth Dynasty. The jewelrycollection also in- Two splendid limestone maces cluded a lapis-lazuli pendant in the with handles of ivory,silver, and gold shape of an eagle and a complete are certainly ceremonial pharaonic necklace with three sections having objects (ScandoneMatthiae 1982).In a coiled or "entorsade" decoration each mace a segment of the handle and three disks with granulatedstar was made of a silver cylinder covered patterns(Matthiae 1981c:217-18). with thick gold leaf. One unin- The granulationof this Eblaneck- scribed mace had a lozenge-shaped lace is of comparablehigh quality to pattern pierced into the gold leaf, the celebratedDilbat necklace now resembling in technique and decora- in the MetropolitanMuseum of Art. tion a knife handle from tomb II at The six-pointedstar in Eblaite Byblos (Montet 1928: 160).The sec- jewelry,however, is a typical Old ond mace, bearingthe name of Syrianpattern (Maxwell-Hyslop PharaohHetepibrec has the hiero- 1971:88-91). glyphic royalname flanked by two Among the gold jewelryof Egyp- baboons.The baboon is well known tian production from the tomb are a in Egyptianscenes of the adoration beautiful finger ring with a cloi- of the sun; in Syriathey frequently sonne decorationof two lilies flank- appearin ritual contexts in glyptics ing a scaraboid,and a fragmentary (ScandoneMatthiae 1979;Matthiae necklace in the shape of a lily (Mat- 1981c:222-24). The hieroglyphs thiae 1981c: 224-25). The lily is sym- were incorrectly repairedat Eblain

Gold artifacts found in the Tombof the Inrd of the Goats. Shown clock wise fromupper left are rwo sizes of studs. melon-shaped beads fapproximately1.I cm in diameter).an object with granulationand inlaid lapis lazuli. and two groupsof tubular and one groupof pseudobarrelbeads.

Thi gold necklace from the Tombof the Lordof the Goats has three sections with "entorsade" decorationand three disks featuringthe typical Old Syriansix-pointed-star motif

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGISTMARCH 1984 27

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions thin ivory pieces set back to back so that only their outer faces were visi- ble. This was attached to two ivory rods at the top and two at the bot- tom. Small bronze pegs were used to attach human figurines onto the outer faces. A serpent, lion, and bear, all carvedin the round,were fixed similarly to the rods.The composi- tions on both sides of the amulet are very intriguing. On one side a funer- ary banquet scene is depicted with the protagonistsitting before an of- fering table coveredwith loaves of bread.The man is bareheadedand holds a shepherd'scrook. In front of him are servants and two peculiar figures, a male and a female, shown frontally in the nude. These two frontal figures appearon the other side of the amulet that features a scene of the adorationof a bull by two baboons with a secondary figure holding an axe (Matthiae 1979a: 173-75; 1980c: 17-18; 1980d: 14 and 1hree views of an Egyptianmace of tne 1mrteentn Dynasty pnaraon ieteplorec The scenes on this amulet can Harnediheriotef,discovered in the Tombof the Lordof the Goats. Made of ivory,silver, and 17). gold, these details show a traditional Egyptianscene of two baboons in adoration of the sun. be interpretedin light of a passage from the Ugaritic poem of Keret, where the oldest son and daughter antiquity when at least three signs names (ScandoneMatthiae 1979: are responsible for taking care of the became detached. These two maces 122-23). funeraryceremonies for their dead from the Tomb of the Lordof Goats Two ivory amulets were also father,the king. On the basis of the should be considered as gifts from found in the tomb. One very frag- poem, the two scenes of the amulet the Egyptianpharaoh to a king of mentary amulet included at least depict the main funeraryrite and the Ebla.It is significant that the three goatlike figures carvedin ivory. king's death. In the banquet scene PharaohHetepibrec adopted the The other was in very good condition the king would be the protagonist unusual title of "Sonof the Asiatic" in spite of its fragility,perhaps and the beneficiary of the feast while or, accordingto another translation, because it was protectedby jarfrag- his soul is symbolically represented "Sonof the farmer,"among his royal ments. It was made of two series of by the bull on the other side in a

An ivory amulet from the Tombof the Lordof the Goats. Small carvedanimal and human figures were attached to ivory plaques with tTronze pegs. This side of the amulet depicts a banquet scene.

28 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1975and 1976,dating to the mid or thirdquarter of the thirdmillennium B.C.,subsequent work at Tell Mardikh,ancient Ebla,has concentrated upon the buildings and underground tombs of the Middle BronzeAge, from the first half of the second millennium. The ItalianMission to Syriahas now establishedthat Eblawas a site of majorimportance during two crucial periods of ancient Near Easternhistory: the Old Akkadianperiod, the time of Sargonof Akkad and his grandsonNaram-Sin, and the Old Babylonian period, the time of Hammurapiof Babylonand Sam'i-AdadI of . Curiously there is as yet little trace in the archaeologicalrecord of settle- ment at Ebladuring the transitionalperiod represented by Gudeaof Lagash,the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the Isin-Larsa period. Yet the abundant textual evidence survivingfrom the late thirdand early second millennia B.C.contains many referencesto Ebla.The referencesto Ebla in the various inscriptions of Gudeaof Lagashare of special interest,yet difficultto relateto anythingpresent- ly known from the excavations at Tell Mardikh. Perhapsfuture work at the site will help to clarify this problemwhich, as it stands, is a good example of a cardinalrule in archaeologythat one does not alwaysfind what one is looking for.Paolo Matthiae and his colleagues went to Ivorygoatlike figuresfrom a fragmentary Tell Mardikh for an Old or Middle Bronze site. The amulet found in the Tombof the Lordof the looking Babylonian Age Goats. importanceof the site in the EarlyBronze Age (thirdmillennium B.C.)proved to be a pleasant but unexpected surprise. The of over tablets from the Bronze scene attested in the ritual of discovery 15,000 clay Early Age palace at Tell Mardikh, and the claims made the historical and biblical a regarding Dumuzi, Mesopotamian divine referencesand allusions contained in those tablets representa scholarly con- shepherd king. troversythat has been featuredin the pagesof BAas well as everyjournal devoted Ibmb of the Cisterns. The third to the study of the ancient Near East,to say nothing of the popularpress. Those tomb was clearly autonomous since who work on the tablets from Ebla are now doing their best to put all this it had its own funerary shaft with hullabaloo behind them and to look upon Ebla as a Syrian city producing stairs. It suffered most from the pil- material relevantto the culture and history of BronzeAge Syria. - lage. In fact, it contained onl:y some This is not to deny the importance of contacts with Palestine or Egypt of those contactsand the andhistorical evidence fragmentary bronze objects, scat- the significance archaeological is out well in the Paolo Matthiae.It tered gold studs, some ceramic they provide brought very present paperby is rather a of and focus. The of the vessels, and stone vases, one question emphasis primary importance materialuncovered at Eblais not to be seen in terms of its bearingupon the Bible beautiful example of which may be but for what it revealsabout BronzeAge Syria. It is that the Egyptian. possible The present controversyover Ebla and the Bible should not be seen as mace uninscribed Egyptian belonged something new in the history of Assyriologybut ratheras the latest episode of to this tomb. Partial remains of a an ongoingdebate that has dominatedthe field from its inceptionover one hun- human skeleton, including a skull dredyears ago. Various attempts havebeen made to "secularize"the field and to which is now being studied were establishAssyriology as an independentdiscipline, free from any directassocia- scattered on the floor of the first tions with Old Testamentor biblical studies. The foremost scholar associated cistern. with such developments in the United States would be Albrecht Goetze who, during the course of his scholarly career, carried on a running battle with The Ancestor Cult scholarssuch as W.E Albrightand E. A. Speiserwho, accordingto Goetze, prac- ticed what he referredto as "Levantine in an Amorite Assyriology." Capital City That was with a tone of voice used also for "biblical The of the Amorite phrase spoken royal necropolis In of the currentdebate overterminology, carried on in BA is situated in the center of the archaeology." light period and other publications as well as at the plenary session of the recent meeting urban settlement at Ebla. Such a of the American Schools of Oriental Researchin Dallas, Texas,it is important location was probably already an to keep in mind the long-standingand far-ranginghistory of this controversy. Eblaite tradition in the Early Syrian period, and it can be observed else- JamesD. Muhly where in the region during this time. The location of royal tombs of Ur and Alaca Huyuk indicates that it was a tradition in lower Mesopo- tamia and central Anatolia as early

BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984 29

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions as the middle of the third millen- divine names given to gates and ble to view the Western Palace, nium ti.c.At Byblos the royal tombs quarters of the city reflected the which is clearly related to kingship, of the dynasty contemporary with major temples in their regions. the temple dedicated to the god of the Tomb of the Lord of the Goats at There are also indications that the netherworld, and the sanctuary Ebla were in the central region of the Sanctuary B2 is related to the royal used for the cult of the royal dead as city, and were perhaps also related to necropolis. Sanctuary B2 has an ir- a unitary monumental complex. some monumental buildings. And regular plan; there is a big central This is the first organic archaeologi- although an unclear stratigraphic cella with a podium that requires a cal evidence for one of the basic situation does not permit us at pres- bent-axis approach, small square ideological institutions of the period ent to make a definite connection cellas, and long rectangular cellas. of Amorite dynasties in lower Meso- between the tombs and the palace of This plan is virtually unknown in potamia and Upper Syria: the cult the Middle Bronze IIC at Tell el- the classical typology of the Syro- of royal, illustrious, and heroic cAjjul (Sharuhen), the relation be- Palestinian temples dedicated to ancestors, who guaranteed the pros- tween the tombs and a funerary deities, and it corresponds in some perous development of the urban cultic building and a palatial edifice typological characteristics to the so- community. This is the practice of at Tell ed-Dabaca (Avaris), the called Double Temple F of Hazor the cult of the rp'um, which is well Hyksos capital city in the eastern (Matthiae 1981a: 128-30; Yadin known from the Late Bronze II ritual Delta, is certain (Tufnell 1962: 1972: 95-98). This building is also texts from Ugarit and which certain- 28-37; Stewart 1974; Bietak 1970: topographically related to a burial ly goes back to, and was typical of, 24-29; 1979: 247-63). area and is oriented towards the the Middle Bronze II period there At Ebla, it is probable that the (Dietrich, Loretz, and Sanmartin Western Palace, Temple BI, and Sanc- 1976; Healey 1978: 85-88; Pope The Old Syrianperiod, the age of tuary B2 are specially related to the 1981: The text document- the Amorite dynasties, ended 174-79). Their to indi- royal necropolis. proximity around 1600 B.C.,after about fifty ing Hammurapi's genealogy it is one that certainly thing strongly years of struggle provokedby the cates that it was also practiced in and there suggests this, are other Old Hittite kings Hattushili I and Mesopotamia during the Middle facts that support this idea. Con- Murshili I. Within a few decades Bronze II period. sider, for example, Temple B1-which beginning around 1650 B.C.,these is built according to the typical Old kings descended from Anatolia to Conclusion Syrian plan, with a long room, Upper Syria,besieged and took Important results can now be ob- which appears also in Temple N at Alalakh (in the region of Antioch), tained by a comprehensive historical Urshu Tell Ebla, in the Long Temple of Hazor, (nearEbla, possibly interpretation of all the available almost Ebla and in the major temples of Middle Tuqan), certainly field data for centers like Ebla that itself, and, afterwards,Aleppo, the Bronze IIC of Palestine at Shechem are important in the of the center of the powerful kingdom of history and There is evidence that urban civilization of Megiddo. .Lastly, Murshili I took Syro-Palestine. BI was dedicated to Such a enables Temple Rashaph, Babylon,where the last king of synthesis us to draw the of the god netherworld, plague, Hammurapi'sdynasty reigned. attention to both the forces of dis- and war, who corresponds to the continuity and continuity in history Mesopotamian god Nergal. A thereby drawing attention to what is sculpted ritual basin found in this west, the direction of the dead (Yadin truly distinctive in a culture. As a temple depicts not only a banquet 1972: 43-44). It can be proposed that consequence, it is possible to per- scene -which is a typical representa- both Sanctuary B2 and Double Tem- ceive the significant differences be- tion for this class of monumental ple F fulfilled a funerary cultic func- tween the Old Syrian culture of fitting in Ebla-but also two series of tion. The articulated organization of Upper Syria and the cultural world soldiers. The soldiers are appropriate the cultic furniture, with altars for of biblical Palestine. For instance, to Rashaph's role as god of war (Mat- small images, perhaps made of the very ancient designation of the thiae 1965). In addition, according to bronze, and now totally disappeared, royal ancestors, rp'um, in the first texts found in the Archives, one of basalt slabs for animal offerings, and millennium B.c.loses the deep mean- the four gates and one of the four daises for vegetable offerings, is quite ing of a religious ideology and ritual quarters of the Early Syrian city were suitable for the functions of a royal practice, which had been basic in the named after Rashaph (Matthiae funerary cult (Matthiae 1979b: urban culture of Middle Bronze II in 1981a: 184). There is no doubt that 567-69). the second millennium (Dietrich, the quadripartite pattern of Early Thus we believe that the three Loretz, and Sanmartin 1976: 50-52; Syrian Ebla was preserved in the Old buildings at Ebla are related to the Pope 1977). A radical semantic Syrian city, and it is likely that the royal necropolis and that it is possi- change, therefore, is evidenced in the

30 BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTMARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Vluyn: NeukirchenerVerlag und Butzon& BeckerKevelaer. 1981 The Aleppo Workshop.A Seal- #.p Cutters'Workshop in Syriain the Second Half of the EighteenthCen- 0 tury B.C.Ugarit-Forschungen 13: . 33-43. , . . , . . . Dietrich, M., Loretz,0., and Sanmartin,1. : 1976 Die ugaritischenTotengeister rpu(m) und die biblischen Rephaim.Ugarit-

. Forschungen8: 45-52. Frankfort,H. 1952 The Origin of the bit hilani. Iraq 14: 120-31. Healey,I. F. 1978 RitualText KTU 1.161-Translation and Notes. Ugarit-Forschungen10: 83-88. Kaplan,I. 0 Sm 1975 FurtherAspects of the Middle BronzeAge II Fortificationsin Pales- ?. tine. Zeitschrift des Deutschen SSchematicplan of SanctuaryB2durng the Middle Bronze lperiod. Palastina-Vereins91: 1-17. Kenyon,K. M. 1964 Excavationsat Jericho,1I. The TobmbsExcavated in 1955-8. Lon- don: BritishSchool of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Kochavi,M., Beck, P.,and Gophna,R. 1979 Aphek-Antipatris,Tel Poleg,Tel Zerorand Tel Burga:Four Fortified Sites of the MiddleBronze Age IIAin the SharonPlain. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins95: 121-65. Kupper,J.-R. in Les tablettes paltobabyloniennesde press Tell Mardikh-Ebla.Studi Eblaiti 5. Kuschke,A. discoveries.The term as it moves from one culture to posiumon the Ebla sympos- 1977 Tempel.Pp. 333-42 in Biblisches iumwas bythe American Schools another and from the second millen- sponsored Reallexikon.ed. K.Galling. Tfibing- of OrientalResearch. Also attending were S. nium to the first millennium and en: I. C. B. Mohr(Paul Siebeck). N. Kramer,J.D. Muhly, and J. Sauer. The the ancient values are cancelled. The Loud,G. presentpaper is a somewhatmodified version 1948 11.Seasons 1935-39. which the biblical Megiddo, of opposite meaning of a lecturegiven at this meeting. Chicago:The OrientalInstitute. term rephaim takes-designating, Margueron,1. on the one hand, the shadows in the 1978 Un"Hilani"tiEmar.Annualof the netherworldand, on the other hand, Bibliography American Schools of Oriental the of a remote Archi, A., and Matthiae,P. Research44: 153-76. mythical beings 1979 Una con iscrizione 1982 Recherchessur les -is the most coppad'argento palais misopota- past eloquent proofof cuneiformedalla "Tombadel Signore miens de du Bronze.Paris: In- the fi6ge cultural distance between these dei capridi."Studi Eblaiti 1:191-93. stitut Francaisd'Archologie du two worlds. Bietak,M. procheOrient. 1970 VorlkufigerBericht fiber die dritte Matthiae, P. In the springof 1983,upon the initiative of Kampagneder OesterreichischeAus- 1965 Le sculture in basalto.Pp. 125-58 in the InternationalInstitute for Mesopotamian grabungenauf Tell ed-Dab'aim Missione Archeologicaltaliana in AreaStudies, five membersof the Italian Ostdelta Aegyptens(1968). Mit- Siria, 1964. Roma:Universita degli ArchaeologicalExpedition to Syriaof the teilungen des Deutschen Archaolo- Studi di Roma. Universityof Rome traveledthroughout the gischen Instituts, Kairo26: 15-41. 1969 Empreintesd'un cylindre palkosyrien United States presentinglectures and 1979 Avarisund Piramesse.Archaeologi- de Tell Mardikh.Syria 46: 1-43. seminars.The team, which included A. Archi, cal Explorationin the EasternNile 1979a Scavi a Tell Mardikh-Ebla,1978: Rap- S. Mazzoni, F.Pinnock, G. Scandone Delta. Proceedingsof the British porto sommario.Studi Eblaiti 1: Matthiae,and the presentauthor, visited Academy 65: 225-89. 129-84. twenty universitiesand institutions. At the Collon, D. 1979b PrincelyCemetery and Ancestors University of Pennsylvaniathe presentations 1975 The Seal Impressionsfrom Tell Cult at Ebladuring Middle BronzeII: of the Italianscholars werepart of a sym- AtchanalAlalakh.Neukirchen- A Proposalof Interpretation.Ugarit-

BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGISTIMARCH 1984 31

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Forschungen11: 563-69. Tuibingen:Verlag Ernst Wasmuth. OF 1980a Campagnede fouilles AEbla en 1979: Orthmann,W. ,VS 0,9/ OF les tombes princiereset le palais de 1966 Tilmen Huiyuik.Archiv fiir Orient- r la ville basse a l'6poqueamorrheene. forschung21: 165-66. WINo Academie des Inscriptionset Belles- Ottosson, M. AmericanCenter of -,641, Lettres,Comptes Rendus 1980, 1980 Templesand Cult Places in 94-118. Palestine. Uppsala:Acta Univer- OrientalResearch 1980b Sondaggia Tell Tuqan,1978: Rappor- sitatis Upsaliensis. in Amman, Jordan to preliminare.Studi Eblaiti 2: Ozguic,N. 129-94. 1966 Excavationsat Acemhoyuk.Anadolu welcomes visiting scholars 1980c Fouilles a Tell 1978:le 10:38-52. Mardikh-Ebla, and interestedlaymen. BAtimentQ et la n6cropoleprinciere Parr,P. J. du BronzeMoyen II. Akkadica 17: 1975 The Origin of the RampartFortifica- Programsinclude: 1-51. tions of Middle BronzeAge Palestine Archaeologyclasses 1980d TwoPrincely Tombsat Tell Mardikh- and Syria.Zeitschrift des Deutschen Lecturesand seminars Ebla.Archaeology 33: 8-17. Paldstina-Vereins84: 18-45. Guided site visits 1980e The Princely Tombsof Middle Pinnock, E A research BronzeII at Eblaand the Contem- 1979 Nota sui "sonagli"della "Tombadel library porarySyro-Palestinian Cemeteries. Signoredei Capridi"Studi Eblaiti 1: Studycollections Studi Eblaiti 2: 195-204. 185-90. Annual appointments 1980f Sulle asce fenestratedel'Signore dei Pope,M. Scholars'residence Capridi'Studi Eblaiti 3: 53-62. 1977 Notes on the RephaimTexts from Vehicleand equipment rental 1981a Ebla. An EmpireRediscovered. Ugarit. Memoirsof the Connecticut Liaisonwith local officials Garden NY: Arts and Sciences 19: City, Doubleday. Academy of Rescue (Translatedby ChristopherHolme 163-82. archaeology from Ebla. Un ImperoRitrovato. 1981 The Cult of the Dead at Ugarit.Pp. Torino:G. Einaudi, 1977.) 160-79 in Ugarit in Retrospect,ed. Forfurther information contact: 198lb A Hypothesis on the Princely Burial G. D. Young. ASORAdministrative Offices Areaof Middle BronzeII at Ebla. ScandoneMatthiae, G. 4243 Street Archiv 49: 55-65. 1979 Un faraonicodella XIII Spruce Orientalni oggetto PA 19104 1981c Osservazionisui gioielli delle tombe dinastia dalla "Tombadel Signoredei , principesche di MardikhIIIB. Studi capridi."Studi Eblaiti 1: 119-28. Tel:(215) 222-4643 Eblaiti 4: 205-25. 1982 Eblaund Aegyptenim Alten und 1982a Fouilles a Tell Mardikh-Ebla,1980: le Mittleren Reich.Antike Welt 13: Palais Occidentalde l'6poqueamor- 14-17. rheene.Akkadica 28: 41-87. Seger,J. D. 1982b The WesternPalace of the Lower 1975 The MB II Fortificationsat Shechem Moving? City of Ebla:A New Administrative and Gezer.A Hyksos Retrospective. Make Sure BA Moves With You Buildingof Middle BronzeI-II. Ar- Eretz-Israel12: 34"-45". Please attach chiv ffir Orientforschung,Beiheft 19: Stewart,J. R. your magazine mailing 121-2'. 1974 Tell The Middle BronzeAge label to this coupon and send el-Ajjul. both to: ASOR 1982c Fouille?de 1982A Tell Mardikh-Ebla Remains. G6teborg:Studies in SubscriptionServices, 4243 PA et a Tell Touqan:nouvelles lumieres MediterraneanArcheology. SpruceStreet, Philadelphia, sur l'architecturepaleosyrienne du Toombs,L. E., and Wright,G. E. 19104. Be sure to include your new addresson the form. Thank BronzeMoyen I-II. Academie des 1963 The FourthCampaign at BalAta you! Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres. (Shechem).Bulletin of the American Comptes Rendus299-331. Schools of Oriental Research 169: 1982d Die Fulrstengraberdes PalastesQ in 1-60. Ebla.Antike Welt 13:3-14. Tufnell, O. Attach Label Here in Fouilles a Tell Mardikh-Ebla,1982: 1962 The CourtyardCemetery at Tell el- press nouvelles recherchessur l'architec- Ajjul,Palestine. Bulletin of the ture palatine d'Ebla.Academie des Institute of Archaeologyof the Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres. University of London3: 1-37. Comptes Rendus. Wilhelm, G. Maxwell-Hyslop,K. R. 1982 Grundzitgeder Geschichte und 1971 WesternAsiatic Jewellryc. Kulturder Hurriter.Darmstadt: Name (please print) 3000- 612 B.C.London: Methuen & WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft. Company. Woolley,C. L. YourNew Address Montet, P. 1955 Alalakh. An Account of the Excava- 1928 Byblos et l'Egypte.Quatre cam- tions at TellAtchana in the Hatay, City pagnes de fouilles a Gebeil. Paris: 1937-1949. Oxford:Oxford Univer- Institut de Beyrouth. sity Press. State Zip Francais Naumann, R. Yadin,Y 1971 ArchitekturKleinasiens von ihren 1972 Hazor. The Head of All Those Anfangen bis zum Ende der Kingdoms.London: Oxford Univer- hethitischen Zeit. 2. erweit. Auflage. sity Press.

32 BIBLICALARCHAEOLOGIST/MARCH 1984

This content downloaded from 193.0.118.39 on Thu, 10 Apr 2014 09:52:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions