COVER DESCRIPTION: "Different kinds of moonlight change the shape of the river." Steamboat pilots had to know the shape of the river better than the shape of their front hall at home. Thomas Hart Benton provided this 7"x4i/2" gouache painting for Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi. An article regarding Benton's illustrations for three of Mark Twain's classics appears in this issue of the REVIEW. Many works by Benton will be exhibited, beginning August 1, in the State Historical Society Art Gallery, open Monday through Friday from 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., excepting legal holidays. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1981 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State VOLUME LXXV Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ ship. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 NUMBER 4 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JULY 1981 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1973.

OFFICERS 1980-1983 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1981 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1982 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville J. J. GRAF, Hermann RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis ARVARH H. STRICKLAND, Columbia

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1983 CHARLES BLANTON III, Sikeston VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall R. I. COLBORN, Paris W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville W. W. DALTON, St. Louis DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-seven Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee.

WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville ii NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201

in AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE

The editorial staff of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL

REVIEW asks that members of the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, who are moving or have moved to a new location, please inform the Society of changes of address, as soon as possible.

To remail a returned issue of the REVIEW under new postal rates is very expensive. In addition to elim­ inating this costly procedure, the immediate notifica­ tion of a change of address will enable the member to receive the REVIEW at an earlier date.

Changes of address should be sent to:

State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201

IV SOCIETY TO PRESENT AWARDS

At the Annual Meeting in October the Society will confer three awards. An engraved citation and a me­ dallion will be awarded to a member who has given distinguished service to the Society and to the State of Missouri in the promotion and dissemination of knowl­ edge concerning the history of our region. A second engraved citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash award will be given for the REVIEW article during the calendar year which has contributed most in depth in a scholarly and popular sense to the history of our State. The two-hundred-fifty-dollar Floyd C. Shoe­ maker History Award will be presented to a junior class student in a Missouri college or university who has written the best historical article that relates to Missouri events or personalities. The distinguished member will be selected by a three-member committee appointed by the Society president. One member of the selection committee will serve for two years and two members for one year. No active officers or trustees of the Society, with the ex­ ception of past presidents, may be nominated for the Distinguished Service Award. Nominations should be made in writing to Richard S. Brownlee, director of the Society, any time during the calendar year. The prize-winning article will be selected by three his­ torians appointed by the editor of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years. Articles submitted for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award will be judged by the De­ partment of History of the University of Missouri- Columbia. CONTENTS

THOMAS HART BENTON'S ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS FOR MARK TWAIN CLASSICS 385

THE BELLE FONTAINE INDIAN FACTORY, 1805-1808. By Russell M. Magnaghi . . .396

OF SUGAR AND SALT AND THINGS IN THE CELLAR AND SUN: FOOD PRESERVATION IN JACKSON COUNTY IN THE 1850S. By Janet Bruce . . 417

RHETORIC OF A SMALL MIDWESTERN TOWN. By Alice Donaldson 448

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 464

Local Historical Societies 467

Gifts 483

Missouri History in Newspapers 488

Missouri History in Magazines 492

In Memoriam 497

BOOK REVIEWS 500

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXV 503 vi Thomas Hart Benton's Original Illustrations For Mark Twain Classics

August 1 will mark the beginning of a new exhibit in the State Historical Society of Missouri's Art Gallery. Along with selected works by George Caleb Bingham, which are on permanent display, the Art Gallery will feature a number of watercolors, temperas, and pen, brush, and ink drawings executed by Thomas Hart Benton for the Mark Twain classics, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Life on the Mississippi. These Twain volumes were published by The Limited Edition Club of New York City in 1939, 1942 and 1944, respec­ tively. Besides the works included in this exhibit, which are taken from the 203 items given to the State Historical Society by the Neosho-born artist, Benton donated the paintings Negro Soldier and Embarkation (Prelude to Death). Other Benton paint­ ings owned by the State Historical Society are his "Year of Perir series, a gift of Abbott Laboratories. Born on April 15, 1889, Benton spent his early life in South­ west Missouri and Washington, D. C, where his father was a

385 member of the United States Congress. While the family resided in the Washington, D. C. area, Tom Benton studied at the Cor­ coran Gallery of Art. His official artistic career began in 1906 when he worked as a cartoonist for the Joplin American. In 1907 he studied at the Art Institute of Chicago. The next year Benton traveled to Paris where he lived through 1911. While there he studied at the Academie Julian and the Academie Collarossi. Dur­ ing World War I, Benton served as a naval draftsman and at that time forsook the abstract theories of art he had studied and turned to depicting, in realistic terms, the American scene. His marriage to a former student, Rita Piacenza, provided the atmosphere for Benton to embark upon a successful artistic career. He is con­ sidered Missouri's most important twentieth-century artist and America's foremost muralist during his lifetime. Missourians have an opportunity to view four of Benton's most important murals at the Harry S. Truman Library, Independence; Harzfeld's, Kansas City; the Municipal Building, Joplin; and the House of Repre­ sentatives Lounge in the State Capitol, Jefferson City. Before his death on January 19, 1975, he had just completed a mural, Origins of Country Music, for the Country Music Foundation in Nashville, Tennessee. Besides his murals, Benton executed many paintings, water- colors, drawings, lithographs and bronzes which have been ex­ hibited in galleries throughout the United States. In addition, he was a noted writer in the field of art. Among the numerous honors and awards he received were the Carol H. Bock Medal presented to him during the 1942 annual exhibition sponsored by the Penn­ sylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the Diamond Jubilee Medal award to Benton by The National Arts Club, New York, in 1974. In 1969 he received the State Historical Society of Missouri's Dis­ tinguished Service Award and Medallion. To imagine a better choice of artist to illustrate the Mark Twain books would be difficult. Benton's work provides a perfect visual equivalent to Twain's subjects and style. It celebrates the union of these uniquely American kindred spirits. Benton used tempera, watercolor and ink to produce unpre­ tentious images which give substance to our private conceptions of Twain's marvelous stories. The illustrations are direct, ener­ gized, economical in technique and wonderfully appropriate. The Thomas Hart Benton exhibit can be viewed from 8:30 A.M.- 4:00 P.M., Monday-Friday, excepting legal holidays. Whitewashing Scenes from Tom Sawyer

Tom contemplates white­ washing the fence as "Jim came skipping out at the gate with a tin pail" to fetch water (above). After Tom con­ vinced his friends that white­ washing was fun and required great talent, they took over the job while "the artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by" (right). River Scenes

The steamboat could not land at the upper end of the plantation because "The stumps there are out of the water at this stage" (above). At right, "a yellow-faced male miserable roosting on the top rail" surveys a flood on the Mississippi. From Life on the Mississippi

"The town of New Madrid was looking very unwell." Recent high water had in­ vaded it and damaged its looks (above). "People, peo­ ple everywhere, to welcome these races," depicts a steam­ boat race on the Mississippi (left). River Scenes from Huckleberry Finn These two pages fea­ ture scenes from Huckleberry Finn. At left, above, Huck Finn runs away from his drunken father. Hiding, Huck hears "a skiff, away, across the water," but he remains undetected. Below, left, in Huck's flight, he discovers Jim, Miss Watson's runaway slave. "Hello, Jim!" "He bounced up and stared at me wild." Above, after building a raft, Huck and Jim hide by day. At dark they poke their heads out of the cottonwood thicket. At right, Huck and Jim become separated in the fog. Huck finally discovers Jim "setting there with his head down between his knees, asleep." Violent Scenes

Life on the Mississippi can be exciting. Above, "Brown picked up a ten-pound lump of coal" and a fight ensued in the pilothouse.

Often rivermen were a rough lot. As one man ex­ plains, right, "I'm the orig­ inal copper-bellied corpse- maker from the wilds of Arkansas!" From Life on the Mississippi

Dangerous objects and small river crafts frayed steamboat pilots' nerves dur­ ing flood time. Small vessels would suddenly appear under the steamboats' bows. "Cain't you see nothin's, you dash- dashed aig-suckin etc!"

Disastrous steamboat fires too often occurred. At left, "If the fire would give him time to reach a sand-bar" all could be saved. School Scenes

At left, poor Tom! "Why are you late again, as usual?" But school, at times, could be interesting. Below, Tom drew a line down the middle of Joe Harper's slate. "As long as the tick is on your side you can stir him up . . . but if he gets on my side, I can keep him from crossing From Tom Sawyer

Tom, right, "came war- whooping around," but Becky Thatcher did not notice. "The master opened the volume" and discovered the page Becky had accidently torn (below). Tom received Becky's adoration by taking the blame. The Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 1805-1808 BY RUSSELL M. MAGNAGHI*

The United States took formal possession of Upper Louisiana, after the official purchase of Louisiana from France, on March 10, 1804. Two of the pressing problems facing the young Republic and its president, Thomas Jefferson, which needed answering were: 1) how could the numerous, scattered Indian tribes in the terri­ tory be effectively controlled and 2) how could foreign influence among the Indians be countered? As early as September 1803, a report reached Washington, D.C, which outlined some of these problems. The Osage inhabiting the present state of Missouri appeared hostile to both whites and Indians in a wide area stretch­ ing from the Illinois River on the north to the Arkansas River on the south. The report also noted that the Sauk and Fox Indians residing near the confluence of the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers were "peaceable and friendly" but "their chief trade is with Michilimackinac. . . Z'1 The magnitude of the British trade cen-

#Russell M. Magnaghi is professor of History at Northern Michigan Uni­ versity, Marquette. He received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Saint Louis University. l "An Account of the Indian Tribes in Louisiana," September 29, 1803, in Clarence E. Carter, comp. and ed., Territorial Papers of the United States, Volume IX, The Territory of Orleans, 1803-1812 (Washington, D.C, 1940) , 64-66. Hereafter cited as Terr. Papers. 396 Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 397 tered at the Straits of Mackinac in Michigan soon would be a major concern for the Americans in the West. The Indians de­ manded the inexpensive, quality goods brought by the British traders, which provided those traders with political influence. As Americans moved into the region they found the Indians, domi­ nated by the British traders, hostile to them.2 As an American military presence began to develop in the mid-continent, General James Wilkinson became deeply disturbed by this British intrusion. In a letter to Secretary of State James Madison, Wilkinson complained of this development: The projects of the British merchants on this side of Canada to monopolize at once the whole trade of the Mis­ souri, menace such serious consequences as to call forth my decisive interposition.3 He continued in his letter that the British, gathering in great num­ bers in St. Louis with their merchandise, filled the streets with their merchants, agents, clerks and engages as they prepared to ascend the Missouri River for the first time. Wilkinson rightly feared that the British would not confine their activities to Indian trade but would alienate the Indians against the Americans. British rumors, for example, already surfaced which implied the Ameri­ cans would seize Indian lands and introduce factories or trading posts in order to corrupt the headmen and chiefs and make slaves of the Indians. Wilkinson also feared similar trouble among the Indians living along the border with Spanish Texas.4 Reports also reached St. Louis that merchants from Santa Fe had visited the Kansa Indians living to the west of the city. Wilkinson, the military commander on the Mississippi River frontier and superintendent of Indian affairs, took action to counter these foreign influences on the Indians. On August 26, 1805, he closed the Missouri Valley to foreign traders. He forbid licensed traders to carry into the region the following items: uniforms of any power other than the United States, arm bands or other devices

2 James Bruff to James Wilkinson, September 29, 1804, in Terr. Papers, Volume XIII, The Territory of Louisiana-Missouri, 1803-1806 (Washington, 1948) , 56. 3 Wilkinson to James Madison, Secretary of State, August 24, 1805, James Wilkinson Papers, No. 94, Chicago Historical Society, II, 79. 4 Wilkinson to Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War, December 10, 1805, in Terr. Papers, XIII, 298-299. 398 Missouri Historical Review bearing the image of a foreign ruler and firearms. Furthermore, all traders had to take an oath of fidelity to the United States.5 As this foreign influence threatened to destroy American- Indian relations on the western frontier, the federal government took the necessary steps to counter it through the signing of treaties with the Indians and the establishment of Indian factories. In 1804, the territorial governor of Indiana, William Henry Harrison, visited the Sauk and Fox and persuaded them to sign a treaty at St. Louis on November 3.6 The two tribes agreed to accept American protection and to cede a large tract of land to the gov­ ernment. Article 9 of the treaty included provisions for the estab­ lishment of a factory for these Indians: In order to put a stop to the abuses and impositions which are practiced upon the said tribes by the private traders, the United States will at a convenient time establish a trading house or factory where the individuals of the said tribes can be supplied with goods at a more reasonable rate than they have been accustomed to procure them.7 The Senate ratified the treaty on January 25, 1805, and the gov­ ernment prepared to establish a factory as stipulated in Article 9. United States government officials had developed the Indian factory system concept to counter foreign intrigue and Indian hostility on the frontier without resorting to costly wars. Congress passed laws in 1795-1796 which created the Indian factory system.8 Between 1796 and 1822, the government opened, reestablished or closed over two dozen factories and branches within the limits of the United States.9 In 1805 President Thomas Jefferson and Sec-

5 Wilkinson, "Notification," St. Louis, August 26, 1805, Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Registered Series, 1801-1870, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, Record Group 107, National Archives and Records Center, Washington, D. C, Microfilm M221, Roll 2, frame 615. 6 For a detailed study of this treaty see, William T. Hagan, "The Sauk and Fox Treaty of 1804," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LI (October, 1956), 1-7. 7 Charles J. Kappler, Laws and Treaties (Washington, 1904) , II, 76. 8 Edgar B. Wesley, "The Government Factory System among the In­ dians," Journal of Economic and Business History, IV (May, 1932), 487-491. 9 For general studies of the factory system see: Ora Brooks Peake, A History of the United States Indian Factory System, 1795-1822 (Denver, 1954) ; Aloysius Plaisance, "The United States Indian Factory System, 1796-1822" (un­ published Ph.D. dissertation, St. Louis University, 1954) ; Milo M. Quaife, "An Experiment of the Fathers in State Socialism," Wisconsin Magazine of History, III (January, 1920) , 277-290; Royal B. Way, "The United States Factory System for Trading with the Indians, 1796-1822," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, VI (September, 1919) , 220-235; Katherine Coman, "Gov­ ernment Factories: An Attempt to Control Competition in the Fur Trade," Bulletin of the American Economic Association, 4th Series, No. 2 (April, 1911), 368-388. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 399

James Wilkinson

Painting by Charles Willson Peale Courtesy Independence Nat'l Hist. Park retary of War Henry Dearborn planned to create a series of factories at important gateways to the newly purchased territory at: Natchitoches, Louisiana; Arkansas Post, Arkansas; Chicago; and St. Louis or Belle Fontaine. The development of the Belle Fontaine, sometimes called the St. Louis factory, began immediately after ratification of the treaty. On April 9, 1805, Dearborn wrote to General Wilkinson concerning the site for the new factory: On the subject of Indian affairs you will please to ascer­ tain, as early as practicable the most suitable site for the Factory or Indian trading house, about to be established in that Country, in doing which it will be necessary to take into view the accommodation of the Osages and other Missouri Indians, as well as those situate [d] on the Inter­ mediate waters of the Mississippi. I had contemplated a site on the portage across the neck of the peninsula 400 Missouri Historical Review

[Portage des Sioux, Missouri], a few miles above the junc­ tion of the Missouri with the Mississippi.10 As a result of these instructions by the secretary of war, de­ velopments proceeded accordingly. Troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Kingsbury arrived from Detroit and Mackinac Island in late June to begin construction on Cantonment Belle Fontaine. The military decided to remove the military post from St. Louis proper and locate it at a more strategic site near the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. During the first weeks of July, Wilkinson led the search for an appropriate site for the fort and the factory. On July 11, Colonel Return J. Meigs, Jr., scouted the area near St. Charles. Eventually officials selected a site near Florissant belonging to a Widow James. They sent the men and equipment to this location. When Mrs. James suddenly decided not to sell her property, the search resumed.11 Wilkinson found that grantees had taken every inch of land be­ tween Portage des Sioux and St. Charles. Locating several good sites above St. Charles, Wilkinson believed the distance for trans­ porting rations would be costly and thus eliminated them. On July 23, Wilkinson finally selected a site at Cold Water Spring or Belle Fontaine on the south bank of the Missouri River, ap­ proximately four miles up river from its meeting with the Mis­ sissippi and some fifteen miles from St. Louis. In his letter to Dearborn, Wilkinson wrote enthusiastically about the site: ... we have here elevated ground, a choice of Fountain or Missouri water (and I think the last the best in nature), an abundance of timber and fuel and a secure harbour for a boat [Cold Water Creek], which circumstances are all favourable to health, convenience, and Economy. He further stated that the site, close to St. Louis, would reduce transportation costs, and the fort could control movements along both rivers.12 Construction of the first American fort west of the Mississippi began in August with the clearing of trees and underbrush. Actual construction of the factory complex had to wait until the soldiers completed building the fort and moved from their tents to more comfortable dwellings. With the completion of the major portion

10 Dearborn to Wilkinson, April 9, 1805, James Wilkinson Papers, No. 77, Chicago Historical Society, II, 69. 11 Kate L. Gregg, "Building of the First American Fort West of the Mis­ sissippi," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXX (July, 1936), 351-353. 12 Wilkinson to Dearborn, July 27, 1805, in Terr. Papers, XIII, 167. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 401 of the fort, work on the factory began. On October 23, Lieutenant Colonel Kingsbury received orders to: Take all hands from the Hill to work on your Cabins and a Storehouse—The latter to be of hewn logs 22 feet by 36 feet and to be raised five feet above the surface of the Earth—to be under pinned with stone, Shingled, Floored, etc. . . . arrange for a gallery all around the house of 10 or 12 feet.13 While General Wilkinson selected a site and directed con­ struction of the fort-factory complex, Secretary of War Dearborn appointed a factor and his assistant. President Jefferson, on May 4, announced the appointment of French-speaking Rudolph Tillier as factor. With Belle Fontaine factory planned as a major trad­ ing center, Tillier's salary of $1,250, plus $365 for subsistence, appeared greater than that paid to any other factor. His pay to commence as soon as he left New York for St. Louis, Tillier also received a promise for an assistant factor or clerk and an in­ terpreter. The latter would be hired when needed and paid $1.00 and one ration per day. The factor also acquired a $200 allotment

13 Wilkinson to Jacob Kingsbury, October 23, 1805, Jacob Kingsbury Papers, No. 137, Chicago Historical Society. 402 Missouri Historical Review for furniture and domestic utensils, although after the first year that amount would be reduced to $25 per year.14 Bonded for $20,000 on June 27 by Clement Biddle and Clement B. Penrose of Philadelphia, Tillier took his oath of office on September 11. While in New York City, Tillier wrote to Dearborn on Septem­ ber 18 presenting his ideas for the new factory complex. Dearborn thought Tillier's plan was too extravagent. On September 25, Dear­ born wrote to him, pointing out that due to the small factory appropriation from Congress, the buildings had to be constructed out of logs. Then for some unexplained reason, Tillier was de­ layed in reaching his new post.15 In August, officials appointed the assistant factor, George C. Sibley of North Carolina, with the understanding that he would be given a further promotion if his conduct proved satisfactory. Orig­ inally Sibley had sought a similar position at Natchitoches, but Dearborn offered him the Belle Fontaine position because of a higher salary. He would receive $500 with $180 for subsistence per year. He immediately accepted the position and took the oath of office on August 26.16 Following Dearborn's instructions, Sibley arrived at Belle Fon­ taine in October and reported to General Wilkinson since Tillier had not arrived. Sibley found little to do without the factor nor the goods.17 By December 10, Tillier finally had arrived at the factory. He complained about the small size of the factory but could do nothing about it, so he began the task of finishing the structure.18 The factory complex, located about one hundred feet from the banks of the Missouri River, consisted of a storehouse and a residence with a number of outbuildings located within the walls of the cantonment in the northwest corner. The storehouse meas­ ured 25 x 37 feet and had a foundation of stonework six and one-

14 Dearborn to Tillier, May 24, 1805, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M15, Roll 2, p. 107. 15 Date of the Factors' Bonds and Oaths of Office, Letters Received by the Superintendent of Indian Trade, 1806-1824, in ibid., Micro. T58, Roll 1, f. 73; Dearborn to Rudolph Tillier, September 25, 1805, Letters Sent by the Secre­ tary of War Relating to Military Affairs, 1800-1889, Records, Sec. of War, Micro. M6, Roll 3, p. 110. i&Ibid; Dearborn to George Sibley, August 17, 1805, in Terr. Papers, XIII, 187. 17 Wilkinson to Dearborn, October 29, 1805, in ibid., 248. 18 Wilkinson to Dearborn, December 10, 1805, in ibid., 299. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 403

Henry Dearborn

Painting by Charles Willson Peale Courtesy Independence Nat'l. Hist. Park half feet high from the bottom of the cellar standing four feet off the ground. Constructed of hewn logs, the structure reached eight and one-half feet from the first floor to the garret story. Each floor had one room. The dwelling, composed of two square rooms constructed of split logs, measured 20 x 52 feet. A passage between the two rooms measured twelve feet wide and contained a staircase to the upper floor. Covered with weatherboarding, the passage connected the two rooms. The building, one and a half stories high, contained four large windows in each of the lower rooms and five dormer windows, all with glass. A shingled roof and stone chimney completed the structure. The lower floors of each of the buildings were constructed of strong planking, roughly laid and nailed while the upper or garret floors had loosely laid planks. Located to the rear of the above-mentioned 404 Missouri Historical Review

structures, the kitchens occupied small log huts with stone chim­ neys.19 Before any further developments could take place at the site, the question of ownership had to be answered. In Novem­ ber 1805, Dearborn wrote to Wilkinson asking that the land title be checked.20 Wilkinson responded that the title remained unclear and that timber used in the construction of the factory complex had been accidentally taken from an adjacent tract of land. Now

19 John Mason to William Eustis, Secretary of War, Washington, D.C, April 27, 1810, enclosure: William Clark, Description of the Factory Buildings, Belle Fontaine, March 6, 1809, Letters Received, Records, Sec. of War, Record Group 107. 20 Dearborn to Wilkinson, November 21, 1805, Letters Sent by the Secre­ tary of War Relating to Military Affairs, in ibid., Micro. M6, Roll 2, p. 401.

A Description of Belle Fontaine Factory Buildings from Wm. Clark's Report of March 6, 1809 Courtesy the author

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W^^^^^^^Wi^M^m :-f '.••'«£*• ;$****** jT*M£* :iL ^ Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 405 the owner demanded reparation for damages.21 In February 1806, Dearborn ordered Wilkinson to either procure title to the land or remove the troops when convenient thus abandoning the can­ tonment and the factory.22 Wilkinson quickly solved the question of ownership. On April 20, he purchased from William Massey of St. Louis five acres for the United States for the sum of $250. This included all of the land and fuel supply for the post and factory. An additional five hundred "French acres" he obtained from Massey on July 20 for $2,500. Three years later, Wilkinson conveyed the land to the United States.23 The goods for the factory shipped from Georgetown, D. C, on November 12, 1805, amounted to an unheard of $43,325.98. This represented the largest single shipment to a new factory and indicated the importance of its strategic establishment. The inventory included hundreds of blankets, a vast selection of shrouds, shawls, and calicoes, men's shirts, hats, 60 pairs of men's shoes and thousands of yards of coating. The hardware included: 362 dozen butcher knives, 30 dozen scissors, 160 dozen looking glasses, pudding pans, tea pots, frying pans, one hundred axes, two hundred hoes and one plow with six irons. Plates, cups, creamers, pint bowls, butter boats and tumblers comprised the crockery. Saddlery goods included saddles and saddle bags and bridles. There were 33,000 gun flints, 5,200 pounds of gunpowder and 3,000 pounds of lead, in addition to 360 pounds of vermilion, nine "lumps" of sugar, fifteen pounds of tea, sixty pounds of coffee, ten pounds of pepper, two pounds of allspice, one pound of cinnamon and ten gallons each of wine and brandy. The shipment also included hardware and tools for construction of the factory buildings.24 George Sibley remained busy with the business of the factory. On October 25, he wrote to his brother Samuel that during the 1806 season the press of trade had confined him to the factory and thus he had little time to see the surrounding countryside.25 During the year Sibley impressed General Wilkinson with his business acumen.26

21 Wilkinson to Dearborn, December 30, 1805, Terr. Papers, XIII, 358-359. 22 Dearborn to Wilkinson, February 10, 1806, in ibid., 442. 23 Book A, No. 271, April 20, 1806, and Book A, No. 311, July 20, 1806, Recorder of Deeds, City Hall, St. Louis, Missouri, pp. 224-225 and 262; Ameri­ can State Papers—Military Affairs (Washington, 1834) , II, 286. 24 Invoice to Belle Fontaine, November 12, 1805, Invoices Outward, Books C&D, No. 17, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, pp. 73-88. 25 Sibley to Samuel H. Sibley, October 25, 1806, Sibley Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 26 John Sibley to Samuel H. Sibley, September 26, 1806, in ibid. 406 Missouri Historical Review

George Sibley

From the beginning, conditions restricted trade with the local Indians. The Sauk and Fox, for whom the factory had been estab­ lished, lived too far to the north, and they continued to be serviced by British traders from Mackinac. Also too far from the factory, the Osage of western Missouri found it risky to travel to Belle Fontaine because of their hostility with other Indians.27 After the establishment of the factory, the government viewed it as a central clearing house for various aspects of Indian affairs along the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri valleys. As a result, Tillier traded more with white officials in St. Louis and the vicinity than he did with individual Indians. In early April 1806, Tillier and Wilkinson received orders to use the factory goods to develop better relations with the Indians. Officials ordered Tillier to give Indians, on their way to Washington, D.C, mod­ erate credit when they passed through the factory. As requested,

27 Frederick Bates to Meriwether Lewis, November 7, 1807, in Thomas M. Marshall, ed., The Life and Papers of Frederick Bates (St. Louis, 1926) , I, 228-229; William Clark to Dearborn, May 18, 1807, Clark Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Concerning the hostility of the Osage, see "An Account of the Indian Tribes in Louisiana," September 29, 1803, in Terr. Papers, Volume XIV, The Territory of Louisiana-Missouri, 1806-1814 (Washing­ ton, 1949), 64. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 407 he indulged the Sauk chief, Quashaquasna, with $200-$300 to be distributed to his people.28 At the same time, officials told Wilkinson to help moderate Indian feelings. A number of Mis­ sissippi and Missouri river Indians had traveled to Washington where some of them died. Particularly concerned over the death of a respected Arikara chief, Ankedoucharo, on April 7, Secre­ tary of War Dearborn ordered Wilkinson to send goods and pres­ ents to the chief's family and give his son a commission in the army. Dearborn wanted nine muskets to be sent to the deceased chief's brother for the boys when they came of age. All of these goods amounting to $200-$300 came from the factory stores. Dear­ born also ordered Wilkinson to distribute one hundred pounds of lead and powder among the Mandan chiefs of the Upper Mis­ souri.29 When trouble developed between the Osage and Potawa- tomi, the government intervened and ordered Wilkinson to obtain $400-$500 worth of goods from the factory and distribute them to the Osage as this: . . . will serve to wipe away the tears, in any considerable degree, from the eyes of the unfortunate Osages, whose connections have been killed or held in captivity by the Puttawattamies [sic~\, . . .30 Indian agent to the Osage, Paul Chouteau was instructed to obtain $40 worth of goods from the factory for the family of a recently deceased Osage chief.31 When the Lewis and Clark expedi­ tion descended the Missouri River in 1806, it stopped at Canton­ ment Belle Fontaine. On September 23 the Mandan chief, Shahaka, went to the factory and received American-style clothes and other items needed for his trip to the East.32 In July 1807, Tillier sold Joseph Brown, territorial secretary, $1,400 in ammunition for the Sauks and Foxes.33 Throughout 1806 Indian delegations traveled down the Mis­ souri River to trade at the factory and bring news. Sibley noted that Indians came from great distances particularly from the 28 Dearborn to Tillier, April 9, 1806, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs, Records, Sec. of War, Record Group 107, Micro. M6, Roll 3, p. 191. 29 Dearborn to Wilkinson, April 9, 1806, Terr. Papers, XIII, 486-488. so Ibid., 487. 31 Tillier to Dearborn, May 26, 1807, Letters Received by the Secretary of War, Registered Series, Records, Sec. of War, Record Group 107, Micro. M221, Roll 13. 32 Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Original Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 (New York, 1959) , V, 393-394. 33 journal, July 31, 1806-November 18, 1808, Journals, 1805-1824, No. 9, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, p. 18. 408 Missouri Historical Review upper reaches of the Missouri River. In November, word reached officials at Belle Fontaine about the British arousing trouble among the Indians. An Osage delegation brought news of a British rumor that the Americans could not hold the region and that the factory would soon be closed.34 By April 1806, it appeared obvious that the Belle Fontaine factory would become the hub of at least two, if not more, fac­ tories along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. At that time Dear­ born ordered Tillier to make inquiries for branch factories on the Osage and Des Moines rivers to the west and north. Nicholas Boilvin became assistant Indian agent to the Sauks living above the Rapids of the Mississippi in the vicinity of the confluence of the Des Moines River. He received instructions to visit the villages and establish peace and friendship among the Sauk and Fox In­ dians under the influence of British traders and to halt the trade in alcohol. To promote civilizing influences among the Indians by developing an experimental garden, Boilvin procured peach and other fruit stones and seed for the Indians. Hopefully, the Indians would use potatoes to replace bread in their diet. A black­ smith also would be essential to the Indians. Finally Boilvin took $1,000 in factory goods for the Indians.35

34 Tillier to Madison, January 12, 1807, Terr. Papers, XIV, 78. 35 Dearborn to Wilkinson, April 9, 1806, and Dearborn to Nicholas Boilvin, April 10, 1806, Terr. Papers, XIII, 486-489; Dearborn to Tillier, April 9, 1806, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Indian Affairs, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M15, Roll 2, p. 191. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 409

As a result of these developments in the 1806 trading season, Tillier transacted five times more business with the government and military authorities and merchants than with the Indians. In a report dated November 24, 1806, Tillier noted that since the inception of the factory, he had bartered only $484.36 with the Indians, sold them goods for cash amounting to $225 and gave them credit totaling $1,104.23. Boilvin and William Clark, Indian and military agents received goods amounting to $6,445.54 during the same period.36 The daily business and routine at the factory kept Tillier and Sibley busy. Located within one hundred feet of the Missouri River, they witnessed the unfolding frontier drama. For instance, rumors of a Spanish troop build-up and possible trouble along the Louisiana-Texas border created grave American concern and caused Secretary of War Dearborn to act. On March 14, 1806, he ordered General Wilkinson to send the bulk of his troops to Fort Adams in Mississippi. Only a full company of artillery re­ mained at Belle Fontaine to guard the northern frontier.37 With the removal of these troops, activity diminished at the cantonment. Indians from the Upper Missouri Valley continued to stop on their way to councils at St. Louis and received food at the factory. Tillier contributed to the celebration of St. Patrick's Day in 1806. After a full-dress parade, he provided each soldier with a gill of whiskey.38 In mid-morning of September 22, 1806, excitement abounded as the Lewis and Clark expedition arrived for a brief stay. For their return from the famous western expedition, Colonel Thomas Hunt and Lieutenant George Peter gave them a hearty welcome and the artillery company fired a salute.39 Captain Zeb­ ulon M. Pike's Rocky Mountain expedition left from Belle Fontaine in mid-July. His party consisted of twenty-three men, including Lieutenant James Wilkinson, the son of the general. Pike's family remained at Belle Fontaine where his infant son died in November. In the midst of all of this activity, Tillier became a justice of the

36 Plaisance, "The United States Government Factory System, 1796-1822," 216. 37 Dearborn to Wilkinson, Washington, D.C, March 14, 1806, Letters Sent by the Secretary of War Relating to Military Affairs, Records, Sec. of War, Record Group 107, Micro. M6, Roll 2, p. 432. 38 Detachment Orders, Belle Fontaine, March 16, 1806, photostat in Mis­ souri Historical Society, St. Louis. Original in New York Historical Society. 39 When Lewis and Clark headed west in 1804, they spent their first night in a camp opposite the site of the cantonment. See Thwaites, ed., Original Journal, V, 392-393; Elliott Coues, ed., History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark (New York, 1965), I, 5. 410 Missouri Historical Review peace on July 8.40 In August, news reached this western post that a new chief factor, John Shee had been appointed.41 Prior to 1807, no detailed records of the factory are available. However, beginning in January, existing data shed light on the trade and life at the factory. The principal office furniture of the factory consisted of a set of scales and weights, one writing desk, a screw jack to press furs, two cupboards and shelves. Tillier carefully maintained the factory buildings under his custody. In May 1807, he had installed two window sashes and six glass panes.42 Aaron Quick, the chief supplier of wood for the factory, hauled and cut wood for the kitchen and factory fireplaces. Hired as an interpreter, Paul Loiza received the standard rate of $1.00 and one ration per day.43 The trade continued in the lopsided manner of the previous year, concentrating on white officials and merchants. This fact appears in the June 30, 1807, rendering of debts: Nicholas Boilvin owed $694.52, bills of individual whites and commercial houses in St. Louis amounted to $1,271.03 with the firm of Wilkinson and Price, St. Louis merchants, owing $552.52. The Indian leaders such as Ootstotlonga (The Big Elk), a Maha; Quaihquama, a Sauk; and Sans Oreille and Goukawatonega, both Little Osages received credit totaling $262.25. However, in the margin, Tillier noted, "very doubtful," "rather doubtful" or "doubtful," these In­ dians would pay their debts. Individual Indians (eight Delaware, four Sauks, two Fox, and one Kickapoo) owed $87.77.44 The factory traded a variety of goods similar to those first shipped to Belle Fontaine. An analysis of items obtained from the Indians, reveals some surprises. Factories usually traded for skins and pelts and from the region came deer, otter, mink, musk- rat, gray squirrel, beaver and bear. Plains Indians supplied plain

40 Civil and Military Appointments in the Territory, July 8, 1806, Terr. Papers, XIII, 545; Donald Jackson, ed., The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike with Letters and Related Documents (Norman, Okla., 1966) , I, 290-291; W. T. Norton, "Old Fort Belle Fontaine," Journal of the Illinois State His­ torical Society, IV (October, 1911), 334-339. 41 Dearborn to Tillier, Washington, D.C, July 29, 1806, Letters Sent Relat­ ing to Indian Affairs, 1800-1824, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M15, Roll 2, p. 244. 42 Inventory of Property on Hand at the U. States Factory at Belle Fon­ taine near St. Louis, Territory Upper Louisiana in July 1808, Miscellaneous Accounts, Belle Fontaine Factory, No. 33, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75. 43 Rudolph Tillier agent in a/c with the US, March 4, March 15, March 31, December 23, December 30, 1807, January 20, 1808, ibid. 44 List of Debts Outstanding due the St. Louis Trading House, lune 30, 1807, ibid. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 411

Zebulon M. Pike

and painted buffalo hides. On March 10, 1809, traders valued these two items at $2.00 and $3.00 respectively. A half-ton of bar lead came from the Indian mining operations above St. Louis in the Iowa-Wisconsin-Illinois area along the Mississippi River. Trade items included walnut and oak planks or boards along with wooden buckets, bowls and shovels, and reveal the highly spe­ cialized trade at the factory. For instance, the South developed an important trade in deer skins while large amounts of tallow arrived at Fort Osage from the edge of the plains, and at Mackinac Island there was a big trade in maple sugar.45 One of the basic problems with the factory system was the lack of care in the packaging and shipping of goods so that in many cases they arrived damaged or ruined. Belle Fontaine proved no exception. In 1808, some 129 bear traps lacked main springs and could not be traded. Given the nature of the factory system, Tillier, of necessity, accepted damaged or spoiled skins and pelts. Imperfect shawls, bandanas and blankets arrived along with mil­ dewed tobacco.46

45 Inventory of Property on Hand at the US Factory near St. Louis in the Territory of Louisiana the 31st March 1807 and Invoice of Sundries, Merchandises etc. Delivered to General William Clark by Order of General J. Mason . . . March 10, 1809, ibid. 46 Inventory of Property on Hand at the U.S. Factory near St. Louis in the Territory of Louisiana June 30, 1807, and Inventory of Property on Hand at the U. States Factory at Belle Fontaine ... in July 1808, ibid. 412 Missouri Historical Review

The factory remained busy providing food and provisions for the many Indians who visited Belle Fontaine en route to and from St. Louis. In March 1807, Tillier provided provisions for visit­ ing Kickapoo, Shawnee and Ottawa amounting to $5.00. On May 15, a Great Chief and twenty Osage warriors left St. Louis and fifteen Sioux arrived.47 Tillier and Sibley continued to furnish goods foster­ ing the general Indian policy of the government. Because of its strategic location, Belle Fontaine became one of the few factories to carry out this policy so extensively. The development of a Tillier-Sibley dispute, however, placed in jeopardy the efficient operation of the factory. Available evidence suggests a conflict of age and personality: Rudolph Tillier . . . came to his post in declining years . . . Sibley . . . came to the new storehouse in his 22nd year. Brought up in the Scotch-Presbyterian atmosphere of Fay- etteville, North Carolina ... he brought to his work at Belle Fontaine a Puritan outlook that stickled a bit at the casual bookkeeping of Mr. Rudolph Tillier.48

47 Rudolph Tillier agent in a/c with the U.S., March 29 and November 26, 1807, ibid.; William Clark to Dearborn, May 18, 1807, Clark Papers, Missouri Historical Society. 48 Kate Gregg, "Fort Bellefontaine," manuscript copy (February 26. 1935) , in Forts Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis.

At the Flour Bin Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 413

By the fall of 1807 the misunderstanding between Tillier and Sibley became common knowledge around the post. Captain James House wrote to acting governor of Louisiana Territory, Frederick Bates: . . . without detracting in the least from the respect which is justly due, which I have ever felt for the age and charac­ ter of Mr. T. it would be but justice to say, and I am confident will be admitted by all who know him, that he is extremely subject to gusts of passions and splenetic humours which renders it morally impossible for any young man to be connected with him as Mr. S. was without having his feelings frequently mortified and I believe, that there are few young men that would have conducted them­ selves with more discretion, on similar occasions that Mr. Sibley has done—I well recollect at the time Mr. T. was laboring under those unpleasant feelings which occasioned Mr. S's dismissal, that the latter apprized [sic} me of the storm that was brewing. . . ,49 The final rupture between the two men took place on No­ vember 4, 1807. Sibley told Tillier that he was not accountable to him and refused to hand over the factory records. Tillier im­ mediately relieved Sibley as his assistant. At that juncture Sibley obligingly returned the factory books, papers and invoices which he meticulously kept.50 Sibley immediately wrote to Dearborn concerning the whole affair without giving details but tersely stated ". . . the difference which has taken place between Tillier and myself, has been unavoidable on my part." Sibley demanded an official investigation into the affair to clear his name so that his career with the Indian trade office would not be harmed. In the meantime, Sibley planned to remain at Belle Fontaine awaiting new instructions.51 To clear up the problem and ascertain the facts, Dearborn ordered an official inquiry and investigation to be carried out by Clark and Bates. Dearborn also wrote separate letters to Tillier and Sibley concerning the planned investigation. Tillier responded that he would cooperate with Clark in whatever way possible.52

49 James House to Bates [October, 1807], in Marshall, The Life of Bates, I, 225. 50 Tillier to Sibley, November 5, 1807, Letters Received, Records, Sec. of War, Record Group 107 (S442). 5i Sibley to Dearborn, November 6, 1807, ibid. 52 Dearborn to Tillier, Washington, D. C, December 9, 1807, and Dear­ born to Sibley, December 9, 1807, Letters Sent Relating to Indian Affairs, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M15, Roll 2, p. 340; Dearborn to Bates and Clark, December 9, 1807, Terr. Papers, XIV, 151. 414 Missouri Historical Review

Despite the dispute, trade and activity at the factory con­ tinued uninterrupted with Tillier feeding and entertaining Indian delegates. However, the existence of the factory had been ques­ tioned for some time. Soon after its establishment, officials in Washington felt that Belle Fontaine should have branches on the Osage and Des Moines rivers. Clark had discussed the possi­ bility of moving the factory in 1806. In the same year President Jefferson personally met with an Indian delegation and contem­ plated removal of the factory which the Indians demanded.53 Then in November 1807, Frederick Bates reviewed the development of the factory. He noted the original intention of locating it close to the Sauk and Fox villages so the Indians could obtain goods at reasonable prices. "It is obvious that the cantonment on the Missouri is not such a place," he continued.54 Because of a break­ down in trade, the Indians at this time appeared destitute of blankets, woolens, powder and lead. When the Sauk and Fox visited St. Louis, Bates took pity on their condition and purchased for them fifty pounds of gunpowder, two hundred pounds of lead, a musket, four blankets for their helmsmen and thirty pounds of tobacco.55 Officials made the final decision to close the factory at Belle Fontaine because of its poor location for trade with the Indians. Officially closed in April 1808, the factory continued in opera­ tion until the end of the trading season so that Tillier could termi­ nate its business. The goods remaining at Belle Fontaine were divided between the new factories at Fort Osage and Fort Madi­ son.56 In a humanitarian gesture, factory officials tried to retire Tillier without injuring his feelings. John Mason pointed out to Tillier that the salaries at the new factories did not come close to his salary at Belle Fontaine and thus he did not offer him either position.57 He allowed Tillier to live in the factory dwelling and handle some minor affairs. However, by the end of the year, the government hired William Clark to close out the affairs of the factory.58

53 Bates to Lewis, November 7, 1807, in Marshall, The Life of Bates, I, 229. tabid., 228-229. 55 ibid., 229-230. 56 Mason to Tillier, May 27, 1808, in Terr. Papers, XIV, 188. 57 Mason to Tillier, Washington, D.C, April 12 and May 20, 1808, Letters Sent by the Superintendent of Indian Trade, 1807-1823, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M16, Roll 1, p. 154. 58 Mason to Clark, May 16, 1809, and Mason to Tillier, May 20, 1809, ibid.; Mason to Clark, December 31, 1808, in Terr. Papers, XIV, 247-248. Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 415

Frederick Bates

To meet the Indian demand and provide them with better services and to halt the British trade, Congress created two new factories in the spring of 1808. It located Fort Osage up the Mis­ souri River in the vicinity of present-day Kansas City.59 The second factory opened at Fort Madison, Iowa, above St. Louis on the Mississippi River.60 On August 9, Sibley took away $14,042 in merchandise for the Fort Osage establishment, and on August 23, John Johnson loaded an additional $14,715 worth of goods onto boats for the trip northward to Fort Madison.61 However, neither of these factories proved successful in curbing the British trade and influence among the Indians. Prior to the War of 1812, the Indians in the region remained hostile toward Americans through-

59 Kate L. Gregg, "The History of Fort Osage," MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW, XXXIV (July, 1940) , 439-488; both the fort and the factory have been reconstructed. 60 Donald Jackson, "Old Fort Madison, 1808-1813," The Palimpsest, XLVII (January, 1966), 1-63. 61 Mason to Tillier, December 19, 1808, Letters Sent by the Superintendent of Indian Trade, Records, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, Micro. M16, Roll 1, f. 119. 416 Missouri Historical Review out the Missouri frontier.62 During the war they attacked Fort Madison and forced its evacuation. Fort Osage also temporarily had to be abandoned.63 How did the cantonment and factory at Belle Fontaine fare in the subsequent years? Both suffered from a poor location and the Missouri River. In 1809 Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Bissell wrote that the structures had been constructed of green timber and were in a state of decay. Further he criticized the low site of the establishment and its poor strategic position: It never should have been chosen for a place of defense, being situated under a high bluff, which overlooks, and is within point-blank shot, for a three-pounder of the whole cantonment; I think it not a very convenient place for a military depository.64 In the spring of 1810 a new post was constructed on the bluff above the waters of the muddy Missouri. The river gradually eroded away the former cantonment site. The S.H. Long expedi­ tion, which passed the site on June 21, 1819, described it as follows: . . . the soil on which his [General James Wilkinson] works were erected has disappeared, the place being now occupied by the bed of the river. A few fruit trees only, which stood in the end of his garden, are yet standing, but are now on the brink of the river.65 Thus, the history of the Belle Fontaine factory had come to a close.

62 Mason to Lewis, Washington, D.C, May 17, 1809, Letters Sent by the Superintendent of Indian Trade, ibid., f. 15; Robert L. Fisher, "The Western Prologue to the War of 1812," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXX (April, 1936), 267-281. 63 Kate L. Gregg, "The War of 1812 on the Missouri Frontier," ibid., XXXIII (October, 1938), 6-22. 64 Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Bissell to Dearborn, June 16 and August 17, 1809, Bissell Collection, Missouri Historical Societv, St. Louis. 65 Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, vol. XIV, Part 1 of James' Account of S.H. Long's Expedition, 1819-1820 (Cleveland, 1905), 122-123. When the author and his assistant Emily Magnaghi visited the site on May 4, 1979, they found that the river had eroded the site nearly to the base of the bluff. Periodic flooding especially in the spring remained a problem, but the Cold Water Spring continued to pour forth water.

Smiles

Mississippi Valley Democrat and Journal of Agriculture, August 10, 1899. A woman was recently arrested in Ireland for manufacturing illicit whisky. This was the first recorded instance of a woman keeping still. Of Sugar and Salt and Things in the Cellar and Sun: Food Preservation In Jackson County In The 1850s

BY JANET BRUCE*

Instant breakfasts, freeze-dried coffee, minute rice, flash-frozen T.V. dinners, fast-food chains, ready in minutes, hot'n'juicy, brown- n-serve. . . . Even the descriptions give an indication of the pace of today's harried lives. One does not have time to waste prepar­ ing dinner, let alone worry about the growing or preservation of the ingredients—unless to notice that farmers are demanding higher prices or that the government is questioning one of the multitude of chemical preservatives. How very different from the 1850s when

*Janet Bruce is director of the Wornall House Museum in Kansas City. She has the B.A. degree in History from Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, and the M.A. in American History/Historical Administration from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. 417 418 Missouri Historical Review

the people of Jackson County—for the most part—were self-suffi­ cient producers, when what one ate for a winter's dinner depended upon what one saved from a summer's crop, and when the two main preservatives were salt and sugar. The main responsibility for food preservation fell to women. That fact might not seem clear if evidence came from some maga­ zines of the day like Godey's Ladys Book. That widely dissemi­ nated periodical featured articles about woman's "ideal" role. A woman should strive for talent in the arts, and to comfort and counsel, reason and reflect, discourse and discriminate, to lighten her husband's cares, soothe his sorrows, purify his joys and strength­ en his principles.1 Author Catherine Beecher, a leader in the move­ ment toward serious education in household arts, believed that young women grew up on a diet too heavy with ideals and lack­ ing in practicalities. She wrote that most women enter on "their most arduous and sacred duties so inexperienced and uninformed" that few would pass their first year of married life without a "prostration of health and spirits."2 A matron writing in a farmer's almanac agreed; she described women's roles in the 1850s more bluntly: I never dreamed of such a fate, When I, a lass, was courted— Wife, mother, nurse, sempstress, cook, housekeeper, Chambermaid, laundress, dairywoman, and scrub generally, Doing the work of eight, For the sake of being supported!3 For women who could afford it, slaves or hired help performed much of the kitchen drudgery. Mid-century tastemakers assured women of means that having this kitchen help represented a virtue. As one editor wrote: "Do not consent to use every moment of your brief and precious life in mere drudgery, when the cultivation of your mind and heart for the proper discharge of your social duties is a matter of so much importance."4 For all that, even writers for the most fashionable of the fashion magazines insisted that

^The Lady's Book, I (1830), 309. The title varies, later published as Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine; hereafter cited as Godey's. 2 Catherine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School (New York, 1848), 5. 3 Leavitt's Old Farmer's Almanack and Miscellaneous Year Book, no. 62 (Boston, 1858), 43. 4 Jesse T. Peck, "The Kitchen," The Ladies' Repository: A Monthly Periodical Devoted to Literature and Religion, XVIII (January, 1858) , 34. Food Preservation in Jackson County 419 whether or not a woman had slaves or servants, she simply had to "understand every particular of kitchen labor."5 Thus, women of all social classes spent a great deal of time in the kitchen. And all American women could be counted upon to show interest in the many "how-to" essays and books devoted to the proper ar­ rangement of the kitchen, workrooms and storage spaces. The main requirement for a kitchen, according to the pre­ scriptive writers, was that it be functional, "where the cook or housekeeper can, if necessary, put her hand upon it [any particu­ lar item] in the dark, requiring no extra steps or waste of time to find what is wanted."6 Besides this organization, cleanliness became paramount. The eastern intellectual Catherine Beecher contended that good domestic habits resulted from "neat and cheer­ ful" kitchens with whitewashed walls to promote a neat look and pure air, well-scoured floors painted or covered with oilcloths, transparent windows, and well-dusted furnitures and corners.7 In her book, A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, Beecher went into much detail about how to arrange the kitchen. Admittedly Beecher's "textbook" kitchen appeared ideal, but it served frontier women as a guideline which they modified to fit local conditions. On nails over the sink in the kitchen, one hung three good dishcloths, hemmed and finished with loops—one for nongreasy dishes, one for greasy things, and one for pots and kettles. Beecher advised that these should be washed once a week. Under the sink the slop pail fitted; a nearby shelf supported a soap dish and two pails of water. A good wife always kept a covered boiler of warm, soft water over the fire and a hearth broom and bellows hanging near the fireplace. She needed a kitchen clock to insure the regu­ larity of meals.8 A housewife in 1850 required an astoundingly large number of kitchen utensils—if she wanted her kitchen well equipped. Every good housekeeper, wrote the advisers in books and magazines, needed brown earthen pans for milk and cooking. Many women, however, found tin pans to be lighter and more convenient. Every­ one agreed that butter, salt, and lard kept best in tall, earthen jars with covers. In Beecher's mind, stoneware proved better,

5 Ibid.; see also Ellen Ashton, "Trials of Housekeeping," Ladies* Na­ tional Magazine, XI (March, 1847), 96. The title varies, later published as Peterson's Magazine. 6 Peck, "The Kitchen," 33. 7 Ibid.; see also Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy, 317. 8 Ibid., 317-318. 420 Missouri Historical Review stronger and safer than any other kind of crockery. If she could afford them, a woman needed, in addition to stoneware, the follow­ ing articles in iron: a nest of iron pots of different sizes; a long fork to remove articles from boiling water; a hook with a handle to lift pots from the crane; a large and small gridiron, with grooved bars and a trench to catch the grease; a Dutch oven; two skillets of different sizes; a spider or flat skillet for frying; a griddle; a waffle iron; two tin and iron baking pans; two ladles; a skimmer; iron skewers; a toasting iron; two teakettles; two brass kettles for soapmaking; kettles with porcelain lining for preserve making; mill and box for grinding spices, pepper and coffee; strong knives and forks; a sharp carving knife; a cleaver and board; a fine saw; steelyards; a chopping tray and knife; an apple parer; a steel for sharpening knives; sugar nippers; a dozen iron spoons; a spoon with a long handle; six to eight flat irons, one very small; two dozen iron stands; a ruffle iron; and a crimping iron. Again, if affordable, a woman's kitchen would have an equally numerous array of tin utensils: bread pans; large and small patty pans; cake pans with center tubes to insure even baking; pie dishes of block tin; a covered butter kettle; covered berry kettles; two sauce pans; a large oil can; a lamp-filler; lanterns; broad-bottomed candlesticks; a candle box; a funnel; a reflector oven; a tin kitchen; an apple corer; an apple roaster; an egg boiler; two sugar scoops; flour and meal scoops; a set of mugs; three dippers; a set of pint, quart, and gallon measures; a set of scales and weights; three or four pails painted on the outside; a milk strainer; a gravy strainer; a colander; a dredging box; a pepper box; large and small graters; a cheese box; a cake box; and bread box, all with tight covers. The prescribed assortment of wooden ware appeared equally numerous: a nest of tubs; a set of pails and bowls; a large and small sieve; a kettle for mashing; a spatula for stirring butter and sugar; a bread board; a moulding board for bread and pie crust; a coffee stick; a clothes stick; a mush stick; a meat beetle to pound meat; an egg beater; a ladle for working butter; a bread trough; flour buckets; a salt box; a sugar box; starch and indigo boxes; a spice box; a bosom board; a skirt board; an ironing board; two or three clothes frames; and six dozen clothes pins. Added further to the prescribed kitchen confusion were baskets of varying sizes—for gathering eggs and fruits, for marketing, the laundry, and holding wood chips. Also the outfitting lists included several miscellaneous articles, such as a box with balls of brown Food Preservation in Jackson County 421

thread and twine; large and small darning needles; rolls of waste paper and old linen and cotton; a box for a hammer, carpet tacks and nails of all sizes; carpet claws; screws and a screwdriver; pincers; gimlets; bed screws; a small saw; two chisels; two awls; and two files. In a drawer, one would store the kitchen linens like a cotton tablecloth for kitchen use, a variety of towels and wash cloths, two thick linen pudding and dumpling cloths, jelly bags of white flannel, a starch strainer, and a bag for boiling clothes. In a closet, an organized housekeeper would store clean­ ing supplies like a dust pan, dust brushes and cloths, old flannel for scouring and rubbing, sponges for windows and looking glasses, long brushes for cobwebs, another brush for outside window wash­ ing, a whitewash brush, brooms, a stove brush, a shoe brush, tin and silver cleaning supplies. Little wonder that order and organi­ zation became highly prized in a nineteenth-century kitchen!9 Every household also needed a storeroom or larder. Adjoining the kitchen, but built away from the heat of the fireplace, this room required a window for light and air. It included shelves, racks and hooks and held labeled jars, large spoons and forks, and sugar and flour scoops. The larder contained the family's sup­ ply of meat, fish, pies, apple butter, bean porridge, and other foods before the cook prepared them for eating. The room also held kegs of tea, coffee, sugar and rice along with the supply of extra candles.10 With such a large quantity of stored food, the authors and editors insisted that the mistress "do a housekeeper's duty, and keep the keys" in order to prevent waste.11 The other major storage place for food was the cellar. Located below the frostline, the cellar protected fruits and vegetables from

9 The entire list of kitchen utensils taken from ibid., 319-322. 10 Ibid., 322; see also Mary Earle Gould, The Early American House: House­ hold Life in America, 1620-1850 (Rutland, Vt., 1965) , 38. ii Godey's, LVI (January, 1858), 92. 422 Missouri Historical Review winter's freeze and provided cool storage year round. The cellar smelled sweeter if the owner whitewashed the rock or brick walls, but even more important, proper drainage of the brick or flag­ stone floor prevented diseases. The damp, dark atmosphere proved conducive enough to bacteria growth without pools of stagnant water.12 Beecher recommended that the cellar be equipped with a safe or moveable chest with sides of wire or perforated tin (for storing cold meats and cream); filtering jars (for purifying water); and a variety of barrels, kegs, bins, and stone jars. She also ad­ vised having a refrigerator—a wooden box on feet with a lining of tin or zinc, with a space between the tin and the wood to be filled with powdered charcoal, a space below for ice and a drain, and moveable shelves.13 Described by Eliza Leslie, a contemporary of Beecher's and another author on household economy, as "con­ veniences which no family should be without," these contraptions still remained very costly, ranging from $20 to $200 in the late 1830s.14

12 Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy, 322; see also The Wisconsin Farmer and Northwestern Cultivator: A Monthly Journal Devoted to Agri­ culture, Horticulture, Mechanics and Rural Economy, VIII (June, 1856), 271. 13 Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy, 322. 14 House Book: Or a Manual of Domestic Cookery (1840) cited by Rich­ ard Osborn Cummings, in The American and his Food: A History of Food Habits in the United States (Chicago, 1940) , 38-39. Cummings also makes note that about 1827 the invention of an ice cutter which lowered costs by about sixty percent revolutionized the ice industry. This cheapening of ice supplies led to greater use of refrigerators in homes. Writers of cookbooks immediately discerned their value, but at mid-century, they still remained an East Coast phenomenon. Ibid., 38-39. Food Preservation in Jackson County 423

The cellar stored meat and vegetables and fruits from the fall harvest. The main imperative for cellar storage was keeping the food dry and at a temperature above freezing. Many farmers regretted waiting until there was "frost about" before harvesting and storing their produce; they paid for their mistakes by spend­ ing hours sorting rotten vegetables.15 In the fall of a good year with the root cellar filled to capacity, one housewife noted, "there is a comfortable, satisfactory feeling in knowing that there is a bin of apples and potatoes, barrels of turnips, and carrots, of corned beef, and pork to turn to in providing your dinner. . . "ie A "six weeks' want" occurred in the early spring when all the vegetables in the cellar were either wilted, mildewed or eaten and before the growth of fresh produce. The salty meat diet had to be supplemented by native greens.17 One necessary item, a rat trap, appeared in both the larder and the cellar. The Wisconsin Farmer suggested filling a smooth teakettle to within six inches of the top with water and covering the surface with chaff: "The first chap who gets in makes such an outcry because he cannot get out, and the rest coming to see what the matter is, share his fate."18 Rats also could be expelled by scattering a few stalks and leaves of mullen (an herb), which proved more economical and less troublesome than gunpowder or traps.19 Besides the larder and cellar, another storage place was the icehouse. The Wisconsin Farmer suggested to families without such a structure that it might pay to build one: "they are very easily gotten up, sufficiently capacious for a common family, and contributing as much, perhaps, to the comfort and luxuries of a family, as anything else of the same expense."20 If terrain allowed it, a most convenient arrangement connected the icehouse with the cellar. The most important thing about the icehouse concerned the packing of ice. The men cut the ice in February and hauled it to the house. Using no partially thawed ice, they permitted no air space between the slabs of ice. The men packed, with saw-

15 Leavitt's Almanack, no. 62, 7; see also Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (Jan­ uary, 1858), 1. 16 Godey's, LVI (January, 1858) , 92. 17 Editors of American Heritage, The American Heritage Cookbook and Illustrated History of American Eating and Drinking (n.p., 1964) , 85. 18 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 37. 19 Ibid. (October, 1856), 466. 20 ibid. (February, 1856), 50. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Farmers gather ice for home use.

dust and chaff, such air spaces and especially those between the house walls and the ice.21 Finally, the smokehouse also provided for food storage. After smoking the meats, the family wrapped them in linen or cotton bags and hung them high on the rafters to elude the rats. Americans at mid-nineteenth century believed that meat, above all other foods, nourished and increased speed and strength. A general rule stated that less meat should be eaten in a warm climate than in a cold one and less used in the summer than in the winter. Disobeying this rule would result in fevers—caused by too much stimulation.22 Although all agreed that meat remained central to the diet, women debated about which meats should be preserved and how they should be served. Beecher contended that venison, beef and mutton were the most easily digested, but that venison provided the most stimulation of the three.23 Pork appeared the most popular meat for several reasons. Free roaming and more hardy than cattle, hogs gained 150-fold in weight during the first eight months of life.24 Pork also kept well; unlike other meats, pork flavor improved with the preserva­ tion processes. Despite these advantages or perhaps because pork constantly appeared on the dinner table, many considered it a

21 Ibid. 22 Beecher, Treatise on Domestic Economy, 9-10. 23 Ibid., 10. 24 Cummings, American and his Food, 16. Food Preservation in Jackson County 425 lesser meat. The editor of Godey's explained that "as pork is so universally used in every family, and so little used for company, it is useless to further comment upon it."25 This same editor, how­ ever, said it was falsely considered a vulgar taste, for "the pro­ portion of persons who are fond of pork to those who dislike it are as a hundred to one. . . ."26 In fact, one frontier housewife considered pork, not bread, to be the staff of life: As for bread, I count that for nothin'. We always have bread and potatoes enough; but I hold a family to be in a desperate way when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel. Give me the children that's raised on good pork afore all the game in the country. Game's good as a relish and so's bread; but pork is the staff of life. . . . My children I calkerlate [sic] to bring up on pork with just as much bread and butter as they may want.27 In Jackson County, as in most other locales, people ate less beef than pork. An exception was in the eastern states, where the ratio between the two meats appeared about equal.28 Heifers supplied the family with milk, and became more valuable on hoof than as a meat source. Some frontier families would butcher a steer and distribute the meat among neighbors so all could enjoy fresh beef before it spoiled.29 Mutton, difficult to preserve, constituted a real luxury in Jack­ son County in the 1850s. Some national writers reported a prejudice against it, but Harriet Martineau found in the South that "so far from mutton being despised, as we have been told, it was much desired but not to be had."30 Except for occasional game, Jackson County's fifteen thousand residents ate fresh meat only at slaughtering times. In fact, some feared fresh meat and found it distasteful. To keep it cool during the warm months, Missourians hung it in the well or stored it in the spring house. Problems, other than just the foul taste, made these meats unappetizing; William Cobbett, visiting in the United States, killed a lamb in August and tried to preserve it by hanging it in his well. Two days later, he wrote in his diary: "Resolved to have no more fresh meat till cooler weather comes. Those who have a mind to swallow or be swallowed by flies may eat fresh

25 Godey's, LVI (May, 1858), 461. 26 Ibid. 27 The frontier housewife speaks in James Fenimore Cooper's Chainbearer (1845) , cited by Cummings, American and his Food, 12. 28 Samuel Goodrich: Recollections of a Lifetime (1856), cited in ibid., 16. 29 ibid., 17. 30 Harriet Martineau cited in ibid., 16-17. 426 Missouri Historical Review meat for me."31 Especially during the cholera years, when all foods came under suspicion, some thought fresh meats unwholesome.32 Families did their butchering during the first months of the year. At year's end, the editor of the Westport Border Star quipped: "This is the season to which the swine look forward with feeling of fear and trembling;—and now, from morn till night, their agoniz­ ing shrieks fill the air."33 The winter weather cooled the meat quickly and eliminated the problem of flies as well. Neighbors went from farm to farm for each family's butchering—the heavy lifting being too much for a single man. After shooting the cow or pig in the head, the farmer slit the animal's throat so that it would bleed. He then placed the hog in the wooden scalding box; afterward he scraped the hair from the hide. A cow was not scalded, but skinned, and the hide used to make leather. After removing the heads the farmers slit the animals lengthwise and hung them up so the entrails could be removed. They allowed the meat to cool for a few hours before quartering it and cutting it into workable pieces. After cutting the meat, some farmers pro­ ceeded with the curing immediately; others waited a minimum of two days, during which time they lightly sprinkled the meat with powdered saltpetre.34 In speaking of "curing," many people used the terms pickling, salting and corning almost interchangeably. "Pickling" was the process of soaking the meat in brine; pork, subsequently packed in salt became "salted." Beef preserved the same way was "corned." The term "bacon" often referred to pork in general, but it might be used as a description of the rear-thigh cut of pork, beef or mutton.35 Cookbook, farm journal and almanac recipes for "well-cured, clear, pickled" meat could be used for both pork and beef, the

31 William Cobbett, A Year's Residence in the United States of America (1818) , cited in ibid., 17. 32 Ibid., 16. During the 1830s through the 1860s, cholera reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Lacking knowledge of the germ theory, nine­ teenth-century Americans looked for other causes of the dread disease. Various "authorities" suspected virtually all foods at one time or another. Charles E. Rosenberg presents a detailed study of the three major pandemics, effects and reactions, in The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago, 1962) . 33 Westport Border Star, December 31, 1858. 34 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 37; see also Thomas W. Con- yers' Journal and Account Book (1830-1844) , 29, 61-62 in Kansas City (Mis­ souri) Museum of History and Science. 35 Mrs. A. E. Howland, The American Economical Housekeeper, and Family Receipt Book (Worcester, Mass., 1845), 59-60. Food Preservation in Jackson County 427 difference being the time the meat remained in the brine.36 The farmers never placed different sorts of meat in the same brine simultaneously. Each recipe varied slightly in the ratio of ingredi­ ents. The Prairie Farmer recommended using seven pounds of coarse salt, five pounds of brown sugar, two ounces of saltpetre, half an ounce of pearlash, and four gallons of water.37 The Wis­ consin Farmer used a combination of one and a half pounds of salt, half a pound of sugar, half an ounce of saltpetre, half an ounce of potash to every gallon of water.38 A recipe suggested in the Prairie Farmer from Hamburg, Germany, used a ratio of six pounds of salt, one pound of brown sugar, four ounces of saltpetre, and four gallons of water.39 The American Economical Housekeeper preferred eight pounds of rock salt, five pints of good molasses or five pounds of brown sugar, five ounces of

3* Ibid., 58 37 Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849), 96. 38 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 37. 39 Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849), 93. 428 Missouri Historical Review saltpetre to every three gallons of water; this recipe processed one hundred pounds of meat. The American Economical House­ keeper also noted that saleratus could be used as a substitute for saltpetre in salting down meat.40 All the recipes cautioned that in making the brine (or "pickle"), one had to boil the ingredients over a gentle fire until "all the dirt from the sugar, (which will not be a little), rises to the top and is skimmed off."41 After boiling the pickle, the homemaker placed it in tubs to cool. She placed cut and trimmed meat in casks with the shank end down: hams first, then shoulders, and lastly the "middlings."42 Pouring the cool pickle over the meat, she placed a flat, heavy stone on the meat to keep it immersed in the liquid. Again the time required to cure the meat varied with the recipe. The Prairie Farmer cure required twelve weeks for pork hams and nine weeks for beef. A fast recipe from Hamburg required only ten days for beef and three to four weeks for pork. The Wisconsin Farmer prescribed the "usual time" of four to five weeks. The Economical House­ keeper suggested two to six weeks, according to the size of the pieces and the weather: more time being required for larger pieces and cold weather. After removing the meat from this brine, the homemaker rubbed it dry and smoked it. The real preservative, a high salt concentration, killed the bacteria, but smoking acted as an addi­ tional safeguard and added flavor; as one cookbook author ex­ plained, "much of the goodness of hams depends on smoking."43 The meat, hung shank-end down to prevent juices from escaping, could be smoked either in the smokehouse or in a temporary contraption made from a barrel or hogshead. In the barrel-smoking method, the men dug a hole a foot deep and three feet round and placed a slightly larger barrel over it and packed the earth tightly around the bottom of the barrel.44 Using either method, the meat hung far enough away from the fire so as not to be heated. Some farmers preferred to smoke meat with corn cobs, believing it produced the sweetest taste. Some liked the taste imparted by smouldering hardwood sawdust, maple for example. Others settled for nothing less than green hickory, and some thought the best flavor came from smouldering rotten maple, bass

40 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 59-60. 41 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 37. 42 Confederate Receipt Book: A Compilation of Over One Hundred Re­ ceipts, Adapted to the Times (Athens, Ga., 1960), 24-25. 43 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 59. 44 Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849), 93. Food Preservation in Jackson County 429

This cut-away illustration de­ picts the pickling process.

or white wood.45 The wood, fired by throwing coals on top of it, smouldered constantly. Small cuts of meat intended for immediate use were ready in two weeks. Larger pieces, like hams, stayed in the smokehouse or barrel four weeks or more.46 Housewives usually lost some meat to spoilage. They also lost some to insects, especially skippers. As an insect repellent, the Prairie Farmer suggested rubbing the flesh side of hams, and especially the cracks, with finely ground black pepper immediately after removing them from the brine. One pound of pepper sufficed for six hundred pounds of meat. Afterward, the meat could be smoked in the usual way.47 Others suggested keeping the smoke­ house dark, in the hope that egg-laying moths would not enter.48 A somewhat more drastic method for dealing with insects called for dipping the smoked meat into a strong solution of lye. Hung in a dry place, this lye-dipped pork supposedly kept well for the whole year.49 After soaking, smoking and treating the meat for bugs, the housewife wrapped it in muslin and hung it on high rafters of the smokehouse.

45 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 59; see also Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849), 93; Confederate Receipts, 25. 46 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 59. 47 Prairie Farmer, IX (January, 1849), 17. 48 Confederate Receipts, 25. 49 Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849), 96. 430 Missouri Historical Review

This pickling and smoking process proved most useful for pork or mutton. The easiest to treat, pork contained oil which prevented it from absorbing too much salt. Women learned to use as little salt as possible—to keep it rich and tender without spoiling. Many recipes told how to cure pork; rarely could one not pickle a ham.50 But beef required more care. After butcher­ ing the beef, the Prairie Farmer suggested placing the cut pieces into a weak brine. Two days later, the women drained the brine, scalded it, skimmed it clear, and then poured it back on the meat. They repeated this process until the brine remained perfectly clear of blood.51 The best cuts of beef to corn were ribs and briskets.52 After packing the beef in casks with a slight sprinkling of salt between the pieces, the housewife poured a special brine over the top. The brine recipe called for eight gallons of boiling water, two pounds of brown sugar, one quart of molasses, four ounces of saltpetre and salt.53 Authorities debated over the amount of salt to be added to this beef brine. Some recipes called for a set amount, as in the pork brines; others suggested adding fine salt until an egg would float in the brine. The Prairie Farmer objected to these "imperfect" means and suggested adding salt until no more would dissolve and then "a bit more too"—or seven and a half ounces of salt in an imperial pint of water at 60 degrees.54 Some recipes called for the beef to remain in this brine: "Beef packed in this manner will keep a year, and will rather improve than grow worse."55 Others let it soak "sufficiently" and then called for the meat to be placed in casks with dry salt between each layer.56 The author of The Economical Housekeeper told readers that salted beef beginning to taint could be "saved" by removing it from the pickle and packing it again in layers of charcoal. Then the housewife poured over the meat a new, sweet pickle with a bit of saltpetre added. Charcoal would remove the taint in about a week.57 A superficial cure, however, it changed the taste with­ out changing the fact that the meat had begun to rot. Meat also could be preserved in molasses. As a rule this method

50 ibid., VIII (December, 1848), 364. 5i Ibid. 52 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 59. 53 Prairie Farmer, VIII (December, 1848), 383. 5±Ibid., 364. 55 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 60. 56 Prairie Farmer, VIII (December, 1848), 364. 57 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 60. Food Preservation in Jackson County 431 was reserved for mince meat which had been boiled, chopped and packed in a stone jar. Covered with molasses, meat preserved this way remained good for several months.58 Drying provided another method of preservation. Farmers cut lean beef into thin strips and strung them together to hang on the south side of the house, near the wall without touching it. When this beef dried slowly and thoroughly in the sun, it would keep in crocks stored in a cool, dry place.59 Fish could be pounded very fine and laid in the bright sun to dry.60 Meat could also be dried by smoking it. One cookbook called for a wigwam­ like structure, five or six feet high with an open top, to be erected in full sunshine. The meat had to be cut into very small, thin pieces and suspended on rods inside the structure. A thick smoke of decayed maple and other woods, along with the heat of the fire and the sun, would cure slices one inch thick in twenty-four hours. Thicker pieces and oily meats like pork appeared harder to cure this way than beef, venison and mutton.61

58 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 38. 59 Confederate Receipts, 24. The south side of the house was chosen because received full sunshine all day long, thus hurrying the drying process. 60 ibid. 61 Ibid.

This cut-away illustration de­ picts a meat-smoking process. 432 Missouri Historical Review

When not salted, smoked or dried, the fatter portions of pork usually could be made into sausage. If the pork appeared too fat, one could add lean beef.62 A sample recipe called for thirty pounds of meat, ten ounces of fine salt, three ounces of sage, one and a half ounces of pepper, two ounces of cinnamon.63 This recipe, like those used for the brine solution, differed from family to family and according to taste. The spices could be added to the meat before or after it was chopped. After cleaning and scraping out the entrails, the housewife soaked them in a strong brine for two days and afterward placed them in a strong lye water for twenty-four hours.64 If one preferred not to use the entrails, they also could stuff the sausage into cotton cloth bags. Some measured as small as two or three inches wide and a foot long—others as large as eight or nine inches wide and two to three feet long.65 Dipped in melted lard and hung in a cool place, this sausage would keep year round. The cook sliced off the cotton bag with the meat, as she found it easier to make a new bag than to pre­ serve the old.66 Several alternative methods preserved the head, feet, tails and ears of the butchered animals. After cleaning the pigs' ears and feet, the housewife soaked them in a strong brine for a week, changing the water every other day. Then she boiled them until tender, about eight to ten hours. When the pieces cooled, she added more salt, packed them in a stone jar and poured hot spiced vinegar over them.67 For an alternative method of preserving feet, the women used them as one ingredient in hog's head cheese. One cookbook author advised housewives to take a large hog's head, two sets of feet, and "the noses from all the pigs killed that day"; after boiling them to "rags," the housewife poured the liquid off and removed the bones. She minced the meat and seasoned it to taste with salt, pepper, powdered cloves, chopped sage and sweet marjoram. She then divided the meat into four equal sections and tied it up in clean, coarse towels. When pressed into compact cakes with heavy weights, this "cheese" was ready

62 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 58. 63 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (April, 185.6) , 184. 64 Miss Eliza Leslie, New Receipts for Cooking (Philadelphia, 1854) , 447. Miss Leslie also noted, on p. 447, that this lye, when strained, became perfectly good to use for soapmaking. 65 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 58; see also Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 38. 66 ibid. 67 Prairie Farmer, VIII (January, 1848), 35. A "strong brine" was one that would float an egg. Food Preservation in Jackson County 433 to eat the next day, but would keep all winter in a cool, dry place. The "cheese" required no further cooking and the family often ate it sliced at breakfast and lunch.68 Women also prepared calves' heads by boiling and boning, subsequently placing the meat in a baking dish. Then they added egg yolks, butter and bread crumbs over the meat together with a seasoning of cloves and mace. If the cook added a little flour in the dish, the juices of the baking meat would form a gravy. This meat also could be packed and preserved for lunches.69 Missourians did not pickle calves' feet. Instead, the wife boiled three sets of feet in three gallons of water until three quarts of the liquid remained. Then she separated the meat from the bones, put it in a saucepan with butter, parsley, flour, water, salt and pepper, and stewed the mixture for a few minutes. Before serving this dish, the wife beat the yolks of two or three eggs with a little vinegar and poured the mixture into the saucepan with the meat. She reserved the liquid which resulted from the boiling after she removed the feet. Placing this stock in the preserving kettle with the shells and beaten whites of a dozen eggs, the rinds of two or three lemons, sugar and wine to taste, the wife boiled, skimmed and strained this mixture through a jelly bag; then she served it as a sauce.70 For his last job in butchering, the farmer made the lard, an important item for cooking as well as for soapmaking or as a lubricant. He cut off all the fat of the newly killed pork and put it into a crock to cool overnight. A hog consists of two kinds of fat: that which adheres to the entrails and the leaf fat, which lines the abdominal cavity. The farmer considered the latter of better quality. He kept separate the two kinds of fat. After cool­ ing the fat to eliminate the body heat, the women cut it into small pieces, carefully removing the lean. They half-filled a pot with the fat; without adding salt or water, they boiled it slowly, stirring frequently until a clear liquid resulted. The women then ladled it into clean pans where they left it until almost cold; at that time they poured it into stone jars which they closely covered before putting them in a cool place, such as the root cellar.71 They

68 Leslie, New Receipts, 447-448. 69 Virginia Campbell, My Favorite Recipes: Featuring Recipes for Dishes Served at the Campbell's Famous Table in the 1830s, 4th ed. (St. Louis, 1977) , 23. 70 ibid., 22-23. 71 Leslie, New Receipts, 446-447. 434 Missouri Historical Review

rendered the tallow from the fat of cattle and sheep in much the same way. Stored in a cool place, the tallow proved important for making soap and candles.72 Besides butchering their own meat, frontier families also had to harvest and store enough fruits and vegetables to last through the winter. The variety of vegetables planted in a midwesterner's garden depended on the availability of seeds in the local store. Rosser's drugstore in Westport, Missouri, advertised among their "sundries," seeds for curled cress, artichokes, egg plants, rhubarb and kale. The store also sold standard seeds like beans (lima, green and yellow), beets, cauliflower, cabbage, carrots, celery, corn, cucumbers, lettuce, melons, onions, parsnips, peas, pumpkin, radishes, spinach, squash, tomatoes and turnips.73 Missouri families enjoyed the more delicate vegetables and the leafy greens during their growing season; their winter meals consisted of a boring repetition of good "keeping" vegetables stored in the root cellar. Hard vegetables—potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, squash, pumpkin,

72 Prairie Farmer, VIII (February, 1848), 61. 73 Westport Border Star, February 25, 1859. Food Preservation in Jackson County 435 onions—kept for several months.74 Before the first frost, the family gathered these vegetables and stored them, dry and free from dirt, in wooden bins or baskets. When either layered in or covered with straw or hemlock, they remained warm and dry.75 Carrots, parsnips, beets and sweet potatoes also could be buried in dry sand: a bed of sand on the bottom of the box, another layer between each layer of vegetables, and a thick covering on top.76 Sweet potatoes, very popular for their good yield per acre and their versatility, proved difficult to keep over the winter. Even when they stored them in dry sand, free from cold and dampness, many farmers lost half of their crop.77 Irish potatoes did not al­ ways keep well either, and necessity sometimes forced families to eat potatoes which had frozen. A reader of the Prairie Farmer objected to a Maine farmer's claim that frozen potatoes were "perfectly good." He said frozen potatoes became discolored and mushy but were tolerably good and could be eaten "as a very good apology for good potatoes."78 Cabbage and cauliflower also kept well in the root cellar.79 Cabbage could be stored successfully by burying it in a dirt pile outside. The difficulty arose when the housewife tried to get at part of it without damaging that which remained. Some found a better method by packing it closely in a cast, filling the air spaces with chaff or bran and storing the cask in the cellar.80 Just before the first frost, the farmer gathered cauliflower plants without flowering heads and replanted them in three or four inches of soil in the bottom of the cellar. When planted as close together as possible and even without light, they remained good through­ out the winter.81 Some vegetables, such as pumpkin slices, kernels of corn, and green beans, could be kept by simply drying in the sun. Needing up to two months to dry thoroughly, dried green beans provided a tough, unwelcome dish. Called "leather-britches," as one farmer explained, they looked like fresh beans but tasted "as tough as

74 Turnips and carrots were stored not only as food for the family but as 75 Leavitt's Almanack, no. 62, 7. food for milch cows. Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (March, 1856) , 105-106. 76 Leslie, New Receipts, 248. 77 Prairie Farmer, IX (May, 1849), 164-165. 78 Ibid., VIII (February, 1848), 61. 79 Beecher objected to keeping cabbage and fish in the cellar; she com­ plained that they not only scented the house but gave the other foods a foul taste. Treatise on Domestic Economy, 322. 80 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 37. 81 Prairie Farmer, VIII {December, 1848), 381. 436 Missouri Historical Review leather" when eaten.82 Some frontier housewives preferred to cut the beans into three pieces and pack them in wide-mouthed stone jars with a thin layer of salt between each layer of beans. The day before cooking, the wife soaked the beans for at least twenty-four hours in cold water until they no longer tasted of salt. Boiled until tender, these beans provided a very good main dish. Green peas also could be packed this way. When boiling the peas, the cook added a little soda to renew the color.83 Herbs, useful for a variety of purposes, also were dried for storage. A housewife spread them out thinly in a shaded area; when the herbs dried, she tied them into small bundles, wrapped in white paper, and stored them in a dry place. The author of Confederate Receipts suggested this method. She contended that the common procedure of hanging herbs in loose bundles from the kitchen rafters allowed too much of their odor to escape.84 Pickling represented another method for preserving vegetables. The general pickling principle drew out the water from the vegeta­ bles with salt and then replaced the moisture with a preserving vine­ gar solution. The Wisconsin Farmer warned women not to use iron pots when making the pickling brine; the vinegar reacted with the iron to form "virdigris" poison. Housewives used brass pots- sweet, clean and free from grease.85 Vegetables most commonly pickled included onions, tomatoes, cabbage, green beans, cu­ cumbers and mushrooms. Onions, tomatoes and mushrooms re­ quired special treatment. In September, the wife peeled small white onions and placed them in a strong brine for forty-eight hours. Then she boiled them in milk. When the onions cooled, she scalded and stored them in spiced vinegar.86 For ripe tomatoes. the wife pricked them with a fork and laid them in a vessel with layers of salt. After the tomatoes lay in salt for eight days, the wife soaked them overnight in vinegar. Then she packed them

82 Barbara Gorman and Richard McKinzie, "Research Report on Frontier Cooking; 1830-1860" (typescript, 1980, compiled for the Johnson County (Mis- ouri) Historical Society, Warrensburg, Mo.) 83 Leslie, New Receipts, 452. 84 Confederate Receipts, 30. 85 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856), 41. 86 Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 13, 28. Food Preservation in Jackson County 437 in a stone jar, layered between slices of onions, mustard, cloves, pepper and red peppers. She poured boiling vinegar into the jar to cover the tomatoes; in ten days they appeared "in good eating order."87 To pickle mushrooms, she put them in a saucepan with salt, mace and pepper. When the liquid formed, she placed the pan over a gentle fire until this liquid evaporated. Then she packed the mushrooms in a stone jar and covered them with warm vinegar. Processed this way, mushrooms remained good for two years.88 Fruits presented a greater problem to the frontier housewife. Soft and with a higher sugar content than vegetables, fruits spoiled much more easily. As for vegetables, several alternative preserva­ tion processes existed: root cellar storage, drying, preserving with sugar and pickling. Apples, like hard vegetables, could be stored in the root cellar for several months in wooden bins or baskets and covered with straw. In order to store other fruits intact, pioneer families devised ways to keep all moisture from the fruits. They did this by layer­ ing apples, pears, oranges or lemons with fine sand in a box, barrel or jar. Perfectly ripe fruit, packed stem down, and without touching the other fruit, would keep for "almost any length of time" if they remained cool and dry.89 Apples, especially pippins and bell-flowers, could be packed in a dry, tight barrel which had a bottom of dry pebbles. When full of apples, the keg, sealed with mortar on all seams, would keep the fruit until July.90 An­ other dry storage method for green fruit, like gooseberries or currants, involved placing the dry, clean fruit in glass bottles without sugar. The bottle, corked, sealed with melted wax and stored in the dark cellar, would keep this fruit until the following spring.91 Drying, the cheapest process, probably became the most com­ mon method of preserving fruit. Housewives laid slices of apples, pears, peaches, plums and other fruits in the sun or strung them to hang in sunny places near the house to dry. They also dried

87 Ibid., 14. For many years, people considered tomatoes poisonous or, at least, disagreeable and unwholesome. Sources indicate that by the mid-nine­ teenth century, however, even farmers in western Missouri grew tomatoes for their fruit, not just as ornamentals. See Westport Border Star, February 25, 1859; Conyers' Journal, 65; Prairie Farmer, IX (March, 1849) , 85; Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (March, 1856), 98, 105; Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 3, 14. 88 Ibid., 7. 89 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856), 37; see also Leslie, New Re­ ceipts, 247. 90 ibid., 248. 91 Prairie Farmer, IX (August, 1849), 255. According to the same article, green peas also would keep this way. 438 Missouri Historical Review

whole berries in the sun. In another method, for rainy days, they placed the fruit in a brick oven overnight.92 Several procedures protected this dried fruit from worms. Sometimes women placed the fruit in a tin steamer, wrapped in several layers of flannel or cotton, and heated it over a kettle of boiling water. When the fruit became thoroughly heated, housewives placed it in cot­ ton or linen bags, tied them tightly, and hung them in a cool place. If wives repeated this process twice in the season—May and July—the fruit would be good over the winter.93 Another safeguard from worms called for sprinkling the fruit with whiskey, about one pint to each bushel, before placing the fruit in barrels or boxes. One farmer noted the effectiveness of this method: "I suppose any kind of spirits would answer the purpose, as the worms appear to go in for temperance."94 The common method of making preserves allowed one pound of loaf sugar to each pound of fruit. After washing and stem­ ming the fruit, women covered it with half the crushed sugar and allowed it to stand in a cool place for two to three hours. They then placed the fruit in the preserving kettle over a slow fire, added the rest of the sugar slowly, and boiled the mixture for fifteen to twenty minutes. After removing the scum, the women poured the fruit into wide-mouthed bottles.95 When the jars cooled they covered the contents with brandy-soaked paper or sealed the bottles with corks and covered them with bladders.96 They stored the bottles in dry sand in a cool, dry place. This method worked

92 Leavitt's Almanack, no. 62, 25; see also Prairie Farmer, IX (July, 1849), 213 93 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (November, 1856), 506. 94 Prairie Farmer, VIII (July, 1848) , 212. **Ibid., IX (May, 1849), 143. 96 Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 8. Food Preservation in Jackson County 439 for strawberries, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cherries, grapes and watermelon rinds.97 Gooseberries, grapes and cherries required longer cooking time than the other fruits.98 If these preserves began to ferment, frugal housewives boiled them with a bit of saleratus—"the size of a pea"—added for each quart or two before rebottling.99 Some people complained that this preserving method made the fruit too sweet (it often grained and candied in the jar), that the fruit had no flavor, and that spoilage occurred too fre­ quently.100 An alternative and cheaper method for strawberries, raspberries and blackberries allowed only half a pound of sugar for each pound of fruit. The housewife placed this sugar, with a little water, over a gentle fire. When the mixture heated, the women dipped the fruit into the sugar in a skimmer and held it there for half a minute. Then they placed the fruit on tins to cool and poured over the fruit the sugar syrup, boiled down to a thick

97 Watermelon rinds required extra preparation. The housewife added grape leaves and a small lump of alum to the boiling mixture, and placed ginger and limes in the jars to flavor the rinds. Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 13. 98 Prairie Farmer, VIII (May, 1848), 143. 99 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (January, 1856) , 38. ioo Reminiscence of Mrs. Helen (Duncan) LaTourette in Sara Lockwood Williams, "Pioneer Days in 'Old Sparta'," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXV (July, 1931), 551; see also Prairie Farmer, IX (July, 1849), 213.

The cover of an 1854 American \t:$)^i*'\i'$$^^ Home Cook Book featured this f jifc t-' -^EOLL.I^^^^^S~^'- period illustration. gyjlil ?/^^B^^^^^^^^^^^W^ 1 440 Missouri Historical Review consistency. They set the tins in the sun or in a warm oven until the berries dried into gelantinous cakes. Tying these cakes in cloth bags, women hung them away. Fruit kept this way retained its natural flavor without spoiling. The cook easily readied the fruit for the table by adding a little hot water and, more sugar, if desired.101 Another way of preserving with sugar involved no cooking at all. Women lay strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and cher­ ries or sliced peaches in broad dishes and sprinkled them with the same quantity of sugar used for common preserving—pound for pound. Set in the sun or in a moderate oven, the fruit juice formed a thick syrup with the sugar. Women placed this fruit in tumblers with the syrup and pasted writing paper over the top before setting the jars in a cool, dry place. This method kept the fruit whole and provided more flavor than the cooking methods.102 Housewives designed yet another process for apricots, peaches and plums. They mixed equal parts of honey and spring water and poured the mixture over whole, fresh fruits in earthen vessels, which they covered tightly. Removing the fruit, they simply washed it in cold water for immediate use.103 In the final fruit preservation method, the housewives pickled peaches, pears, apricots, watermelon rinds and cherries. Often substituting alum for salt to draw the water out of the fruit, they poured a sweet, spiced vinegar over it.104 Fruit and vegetable preservation methods greatly improved with two developments in the 1840s and 1850s. Food had been canned in America since 1820. Not until the invention of the stamping process in 1847, however, could tin cans to be made cheaply.105 One type of tin can, "Arthur's Self-Sealing Can," ap­ peared on the market in the 1850s. After placing the fruit or vegetable in the can, women heated it in a vessel of hot water. When the food became thoroughly heated (about twenty minutes), they sealed the can by heating the lid, pressing it firmly into place and weighting it until the solder on the lid hardened. To test the solder the canning woman placed a small piece of rosin on the lid. When the rosin melted, the solder was hot enough to seal. Still, the method proved tricky, because the solder, which

101 Ibid.; see also Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 24. 102 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (November, 1856), 504. 103 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 63. 104 Campbell, Favorite Recipes, 12. 105 American Heritage Cookbook, 227. Food Preservation in Jackson County 441 sealed the lid easily melted into the food.106 These cans provided safe storage for green corn, tomatoes, peaches, berries, plums and all perishable fruits.107 The editor of Leavitfs Farmers Almanack rejoiced in this invention: "They [the fruits] keep perfectly in these cans, and some of them can hardly be distinguished from the fresh-picked articles. . . . Nothing can be a more agreeable change from the inevitable salt junk and potatoes than these preserved fruits and vegetables."108 An easier and safer way of home canning became available when the Mason jar company patented their product in 1858. Instead of using solder as the sealer, the glass Mason jars sealed by screwing a metal lid down upon a heated rubber compress. Godey's advised readers that they need not suffer through another winter without these canning devices—they proved "readily available and useful."109 Both of these methods allowed for more air-tight storage, thus reducing the need for such high concentrations of salt and sugar.110 Besides being busy during the warm months with the garden and orchard, Jackson County families attempted to find ways to keep milk and eggs during the summer months and to preserve them for the winter. Farmers preserved milk during the warm weather by either hanging a bucketful in the well or placing it in the springhouse or icehouse. Without better cooling, the milk soured quickly, and when the cows dried up in the winter, farmers had no milk supply. These two factors forced farmers to convert large quantities of milk into butter and cheese. In making butter, housewives poured each day's milk into keelers: broad, shallow vessels of stone or tin. These shallow keelers allowed milk storage at never over an inch and a half deep; this hurried the separation of the milk and the cream.111 They set the keelers in a cool place, away from the flies, where the milk could remain undisturbed for twenty-four hours, or until soured. When skimming the cream, dairywomen also took some of the milk so that it would not be too thick to churn. If one did not churn daily, she placed this cream in a jar or pot and stored it in a cool place. She then stirred all of the cream in this

106 Godey's, LVII (July, 1858), 77. 107 Ibid.; see also Leavitfs Almanack, no. 62, 40. 108 ibid. 10Q Godey's, LVII (July, 1858), 77. no While Godey's might advise their readers to lay in a good supply of these self-sealing cans, they had not been advertised in the Westport Border Star by 1860. They probably remained an eastern phenomenon until later. in Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (June, 1856), 270. 442 Missouri Historical Review pot and mixed the new cream added daily so that each day's cream did not remain in layers and sour at different rates.112 Before churning, wives allowed the cream to sour somewhat, and they developed the art of knowing the best degree of fermenta­ tion. When the churning began, the cream ideally should be about 55 degrees. During the churning, it warmed up five to ten degrees. A higher temperature than 55 made the butter too soft and white; lower temperature would not allow the butter to come so easily nor yield as much.113 Women or one of the children churned the cream slowly but steadily for about forty-five minutes. When the butter formed, women gathered it with the dasher and then worked and washed it with cold water until completely free of buttermilk. Most recipes recommended working the butter two or three times to assure the removal of all the buttermilk: once immediately after churning, again the next morning and finally the second morning.114 After working all the milk out of the butter, the women allowed it to become cold and hard; then they salted it. A salt mixture, to be added to the butter, included two parts of the best common salt and one ounce of saltpetre. One ounce of this mixture processed sixteen ounces of butter. (Most sources advised women to purify the salt before using it. Women dis­ solved the salt in water, heated it to a boil in an open vessel, and then skimmed the impurities off before boiling the rest of the water away.)115 After salting the butter, wives placed it in stone jars or wooden firkins and covered it with wet muslin or linen. Then, they placed a half-inch thick layer of salt on top of this cloth.116 Kept in a cool, dry cellar, the butter would be sweet for a year. While there might be a disagreeable taste for a fortnight, the butter afterward supposedly would never be rancid or stale.117 Some noted problems keeping it sweet, though—evi­ denced by the prescribed "cure." One melted bad butter in hot water and skimmed it thoroughly. After churning it, the house­ wife could add salt and fine sugar before pressing it again.118 Making butter in the winter required a bit more skill. The best butter resulted when the milk and the room temperature

112 Prairie Farmer, IX (September, 1849) , 289. 113 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (June, 1856), 270; see also Prairie Farmer, IX (September, 1849), 276. H4 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (June, 1856), 271. H5 Prairie Farmer, IX (September, 1849), 276. H6 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (June, 1856), 271. 117 Prairie Farmer, IX (September, 1849), 276. 118 Confederate Receipts, 25. Food Preservation in Jackson County 443

both remained about 55 degrees. Since this ideal condition proved improbable in the middle of winter, women poured hot water into the milk to make it as hot as could be borne by a finger. This helped in separating the milk and cream.119 To make butter yellow in the winter, one either added the juice of a "middling- sized" carrot to four quarts of cream before churning, or added egg yolks to the cream near the completion of the churning. Either method guaranteed fine, sweet butter.120 An 185(3 farm journal, commenting about the price of butter being extremely high, reflected on the butter-making art: "For twenty years past the girls' butter-making education has been sadly neglected. They can play the piano, but cannot churn; can dance, but cannot skim milk; can talk a little French but don't know how to work out the buttermilk."121 Cheese-making also appeared a complicated art. Farm wives strained the night's milk into a tin or brass kettle and hung it in a cool place. In the morning, they heated the milk (to about 80-85 degrees) and mixed it with the morning's milk in a tub. Then with the milk quite warm, they added enough rennet to

H9 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 94-95. 120 Ibid., 95; see also Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (March, 1856), 126. 121 Ibid. (February, 1856), 60. 444 Missouri Historical Review make the curd coagulate in about forty-five minutes.122 Cheese- makers stirred the milk often to prevent the cream from separat­ ing. When the curd would not adhere to a finger, they cut the mass several times with a long knife. After letting it stand for about fifteen minutes, they gently turned the curd from top to bottom with a dipper. After another fifteen minutes, the house­ wife broke the curd gently with her hands. Then she covered the curd with a cloth and allowed it to rest for about half an hour. Following the rest period, she tilted the tub so the whey could be drawn off. After removing as much whey as possible, the house­ wife placed the curd in a brass pan, broke it very finely, and mixed it with five cups of Liverpool salt to every hundred pounds of curd. She then placed the curd in a coarse cheese cloth and put it in a wooden cheese vat or hop. She allowed the curd to stand about an hour before she pressed it. Pressing the curd lightly at first, she applied more and more pressure to make it firm and solid. Women stuck skewers into the mass several times to eliminate any remaining whey. After the cheese had been pressed for four or five hours, the wife turned and pressed it again. The cheese remained in the press until she needed the

122 ibid. (June, 1856), 271. A rennet is the lining membrane of an un- weaned calf's stomach. The term also applies to the preparation of this mem­ brane when used to curdle milk for cheese. In making this preparation, dairy­ men killed the calves when four days old. They removed the rennets and filled them with equal parts of curd and salt. Women then tied these rennets into individual cotton bags and hung them away to cure for a year. When needed for making cheese, dairywomen steeped three rennets in two pails of cold water for ten to twelve days; then they strained the water into a jar and added enough salt to make an excess in the bottom of the jar. This salt kept the rennet from getting rancid. Ibid., 272.

w,tTO-\lZviiW^ Food Preservation in Jackson County 445 press for the next day's cheese. The dairywomen then removed the cheese and salted the surface well. For the following seven days, she smeared the surface with sweet butter. Wrapped in linen cloths, the cheese would be good for a year.123 If the cheese block started to crack or break, economical housewives saved it by pasting good wrapping paper around it, in much the same manner as pasting paper on walls.124 Dairy farmers could get between three and six hundred pounds of cheese per cow each year.125 If a woman found a pan of milk turning sour, she could render the loss by making cottage cheese. She set the covered pan in a warm place to become a curd. After pouring off the whey, she tied the curd up in a clean linen bag with a pointed end and hung it over a bowl. Without squeezing the curd, she allowed it to hang for ten to twelve hours, at which time she transferred it to a deep dish, enriched it with cream and butter and chopped it into a soft mass.126 Farm families could keep eggs, like milk, during the warm months by lowering them in a bucket into the well. But judging by the numerous suggestions and methods, preserving eggs in the winter became a very difficult feat. Because of the somewhat porous shell, egg preservation required farmers to keep them as air-tight as possible. The porousness of the shell and the semi­ permeable quality of the albumen, however, made all preserva­ tion methods faulty in some respect. If women smeared the eggs with lard as soon as the hen laid them, the eggs would keep a few months when packed small-end down in a barrel or jar. Shells, smeared at any time with butter, would keep the eggs for many months without spoiling—the difference possibly being the salt in the butter.127 Housewives also packed eggs in earthen vessels and poured sheep tallow completely over them. When the tallow cooled and became firm, the wife stored the vessel in a cool, dry place.128 Rather than seal the shell with animal fat, women also could preserve eggs by covering each with a thin layer of varnish or glue and storing them in a stone jar in a cool place.129

123 Prairie Farmer, VIII (July, 1848), 210-211; see also Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (June, 1856), 271-272. 124 Prairie Farmer, VIII (July, 1848), 213. 125 ibid. (January, 1848), 34. 126 Confederate Receipts, 16. 127 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 68. 128 Prairie Farmer, VIII (January, 1848), 31. 129 Ibid., 13. 446 Missouri Historical Review

Another source suggested placing the eggs in a sieve and pouring boiling water over them until they became thoroughly wet. After drying them, women placed these eggs in bran, small-end down, in a stone jar. These eggs, according to the Wisconsin Farmer, would keep "forever."130 As with other foods, salt preservation seemed to be the preferred method. Farm wives would preserve fresh eggs by covering the bottom of a keg or pail with half an inch of salt and setting the eggs close together, small-end down. They put eggs and salt in alternating layers, filling the keg. Then sealing the keg, they stored it where the eggs would not freeze.131 While this salt method would keep eggs for a year, the eggs' albumens would evaporate and the yolks became hard, salty masses.132 Women also attempted to keep eggs in stone jars of salt water, lime water, or a combination of the two. Great care had to be taken when using the lime. Too much would cook the egg or eat through the shell.133 Many farm journals and house­ wives considered the salt brine to be the most effective. This process preserved the eggs without the albumen evaporating or altering the yolk, although the absorption of the salt altered the taste.134 Food preservation became a complex and time-consuming task. Although the methods described here were the only ones avail­ able to the nineteenth-century, midwestern families, modern science indicates the dangers in many of their methods. "Preserved" foods often had high levels of bacteria which caused a variety of diseases. The necessarily high consumption of salt would be con­ sidered by medical science today as contributing to heart disease. The lack of fresh produce during the winter months often pro­ duced certain vitamin deficiencies, especially of vitamin C. Even during the summer, some frontier families lived on a diet mostly of pork and corn.135 Catherine Beecher and various other self- proclaimed experts on diet urged American readers to change their eating habits. While the experts' advice usually had some basis in science, the masses of Americans remained unconvinced.136 The preservation of food required an enormous amount of time. In some ways it reinforced the concept of a strong family

130 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (October, 1856) , 466. 131 Howland, Economical Housekeeper, 68. 132 Prairie Farmer, VIII (January, 1848), 13. 133 Gorman and McKinzie, "Frontier Cooking." 134 Prairie Farmer, VIII (January, 1848), 13. 135 Cummings, American and his Food, 12, 14-15. 136 Ibid., 46-49, 428, 439. Food Preservation in Jackson County 447 unit. The division and complexity of tasks made it difficult for a single person, male or female, to survive alone. The weighty responsibility of the job also helped define and limit sex roles in the mid-nineteenth-century family. The questions of daily survival weighed far more heavily than thoughts of "self-actualiza­ tion." Preservation methods also had an impact on ideas about material possessions. A farm family simply had to have a certain number of acres, so many hogs and cattle, a number of out­ buildings, as well as the needed kitchen utensils in order to sup­ port themselves. In a way, preservation methods thus required that nineteenth-century Americans be closely tied to their farms, resulting in their concept of a cyclical, limited world. A frontier wife optimistically wrote in 1856 that "farm life is already divested of much of the drudgery of former times— and the time is fast coming when, for women especially, its burden will be far lighter. . . ."137 The time would come and the accom­ panying changes would be so great that nineteenth-century Jack­ son County almost seems another world away.

137 Wisconsin Farmer, VIII (July, 1856), 292.

Gen'ally Speaking

Cameron Daily Vindicator, June 20, 1882. "Were you actively engaged in the late war?" asked a stranger in Austin of Gen. Jeff Blakeman. "O, yes, I was very actively engaged in shipping cotton to Europe during the war." "Then how did you come to be called General?" "Well, you see, I made money during the war, and afterwards the boys came home poor, and wanted to borrow a little money, I generally loaned it to them, and that's how I came to be called 'General,' and it has stuck to me ever since." —Texas Sittings

Be Sharp

Cameron Daily Vindicator, July 1, 1882. Always look on the right side; a mighty ugly hired girl can ring the bell for a mighty good dinner. Steubenville Herald ,|M,*J

Rhetoric of A Small Midwestern Town

BY ALICE DONALDSON*

In 1804, Lewis and Clark set out from St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the Louisiana Territory. One hundred years later, much of the wild land and open spaces belonged to farmers and towns­ people. Typical of the new towns founded toward the end of the nineteenth century, Sheldon, Missouri, owes its existence to an extension of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and the distance a farmer could travel with a team and wagon. Since community trade cen­ ters could best serve farmers living within a five mile circumfer­ ence, the twenty-six miles between the county seats of Vernon and Barton counties in Southwest Missouri needed towns. In 1881, Milo, Sheldon and Irwin became new stops for the Missouri Pacific.

*A teacher of Rhetoric and Public Address, Alice Donaldson is assistant professor in the Department of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. She has the B.S., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia. 448 Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 449

A. A. Talmage, a general passenger agent for the railroad, had persuaded settlements to the north to name their towns Archie, Adrian and Arthur for his three sons. According to Dr. Robert Ramsey's booklet, Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names, Tal­ mage had a fourth son named Sheldon.1 A special issue of the Nevada paper commemorating the 125th anniversary of the or­ ganization of Vernon County, however, has a different explanation for Sheldon's name. Frank P. Anderson, who was with the railroad, told Sheldon A. Wight of Nevada, Missouri, of the planned exten­ sion. Purchasing land owned by James A. Wisehart, Wight, with the help of S. T. Emerson, surveyed and laid out the plat for the town which would bear his name.2 Like many of the planned communities of this period, Sheldon's streets were to be a geometric pattern of straight lines and right angles—no following a cow path here. The plans called for a busi­ ness section three blocks long with Main Street evenly dividing the town, three blocks to the north and three to the south. As the town grew, Main Street crossed the railroad tracks to make room for more homes and a park. Although Sheldon outgrew Milo and Irwin and became the second largest town in Vernon County, its population has never exceeded six hundred.3 For the first residents, Sheldon was part of their westward migration. For some, it represented their first move; for others, a second. After a few years, some went on to Oklahoma, Texas or Kansas; but for others the consideration of another move ended with the decision to remain in Sheldon. Thus, the adult popula­ tion in 1904 consisted of two groups: one had made a commitment to live there, the other had never lived elsewhere. As typical Mis­ sourians, they enjoyed talking and listening. Walter Williams, founder of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, once asked, "Do all states have the same exalted idea of speech-making Missouri and Missourians entertain? There can be no higher com­ pliment paid to a Missourian than to ask him to make a speech."4 A description of the public rhetoric appearing in the local newspaper in 1904 captures a portion of life in Sheldon at the turn of the century. As a citizen-hearer, viewer and responder

1 Robert L. Ramsey, Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names (Columbia, Mo., 1952) , 76-77; Missouri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1883-4 (St. Louis, 1883), 105, 1178. 2 Nevada [Missouri] Herald, June 29, 1980. 3 Population figures from Reports of the United States Census, 1910-1980. 4 Walter Williams, "Missouri Oratory," in Jefferson City State Tribune, January 15, 1940. 450 Missouri Historical Review

as well as reporter and critic, the editor is a legitimate source of information about public communication. Familiar with the his­ tory of the community, he expresses concern about its present and future. By recording who speaks, who listens and the context and consequences, he is an essential part of transactions between speak­ ers and audiences. Through his comments, he shares his world as effectively with readers of 1981 as with those early subscribers who eagerly read his weekly report of their lives. Reading the Sheldon Enterprise, one soon realizes that, for its citizens, Sheldon in 1904 constituted the center of the universe. The only world news to receive much attention concerned the Russian-Japanese war. Articles revealed curiosity about the out­ come and indicated slight favoritism toward Japan because ac­ counts of Admiral Matthew C. Perry's 1853 visit to that country had made it less of an enigma than Russia. Except for politics,

A 1903 Plat Map of Sheldon SHELDON

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S. vt , W , # b-t Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 451 the newspaper usually confined national and Missouri news to the second and third pages of the paper. Theodore Roosevelt's campaign for election attracted more attention than did the fate of the Phillippines. Far more important to the people of Sheldon than world or national affairs were matters of local concern: the abundance of measles and small pox caused worry; and fires in other small towns made residents realize the need for adequate fire-fighting equipment to prevent destruction of entire blocks. Formation of the Barton-Vernon Oil and Mining Company in 1903 brought dreams of great wealth. To convince people in 1904 their property did not have oil required a skillful speaker. The January 9 paper stated that company president John H. Layne spoke in a fair and impartial manner as he explained why drilling had been discontinued. Toward the end of the year, the company ceased to exist and with it went hopes of Sheldon as an industrial center. The brief flirtation with oil and mining, however, had not deterred emphasis on trade. Conscious of appearance, the city council pro­ vided for the paving of sidewalks along Main Street. After con­ siderable bidding, a Carthage company received the contract for the walks which were to be eight feet wide before all business property and six feet wide by vacant lots.5 Construction delays caused both talk and inconvenience, but by November the editor could write "the principal business block has sidewalks unsurpassed by any in the state and probably unequaled by any town of Shel­ don's size. . . ." Pride in the walkways, led to the suggestion that the city council pass an "anti-spitting ordinance."6 The city fathers also recognized the need of every town for a good band which would be ready to play for all occasions. Collecting money, they purchased instruments from Iowa and had the band ready, under the direction of J. W. Harbert, to give its services impartially to Democrats and Republicans in the fall campaign.7 Despite provincialism there was evidence of changing times. With the World's Fair and the Democratic National Convention both held in St. Louis, a number of the local citizens journeyed to that city to marvel at the wonders of the fair and to immerse themselves in a spate of political oratory. But a trip to St. Louis

5 Discussions of city sidewalks frequently appeared in the Sheldon Enter­ prise in 1904. Page 1 of the following issues described plans and construction: March 11, September 16, 23, 30, October 14, 21, 28, November 4, 11, 18, 25. 6 Sheldon Enterprise, November 25, 1904. 7 The editor repeatedly urged formation of the band. Sample accounts appeared in ibid.: January 29, February 5, 12, August 26, September 9. 1904. 452 Missouri Historical Review

was not needed to observe innovations; these also existed on the home scene. New street lights on Main Street and record-breaking numbers of sacks of mail handled at the post office signified chang­ ing patterns.8 Variations in both life-style and landscape followed the January 29 city council meeting. Officials passed an ordinance giving the Kinloch Telephone Company a franchise and right-of- way through the city. By the end of September the paper observed, "Mart McClenagan and a crew of hands are putting up a tele­ phone line from Sheldon to Bellamy where it will connect with Dr. [W. H.] Popplewell's line to Montevallo. We will soon be able to say 'hello' to all south Vernon County."9 A March paper noted a neighboring town resembled "a forest of dead trees. Telephone poles on every street."10 Daily life and the fading of regional boundaries may have prompted speeches, but the rhetoric identified in the local news­ paper centered around church, ceremonies and rituals, and politics. Sunday services, revival meetings, church-sponsored lectures on temperance or foreign missions, and numerous all-day Sunday School and church conventions provided a fund of speeches. De­ spite public support for these events, the popular protracted meet­ ings of the eighties now began to give way to scheduled two-week revivals. In 1904 in Sheldon, the newspaper reported both types of meetings. "Pastor L. F. Shook, assisted by Rev. Jacob Shook of El Dorado, is holding a protracted meeting at the Southern Methodist Church."11 "The revival meeting under the charge of Rev. T. W. Cottingham at the Christian Church will probably continue throughout the week."12 "Revs. Reynolds, Lambert and Roebolt, ministers of the Church of God, are holding meetings in a tent in North Sheldon. . . . The meetings will continue through­ out the week and possibly longer."13 "Rev. W. M. Creamer closed a two weeks' revival meeting at Milo Sunday morning."14 The editor did not often use his columns to moralize, but he did com­ ment that the services held by the Shooks seemed "unusually in­ teresting," and added, "it will do you good to attend." The report­ ing of attendance and number of converts represented an indirect form of moralizing. The good attendance at the meeting at the

8 Ibid., January 15 (streetlights), May 6, 1904 (mail). 9 Ibid., September 30, 1904. 10 Ibid., March 4, 1904. 11 Ibid., January 15, 1904. 12 Ibid., November 4, 1904. 13 Ibid., June 10, 1904. 14 Ibid., March 4, 1904. Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 453

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Christian Church meant "many each evening being unable to find seats." The Creamer revival resulted in fifteen persons joining the church at the Sunday service and five who would join later. Fire and brimstone-type sermons were the exception rather than the rule. At least on one occasion the paper pointedly an­ nounced the pastor would deliver "two old time strictly doctrinal sermons. At 11 a.m. 'What Must I do to be Saved?' At 8 p.m., 'Baptism'."15 The qualities admired in both minister and sermon further support a modified speaking style in religious communica­ tion. For example: "Rev. [F. M.] Burton is a forceful and logical preacher as well as an all round good fellow."16 Rev. J. P. Adcock is an able minister and a "man who is well liked personally."17 "Rev. [S. W.] Crutcher is a minister of the Sam Jones order" who keeps "his audience in a roar of laughter during the greater part of the evening."18 On another occasion the editor again compli-

15 Ibid., September 16, 1904. 16 Ibid., January 8, 1904. 17 Ibid., December 23, 1904. 18 Ibid., October 7, 1904. 454 Missouri Historical Review

mented Crutcher on having "a store of humor and a fund of anec­ dotes which serve to keep him in closest touch with his audi­ ence."19 Then as now, listeners enjoyed the illustrated lecture. One temperance speaker at the Methodist Church had pictures "better than average."20 A missionary back from the Holy Land used the stereopticon to illustrate his speech.21 Visual aids in missionary talks probably helped to make them popular. Almost every meeting of a Ladies' Aid Society included missionary letters from India or Egypt or a general discussion of foreign missions. In addition to the Biblical admonition "to go unto all the world," the mis­ sionary zeal, in part, may have been an outgrowth of the decision to remain and live in Sheldon. From the chosen community, citizens could reach out to help the unfortunate. Consider the titles of some of the speeches: "Our Missionary Organizations, Their Num­ ber and Work" and "Our Relations and Duties Towards Them," "Our Home Missionary Work in Louisiana and the Struggles of

19 Ibid., December 9, 1904. 20 ibid., July 22, 1904. 21 Ibid., May 13, 1904.

Two Sheldon Street Scenes Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 455

Our People in that State."22 Lest the impression be given that Sheldon unanimously supported missionary work, one portion of the conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church had two mis­ sionary talks, one entitled "Objections to Missions" and the other, "Objections Answered."23 Although church activities dominated much of the life of the community, an erosion of strict church attendance prompted such titles as: "Need of More Enthusiasm in C. E. [Christian Endeav­ or] Work," "The Dependable Member,"24 and "In what way can we have a Greater Interest in Religion? (1) In the Individual? (2) In the Congregation?"25 Twice during the year the absence of preaching at Sheldon's five churches made the news. The editor reacted with surprise, for this had not occurred in years.26 He described the second such Sunday as "a decidedly unusual state of affairs."27 Toward the end of the year he made his own position on church attendance quite clear. "Sunday isn't a day for dismal long-faced fasting, but neither is it a day for hunting, fishing, carousing or ball playing."28 Despite indications of a trend toward less intense religious involvement, the five churches in Sheldon represented a force for decency, right-living and concern for others. Their many occasions of public communication pro­ vided the townspeople with social interaction and a sense of com­ munity as well as inspiration. School speaking did not receive the detailed reporting given church speaking events. Whether the oratorical declamations did not exist or were not reported remains a matter for conjecture. Proud of its school which went to the tenth grade, Sheldon showed its pride in the graduates at commencement time. For lack of an auditorium, the school held the exercises commemorating gradua­ tion at the Christian Church with the Methodist minister speaking and presenting the diplomas. This arrangement did not anticipate any ecumenical movement; the spirit of fair play dictated rotation of the place of commencement among churches with suitable audi­ toriums and turn-taking by the ministers. The editor reported this event: "Not only was the seating capacity taxed to the utmost but the entire rear of the building was filled with persons standing,

22 Ibid., October 7, 1904. 23 Ibid., May 13, 1904. 24 ibid., January 22, 1904. 25 ibid., April 8, 1904. 26 ibid., March 18, 1904. 27 ibid., November 25, 1904. 28 ibid., June 10, 1904. 456 Missouri Historical Review and the aisles half way to the front of the church were jammed." In addition to the speech by the minister, several of the graduates presented essays bearing the titles "Power of Association," "Ad­ vantages of Education," "Ten Years Hence," "Character" and "Success."29 Not only did speeches mark graduation from high school, but in Sheldon, they gave form to the ritualitic observance of any special day. Memorial Day services contained speeches at both the church and cemetery. Children's day exercises consisted of music, speeches and verse by the honorees and a talk by the min­ ister. Rev. J. P. Adcock used the occasion for "a short but most earnest missionary address."30 The Fourth of July was a particularly important day. In June, the mayor held a public meeting to plan for an all-day celebration. Speeches properly commemorated the day. Adcock spoke at 11:30; the Democratic nominee for circuit judge combined patriotism and politics at 2:00; and W. H. Funder- berg spoke from the bandstand in the evening.31 Almost any gathering of people willingly became an audience. Mrs. Virginia Alice Cottey Stockard of Cottey College spoke to the Methodist ladies.32 The Modern Woodmen's picnic had morn­ ing and afternoon speakers.33 Miss M. C. Hutchinson gave a pro­ gram of literary readings.34 While these speaking occasions did not commemorate any particular event, they indicate the presence of a speech as an almost ritualistic part of any meeting. The year-long emphasis on politics, no doubt, limited the cere­ monial-ritualistic-speaking events. Sheldonites took their politics seriously as did all Missourians. From the end of the Liberal Re­ publican movement in 1870 until 1904, the Democratic party car­ ried almost all of the state elections, but hard-fought contests within the party kept attention at a high pitch. Not only was 1904 a presidential election year, but the race for governor had four candidates, each concerned with the moral issues of boodle and graft. Joe Folk, who had prosecuted corrupt aldermen in St. Louis, became the man of the hour. Although he had won office in 1900 with machine support, his keen sense of duty provoked the com­ ment by Claude H. Wetmore that Folk would have sent his own brother to the penitentiary had the state demanded.35 The claim 29 ibid., April 29, 1904. 30 ibid., June 10, 1904. 31 Ibid., July 8, 1904. 32 ibid., February 19, 1904. 33 ibid., May 27, 1904. 34 ibid., July 29, 1904. 35 Claude H. Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery (St. Louis, 1904), 89. Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 457

James A. Reed

that the machine tried to find candidates for governor to equal the number of counties in an effort to break Folk's majority in the Democratic convention was, undoubtedly, an exaggeration.36 The quantity of speech-making generated by the four gubernatorial candidates, however, may well have sounded like 114 hats in the ring. By April 18, Folk had delivered 125 speeches averaging ninety minutes in length. He had visited forty counties, covered one thousand square miles—four thousand miles by rail and three hun­ dred by stage and other conveyances, and had spoken to an aggre­ gate of 250,000 people.37 Although Folk did not speak in Sheldon, the paper reported his appearances in nearby towns, and the Missouri Pacific Railroad advertised special rates for those who wished to attend.38 Of the four Democratic candidates for gov­ ernor, only James A. Reed spoke in Sheldon. Before becoming mayor of Kansas City, Reed had served as prosecuting attorney of Jack­ son County. He had many strong supporters, particularly in South­ west Missouri where his vigorous oratory and his ability to arouse an audience had won for him numerous friends. Two hundred and forty-two people gathered at the Odd Fellows' Hall to hear Reed

36 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 26, 1904. 37 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 18, 1904. 38 Sheldon Enterprise, January 22, 1904. 458 Missouri Historical Review eulogize the Democratic party and scathingly attack Folk. In re­ porting the event, the editor expressed one complaint: "Mr. Reed, while here, indulged in but little of that flowery rhetoric for which he is justly famed, confining his talk to plain statements in matter of fact terms."39 Apparently the talk persuaded people without the usual ornate language. Despite some wrangling with Folk supporters, Reed's followers emerged as the majority when one hundred and fifty persons met to select delegates for the county convention at Nevada.40 After the primary, political activity sub­ sided; curbstone orators had little to talk about until the national political conventions signaled the beginning of the fall campaign. The reserved account of Republican politics indicates that the editor of the Sheldon Enterprise was a Democrat. If this judgment is accurate, he held the typical party affiliation of the state. Mis­ souri's Democracy prompted Robert Ingersoll to remark, "When Missouri goes Republican then will I become a Christian."41 When­ ever Missouri has strayed into the Republican column, Vernon County usually has remained Democratic. Although the Republi­ can National Convention readily nominated Theodore Roosevelt

39 ibid., March 25, 1904. 40 ibid., April 1, 1904. 41 Nevada Southwest Mail, November 18, 1904. Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 459 and Senator Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana, the Democrats faced a quandary. The long-time standard bearer, William Jennings Bryan, was no longer a candidate. After an all night session and eight hours of oratory, Alton B. Parker of New York emerged as the presidential nominee. Though party conflict would justify ample news coverage, the Enterprise also printed Parker's accept­ ance letter in its entirety.42 Bryan, however, remained the hero of his party, and the paper carried accounts of his support of Parker in speeches given as far away as Indiana.43 Local Republicans worked hard in spite of almost foregone conclusions about November results. Describing one Republican event as a "well attended affair" with "most of the seats in Harbert's hall being occupied," the editor added, it "was a gathering of the faithful" with "much carousing until nightfall." William G. Clem­ ent's program of good roads and free textbooks won approval as a good idea. The main speaker, Honorable C. M. Shartel, candi­ date for Congress, gave "a good, clean political speech" and left a good impression because he did not indulge in personalities.44 By encouraging the ladies to be present and having the band play, the Republicans packed Harbert's Hall on another evening.45 In contrast to Republican efforts, Democratic Day in Sheldon consisted of entertainment, celebration and politics of such magni­ tude it attracted people from nearby cities. The editor boasted, ". . . Sheldon is the only town in this part of Missouri to which it was found necessary to run a special train to convey visitors to a politial [sic] rally during the campaign of 1904."46 Newspapers in neighboring towns helped publicize the event. Commenting on the rarity of planned torchlight processions in the 1904 campaign, one newspaper added, "Turn on the lights and let the procession move on time at Sheldon Saturday night. It's a good town and its Democracy is as solid as the rock of Gibraltar."47 After the event the same paper commented: All the pent-up enthusiasm in the south part of the county was given freedom and a storm of cheer for democracy was heard continuously from 7:30 to 10:30 and a blaze of a hundeed [sic'] torches and the varied colors of roman candles made Sheldon an inspiring picture. Hundreds of

42 Sheldon Enterprise, October 7, 1904. 43 ibid., October 28, 1904. 44 ibid., October 21, 1904. 45 Ibid., November 11, 1904. 46 Ibid. 47 Nevada Southwest Mail, November 4, 1904. 460 Missouri Historical Review

democrats were there shouting for the democratic tick­ ets. . . .48 In a burst of alliteration equal to an orator, the editor of the Sheldon Enterprise wrote: The patriotism of unalloyed democracy, punctuated by noise, and punctured pyrotechnics permeated the pungent atmosphere of south Vernon Saturday night on the occa­ sion of the democratic rally here. A special train brought 300 Nevada democrats down and Main Street was packed to overflowing. The 2nd regiment came with the Nevada rooters and in connection with the home band made things lively. Three speakers addressed the audience which filled Harbert's Hall, and a local man did an impromptu burlesque on campaign oratory. As a fake colored orator, he claimed to be Roosevelt's attorney general and ended his speech with three cheers for the football team at Nevada. The enthusiasm for Democracy may have had some liquid help since the Enterprise reported lawmen had to lock up several belligerent Nevada youths to keep them out of trouble.49 No other political event in Sheldon in 1904 equaled Demo­ cratic Day, but Harbert's Hall continued to echo with political speeches. For all practical purposes the two major parties had no opposition; one Socialist did speak to a small audience in the hall. The editor dutifully reported the event and described Dr. J. Weller Long as "an earnest and forceful talker" and "a thorough believer in the doctrines which he advocates."50 To those living in 1981, probably the most amazing feature of the 1904 political oratory in this small midwestern town is the intense involvement of local citizens. They organized speaking occasions and gave speeches to all who would listen. Arthur Aull, editor of the paper published at Lamar twelve miles south of Sheldon, wrote about the experiences of the country campaigners: It's a great thing to make speeches at the country school houses. You drive up to the appointed place, get out and approach the door of the little building. About it are gathered the boys and men of the neighborhood—unless perchance, horror of horrors, there is no one there at all- while the women folk sit inside. Your friends have come out, not especially because they are overwhelmed by a

48 ibid., November 11, 1904. 49 Sheldon Enterprise, November 11, 1904. 50 ibid. Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 461

yearning desire to hear you descant upon the dangers that are gathering thick and fast about the ship of state, but because they knew you'd be lonesome if there was nobody there and they came out to help you along. . . . The chairman calls the meeting to order and you begin. Your audience sits there in the dim uncertain light of two lamps and a lantern. They don't move, they are frigidly silent and apparently attentive. You fancy that there is a suspicion of a grin upon some of the faces, while upon others there is an expression that strikes you as rather mocking and sardonic. . . . You had your points' all fixed up in your mind, but that is not enough. Now you've got to dress them up. This keeps you so busy you forget about the audience and what it will think of you. So you wade on through. Finally you jerk the feathers from the eagle's tail, go after the money power and scatter it all over the school house yard, and whoop and yell and storm and cavort until some friend partially out of sheer sympathy and partially from the haunting fear that if something isn't done you'll burst a blood vessel, starts to applaud. . . . the country campaigner is a great institution. Without him liberty would pine away and die upon her cold and fire- less shrine; patriotism would disappear from among our national virtues, and the American Eagle would become so lonesome that he would retire to the solitude of some mountain peak to expire amid the somber gloom of the clouds.51 Responding to all this fervor, two of Sheldon's ministers en­ tered politics. One became a candidate for associate judge of the northern district on the Republican ticket and another ran as the Prohibitionist candidate for the legislature.52 Walter William's state­ ment about Missouri's fondness for talk needs no proof beyond an account of Sheldon's politics in 1904. Speakers, with and with­ out oratorical polish, made the welkin ring. They spoke against concentration of money power and opposed graft and corruption. They were certain it made a difference which party won the elec­ tion, for they believed in the vote and power of the common man. Apparently women had a very minor role in Sheldon's 1904 rhetoric. The editor noted only five events with women speakers; one might assume, however, women probably gave a number of the speeches recorded only by title for church ladies' societies and young people's groups. When their speaking did appear as a news item, they received modest praise: Mrs. V. A. C. Stockard's talk,

51 Lamar Democrat, October 13, 1904. 52 Sheldon Enterprise, September 16, 1904. 462 Missouri Historical Review

"a very meritorious one, was well ROOSEVELT ELECTED PRESIDENT received by the considerable cmmsm*'fQ8&STATE AND OTHER; number present."53 A Miss Mor­ wmrmjL ONES wwm PAEIOER rison told "of the missionaries COUrTril>C^8EI?aRlTm i VOTE WAS CAST AS in India, of conditions which , I^O^TIC exist there, and of personal ex­ Ml ELKTED GOVERNOR OF MISSOLRi periences in a way that was very vivid and very real. She has a Missouri QM Executive 1$ a Democrat- Batik; Everywhere Wa* Wktcz but Party o£ Jef- pleasing manner and a good Icmmim Simplicity Meets Defeat* bearing and address."54 "Mrs.

Ai»bs«»* is jftimaari , - Marshall made a most interest­ Affe%n.«a# ,, < > * X. IS r*>- fC«ft&N&y < i?^t«w» .,,,. t£ »T*» *•*»** ** «**!* «**» ***** *»•»] UmUtaui . <... »: Yfc*t»i* ...... tS Missions and Miss Daisy Wil­ T<«*l ,...... Hi liams of Nevada, spoke very A* » 8»* attjorttfc*, **»»*> «*> (K»KMMMS*> briefly on the same subject." ss*»t treat Mr. R«*»»***H tfe»t lt« %»*M «K* fe*» a eftatfuuie for nHj«. •-Ait** fc.l***Mst . WHwsrtimt* fct* V> "The entertainment [readings] *t**a*<*«K>*t **««*. tfc««M *|«»* to Mr. »*>-»». TMMMMI & W**JW» *»d W. St. last Friday evening given by few*** I*iww»»^«w^«»» «ad *« la' ***$* t& r»ro» a. «**• j»r*y. Miss [M. C] Hutchinson . . .

**>»* *«*aU&* ****** «aa» *S JS«*tfc«r«| t&* <-$<3I«$&JB «f t|>* j*;;;* w*s mot $?*<*• proved a rare treat for all who attended. Her varying selec­ tions . . . demonstrated well the wide range of her power as an artist."5* Mrs. A. G. Alderman spoke "interestingly of condi­ tions" in Mexico.57 Reluctantly recognizing that women might appear more frequently as speakers, the editor printed the following item:

Women speak best when they retain their seats at [the] table; the very fact that they are standing and facing their audiences has a tendency to give the brav­ est of women stage fright. Women orators have the

53 Ibid., February 19, 1904. The Sheldon Enterprise, of Novem­ 54 ibid., April 15, 1904. ber 11, 1904, announced the election re­ 55 ibid., May 20, 1904. sults. 56 ibid., July 29, 1904. 57 Ibid., October 7, 1904. Rhetoric of a Small Midwestern Town 463

advantage over men in knowing that their attire will have much to do with keeping the attention of their audience. A pretty woman in a pretty gown, a fan, a muff, a jewel, will hold the eyes of the women listeners, even if they do not care much for the speech.58 For only a few people is the rhetoric of Sheldon in 1904 part of their collective memory. Most must depend upon the recorded items in newspapers to aid in creating a towns cape of the mind which has texture. The six-block frame of Sheldon held a bustle of activity. People regularly gathered to talk and listen in their churches, to ritualize by formal speech all meetings, to commemo­ rate important days and to give voice to democracy itself. This speech-making was the warp and woof of their society. Through rhetoric, they expressed their commitment to Sheldon, to God and country, and to each other. Today the high school goes to the twelfth grade; there are three churches instead of five; there are a smaller number of op­ erating businesses on Main Street; and no newspaper to chronicle the rhetoric of 1981. But like many other small towns, some of its young people are opting for the life-style in Sheldon. Today's rhetoric may not be as abundant or as exuberant—the automobile, telephone, radio, television and movies have wrought changes— but people still gather regularly to talk and listen. Missourians remain fond of speech-making.

58 ibid., December 2, 1904.

Missouri "Swiss" Cheese

Farm Machinery, November 21, 1905. Missouri is going to make her own cheese. It is going to be genuine Swiss cheese, too, not an imitation, because it is going to be made by Swiss people who are here to complete and perfect the whole arrangement. This committee of Swiss is from Zurich and they were induced to locate in Missouri by Mr. Sam A. Hughes, general immigrant agent of the Frisco railroad. Mr. Hughes has just returned from Switzerland where he spent eight weeks in studying that tight little republic and in interesting those thrifty natives in Missouri lands. The result of his trip is that within a short time now there will be a typical "Swiss yodeling in the Ozarks on the Frisco." The location of the colony will be Brandville, about 100 miles south of Springfield, Mo. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

NEWS IN BRIEF

The Missouri Folklore Society held or government officials, heard Dr. its fourth annual meeting November J. A. Kinder, executive secretary of 14-15, 1980, at the University of Mis­ MSTA, relate the accomplishments of souri-Rolla. The theme of the meeting the Association. Bill Brent, MSTA was "Unity in Diversity: Appreciating president-elect, also addressed the the Diversity of Cultural Traditions in guests. Missouri." On November 15, Dr. Roger Welsch, University of Nebraska-Lin­ coln, presented the keynote address An interorganizational conference to entitled "Ethnic Folklore." Panel dis­ further the process of implementa­ cussions concerning folk music, folklore tion of Missouri's new Guide to Social theory and methodology and the poli­ Studies Curriculum Developments for tics and economics of folklore com­ Missouri Educators was held April 3-4, posed parts of the two-day activities. in Jefferson City. Among the agencies New officers elected during the sponsoring the conference were: Mis­ meeting were: Donald Lance, presi­ souri Museums Associates, Missouri dent; Bob Brady and Douglas Wixson, Arts Council, Mid-America Arts Alli­ vice presidents; Ruth Barton, treasur­ ance, Missouri Heritage Trust, Mis­ er; and Cathy Barton Para, secretary. souri State Museum and the Missouri Inquiries regarding the Society's News­ State Department of Elementary and letter or membership may be addressed Secondary Education. A number of to the secretary or treasurer at P.O. sessions were held including programs Box 1757, Columbia, Missouri 65205. on the curriculum development proc­ ess, inservice programs and staff train­ ing, funding for collaborative pro­ U.S. Congressman Wendell Bailey grams and the variety of museum unveiled a framed certificate acknow­ resources and programs. ledging that the Missouri State Teach­ ers Association headquarters has been entered on the National Register of The Department of History at the Historic Places. The unveiling took University of Missouri-Columbia spon­ place on March 14 during an open sored the 23rd Missouri Conference on house at MSTA headquarters, 407 History, held April 10-11 in Columbia. South Sixth, Columbia. The building Session papers of interest to Missouri holds the distinction of being the first historians included "Springfield Labor teachers association building con­ Unions: An Overlooked Aspect of structed in the United States. Ron Ozark Culture," " 'Mother Couldn't Marsch, MSTA president, served as I Just Be Free?': Life in the Missouri master of ceremonies. Congressman Industrial Home for Negro Girls," Bailey, a member of the House Edu­ "Patients, Politics, and Physicians: The cation Committee, spoke on the value Struggle for Control of State Lunatic Missouri educators place on state and Asylum No. 1 in Fulton, Missouri," local control of education. Some 125 "The Origins of Ste. Genevieve," "Tra­ guests, most of whom were educators ditional Culture Under Pressure: Re- 464 Historical Notes and Comments 465 assertion of Communal Field Practice Waggoner estate, 317 West Pacific in in Eighteenth-Century Ste. Genevieve," Independence. Although not a stop "Forty Days and Forty Nights: The on the tour, the estate opened for Corps and Flood Control in the Mis­ visitors that day. souri Valley, 1902-1952," "Missouri River Navigation to Kansas City, to 1946," "Engineers vs. Environmentalists: The Missouri Committee for the The Replacement of Lock and Dam Humanities, Inc., held its annual meet­ 26," "Church, Class and Community: ing, June 1-2, at the Sheraton West- The Impact of Industrialization on port Plaza Inn, St. Louis. The meet­ Lexington, Missouri, 1850-1900," "Ger­ ing focused on why it is important to man Settlement Patterns in the Mis­ teach the humanities to youths and souri River Valley: The Case of Gas­ adults and how to secure funds to conade County," "The Four Ozarks finance the expenses of programs. Worlds of Iron County," "Locational Factors in the Development of St. Louis," "A St. Louis Tradition in the The biennial old homes tour of his­ Ozarks: Estate Builders in the Arcadia toric Lexington, Missouri, will be held Valley" and "Development of Domestic in the historic rivertown on September Architecture in Missouri Prior to the 19 and 20. The tour will feature ten Civil War." of Lexington's antebellum and Vic­ torian homes and buildings. For in­ Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of formation regarding the tour or reser­ the State Historical Society, served as vations for accommodations, call (816) moderator for the session "Ste. Gene­ 259-4163 or 259-4103. vieve: A French Community on the Mississippi" and Dr. James W. Good­ rich, associate director of the State Mrs. Leona S. Morris, research as­ Historical Society, commented upon sistant of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL two papers concerning social welfare REVIEW, has been selected as Woman in Missouri. of the Year by Show-Me State Chapter of American Business Women's As­ sociation, in Columbia. The selection On May 9, the Independence Junior was based on her advancement in busi­ Service League sponsored a walking ness, participation in the Association tour of the Harry S. Truman Historic and community activities. Mrs. Morris District. The district, designated a is the immediate past president of the National Landmark in 1972, includes chapter. More than 1,600 chapter Wo­ a collection of architectural styles men of the Year are expected to at­ representative of every decade since tend the Association's 1981 National the 1850s. The tour began at the Convention, October 8-11, in St. Louis. Harry S. Truman Library and Mu­ Special recognition will be given to seum, Highway 24 and Delaware Street, each of them at that time. in Independence. From the library, tour participants rode buses to the tour sites. They visited ten homes and The Historic Preservation Program, three public buildings that figured Missouri Department of Natural Re­ prominently in the story of Truman's sources reported two sites that recently life and the history of the American have been entered on the National nation. Proceeds from the tour bene­ Register of Historic Places. The sites, fited the restoration of the Bingham- both located in Carter County, are 466 Missouri Historical Review

Big Spring Historic District and the a May 7 tour to the historic Carondelet Missouri Lumber and Mining Com­ neighborhood. The focal point of the pany Historic Resources. tour was the Sisters of St. Joseph Con­ vent. Built in the 1840s, the convent A thirty-minute program entitled is on the National Register of Historic "The Missouri Rhineland: Our Ger­ Places. Those who participated in the man Immigrant Heritage" has been tour received the rare opportunity to made available on a free loan basis view the inside of the historic building. for schools, historical societies, clubs, Other events during the City of St. fraternal organizations and individuals Louis Preservation Week included an from the Missouri State Library, 308 art fair, house and redevelopment East High Street, P.O. Box 387, Jef­ tours, bus tours to historic churches, ferson City, Missouri 65102, or from luncheons and parties. the interlibrary loan service of local libraries. Produced by The Brush and In an attempt to compile informa­ Palette Club of Hermann, the pro­ tion regarding the locations of stained gram package includes slides, cassette glass windows, the project called the tape recording, specific notes about Census of Stained Glass Windows in each photograph, and an annotated America, 1840-1940, was established. bibliography of books and articles Compilers of the census are particularly about German immigrants in America interested in locating windows that and Missouri. Users will need a 2x2 are endangered or in obscure places. slide projector and standard cassette Information should be sent to the tape recorder for the program. The census coordinator, Ms. Barbara Dir- Missouri Committee for the Humani­ lam, 138 Biscuit City Road, Kingston, ties provided support for the com­ Rhode Island 02881. pletion of the program.

The West Central Missouri Genea­ The widely acclaimed husband-and- logical Society and Library, Inc., has wife team of zoologists, Charles and reprinted the 1881 History of Lafayette Elizabeth Schwartz, recently donated County, Mo. In addition to the repro­ to the State Historical Society forty duction of the original 702 pages with drawings completed by Charles illustrations, the reprint features two Schwartz for the revised edition of new indexes. The cost of the volume their Wild Mammals of Missouri. The is $28.00. Make check payable and highly informative and attractive ref­ mail to: Mr. Gale R. Yocum, Editor, erence guide was first published over The Prairie Gleaner, Twin Cedars, twenty years ago. This latest gift once Rt. 3, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093. again illustrates the Schwartzes' genu­ ine interest and friendship toward the State Historical Society. The drawings Officers of Missouri Museums As­ include nine plates and thirty-one il­ sociates are: Ray Breun, president; lustrations. Raymond Pisney, vice president; and L. T. Shelton, secretary-treasurer. Shel­ Keeping with the theme of National ton also is editor of the Missouri Mu­ Historic Preservation Week, "Conser­ seums Associates Newsletter. Corre­ vation: Keeping America's Neighbor­ spondence concerning the Newsletter hoods Together," the St. Louis Gate­ should be addressed to him at 4139 way Preservation Committee sponsored Debra Court, St. Lxmis, Missouri 63123. Historical Notes and Comments 467

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society At the May 19 meeting, the Ladies In March, Mrs. Ellen K. Davison be­ presented a "show and tell" program came curator of the Society's museum, of clothing from yesteryear. located in the county courthouse, Kirksville. She replaced Dr. Mildred Andrew County Historical Society Orwiler, who will retain the title, ac­ Officers for 1981 are C. Dwight Hall, quisitions chairman. The museum con­ president; Thomas Keaveny, vice pres­ tains a specialized library on local ident; Mrs. Lloyd Davis, secretary; and history and genealogy. RSVP mem­ Mrs. Roy Nicholas, treasurer. bers volunteer their services to keep The museum, in the Clasbey Com­ the museum open to the public on munity Center, Savannah, officially Thursday and Friday afternoons, from opened for the summer months on noon to 4 P.M. May 1. The Society recently received, from the Kirksville Community Betterment Audrain County Historical Society Program, both the youth project and Members of the Society held a food and bake sale at the museum, in Mex­ adult project outstanding awards for ico, on May 23. 1980. Mrs. Betty Harvey Williams of War­ Baden Historical Society rensburg conducted a genealogical At the February 14 meeting in the workshop, March 21, in the First Baden Library Auditorium, members United Methodist Church, Kirksville. viewed a film of the 1904 St. Louis Mrs. Williams is vice president of the World's Fair. Missouri State Genealogical Associa­ Milton Svetanics presented the pro­ tion. Workshop participants studied gram at the March 14 meeting. The record keeping, pedigree charts and chairman of the St. Louis Port Au­ analysis, home sources, library sources, thority, he gave a brief history of that census records and their use, court­ organization and told about its cur­ house records, land records and maps rent and future plans for the St. Louis and military records. The Society waterfront. sponsored the event through a grant A program on the Gast House in from the Missouri Committee for the Baden highlighted the April 11 meet­ Humanities. ing. Mrs. Betty Leone, a former owner of the house, told about the history Affton Historical Society and architecture of the building. The The Society held its quarterly meet­ Gast House was the home of former ing, April 23, in the Affton Presby­ owners of the Gast Brewery, one of terian Church. Following the meeting, St. Louis's many small breweries at members viewed a slide presentation, the turn of the century. "The Lewis & Clark Expedition—A Journey in Pictures," prepared by the Barnard Community Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Historical Society The Ladies of Oakland met April 21 The Society held a meeting, April at Oakland. For the program, a mem­ 24, at the Legion Hall. Members heard ber of the Missouri Botanical Garden, reports and made plans for future St. Louis, discussed landscaping at activities. The Society's membership Oakland. totals 159. 468 Missouri Historical Review

Bates County Historical Society in the Belton Cemetery. Dr. Benedict At the March 12 meeting in the K. Zobrist, director of the Truman Stagecoach Depot, Butler, Society Library, Independence, spoke at the president C. A. Moore presented a plaque to Mrs. Lois Myers. The award expressed the Society's appreciation for Benton County Historical Society her service to the organization as pres­ Members held their March 12 meet­ ident during 1979-1980. Members par­ ing at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Bill ticipated in a "show and tell" program Long, Warsaw. The business session by displaying items of antique and consisted of reports and plans for historical interest. future events. Guest speaker, Samuelle Mrs. Bertha Rogers, Butler, pre­ Blacksmith, a Dene Apache, told of sented a pioneer musical program at her life and the customs of her people. the April 9 meeting. Dressed in ap­ Mrs. Long presented organ music and, propriate costume, she entertained assisted by her husband, served re­ with songs and autoharp music. In a freshments. financial report, Sam Allen noted a On April 9, members met in the profit of over $1,400 from the museum historic Warsaw Christian Church, benefit show, March 20-22. The Lyle used during the Civil War as a hos­ Norman Players had performed in the pital and stable. The program, given musical comedy, "We're In the Army by Mrs. Gordon H. Drake, featured Now." quilts. She told about the history of quilts and quilt-making. Members and Bellevue Valley Historical Society friends displayed 30 quilts, one being Dr. Mark Stauter, associate director, 150 years old. Western Historical Manuscript Col­ The Benton County Museum, lo­ lection, University of Missouri-Rolla, cated on Schoolhouse Hill in down­ was guest speaker at the March 18 town Warsaw, is open 1-5 P.M., Tues­ meeting in the Caledonia Methodist day through Sunday, with tours Church. Dr. Stauter told about his available. A new exhibit, highlighting work and the importance of preserv­ the gunstock industry, opened this ing old papers, documents and pic­ summer. tures. Pres Semar, a representative of Officers for 1981 are Marie Bresee, Walsworth Printing Company, pre­ president; Riley Wray, vice president; sented an updated report of the So­ John Owen, treasurer; and Christine ciety's history book project. Pohl, secretary.

Belton Historical Society Bethel German Communal Colony Members held their quarterly meet­ The Colony held a membership sup­ ing, April 19, in the newly restored per, April 20, at the Fest Hall in old city hall, the Society museum. Bethel. Consisting of ham, beans, corn- Plans for future events were discussed. bread, slaw and a drink, the meal's The historical museum officially cost paid for a 1981-1982 membership opened June 14. Special exhibits hon­ in the Colony. A business meeting fol­ ored former President Harry S. Tru­ lowed the supper. Clay Tolle then man and his affiliation with the Bel­ showed old-time movies. ton Masonic Lodge; Dale Carnegie, The Bethel Colony Arts Council who is buried in the Belton Cemetery; sponsored an art show, June 13-14. and Carrie Nation, who claimed the Several cash prizes were awarded in­ area as her home and also is buried cluding $100 for "Best of Show." A Historical Notes and Comments 469

Music Fest, various displays, noon meal Caldwell County Historical Society and ice cream social highlighted the Anne Chadwick presented the pro­ weekend events. gram at the Society's May 17 meeting at the courthouse, Kingston. She gave Bollinger County Historical Society a historical report on the town of The Society sponsored its fourth Hamilton. springtime tour, May 2, entitled "Ex­ The Society reported that it has ploring the Countyseat." Beginning at reprints of two books available for the courthouse in Marble Hill, partic­ sale. They are An Illustrated Histori­ ipants visited several outstanding sites cal Atlas of Caldwell County, Missouri, including the Sanders Home and the published by Edwards Brothers in home of Tom Runnels, an artist and 1876 and Kingston Messenger, original­ composer. The group stopped at the ly printed in 1950. For information Masonic Hall for lunch. about the Society or its publications, contact Mrs. Leonard McNarie, Secre­ tary, Route 1, Box 230, Hamilton, Boone County Historical Society Missouri 64644. A program on Dr. William Jewell highlighted the dinner meeting, April Camden County Historical Society 28, at the Columbia Country Club. Members held their April 20 meet­ Dr. O. Edwyn Luttrell, minister of the ing at the home of Mr. and Mrs. First Baptist Church, Columbia, pre­ Elmer Harpham, Camdenton. They sented the address concerning Dr. elected the following officers: Dola Jewell, an early Boone County medi­ Newell, president; Mary Rexroth Tay­ cal doctor who planned and super­ lor, first vice president; Elmer Har­ vised the laying out of Columbia and pham, second vice president; Stuart the Boone County courthouse con­ Newell, treasurer; Flo Ramboldt, sec­ struction. During the business ses­ retary; Paul Chandler, program chair­ sion, members heard reports of past man; and Fern Moreland, publicity activities and elected the following of­ chairman. ficers: Bill T. Crawford, president; The historical museum at Linn Lewis Stoerker, vice president; Mrs. Creek opened May 9. Highlights of Robert W. Heuchan, secretary; James the event included special music, E. Saunders, treasurer; and Mrs. dancing, pie supper and "Eaten Ozark Harold Buell, historian. Style." This special activity, "Eaten Ozark Style" is being held the second Boonslick Historical Society Saturday of each month, with varying Over 40 persons attended the March menus. 27 meeting at the Windmill Restau­ A special feature at the museum is rant, Boonville. A ham dinner and a the old Camdenton Reveille press, program on the Bingham-Waggoner used in old Linn Creek. Grant and Mansion in Independence highlighted Frances Richards donated this historic the evening. W. Patrick O'Brien, his­ press to the museum. toric preservation officer for the City of Independence, and Jackie Smith, Carondelet Historical Society president of the Bingham-Waggoner Members held their February 15 Historical Society, presented slides on meeting at the Southern Commercial the former home of George Caleb Bank, Carondelet. Charles Brown pre­ Bingham. The mansion soon will be sented the program on the history of opened as a museum. the Hammel Realty Company. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Over 70 members and guests at­ Room, El Dorado Springs. She showed tended the April 5 luncheon meeting, pictures of restoration work at the old highlighted by a check presentation Burtner House in Alleghany County, ceremony. Lois Waninger, president of Pennsylvania. Built by her ancestor, the Society, and Ruth Schofield, presi­ the house has been added to the Na­ dent of the Susan Blow Foundation tional Register of Historic Places. board of directors, presented a $25,000 check to Wayne Brown, chairman of Chariton County Historical Society the Family Care Center. The money, A carry-in luncheon preceded the raised by these two organizations, pur­ April 26 meeting at the museum in chased the 108-year-old Des Peres Salisbury. Faye Farthing presented the School building. To be known as the program on "The Life of George Carondelet Historic Center, it will Caleb Bingham." house the restored kindergarten room The historical museum, at 115 E. where Susan Blow began the first suc­ Second Street, Salisbury, is open 2-4 cessful public school kindergarten in P.M., Saturdays and Sundays until the 1873. The center also will include a end of October. Susan Blow museum, a local historical museum and library, office and dis­ Civil War Round Table play areas, meeting room and storage of Kansas City space. After the ceremony, Michael Round Table members held their Rubin gave a slide presentation on February 24 meeting at Twin Oaks terra cotta and brick used in the St. Restaurant, Kansas City. Dr. William Louis area. D. McCain, president emeritus of the University of Southern Mississippi, Cass County Historical Society Hattiesburg, addressed the group on A program on the "History of Cass "Nathan Bedford Forrest." One of the County Schools" highlighted the April most outstanding cavalry generals of 26 meeting in the Harrisonville Youth the Civil War, Forrest won fame by Building. Donald Stewart, a former his brilliant raids and major battles at county superintendent of schools, pre­ Shiloh and Chickamauga. sented the address. Members brought Dr. Richard E. Beringer spoke at old school artifacts for display. the March 24 meeting on "Under­ standing Jefferson Davis: The Quest Cedar County Historical Society for Status and Deference." A profes­ Members held their January 26 sor of History at the University of meeting in the Methodist Church in North Dakota, Grand Forks, Dr. Ber­ Stockton. Jim Denny, of the Depart­ inger has received numerous honors ment of Natural Resources, showed a and awards including the Jefferson film on abandoned houses in several Davis Award of the Confederate Me­ Missouri counties. He explained about morial Literary Society, in 1973. His the types of architecture and pointed talk centered on Davis's personality out some of the beautiful woodwork and his never-ending quest for status still intact. and deference which influenced prac­ A film on Australia highlighted the tically all of his decisions and actions. February 23 meeting in the Commun­ At the April 28 meeting, Dr. D. ity Hall in Jerico Springs. Clayton James spoke on "Lieutenant Charlotte Burtner presented the pro­ General Arthur MacArthur." The gram at the March 30 meeting in the father of Douglas MacArthur, he First Savings and Loan Convention served with the 24th Wisconsin In- Historical Notes and Comments 471 fan try in the Civil War. During 1980- War," and used slides for illustration. 1981, Dr. James has occupied the John At the March 11 meeting, Captain F. Morrison Chair of Military History, Darrell L. Combs addressed the mem­ U.S. Army Command and General bers on "Infantry Regimental Tactics Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, Kan­ of the Civil War." He provided an sas. analysis of some of the movements, orders and formations involved and Civil War Round Table of St. Louis how they changed as the war pro­ On February 25, the Round Table gressed. Captain Combs has charge met at the Heritage House Restaurant of the Marine Reserve Unit in Spring­ on S. Lindbergh, St. Louis. Guest field. speaker Dr. William D. McCain ad­ A two-part program highlighted the dressed the group on Nathan Bedford April 8 meeting. In observance of the Forrest, a brilliant and controversial 116th anniversary of Robert E. Lee's Confederate cavalry leader. President surrender, April 9, 1865, Jack Ran­ emeritus of the University of South­ dall presented a vignette, "So They ern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Dr. Mc­ Met at Appomattox." Richard Hatch­ Cain had a full military career, serving er also spoke on "The Artillery of in both World War II and Korea. Wilson's Creek." Mr. Hatcher is park He also worked for the National ranger, interpretative specialist and Archives and the Mississippi State historian at the Wilson's Creek Na­ Department of Archives and History. tional Battlefield. At the March 25 meeting, Dr. Rich­ ard E. Beringer presented the program. Clark County Historical Society He spoke on "Understanding Jefferson The Society held its April 28 meet­ Davis: The Quest for Status and Def­ ing in the Sever Library, Kahoka. erence." With the University of North Katharine Gordy and John Plenge Dakota, Grand Forks, Dr. Beringer read their winning DAR essays to has written numerous articles and those in attendance. books and is presently working on an A program of historic music high­ interpretive biography of Jefferson lighted the May 26 meeting. Harold Davis. Shelton and his band provided the Father Vincent Heier, assistant pas­ musical selections. tor at St. Monica's in St. Louis Coun­ ty, addressed the Round Table at the Clay County Historical Society April 22 meeting. He spoke on "Cus­ In keeping with the Valentine ter: The Last Word That Never Ends." theme, the February 12 meeting in Father Heier sought to explain the the county courthouse, Liberty, fea­ confused and contradictory picture of tured "Famous Historical Couples." the general by sketching the develop­ Various members participated in the ment of the George A. Custer litera­ program portraying noted lovers, pa­ ture. triotic southern belles and loyal wives kidnapped by Indians. Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks Cole Camp Area Historical Society Round Table member James Joplin E. L. Eickhoff, Jr., presented the presented the program at the February program at both the February 9 and 11 meeting in the 89er Restaurant, April 3 meetings in the Benton Coun­ Springfield. He spoke on "Early Pho­ ty R-l School Library. Because of tography, with Emphasis on Civil bad weather, few attended the Feb- 472 Missouri Historical Review

ruary meeting. A local photographer, prepared for his seminary lectures. Mr. Eickhoff gave a slide presenta­ Located on the lower level of the In­ tion on "Scenes of Early Cole Camp." stitute museum, the replica will be Members voted at the April meeting open to the public from 8:30 A.M. to purchase microfilm of the Benton to 5:00 P.M. on Mondays through Fri­ County census for 1840-1880 and 1900. days. Mrs. Pat Beckman, the local librarian, gave a report on the Boonslick Branch Crawford County Historical Society Library located at Cole Camp. She Members held their February 19 told about the various resources avail­ meeting in the Recklein Community able for historical and genealogical Center, Cuba. President Nettie Snider research. spoke on "The Historical Society, its beginnings and what we could do in Cole County Historical Society preserving our Heritage in our area." In cooperation with the Jefferson Officers for 1981 are Nettie Snider, City Downtown Business Association, president; Allen J. Kerr, vice presi­ the Society sponsored their annual dent; Finis Smith, treasurer; Mrs. May Festival on May 30. Held in the Dorothea Presson, secretary; and Mrs. historic district in the 100 block of Rose Smith, publicity. Madison Street, Jefferson City, the event featured an exhibit of arts and Dade County Historical Society crafts, a flea market, entertainment At the January 6 meeting in the for the children and homemade cook­ Greenfield Retirement Homes Recrea­ ies, popcorn, soda pop, hotdogs and tion Center, Alvin Jones presented the other food. A museum collection of program. He showed slides and dis­ handcrafted farm tools also was on played photographs to illustrate his display. A spring antique show at the lecture on "Dade County's Old Grist Governor Hotel, May 29-31, coin­ Mills." cided with the festival. Margaret Jen­ Robert Menzies gave a program on nings managed the show. Guided tours Indian artifacts at the April 7 meet­ throughout the historic district re­ ing. His display included Indian rugs lated information of former days. The and arrowheads, dating from the 7000 Cole County Historical Museum, the B.C. period. Many of the artifacts were Executive Mansion, Jefferson Landing found in Dade County. and Capitol museums were open for Officers for 1981 are Mrs. Irene tours. Greenlee, president; Mrs. Mae Hughes, Mrs. Lynn Shay recently accepted first vice president; Retha E. Twad- the position of curator at the Cole dell, second vice president and corre­ County Historical Museum. sponding secretary; Mrs. Lorene Jones, secretary; and Ruth Rubenstein, Concordia Historical Institute treasurer. Officials dedicated a replica of the Walter A. Maier Study at the Institute Dallas County Historical Society on May 17. The occasion commemo­ Members held a business meeting, rated the 50th anniversary of the February 6, at the courthouse, Buffalo. Lutheran Hour. This study is an exact They voted to name their acquired replica of the one in which the first museum and park area the "Buffalo Lutheran Hour speaker prepared Head Prairie Historical Park." many of his sermons, did extensive On April 3, members finalized plans research for his scholarly books and for their April 10 Arbor Day planting. Historical Notes and Comments 473

DeKalb County Historical Society Commerce banquet in Salem on March Mr. and Mrs. Harley Fisher and 27. The' Dent County Historical So­ Ann Frazee had charge of the program ciety endorsed him as a candidate for at the February 15 meeting in the the honor. county courthouse, Maysville. They discussed the history of American Foundation For Restoration Legion Post #250 (Bonner Miller of Ste. Genevieve Post) and the Auxiliary of the Ameri­ At the April 30 dinner meeting in can Legion Post and the work of each Freda's Restaurant, members enjoyed in the county. a program on "Missouri's Executive Mansion." Color slides featured a tour At the March 15 meeting, the Rev­ of the 110-year-old restored state man­ erend Joe Munshaw presented slides sion in Jefferson City. of the Holy Land, Greece and Egypt. Reverend Munshaw is minister of the Franklin County Historical Society Oregon, Missouri, United Methodist Becky Mendenall presented the pro­ Church. gram at the April 26 meeting in the On March 23, TV station KTFC Prudential Community Building in Channel 50 featured the DeKalb Coun­ Union. A teacher at R-14 School, Ms. ty Historical Society, along with Lora Mendenall directs the innovative proj­ Lockhart and Mary Kerns. They dis­ ect, "Our Own Back Yard," spon­ cussed several items in the museum sored by Title I V-C. Through field collection. trips and interviews, students in grades Officers for 1981 are Lora Lock­ 5 through 8 learn about Franklin hart, president emeritus; Ralph Wolf, County's rich heritage, industries and president; Burnis Winger, executive citizens. Ms. Mendenall showed a coordinator; Wilma Vaughn, Martha movie that had been written and pro­ Spiers, Lula Newkirk, Martha Good­ duced by R-14 eighth graders. En­ win, Evlyn Wolf, Mr. and Mrs. Loren titled "From ABC to PTA," it Owen and J. D. Dunham, vice presi­ featured the early life of Phoebe Ap­ dents; Martha Spiers, corresponding person Hearst and the one-room school secretary; Ann Horner, treasurer; Pearl she attended. Photographs and items Crow, financial secretary; Evorie Fish­ made by the students were on display. er, museum curator; Bill Free and The Society seeks information on Earlene Vaughn, historians; and Cuma one-room schools of the past and his­ Ellis, librarian. toric sites of Franklin County for a future book. Dent County Historical Society A covered-dish supper preceded the Friedenberg Lutheran March 13 quarterly meeting in the Historical Society Dent County Community Center, Sa­ The new Society recently organ­ lem. During the business session, the ized to work as a liaison with the following officers were elected: Mrs. Concordia Historical Institute. On Opal Bennett, president; Mrs. Janet March 7, trustees of the Peace Luth­ Bowles, vice president; and Miss Ral- eran Church in Friedenberg trans­ pha M. Peck, secretary. Mrs. Eloise ferred the historic property of the Temple serves as treasurer. congregation in Perry County to Con­ Ken Fiebelman, a charter member cordia Historical Institute in St. Louis. and past president of the Society, re­ Officers of the Friedenberg Lutheran ceived the award, "Citizen of the Historical Society are Karl Oswald, Year," at the annual Chamber of president; Albert Meyer, vice presi- 474 Missouri Historical Review dent; Gerald Lintner, secretary; and the program on folklore. Dan Tolen, Walter Brickhaus, treasurer. of Lock Springs, played folk songs on the dulcimer. Attired as a pioneer Friends of Historic Boonville riverman, Glen Mock, of Mercer, told The Friends have purchased and are about a 377-mile trip down the Mis­ restoring the George Hain house, 412 souri River in a 26-foot canoe. The Fourth Street, believed to be the old­ trip simulated a historical journey in est dwelling in Boonville in continu­ the 1680-1720 period. ous ownership of the same family. Officers for 1981 are Howard Leech, Hain purchased the property in 1836 president; Willa Jane Smith, Deana and apparently built the house soon Tipton and Glenn Burgess, vice presi­ after. The original portion is reputed dents; Leo Hopper, treasurer; Eliza­ to be of log construction with subse­ beth Ewen, secretary;; and Dr. John quent additions of clapboard and Neal, acting curator. brick. Of vernacular design, the house In January of this year, the Society is white with green shutters and has began publishing The Herald. Mrs. a long porch on the south with en­ Fred Ashlock is editor of the quarterly trances to each room. publication which informs members Officers of the Friends are Gene of current activities and plans for the Russell, president; Sharon Korte, first future. vice president; Dorothy Kirby, second The museum is open from 1-4 P.M., vice president; Audrey Tedrick, sec­ Tuesdays and Sundays, through Oc­ retary; and Edna Deskin, treasurer. tober. Friends of Missouri Town-1855 A special Children's Day event, Greene County Historical Society May 3, opened spring activities at The traditional "Founding Fathers Missouri Town-1855. In cooperation of our Nation Dinner" was held Feb­ with the Greater Kansas City Associa­ ruary 26, at Calvert's cafeteria in tion for the Education of Young Chil­ Springfield. Dr. Mark Neeley, a noted dren, the occasion kicked off the lecturer on Abraham Lincoln spoke "Week of the Young Child." Activities, on "Lincoln and American Politics, prepared to illustrate how children Past & Present." Dr. Neeley is di­ lived and played in 1855, included rector of the Lincoln Library & Mu­ BB shots, box turtle races, kite flying, seum in Fort Wayne, Indiana. crafts and other special entertainment. On March 26, Robert Cummings Officers of the Friends are Mary presented the program consisting of Childers, president; Larry Simmons, interviews with prominent Greene vice president; Kathy Honn, secre­ Countians: Society members John tary; Gloria Gibson, treasurer; Re­ Hulston, Juliet Vinton, Charles Shep- becca Haering, newsletter editor; and pard, Marion Hoblett and Professor Marilou Hart, membership chairman. Leo Huff. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd Gil- more assisted with visual aids. News Grand River Historical Society director of radio station KWFC, Mr. A covered-dish dinner preceded the Cummings conducted a series of inter­ April 16 meeting in the new com­ views during the area's bicentennial. munity center at the Coburn Building, Mrs. Lucile Morris Upton spoke on Chillicothe. Mrs. Evelyn Sheets, in­ Nathanael Greene at the April 23 structor in Folklore at the Trenton meeting. Mrs. Morris is well known in Junior College, spoke and introduced the county for her historical writings Historical Notes and Comments 475 and weekly newspaper column, "Fifty Phoebe Apperson Hearst Years Ago." Historical Society The Society held its annual Arbor Grundy County Historical Society Day program and planting at Hearst Members held their annual meet­ Memorial Park, near St. Clair, on ing, March 1, at the Farm and Home May 3. President Ralph Gregory spoke Savings Community Room, Trenton. on Arbor Day and related informa­ Mrs. Evelyn Sheets, a teacher at the tion about early schools in the area. Trenton Junior College, introduced the program on "Missouri Folklore." Two of her students participated. Henry County Historical Society Glen Mock related his experiences on Some 100 persons attended the a Missouri River canoe trip and Dan April 17 meeting in the Henry Coun­ Tolen played selections on the dul­ ty Museum and Cultural Arts Center cimer. courtyard, Clinton. They viewed a Officers for 1981 are Mrs. Donald showing of the Jane Froman ward­ Barnes, president; Mrs. Leland Hatha­ robe from Columbia College. way, vice president; Leola Harris, sec­ retary; and Mrs. Max Oyler, treas­ Hickory County Historical Society urer. The Society has received notice that Two new displays, added to the the Hickory County Museum building Grundy County Museum, are "Indian had been entered on the National Territory" and a rural post office. The Register of Historic Places on Sep­ museum is open May through October, tember 27, 1980. The museum is 2-5 P.M., Saturdays, Sundays and holi­ housed in the John Siddle Williams days. Home in Hermitage.

Harrison County Historical Society Higbee Area Historical Society A program on Harrison County Twelve members attended the architecture highlighted the April 14 April 20 meeting in the Higbee Senior meeting in the Bethany Trust Co. Citizens Center. Several activities and Community Building, Bethany. Thom­ plans for the new year were discussed. as Carneal, an associate professor of The following new officers were re­ History at Northwest Missouri State elected: Gerald Hocker, president; University, Maryville, recently made Jean Hocker, vice president; and Carey an architectural study of the county. Bankhead, secretary. Bonnie Brown is He told about his findings and il­ treasurer. lustrated his talk with photographic slides. Dr. Carrol Fry, head of the English Department at Northwest Mis­ Historic Florissant souri State University, spoke on the May 2 marked the opening of the literature of the county. Some 100 Myers House Fine Arts Gallery, at persons attended the meeting. Myers Farm, 180 Dunn Road in Floris­ sant. Located at the top of the stairs Hazelwood Historical Society in the house, the gallery is under the Newly elected officers of the So­ management of Rosemary Tissot, a ciety are M. Estelle Tracy, president; painter of watercolors and pastels and Clara A. Faatz, first vice president; a member of the Art Section of the Mabel V. Faatz, second vice president; St. Louis Artist Guild. The work of Kathleen Birchler, secretary; and Earl artists, both local and out of state, are Comp ton, treasurer. on sale. 476 Missouri Historical Review

Historic Hermann Church, Education Fellowship Build­ Historic Hermann sponsored the St. ing, Ironton. Guest speaker William B. Louis Barbershop Quartet in five shows Fletcher presented the program on the at the Rotunda in City Park and had "History of Railroads in Iron County," all the museums open at the German a continuation of a talk on the sub­ School during the Maifest, May 16-17. ject given last year. Special arts and crafts demonstrations were held at Historic Hermann's Co­ Johnson County Historical Society operage Craft Center. The Society recently received two Officers of Historic Hermann are portraits of Dr. and Mrs. James Mon­ Art Schweighauser, president; and roe Fulkerson, now on display at the Arlie Scharnhorst, treasurer. Heritage Library, Warrensburg. A great-granddaughter, Mrs. George W. Historical Association of Jalonick III made the presentation. Greater Cape Girardeau Dr. Fulkerson was the first doctor to The regular March 21 meeting fea­ serve Johnson County. tured a visit to Perryville, with a din­ Aided by a grant from the Missouri ner, tour and business session at St. Committee for the Humanities, the Mary's Seminary. Society recently sponsored a two-week The Association presented the Sec­ period of festivities, celebrating the ond Heritage Tour of Miniature 125th anniversary of the incorporation Homes, May 2-3, at the Ramada Inn, of Warrensburg as a city. Raymond Cape Girardeau. F. Pisney, director of the Missouri Historical Society of Polk County Historical Society, St. Louis, spoke at Members held their February 26 a candlelight ceremony in the Old meeting in the United Methodist Courthouse, April 21. A sherry-cheese Church building, Bolivar. The pro­ reception followed the ceremony. gram featured a film made on July 5, A play, "Who Shot Old Drum?" 1948, at the dedication for the Simon based on a famous 1870 Johnson Bolivar statue. Citizens of Venezuela County court case, was presented at had donated the statue because the the Old Courthouse, April 28-May 3. Missouri town had been named for Produced by the Warrensburg Com­ their hero. Honored guests at the munity Theatre, the play was written 1948 dedication had included Presi­ and directed by John Horner, a gradu­ dent Harry S. Truman and Venezuelan ate student in theatre at Central Mis­ president Romula Gallegos. souri State University, Warrensburg. Huntsville Historical Society Kansas City Posse of Westerners Members held their April 21 meet­ Posse members held their March 10 ing in the Huntsville Historical Mu­ meeting at Homestead Country Club, seum. Mrs. Judy Webster presented Prairie Village, Kansas. Dr. Stanley the program on "Covered Bridges in Parsons, a political science instructor Missouri." at the University of Missouri-Kansas Instead of the regular May meet­ City, presented the program entitled ing, Society members visited Boonville "Agrarian Political Protests on the on May 3 and toured the historic Great Plains." Rivercene home. Dr. Ron Miriani, a researcher on Iron County Historical Society cowboy folklore, presented the pro­ Society members held their annual gram at the April 14 meeting. A meeting, May 18, at the First Baptist professor of History at Park College, Historical Notes and Comments 477

Dr. Miriani spoke on "The Cowboy Kirk Pearce, public information and and Love." reporter. At the May 12 meeting, Colonel The Society's Old Jail Museum in Robert M. von Schlemmer addressed Lebanon is now open to the public, the members on "Ft. Leavenworth Monday-Friday, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. The and Its Place Among the Western jail building has been added to the Forts." He discussed early U.S. Indian National Register of Historic Places. policy, the relationship between Ft. Leavenworth and other early western Lawrence County Historical Society forts and the career of Colonel Henry Members held their April 26 meet­ Leavenworth. ing at Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon. Teachers Ida Lee Thompson Kingdom of Callaway and Flossie Thompson presented the Historical Society program on "Education, Litigation and At the February 16 meeting in the Trends." Fulton Community Center, members made plans for the coming year. Missouri Historical Society Mrs. LaDonna Justice reviewed the The Society shared in the celebra­ "History of the Callaway County Public tion of the 100th birthday of the Saint Library," at the March 16 meeting. Louis Symphony Orchestra during the Members enjoyed a presentation on month of March. On March 3, a new the Jefferson City Executive Mansion exhibition, "Saint Louis Symphony Library Restoration on April 20. Orchestra: The First 100 Years," opened in the East Wing Entrance Knox County Historical Society Gallery at the Jefferson Memorial Brent Karhoff presented the pro­ Building in Forest Park, St. Louis. gram at the April 21 meeting in the The Orchestra held a press conference Knox County High School, Edina. The at the Society on March 10, to an­ program consisted of a history and nounce its 1981-82 season. On March slides of the 34 existing churches in 12, the Society's spring luncheon lecture the county. The Knox County Exten­ series, "St. Louis in the Gilded Age," sion Homemakers, in cooperation with featured Katherine Gladney Wells, church members and the extension author of Symphony and Song. She staff, provided the research for the discussed "Symphony and Song: The project. Saint Louis Choral and Symphony Society members held their annual Society in the 19th Century." David antique show, May 3, at the Knox J. Hyslop, the managing director of County High School. the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, Laclede County Historical Society presented a slide/lecture on the Orch­ Society members held their spring estra's history on March 27. banquet on May 5, at Wyota Res­ An exhibition in the Society's Wil­ taurant, Lebanon. Claudia Stubble­ liams Gallery until July 15 features field presented the program on "Leba­ "Your Country Needs You: Posters of non's Century Old Homes." Two World Wars." The 24 posters Officers for 1981 are Robert May- created during World War I and field, president; Esther Griffin, Vyra World War II exemplify the tactics Hendrickson and Lavern Cravens, vice of persuasion used to elicit both emo­ presidents; Kay Conner, secretary; tion and action from Americans. Dorothy Calton, treasurer; Flo Ma- Elinor Martineau Coyle, author of laney, corresponding secretary; and three popular books on St. Louis, was 478 Missouri Historical Review the guest speaker at the Women's As­ tion of Spoken Accounts," the pro­ sociation annual meeting on June 2. gram featured noted speakers from She presented an illustrated talk on Northwest Missouri State University, "Little-known Treasures of St. Louis." Maryville. They included Dr. Carrol On June 13, the Society sponsored Fry, professor of Literature; Dr. Le­ a one-day workshop, "Doing Local land May, associate professor of Litera­ History: Family, Neighborhood, Town, ture; and Tom Carneal, associate pro­ City." Authorities in the field of local fessor of History. The project was history discussed techniques and re­ supported by a grant from the Mis­ sources available to the local historian. souri Committee for the Humanities.

Moberly Historical and John G. Neihardt Corral Railroad Museum of the Westerners Beginning April 25-26, the museum The February 12 dinner meeting at is open on Saturdays and Sundays dur­ the Flaming Pit, Columbia, featured ing the summer months. Located at a program on Indian craft art. Corral 100 North Sturgeon, Moberly, museum member Rex R. Campbell, professor hours are 1:30-4:00 P.M. through Oc­ of Rural Sociology at the University tober. of Missouri-Columbia, spoke on "His­ toric American Indian Craft Art." He Monroe County Historical Society displayed several rare and valuable Betty Buckman had charge of the items from his collection. Members program on the "History of Monroe also brought Indian relics for "show City," at the April 27 meeting in the and tell." county courthouse, Paris. Newton County Historical Society Montgomery County Some 75 persons attended the Feb­ Historical Society ruary 15 meeting in the Council The Society recently purchased the House building of the Seneca High Burlington Northern depot in Wells­ School. Mrs. Venta Plummer gave the ville. Plans are to use part of the program on "The Indians Important building for a meeting room. One to Early Seneca." She displayed many room will house railroad memorabilia. early pictures and trophies from her Members held their second annual collection. meeting, April 23, at the Jonesburg Officers for the coming year are United Methodist Church. Paul Bark­ Larry James, president; Guss Buzzard, er, of Springfield, spoke on "Interest­ vice president; Mary Alice Tourtillott, ing Courthouses in Missouri." secretary; and Mary Louise Davis, Morgan County Historical Society treasurer. The Morgan County Museum, for­ Nodaway County Historical Society merly the Martin Hotel, at Versailles, Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Newby and opened June 1, for the summer season. sons of Maryville entertained mem­ Hours are 1 to 5 P.M. daily for view­ ing the 28-room museum. bers of the Society at their home, February 23. Mrs. Newby showed slides Mound City Museum Association of her recent trip to the Holy Land. The Association sponsored a special Members viewed two films at their program on oral history, April 5, at March 23 meeting in the historical the Community Building in Mound museum, Maryville. The films con­ City. Entitled "Folklore and Local cerned the life of John James Audu­ History, The Collection and Preserva­ bon and Washington, D.C. Historical Notes and Comments 479

Jeff Thompson presented the pro­ in Caruthersville. Mayme Hamlett, a gram at the April 27 meeting. A par­ retired English teacher of Cooter, pre­ ticipant in the Experiment in Inter­ sented the program on "Gleanings national Living, he spent, some time from Poetry." It featured a collection in England. His presentation included of poems she had written regarding an account of his trip, illustrated with travels in Britain, women in litera­ slides. ture and history and meditations of life experiences. Normandy Area Members viewed a film on George Historical Association Caleb Bingham at the March 27 meet­ Officers of the recently organized ing. Association for 1981-1982 are Clarissa Virginia Long Bader presented the Heinz, president; Doris Benz, vice program at the April 24 meeting. She president; Thomas Howard, treasurer; spoke on the "Early Memories of Brag­ and Margaret Archambault, recording gadocio." secretary. Pettis County Historical Society O'Fallon Historical Society Members held their annual dinner A covered-dish dinner highlighted the meeting, March 17, at the Masonic March 2 meeting in the Civic Park, Temple, Sedalia. Miami, Missouri, his­ O'Fallon. Brenda Kern presented the torian Robert Bray was guest speaker. program on Japan. Mrs. Peg Hale presented the pro­ Old Mines Area Historical Society gram at the April 27 meeting in the The Society locally sponsored "A La courthouse, Sedalia. She told about the Mode De Chez Nouse," held March 22 William Hill Field family who came in St. Joachim School Auditorium in to Pettis County from Louisville, Ken­ Old Mines. The concert featured tucky, in 1853. French-American artists on tour. They Pike County Historical Society were joined by several area artists. The Members held their quarterly din­ National Endowment for the Arts and ner meeting, April 7, at the community the National Council for the Tradi­ building in Curryville. Debbie Crank, tional Arts sponsored the event of a teacher in the Bowling Green school French-American music and dance. system, presented the program. She Old Trails Historical Society told about the Watson Seminary and Members held their March 18 meet­ the Watson family. Susan Luke gave ing at the Grand Glaize Library in a "History of LaCrosse Lumber Com­ Manchester. Jean Muetze spoke and pany." The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. showed slides of the Shaker Com­ Francis Luke, Susan had been a dis­ munity. The program was entitled trict conference winner at National "Hands to Work Hearts to God." History Day. She represented her dis­ At the April 15 meeting, Tom New­ trict in the state contest in Columbia. man, from Western Electric, had Officers for 1981 are James Millan, charge of the program. He presented president; Otto Wills, first vice presi­ "Show Me the Show-Me State—a Trip dent; Mrs. Mary Ruth Reading, sec­ Through Scenic and Historic Mis­ ond vice president; Mary Frances souri." Boyd, secretary; and Mrs. Bryant Mackey, treasurer. Pemiscot County Historical Society Fourteen members attended the Feb­ Pioneer Heritage Association ruary 27 meeting at Colonial Federal Fifteen members attended the regu- 480 Missouri Historical Review lar meeting, April 2, at the museum in Ray County Historical Society Bucklin. They made plans for future On March 24, the Ray County Rec­ events and projects. reational Board met with the Ray County Court and approved a plan for Platte County Historical Society the Society to take responsibility for A program on "Oral History" high­ the building which houses the Society's lighted the spring dinner meeting, museum and the adjacent grounds. April 5, at the Kansas City Interna­ The building, located on West Royle tional Airport Holiday Inn. Dr. in Richmond, had been constructed Harold Smith of Park College told in 1909 for use as a home for indigent about the oral history program offered county residents. The Society has ap­ to students at that institution. In the pointed Dr. W. G. Stoenner, Milford joint project of the college and the Wyss and Miller Van Pelt to a build­ Society, the students tape record and ing committee. transcribe interviews with senior citi­ zens. Three students gave samples of Raytown Historical Society interviews and told about their ex­ The Society celebrated its 15th birth­ periences in the program. Mrs. Mar­ day, April 22, at St. Matthew's Epis­ jorie Sellers, librarian at Park College, copal Church, Raytown. Joan Cesar shared her experiences interviewing arranged the program, which featured Forestyne Loyles at her 117-year-old E. V. Hosmann, president of Boat­ home in Weston. men's Raytown Bank. He told about Officers, elected for the coming current fraud schemes and answered year, were Kirk McDaniel, president; questions. Mary Ann Hassler, Reed Black and Jerry Holmes, vice presidents; Betty St. Charles County Soper, executive secretary; Walter Historical Society Dowd, treasurer; Darwin Martin, as­ Members celebrated their 25th an­ sistant treasurer; Eva Holmes, record­ niversary, April 23, at the Bogey Hills ing secretary; and Frances Hornbuckle, Country Club, St. Charles. Harry B. assisting secretary. Smith acted as master of ceremonies for the occasion. Noelle Soren, historic Pleasant Hill Historical Society architecture specialist with the Office A program on "Confederate Mon­ of Historic Preservation, Jefferson ey," by Riva Cloud, highlighted the City, presented the framed official cer­ April 27 meeting at the museum. tificate designating the Old Market House in St. Charles on the National Pony Express Historical Association Register of Historic Places. Guest The Association has awarded a con­ speaker James F. Hood spoke on "The tract to Mid-Continental Waterproof­ Ace of Spades and Tobacco Juice." ing of Ft. Scott, Kansas, to clean, stain Professor Hood is chairman of the and tuckpoint the exterior of the As­ Department of History, Lindenwood sociation's Patee House Museum in St. Colleges, St. Charles. Joseph. The Newbill-McElhiney House On May 3, Mr. and Mrs. James opened April 22 for the summer Hager presented a program on "Our months. Volunteer hostesses conducted National Parks" for the regular mem­ tours until mid-June. At that time bership meeting at Patee House. The the Girl Scouts began acting as tour Association reported that it has over guides and will continue the work un­ 350 members for 1981. til September. Marjorie Osiek is chair- Historical Notes and Comments 481 person for the Newbill-McElhiney Jim Johnson, manager of public re­ House. lations for the Cotton Belt, presented the program at the March 13 meeting. St. Louis Westerners He spoke on the Cotton Belt (St. Louis At the March 20 meeting in the Southwestern) Railroad and its entry Salad Bowl cafeteria, Edwin A. Para- into the Kansas City area over the doski presented the program. He spoke former Rock Island tracks and facili­ on "The Soiled Doves of the West." ties. The April 10 meeting again focused Schuyler County Historical Society on Kansas City's street railways, trol­ Some 45 persons attended the leys and other electric railcars of the April 12 meeting in the assembly room past. Henry Marnett and Larry Mc­ of the county courthouse, Lancaster. Donald showed slides and films dur­ John Lawrence, superintendent of ing the program. Schuyler R-l schools, assistant super­ intendent Robert Watkins and junior An open house at Richards-Gebaur high principal Don Hilliard discussed Air Force Base storage site highlighted the building plans for the new junior the May 8 meeting. high building. The program was pre­ sented by Linda Harper, architectural Stone County Historical Society historian, who is conducting a survey The Society held its regular quarter­ of buildings in the county built before ly meeting, March 1, at the Reeds 1930. She showed slides of many build­ Spring High School Library. Robert ings in the county, commented on the Plummer presented a film on his visit style of the buildings and their con­ to Russia a few years ago, and a ques­ struction dates, and provided informa­ tion and answer session followed the tion about the builders and occupants showing. up to the present time. Sullivan County Historical Society Shelby County Historical Society Members held their April 6 meet­ Some 45 persons attended the ing in the sanctuary of the Milan April 7 meeting in the Mercantile Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Gladys Bank, Shelbina. Several members par­ Crumpacker reviewed "The Court­ ticipated in a style show featuring houses of Sullivan County," and told garments of bygone days. about Lyle V. De Witt, a former Sulli­ On June 28, the Society sponsored van Countian and architect of the its second annual historical exhibit at present courthouse. Mrs. Crumpacker North Shelby County High School, is the author of several genealogical near Shelbyville. books and The Complete History of Sullivan County. Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society Vernon County Historical Society Some 40 persons attended the Feb­ Members held a special meeting, ruary 13 meeting on the 22nd floor March 29, at the City-County Com­ of the old telephone building in down­ munity Center, Nevada. Fred L. Lee, town Kansas City. Members viewed Kansas City historian, presented a slides and films on trolley cars, inter- slide talk on "A Walking Tour of urbans and heavy electric rail equip­ Historic Olde Westport." ment. Jack Morgan, Larry McDonald, The Society offered special free ad­ Joe Waldinger, John Wegner and Tom mittance to the Bushwhacker Museum, Johnson participated in the program. April 24-25, for children from kin- 482 Missouri Historical Review dergarten through middle school. On garet Meyer, historian; and Ethel April 26, the museum held an official Konzelman, archivist. opening with an open house, free to Weston Historical Museum the public. After being closed for the winter months, the museum opened on Webster Groves Historical Society March 1. Hours are l:B0-4:00 P.M., Society members met March 10 at Tuesday-Saturday, and 1:30-5:00 P.M., the Webster Groves City Hall. The Sunday. It continues to be closed all program consisted of a slide show fea­ day on Monday. turing Fran Walrond and the work of the Missouri Historical Society in Westport Historical Society St. Louis. Alice McKinley, the Society's vice Hawken House formally opened, president, presented the program at May 2. Members of the Society held the February 20 meeting in the West- their annual meeting and lawn party port United Presbyterian Church, Kan­ at Hawken House, May 11, to cele­ sas City. She spoke on "Westport, Mis­ brate Historic Preservation Week. The souri, and the Harris-Kearney Home." House remained open to the public The house is owned by the Society, during the summer months from 10 and members hope to restore it for a A.M. to 4 P.M. on Fridays and Sat­ future museum. urdays, and from 1 to 4 P.M. on Sun­ At the May 15 quarterly dinner days. It also is available for group meeting, Arthur Schofield, chief his­ tours by appointment. torian of Ft. Scott, Kansas, spoke on "An Informal History: Ft. Scott, Kas. and the Santa Fe Trail." Wentzville Missouri Community On June 14, members toured his­ Historical Society torical Ft. Scott, Kansas. Starting from The Society held its quarterly meet­ the historic Harris-Kearney House in ing, March 16, at Ginny's Place in Westport, participants stopped at the Wentzville. Gerald Matlock, past presi­ "massacre site" at Marais des Cygne, dent, gave a program on "Antiques, and then toured the fort's barracks Kitchen-Wise." He described the usage and buildings, the old Congregational and approximate age of numerous Church and the old cemetery. cooking utensils. A "show and tell" followed which featured favorite kitch­ White River Valley en antiques of the members. During Historical Society the business meeting, members dis­ Over 60 persons attended the cussed moving and preserving a log March 8 meeting at The School of house located near Wentzville. Plans the Ozarks, Point Lookout. R. Layne also were made to work with the local Morrill, of Kimberling City, presented DAR chapter to reerect a granite the program on Notch, Missouri. Mr. marker near Wentzville. The marker Morrill's great-grandfather, Levi Mor­ is inscribed with a history of Daniel rill, established the post office at Boone's entry and settlement in St. Notch in 1895. Harold Bell Wright's Charles County. book, The Shepherd of the Hills Officers for 1981-1982 are John I. (1907), gave lasting fame to the "post Denny, president; Ruby Menscher, vice office at the Forks." The Morrill home president; James Blossom, second vice and post office recently were placed president; Freda Bea Cook, secretary; on the National Register of Historic Erna Brakensiek, treasurer; Mary Mar­ Places. Historical Notes and Comments 483

GIFTS

Isabel Price Allen and Ebert J. Reiter, Canton, donors: Material on Lewis County, compiled by donors. R*

Charles Annegan, San Marcos, California, donor: With Merrill's Cavalry, by Samuel Baird. B

Dorothy M. Ashe, Antioch, California, donor: "Autobiography (1846-1936)," by James Marion Miller. R

Mrs. Clifton Baie, Adrian, donor: Nance Register: A Book of Genealogy, by Martin L. Nance. R

Rev. Steven Behr, Lorain, Ohio, donor: "It's About Those Clubbs . . . ," by donor. R

Bellevue Valley Historical Society, Caledonia, donor, through Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla: Over 50 photographs of people, scenes and interior and exterior views of buildings in Belgrade, Irondale, Potosi, Caledonia and nearby area, loaned for copying. E

Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Benson, Columbia, donors: Volume II of Bronaugh Family, by Amelia Bronaugh Benson.

Rev. Maury Whipple Bishop, Seal Beach, California, donor: Photographs: Mary Ann (Lapsley) Bishop, soldiers marching and mounted officers in Civil War, E; copies of brief writings by Ben F. Dixon. R

Jim Bogan, Rolla, donor: Essay on the Gasconade River, by donor. R

Mrs. Virginia M. Botts, Columbia, donor: Misc. Boone County records, 1821-1914, loaned for copying, M; several items concerning Columbia and the University of Missouri, R; negative of Oren Root. E

Emma and Cecil Bridges, Tulsa, Oklahoma, donors, through Trenton Boyd, Columbia: "A History of the First Presbyterian Church of Neosho, Mo., 1867-1917," by Margaret DeGroff. R

D. M. Christisen, Columbia, donor: Negatives of county maps in the series, "Forest Cover of Missouri," pre­ pared by Conservation Commission Federal Aid to Wildlife Program, 1943. R

•These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manu­ scripts Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 484 Missouri Historical Review

Tom E. Clatworthy, Harrisonville, donor: "Bride Index Marriage Book E Cass County, Missouri," transcribed by Lucille Henderson, alphabetized by donor. R

Pearl Mix Cox, Warrensburg, donor: The Ancestors and Descendants of Thomas Lyon Mix, by donor. R

Geraldine Watkins Crouch, Browning, donor: "Ashmore and Related Families," compiled by donor; The Hamilton Family, Descendants of Dr. John Jacob Hamilton, D.D. and Elizabeth Van- dersaal Hamilton, by donor and others. R

Merrell C. Dougherty, Canoga Park, California, donor, through Marian Ohman, Columbia: "Missouri, Missouri, A Sesquicentennial State Song, 1821-1921," by donor. R

East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, St. Louis, donor: Historic Sites Inventory 1980: The St. Louis Metropolitan Area. R

Leonard H. Elwell, Portland, Oregon, and Joyce E. Pickett, Columbia, donors: Descendants of Nehemiah and Martha (Babcock) Elwell, by donors. R

Mary M. Griffin, Rich Hill, donor: "History of the Rich Hill Methodist Church." R

Elsie Miller Henderson, Holden, donor, through Mrs. James Pointer, Jef­ ferson City: The Lundy Family, compiled by donor. R

Higbee Area Historical Society, donor, through L. C. Bankhead, Jr., Hig­ bee: Inventories of Burnam-Burton and Dysart cemeteries, Howard County, and Baker, Botts, and Robb cemeteries, Randolph County. R

Jack Randolph Howard, Towson, Maryland, donor: Alexander Patton of Haw Old Fields Progeny, by donor. R Jackson County Historical Society Archives, Independence, donor, through Nancy Ehrlich and Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Kansas City: Publications of the Daughters of the American Colonists and the Daughters of 1812. R Karl T. Jaeckel, Denver, Colorado, donor: The Family of Granville H. Cox, 1822-1888, of . . . Atchison County, Mis­ souri, by donor. R Ken Jones, Columbia, donor: Two photographs of Governor Joseph Wingate Folk on a vacation trip. E C. G. Jorgensen, Vancouver, Washington, donor: "Apologia pro Vita Sua," by Frances Belle Bailey Turner. R Kansas City Star, donor, through Sharon Gilliland, Kansas City: The Kansas City Star: The First 100 Years. R Historical Notes and Comments 485

Mrs. Louis Kensinger, Palo Alto, California, donor: Photograph of President Harry S. Truman, E'; insurance policy issued 1874, to C. B. Sebastian of Boone County. R

Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Kilmer, Clovis, New Mexico, donors: Material on the Kilmer family. R

Karl H. Klein, Kansas City, donor: Life and Labors of Elder W. R. Wigginton: An Autobiography, by William Russell Wigginton. R

Gary R. Kremer, Jefferson City, donor: Missouri's Black Historic Sites: A Preliminary Survey of the State, by donor and Donald H. Ewalt, Jr. R

Dr. John Lankford, Columbia, donor: Research papers by donor on Thomas Jefferson Jackson See and Victorian telescopes. R

John G. Lindsey, Cincinnati, Ohio, donor: Color photograph of portrait of John Glanville by George Caleb Bingham and copy of letter containing information about John Glanville and the portrait. E

Howard C. Litton, Festus, donor: Collected poems by Ozark poet, Dennis Lorin Murphy, and booklets about Festus-Crystal City. R

Mildred F. Littrell, Moberly, donor: Copy of "Death of Jacob Heffelstein," a tale of the Civil War in Central Missouri, by donor as told by Joe Mason, ca. 1932. R

Edward F. Lyle, Kansas City, donor: These Are Your Kinfolks: A History of the Lyle Family, Volumes I and II. R

Harold H. Macumber, M.D., Ventura, California, donor: The Macumber Family Ancestry, by donor. R

Maneater Staff, University of Missouri-Columbia, donor: Bound volume of 1980 Maneater, student newspaper. N

Ivan N. McKee, Coburn, Maine, donor: Civil War Documents, 1862-1864. M

J. J. McKinny, DeWitt, donor: John Quincy Adams Blackwell, Civil War Recollections, ca. 1900. M

Faith Marie Moore, Independence, donor: Pedigree charts of "Ancestors of Albert Wilson Luce Moore, Jr.," compiled by donor and Albert Moore, Sr. R

Arthur Paul Moser, Springfield, donor: Directories of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Caldwell, Carroll, Grundy and Livingston counties, Missouri, compiled by donor. R 486 Missouri Historical Review

Sieg Muehl, Iowa City, Iowa, donor: Book on Edward Miihl, printed in German, and copy of English transla­ tion by Arpy E. Hacker. R Carol Ann Nelson, Palmyra, donor: The Family Lehenbauer, by Emil Eugene and Betty Jean Lehenbauer. R

Charles O'Dell, Columbia, donor: "Preparations for the Monroe County Centennial Celebration in 1931," by donor. R Mrs. Carl J. Otto, Washington, donor: Photographs of Old Arrow Rock Tavern and mounted photographs of bill of fare for the Monarch and the southernmost point on the Missouri River. E Virginia Pratte, Manhattan Beach, California, donor: Pratte Family Collection. M

A. M. Price, Columbia, donor: Portrait of Moss Prewitt, loaned for copying. E

Bruce Reynolds, Warrensburg, donor: Indexes to historical articles in the Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal, 1930- 1943 and 1978-1981. R

Burl Kenneth Richardson, Columbia, donor: National Museum of Transport, St. Louis, Catalog of the Collections, com­ piled by Cliff Saxton, Jr. R

Mrs. Virginia H. Robertson, Columbia, donor: Photographs of islands in Missouri River between Huntsdale and Roche­ port, E; map showing islands in Missouri River at and near Huntsdale, from special survey of 1899. R

Rochester City Historian, Rochester, New York, donor: Copy of article on Charles Carroll. R Mrs. Frank B. Rollins, Columbia, donor: Photograph of the Joseph Samuel Moss/Mrs. W. H. Willis home in Co­ lumbia, loaned for copying. E Trixie D. Sample, Kerrville, Texas, donor: Samples from Pennsylvania to Texas, by donor. R Adolf and Rebecca Schroeder, Columbia, donors: Misc. items on folklore, Missouri place names and German-Americans in the area. R Mrs. Ernestine Ernst Seiter, Lexington, donor: Typescripts of three letters from Gustavus Thomas Barron, May-June 1850, en route to the California gold fields, to his wife Ruth F. Barron, Carroll County, Missouri. M Mrs. John H. Soper, Sewanee, Tennessee, donor: Thrice Three Times Told Tales, by donor. R Historical Notes and Comments 487

Noelle Soren, Columbia, donor: The Shrine Mosque of Abou Ben Adhem Temple 50th Anniversary, 1923- 1973, Springfield, Mo. R

Jack L. Stambaugh, Dallas, Texas, donor: "The Adamsons As We See Them," compiled by donor and John E. Robi­ son. R

Edward Staples, Jefferson City, donor: A History of Jefferson City Country Club, by donor. R

Thomas M. Todd, Junction City, Kansas, donor: The McCutchen's and Their Kin, by donor. R

Erwin L. Trautwein, Columbia, donor: My Story, by donor. R

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, donor: Drawings of the 1898 Waddell "A" Truss Bridge, Trimble vicinity, for U.S. National Architectural and Engineering Record, 1980, M; photographs of bridges in the Smithville Lake project area. E

A. Basey Vanlandingham, Columbia, donor: Photograph of home of John W. "Blind" Boone in Columbia, loaned for copying. E

Jerry D. Vineyard, Rolla, donor: "Memorial to Thomas Robinson Beveridge, 1918-1978," by donor. R

Emma West, New Cambria, donor: Family history and memoir written by Daniel Levan Bealmer at Richmond, Mo., 1934, R; land grant issued to Thomas Bell, Gallatin County, Illi­ nois, 1841. M

Western Historical Research Associates, donors, through Rex Bundy, Fic- tor, Montana: Material on the Gilliam Wagon Train of 1844. R

Westminster College, donor, through Barbara Ault, Fulton: Material on Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls and the Second Presbyterian Church, St. Louis; Clayton [Mo.] Master Plan. R

Good Eating Plus ...

Missouri Ruralist, April 11, 1981. Missouri Black Walnuts account for nearly half the world's crop each year. As the world's leading producer of walnuts, Missouri annually processes about 30 million pounds. Besides the nut meat, black walnut shells are used as grit to polish chrome and grind auto gears. Shells also are ingredients in glue, paint and in cleaning agents for furs, dentures and jewelry. 488 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Albany Ledger February 11, 1981—"Memories tumbling down with old [Siloam Springs] hotel." This, and the article below, by Jeanne Bryce. March 25—"A look at Ledger's past is part of [Gentry] county history."

Aurora Advertiser April 23, 1981— "Historic Notch post office reopened for one day."

Bloomfield Vindicator April 8,1981—Old area photograph.

Boonville Daily News February 4, 11, 18, 25, March 11, 18, 25, April 1, 8, 15, 23, 29, 1981-"Sur- vey notes from the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series by James C. Higbie and Robert Dyer, featured historic sites and events of the area.

Branson Beacon March 5, 1981—A special section, "Ozark Mountain Country way back when . . . ," featured numerous historical articles.

Brunswick Brunswicker March 5, 1981—"Newcomer Schoolhouse [near Brunswick] Undergoing Renovation," by Dorothy Jones.

Buffalo Reflex & Republican February 19, 1981—"The Price Hotel, Aging landmark [in Buffalo] linked to historical era," by Dawn Erickson. April 30—"Country atmosphere preserved in historic home [of W. C. Potter, near Fair Grove]."

Butler Bates County News-Headliner February 5, 12, 19, 1981—A series on Washington Irving's trip through Bates County in 1832. These, and the articles below, by Reva Stubblefield. February 26—"Civil War's infamous Order No. 11 retold." March 5, 12—A two-part article on the Walton and Lisle families. March 19—An article on the Zephaniah Baker family. April 23, 30—A two-part article on Lola Young.

Canton Press-News Journal February 12, 1981—"Rural Lewis County house [of Henry Kolthoff] was ordered from Sears, Roebuck and Co. in 1914," by Dan Steinbeck. March 30—"Yesteryear's Picture" featured Main Street, LaGrange, 1920s.

Columbia Daily Tribune March 6, 1981—"[State] Seal called a bear-faced lie," by Randy McConnell.

Doniphan Ozark Graphic February 25, 1981—"Frank Smith Remembers . . . [Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, in Grandin, 1906-1909]," by Thelma S. McManus. Historical Notes and Comments 489

East Prairie Eagle March 12, 1981—"Old letter [to Abraham Miller of Mississippi County] tells a story of slavery." Edina Sentinel March 11, 1981—"Newark history goes back nearly 150 years," by Ralph Gene Martin. April 22—"Forest Springs once thriving, has had several resurrections." April 22—"Early pictures show a lively Rutledge." El Dorado Springs Star April 30,1981—"Centennial profiles, 1881, The magic number for El Dorado Springs." El Dorado Springs Sun February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, 26, April 2, 16, 23, 30, 1981-"A Peek At The Past," a weekly series on the history of the area, by Virginia Strain. Farmington Press February 26, iPS2-"Missouri Goes to [Civil] War 1861 to 1865," by Lee Pemberton. Festus Jefferson County Democrat-Pilot March 6, 1981—"Grace Presbyterian church [of Crystal City]." March i£-"Hope U.C.C. [United Church of Christ in DeSoto] formed by merger in 1947." This, and the article above, by Jo Burford.

Gainesville Ozark County Times February 5-April 30, 1981— "Ozark Reader Fireside Stories of the Early Days in the Ozarks," a series, by Silas C. Turnbo. April 23—"Longrun Post Office Is Gone, Name Lives on in Community That Once Had 3 Stores," by Ruby M. Robins. Hannibal Courier-Post February 26, 1981— "Pigeons still only tenants at old federal building," by Rob Hill. March 14, 21—"In days gone by," a picture series featured respectively: Cen­ tral Park and Atlas Portland Cement Plant.

Harrisonville Cass County Democrat-Missourian April 24, 1981—A special centennial issue featured numerous historical arti­ cles. ^ Hermitage Index March 26, 1981—"Fires Prominent in [Hickory County] Courthouse History."

Independence Examiner February 26, 1981—A historical article about Independence, by Audrey Stubbart. Jefferson City News & Tribune April 12, 1981— "[Bernard H.] Upschulte House gets new lease (on life) ."

Kahoka Media April 8, 1981—"Note History of [Clark County] Courthouse," by Marian M. Ohman. 490 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Times February 20, March 7, 20, April 10, 24, i9S7-"Post Card From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Twelfth Street east from Wyan­ dotte, Coates House Hotel, Petticoat Lane, junction of Main and Delaware at 9th Street, and Independence Boulevard.

Lexington Advertiser-News March 5, 1981— "Lafayette County Roots [Mattingly Stores, Inc., started with one store in Odessa in 1914]," by Laurie North. March 6, 20, April 3, 10, 17, 24—Old area photographs.

Linn Unterrified Democrat April 15, 1981 -"Osage County and the California Gold Rush of 1848," by Joe Welschmeyer.

Maryville Daily Forum April 4, 1981— "Grassroot reflections [on John E. Rush]," by Opal Eckert.

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat March 25, 1981— "First Methodist Service in Clifton Hill." March 26—"History of West Park Methodist Church Here."

Monroe City News February 5, 1981—"Yfith peanuts and pickles He [Robert L. Hawkins] fed a lot of people," by Nellie Ann Lanham.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner March 5, 1981— "Lowndes Memories . . . The Passing Of An Era [for Gib­ bon's Grocery]."

Pleasant Hill Times April 23, 1981— "Pleasant Hill United Methodist Church Has Long History."

Richmond News February 9, 23, March 9, 16, April 20, 1981—"Ray County Historic Sitefs],"' a series. February 27—Old area photograph.

Ste. Genevieve Herald April 2, 1981—Old area photograph.

St. Joseph Buchanan County Farmer March 5, 1981—"The [Nels Peder] Nelson Residence." March 12—"Can You Still Remember The [Kansas City, Clay County and St. Joseph Railway Co.] Interurban Line??" by Nancy Sandehn. April 2—"A Real Masterpiece [Michael Dittemore house]."

St, Louis Globe-Democrat February 25, 1981—"[Robert] Campbell House gets a facelift [in St. Louis]," by Nancy Shryock. March 7—"Rebirth for Wainwright [Building in St. Louis], father of sky­ scrapers." Historical Notes and Comments 491

St. Louis // Pensiero April 7, 1981—"The Ingenuity of An Italian (Epoch of Cherubino D'An- gelica)," by Comm. Mario A. Pertici.

Sedalia Democrat March 15, 1981—"Then and now Red Cross workers serve close at home," by Ron Jennings. March 15—"Historical shorts," featured Bichsel Jewelry's big clock and Bernarr McFadden.

Seligman American Sunbeam February 16, 1981—' 'The Butterfield [Overland Mail] Run' Through the Ozarks," by Phillip Steele.

Sikeston Daily Standard February 4, March 4, April 8, 1981—A series on Gen. M. Jeff Thompson, "Swamp Fox of the Confederacy," by Mason Emerson.

Van Buren Current Local April 9, 1981—"Souvenir Photo—Out of the Past."

Versailles Leader-Statesman February 26, 1981-"The Lake of the Ozarks 50th Anniversary, 1931-1981."

Washington Missourian March 18, 1981-' [Judge James T. Connally] Early Settlers of Franklin County," compiled and edited by Ralph Gregory.

Wellsville Optic News March 4,1981—Genealogy of the Emma (Mades) Poser family. April 8—Old area photograph.

Standing Room Only

Farm Machinery, July 18, 1905. Mark Twain, in his lecturing days, reached a small eastern town one after­ noon, and went, before dinner, to a barber's to be shaved. "You are a stranger in the town, sir?" the barber asked. "Yes, I'm a stranger here," was the reply. "We're having a good lecture here to-night, sir," said the barber. "A Mark Twain lecture. Are you going to hear it?" "Yes, I think I will," said Mr. Clemens. "Have you got your ticket yet?" the barber asked. "No, not yet," said the other. "Then, sir, you'll have to stand." "Dear me!" Mr. Clemens exclaimed. "It seems as if I always do have to stand when I hear that man Twain lecture." 492 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

AAEC Notebook, April 1981: "history corner . . . [Joseph Keppler] Actors Don't Always Grow Up To Be President," by Draper Hill.

American Heritage, April/May, 1981: "Memories of Peace and War An Ex­ clusive Interview With General Maxwell D. Taylor," by Robert S. Gallagher.

American History Illustrated, April, 1981: "For the sake of a beaver hat . . . The Mountain Men," by Joel Monture; "The Saint-Mihiel Salient [Gen. John J.] Pershing's 'magnificent' victory [in 1918]," by Robert Maddox.

American West, January/February, 1981: "Eugene Field: Whimsical Western Poet and Newsman," by James K. Folsom. Bittersweet, Spring, 1981: "A Tribute to the First Ozark Folklorist . . . Vance Randolph." Brigham Young University Studies, Summer, 1980: " 'I Have Sinned Against Heaven, and Am Unworthy of Your Confidence, But I Cannot Live With­ out a Reconciliation': Thomas B. Marsh Returns to the Church [of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]," by Lyndon W. Cook.

Cal-Mont News, the Boone Family Association of Cal-Mont in Mo., February, 1981: "Lt. Col. Nathan Boone."

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, January, 1981: "Clang—Clang—Clang Went the [Beliefontaine] Trolley," by Edward W. Deppe. Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, April, 1981: "Childhood Mem­ ories of the Old Chariton County Infirmary [or Poor Farm]," by Louise Taylor Carey. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Winter, 1980-1981: "For Justice And A Fee: James Milton Turner and the Cherokee Freedmen," by Gary R. Kremer.

Clayton Magazine, Spring, 1981: "City Hall Art: Getting a New Point of View"; "Where Have All the Gypsies Gone?"; "Shady Oak Theatre: 48 Years oi Stardom." DeKalb County Heritage, April, 1981: "Covered Wagon Trip Grandma Groom And Her Family Made From Idaho [to Missouri in 1897]," by Robert Stanton; "64 Years of Dorothy Elizabeth Wasso Way"; "Golden Agers Club Of Union Star," by Marie Wogan and Annie Ellis; "Deppen-Atterbury [family]," by Joyce Bascue; "Brief History of the [Bonner Miller Post #250] American Legion and the Auxiliary," by Harley and Evorie Fisher.

Discover North, April, 1981: "Missouri's Proud Riveiboats [in the 19th cen­ tury]," by Kathleen M. Spindler; "Birth Of A County [Platte],'' by Francis Williams; "The Steps that Finalized The Platte Purchase of 1837," by Vera Haworth Eldridge; "Clay Heritage Muster Day For Missouri's Militia [in 1835]," by Vera Haworth Eldridge.

Echoes, Ohio Historical Society, April, 1981: "Indian Removal [from Ohio to west of the Mississippi River]," by Nancy S. Pollack. Historical Notes and Comments 493

Farm & Home Go-Getter, January-February, March, April, 1981: "The Legends of Farm & Home [Savings Association]," a series.

Freemason, Spring, 1981: "The Kansas City Masonic Temple, 903 Harrison Now Registered as a National Historical Landmark," by W. Bro. Carl G. Brown.

Gateway Heritage, Spring, 1981: "Charles Deas' Portrait of a Mountain Man; A Mystery ... in Western Art," by John Francis McDermott; "St. Louis Hosts the Political Conventions," by Gary N. Smith; "Symphony and Song: The First Hundred Years of the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra," by Katherine Gladney Wells; "Vladimir Golschmann: The Man and His Music 1931-1958," by Richard E. Mueller; "Tour Country Needs You' Posters From Two World Wars," by Anthony R. Crawford; "Moses Austin . . . and the Development of the Missouri Lead Industry," by David B. Gracy II.

Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, February/March, 1981: "Farewell To A Kansas City Landmark [Syndicate Building, 618-620 Wyandotte]," by Emily Ford Woodward; "A Kansas City Architect: Alice Walton," by Sheri Piland.

Interim, February, 1981: "St. John's [Episcopal Church], Sullivan, hosts Lu­ theran congregation."

, March, 1981: "St. Paul's [Episcopal Church], Carondelet, faces the 80's optimistically," by the Rev. LeRoy Hughes.

, April, 1981: "Emmanuel [Episcopal Church, Web­ ster Groves] lives its name," by Carol Greene. Kansas City Genealogist, Winter, 1981: "DeWitt, Carroll County, Missouri," compiled by Nita Neblock and J. J. McKinny; "Julia Cairns Noland My Favorite Ancestor," by Mrs. Bernice Noland Schumacher.

Kansas City Magazine, March, 1981: "The [Wornall] Bridge [over Brush Creek] The Flood Built," by David Firestone.

Keys to Springfield, Mo., March, 1981: "First Streetcars in 1881 City's Street­ cars," by Lena Wills. Kirkwood Historical Review, December, 1980: "A Fifty Year Love Affair [with Kirkwood]," by Murl R. Moore. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1981: "Pierce City's Quarry Caves," by Miriam Joy Brown.

Maramec Miner, February, 1981: "Maramec History," a series.

Mid America Folklore, Spring-Fall, 1980: A special double issue on the topic, "The Folklore of Jesse James," edited by Diane Tebbetts.

Midwest Motorist, March-April, 1981: "Play hookey in Hannibal," by Erica Klein. Missouri Earth Advocate, March, 1981: "Missouri's Threatened Wilderness," a special report from the Missouri Wilderness Coalition; "The Irish Wilder­ ness: Father [John Joseph] Hogan's Lost Dream," by Dan Saults. 494 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Geographer, Volume 28, 1981: "King Jack Park [in Webb City] The Dream—The Reality," by Martha Alford; "Transportation and Missouri Settlement," by Elizabeth Ruehter.

Missouri Municipal Review, March, 1981: "Jefferson City Community Profile," by Gary Hamburg.

Missouri Ruralist, March 28, 1981: "Daisy Cook Missouri farm history on canvas and oil," by Joe Fischer.

Northwest Discovery, The Journal of Northwest History and Natural History, December, 1980: "Seven [Sager family] Orphans on the Oregon Trail 1844," by Catherine Sager Pringle, edited by Harry M. Majors.

Ozarker, January-February, 1981: "Ozark Folklore History of the Ozarks," by Eunice Pennington; "The Railroads," by David Lewis; "Missouri Schools," by Odeniah Reese.

, March-April, 1981: "Ozark Folklore Churches," by Eunice Pennington; "Carl Frazier [and log and tie drives on the Current River]"; "Black Pond Township Oregon County [and other schools in the Ozarks]," by Odeniah Reese; "Shannon County Grist Mills," by David Lewis.

Ozarks Mountaineer, February, 1981: "The story of Harold Bell Wright," by Leland C. May; "Five Unique Ozark Mountains [Taum Sauk, Buford, Bell, Shepherd and Pilot Knob]," by Clarence R. Keathley; "The Jake Fleagle Story—Capture of an Outlaw [in Branson in 1930]," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Koshkonong the town that refused to die," by Maxine Curtis; "Powerful Voice, Peculiar Name [Mount Etna Morris]," by June Croce.

_, March-April, 1981: "As Always, Vance [Randolph]," by Nancy Clemens; "Winds of Change Blew Over the Ozarks [during the 1930s]," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Vance Randolph—Legacy from a Life­ long Love of the Ozarks," by Ernie Deane; "Looking at Missouri's Newest Wilderness Areas [Bell Mountain, Rockpile Mountain, Devil's Backbone and Piney Creek]," by Dan Saults; "Wild Hoggin' In the Ozarks," by Emmett Adams.

Platte County Historical Society & Genealogical Bulletin, Winter, 1981: "Old Interurban in Platte County," compiled by Betty N. Soper; "History of Platte County, Missouri As Printed in the Atlas of 1877."

Ray County Mirror, April 3, 1981: "Civil War Diary of Ray Countian [Capt. Williamson Deck Fortune]," by Virginia King McBee; "Tales of Jesse James," by Mrs. Lucy LeNora Moss Andrews; "Richmond's Cheese Factory," by Jane Cochran.

Rural Missouri, March, 1981: "George Champlin Sibley The factor of Fort Osage [in Jackson County]," by Mark L. Gardner.

St. Louis, March, 1981: [Vandeventer Place] 'A Little World in Itself," by John Lindenbusch. Historical Notes and Comments 495

April, 1981: "The Literary Boss of the Middle West [William Marion Reedy]," by John Lindenbusch.

St. Louis Bar Journal, Spring, 1981: "American Hero Anonymous: John Cum­ mings And the Iron-Clad Oath (1840-1873)," by William Barnaby Faherty, S.J., edited by Keltner W. Locke.

Saint Louis Commerce, February, 1981: "Another of the city's distinctive neigh­ borhoods . . . Kingsbury," by Norbury Wayman.

, March, 1981: "The Wainwright Building," by George McCue, photos by Denny Silverstein; "the battle of bloody island [in 1848]," by Carl R. Baldwin; "Two more of city's distinctive neigh­ borhoods . . . Hyde Park and Bissell-College Hill," by Norbury Wayman.

, April, 1981: "Century of Commerce Club honors 8 new members"; "Another of the city's distinctive neighborhoods . . . Soul­ ard," by Norbury Wayman.

Show-Me Postmaster, November-December, 1980: "Twenty-Four Missouri Post Offices Established One Hundred Years Ago."

Springfield! Magazine, March, 1981: "Part I: Sounding the First Notes [in 1920] Springfield's Amazing Boy Scout Band," by Don Burns; "Riverside Inn [on banks of Finley River, near Ozark, Mo.] Emerges From Beginnings as Embattled Rebel Artist's [Howard Garrison] Speakeasy," by Edgar A. Albin; "Your Neighbor's Faith Presbyterian Church Plays Dramatic Role in Springfield's History," by Barbara Merrick Southwick; "Life's a Series of New Careers For Dapper Frank Chambers," by Susanne C. Wheat.

, April, 1981: "Part II: Forward March! Springfield's Amazing Boy Scout Band," by Don Burns; "And Then They Sang A Sabbath Song [the lynching of three black men from Gottfried Tower in 1906]," by Katherine Lederer; "Your Neighbor's Faith Service and Out­ reach Characterize Philosophy of Congregational Church," by Lucile Mor­ ris Upton.

Today's Farmer, February, 1981: "Bethany Baptist Church [near Philadelphia in Marion County, Mo.] has missionary heritage," by Phil Mills, Jr.

, March, 1981: "[West] Pleasant Valley [Methodist] Church will celebrate history [in Stoddard County]," by Carol Brost; "MFA [Missouri Farmers Association] celebrates birth by restoring [Newcomer] school [in Chariton County]," by Kathy Meyer.

, April, 1981: "Zion [United] Church of Christ [near Mayview, Lafayette County] has history of sharing," by Carol Brost.

Waterways Journal, February 7, 1981: "The St. Louis Waterfront as It Looked in Steamboat and Pre-Arch Days [late 1920s]," by James V. Swift.

, April 18, 1981: "The Advance Was an Early Mis­ souri River Towboat," by James V. Swift. 496 Missouri Historical Review

Webster County Historical Society Journal, February, 1981: "Northview, Missouri As I Remember It," by Freda N. Burks; "History of Northview Tabernacle Baptist Church," by Mrs. Robert Holloway; "Duncan, Missouri," compiled by Theresa Cantrell Harmon.

West Plains Gazette, January-February, 1981: "In Memory Of Joseph L. Jones 1897-1980 His Heart Remained in the Ozarks"; "Say Hello To The Real Speck Rhodes An Interview with the Ozarks' Favorite Funnyman," by Mich­ ael Cochran; "On The Road To Adventure 70 Years Of Boy Scouting In West Plains," by Jim Cox; "All Saints' Goes Marching On ... 93 Years of Episcopal Faith in West Plains," by Viki Brigham; " 'It Changed My Life' Memories of Scouting in West Plains," by Andy Cochran; "Doc [Virgil S.] Bailey 'I'm Glad I Decided to Stay. . . '." , March-April, 1981: "Howell Family Mysteries"; " 'How's the Weather?' ' . . .Well, Mrs. [Percival S.] Kreigh said. . .' "; "The Ozarks' Bill Virdon Recaps His Dynamic Career," as told to Michael Coch­ ran; " 'The Rolla Connection' Fort Wyman—Union Foothold in the Ozarks, Howell Countians in the Civil War, Part Two," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.; "Gazette Gallery," a pictorial article on West Plains; "The National Feeder Pig Festival or How West Plains Became the Feeder Pig Capital of the World," by Jim Cox.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1981: "Willie Hendrex Remem­ bers [White Oak School and Christian County]"; "Ponce De Leon, Town of Departed Glory! [in Stone County]," by Lucille A. Brown; "About Ponce De Leon," by Thomas R. Welch; "Ponce De Leon—January, 1882," from a letter by Mahlon O. Bedell; "Hurley's [in Stone County] Stella McCall," by Lucille A. Brown; "Dr. Thomas Jefferson McCord Stone County Pioneer," by Helen V. McCoy.

Singing in the Army

Mississippi Valley Democrat and Journal of Agriculture, December 22, 1898. Recognizing the good results that accrue from soldiers singing when on the march, the Minister for War has just ordered 25,000 books of patriotic and military songs as an experiment. These will be distributed to the men in in­ fantry regiments, and classes for singing will be instituted in the barracks. A similar experiment, made in France by General Poillowe, of St. Mars, has been attended with marked success, the number of stragglers on the march being reduced by 70 per cent, owing to the singing. —London Post.

Smart Birds

Cameron Daily Vindicator, July 1, 1882. Crows never complain without caws. That's where they are sensible. Historical Notes and Comments 497

IN MEMORIAM

JORDAN R. BENTLEY wife and his children Jordan Bentley, Jordan R. Bentley, former probate Jr., of Middleburg, Virginia; David and magistrate judge of Chariton William Bentley, Derwood, Maryland; County, died February 15 at Moberly. and Susan Eleana Bentley Franklin, Born in Glasgow on September 7, 1897, Albuquerque, New Mexico. he was the son of William Fristoe and Lalla Cockerill Bentley. He attended high school in Glasgow and William OMAR NELSON BRADLEY Jewell College, Liberty, 1915-1917. Af­ General Omar Nelson Bradley, a ter serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II hero and the last World War I, he entered George American five-star general, died April Washington University Law School in 8, in New York. Born near Clark, Washington, D.C. In 1929, he began Missouri, on February 12, 1893, he was the practice of law in the District of the son of John and Sarah E. (Hub­ Columbia. bard) Bradley. He attended high Judge Bentley married Catherine school at Higbee and Moberly. Ap­ Anne Ruthven in 1920. After her pointed to the United States Military death, he married Minnie Katherine Academy at West Point in 1911, Gen­ Speiser in 1941. eral Bradley graduated 44th in the Returning to Missouri in 1949, Judge class of 1915 along with Dwight D. Bentley continued to practice law in Eisenhower. Salisbury until 1962 when he became Known as the "GI's General," he probate and magistrate judge. He served in World War II as field com­ served in that capacity until his re­ mander leading American forces in the tirement in 1974. 1944 D-Day invasion of Europe under Judge Bentley was an active member General Eisenhower. He later became of the Baptist Church and the Ma­ the first chairman of the Joint Chiefs sonic Lodge. He also was a member of Staff. General Bradley retired from of the community park board, the active service in 1953 but retained a Board of Public Works and the Lewis keen interest in military affairs. He and Clark Trail Commission for Char­ headed the U.S. contingent which iton County and president of the Salis­ went to Normandy on the 25th anni­ bury Centennial Corporation. He versary of D-Day. After leaving the served as president of the Chariton joint chiefs post in 1958, he became County Historical Society from 1958 chairman of the board of the Bulova until 1979 and was instrumental in Watch Company. the establishment of the Chariton General Bradley's first wife, Mary County historical museum in Salis­ Quayle, whom he married in 1916, bury. Governor Joseph Teasdale and died December 1, 1965. The following the Missouri House of Representatives year he married Kitty Buhler and she proclaimed February 24, 1980, as "Jor­ survives along with a daughter, Eliza­ dan Bentley Day," in recognition of beth Bradley Dorsey of Washington, the judge's many contributions and D.C. years of service to his community and General Bradley was buried in Ar­ state. lington National Cemetery near Wash­ Judge Bentley is survived by his ington, D.C. 498 Missouri Historical Review

JOHN FRANCIS McDERMOTT HI November 1, 1980. Born in Pittsburg, John Francis McDermott III, noted Kansas, February 23, 1892, Mr. Ran­ author and historian, died April 23 in dolph received the A.B. degree from St. Louis. An authority on the French Kansas State Teachers College, Pitts­ and Spanish colonial period in the burg, in 1914, and the M.A. degree Mississippi River Valley, Mr. McDer­ from Clark University, Worcester, mott wrote or edited more than 40 Massachusetts, in 1915. He taught bio­ books and hundreds of articles on logy at Pittsburg High School and Midwestern and Western history and served in the army during World art. War I. Born in St. Louis, April 18, 1902, After leaving graduate school at to John F. and Mary (Steber) Mc­ the University of Kansas in 1924, Mr. Dermott, he was a direct descendant Randolph moved to the Ozarks where of Pierre Laclede, a founder of St. he devoted the rest of his life to col­ Louis. For many years McDermott had lecting folk literature and songs. He worked on a biography of Laclede. wrote some twenty books and many Mr. McDermott attended Washing­ magazine and newspaper articles. From ton University in St. Louis, where he 1946 until 1950, the State Historical received the A.B. and A.M. degrees in Society of Missouri published his four- 1923 and 1924. After graduation he re­ volume set of Ozark Folksongs, re­ mained with the English faculty until printed by the University of Missouri 1963 when he became a research Press in 1980. professor at Southern Illinois Univer- Mr. Randolph is survived by his sity-Edwardsville. He retired to ad­ wife, Mary Celestia Parler Randolph, junct professor status in 1972 but now living in South Carolina. remained active in SIU-E groups. In 1954, he won a Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship. He also received awards RUTH ROLLINS WESTFALL from the French and Spanish govern­ Ruth Rollins Westfall, a life-long ments and from academic societies in resident of Boone County, Missouri, those countries. and generous friend of the State His­ At the time of his death, Mr. Mc­ torical Society of Missouri, died April Dermott was president of St. Louis 3 in Columbia. She was the daughter Westerners, a group he helped to of Curtis Burnam and Ruth McCune found in the late 1940s. He also helped Rollins and granddaughter of James establish the William Clark Society, S. Rollins, known as the "Father of a discussion and research group. A the University of Missouri." member of numerous historical and Mrs. Westfall received the A.B. de­ cultural societies, he was a life mem­ gree from the University of Missouri ber of the State Historical Society of and taught in its English Department. Missouri. In December 1921, she married Wilhel- Mr. McDermott married Mary mus D. A. Westfall, chairman of the Stephanie Kendrick on December 20, university's Mathematics Department. 1924. She survives along with a son, He died, April 28, 1951. John Francis McDermott IV, of Pitts­ A member of Calvary Episcopal burgh, Pennsylvania. Church and Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority, Mrs. Westfall donated many VANCE RANDOLPH family photographs, records, papers, Vance Randolph, noted Ozark folk- books and works of art to the State lorist, died in Fayetteville, Arkansas, Historical Society. A reminiscent ac- Historical Notes and Comments 499 count of her life at the family home, JASPER, MRS. VIRGINIA L., Independ­ "La Grange" appeared in the January ence: July 11, 1883-March 15, 1980. 1979 issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL LUCAS, MAJOR JOHN H., Kansas City: REVIEW. July 31, 1903-January 21, 1981. Mrs. Westfall is survived by a son, David Westfall of Lexington, Massa­ MARSALEK, JOHN S., St. Louis: July chusetts, and a daughter, Mrs. John V. 13, 1887-December 28, 1980. Mering of Tucson, Arizona. MARTIN, ZOLA, Warsaw: March 19, 1907-February 14, 1981. Former secre­ BECKER, LUCILLE, St. Louis: May 19, tary of the Benton County Historical 1899-August 16, 1980. Society.

BETZ, C. E., LOS Altos Hills, Cali­ MCCUTCHAN, MELVIN H., Fen ton: fornia: 1893-January 26, 1981. April 12, 1902-November 16, 1980. BRECKENRIDGE, MRS. C. E., Evanston, MOON, FRED A., Springfield: January Illinois: August 22, 1895-February 7, 4, 1887-December 10, 1980. 1981. MOORE, HUBERT R., Kansas City: Sep­ BROWN, MRS. ELMER, Goodman: May tember 21, 1906-April 24, 1980. 24, 1907-February 16, 1981. MOTTAZ, MRS. MABEL, Waynesville: BROWNING, BERNARD G., Fulton: September 20, 1900-January 12, 1980. March 7, 1912-May 1, 1980. President of the Pulaski County His­ torical Society. CREASEY, ROY, Mexico: July 3, 1894- September 28, 1981. NAGLE, JOHN N., Billings: October 5, DENNY, JAMES T., Sedalia: April 28, 1885-December 20, 1979. 1902-February 8, 1980. Former presi­ NULL, MRS. GEORGE M., St. Charles: dent of the Pettis County Historical September 12, 1886-September 9, 1980. Society. PLACKE, C. W., Webster Groves: May DOWLING, ANNA, St. Louis: November 24, 1896-January 12, 1981. 21, 1899-March 26, 1980. POWELL, LOLA H., Henderson, Tex­ EBLEN, AMOS H., Frankfort, Ken­ as: May 7, 1889-July 15, 1980. tucky: April 26, 1906-December 5, 1980. RAY, LAYNE C, SR., Satsuma, Flori­ FARBER, ARNOLD, Neosho: October da: January 5y 1909-January 18, 1981. 28, 1898-December 3, 1980. RUSK, MRS. HOWARD, New York, New HAWLEY, CLAUD C, Springfield: Au­ York: June 15, 1901-October 14, 1980. gust 24, 1903-April 25, 1979. SCHOWE, MRS. DOROTHY, Warrenton: HICKMAN, MRS. SUSAN ARNOLD, Col­ November 6, 1898-April 11, 1981. umbia: November 27, 1887-April 1, 1981. SMITH, MRS. HELEN DERRICK, Belton: August 12, 1901-April 5, 1980. HOGE, GENERAL WILLIAM M., Easton, Kansas: January 13, 1894-October 29, STRICKLER, BERT M., Kansas City: 1979. April 10, 1897-August 31, 1980.

HOLLENBECK, MARSHALL, Sikeston: TALLMAN, FRANCIS J., Kansas City: October 27, 1904-December 2, 1980. June 30, 1912-December 21, 1977. HUFFMAN, PERLEY, Gallatin: August TROTTER, C. R., Dexter: October 27, 19, 1912-May 8, 1980. 1910-August 10, 1980. 500 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS The Archaeology of Missouri, II. By Carl H. Chapman. Illus­ trations by Eleanor F. Chapman (Columbia, Missouri: Univer­ sity of Missouri Press, 1980). 337 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Ap­ pendices. Bibliography. Indexed. $26.95. This second volume of Professor Carl Chapman's definitive account of man's prehistoric inhabitation of Missouri takes up the record at the beginning of the Woodland Period in 1000 B.C. and ends with protohistoric times just prior to European contact. Because of its central location, the lower-Missouri-central-Mis­ sissippi Valley played a vital role in the development of a succes­ sion of prehistoric North American Indian cultures. Chapman writes in easily understandable terms of the first cultural climax of North America, the Hopewell Interaction Sphere, which affected Missouri during the Middle Woodland Period, 500 B.C.-400 A.D. During this exuberant and florescent period, extensive trade networks in exotic materials reached from the Rocky to the Appalachian moun­ tains and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico leading to cultural innovations that were the most spectacular in North Amer­ ica to that time. Then, in one of the most thought provoking essays the reviewer has read on the subject, Chapman gives his reasons for the decline of this Hopewell Interaction Sphere. This work then deals with a second period of cultural sophisti­ cation which took place between 1100 and 1400 A.D. The farmers of this Classic Mississippi Period used large flat-topped mounds as bases for important buildings and lived in villages, sometimes stockaded, that surrounded ceremonial centers. The culture of these people seems, in certain areas, to have been borrowed from Mexico and Central America. Historical Notes and Comments 501

Profusely illustrated with maps, photographs and the fine drawings by Eleanor Chapman, this book will be a standard refer­ ence for archaeologists and lay readers interested in Missouri's prehistory. Of special value are appendices with descriptions and illustrations of pottery, stone and other artifacts used by the peo­ ple whose cultures are outlined in the book. Volumes I and II of The Archaeology of Missouri are sig­ nificant works in the field of North American Archaeology. Written by a native Missourian, they deserve a place in the libraries of all individuals interested in pre-Columbian man and his life in our state. Volume II is especially informative as it deals with the more numerous people of well-established cultures prior to the coming of the European.

State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee

Borderland Rebellion: A History of the Civil War on the Missouri-Arkansas Border. By Elmo Ingenthron (Branson, Mis­ souri: The Ozarks Mountaineer, 1980). 373 pp. Illustrated. Foot­ noted. Indexed. $14.95 (Paperback, $9.95). If Elmo Ingenthron has his way, the Ozark region will take its place in Civil War legendry with the Valley of Virginia, the lower Mississippi, northern Georgia, and other hallowed, much- fought-over districts. His career as an educator convinced this Taney County native that the reading public needs "better understanding of a little known and poorly understood facet of the War of the Rebellion," his editor informs us. After a charmingly thoughtful survey of issues generated by the sectional conflict and their impact in the hills of "Lapland," the reader will encounter a pastiche of feelingly written episodes. The Battle of Carthage awaits him—with Dug Spring, Wilson's Creek, the Neosho meeting of the General Assembly, Pea Ridge, Newtonia, Prairie Grove, and other memorable and not-so-well- remembered incidents of the four-year tragedy. Enhancing the book's appeal are more than 200 illustrations, featuring about four dozen generals in Gray and Blue. The maps are where they are needed, if in a few cases a bit tedious of resolution. Impressions may differ, but this reviewer concludes that Ingenthron superbly combines ideological detachment with empathetic "involvement" in treating this cavalcade of disparate occurrences. On various points the author courts criticism, unnecessarily 502 Missouri Historical Review it must be said. The images of Franz Sigel's military capacity that emerge from these pages differ markedly from those elsewhere obtainable. Amazement at the scarcity of votes for Lincoln in 1860 could have been dispelled by reviewing the mechanics of voting before secret balloting came. Further, conjecture over whether Luns- ford Lomax and D. S. Stanley were contemporaries at West Point easily is resolved in Cullum s Register of Academy graduates. Also, lapses into journalese ("underway," "Mo." and "Ark.") invite academicians' raised eyebrows. More importantly, the reviewer is left to wonder if this ac­ count is quite all it purports to be. When the narrative is four- fifths over, one finds three-fifths of the war, chronologically speak­ ing, remains to be fought. Did the level of violence and passion so swiftly die after Prairie Grove—or even after the fall of Little Rock? The highly useful chronology appended to the narrative (pp. 337-352) suggests otherwise. And one looks in vain for the effects of Sterling Price's "expedition" of September-November 1864, in the Ozark borderlands—where it began and ended. Finally, if one may take the footnotes as bibliography, the author's reliance has been almost entirely on published matter. Are there no un­ tapped source materials in the courthouses and historical societies of the Ozarks, in private hands, or in repositories such as the Western Historical Manuscript Collection? If Borderland Rebellion is not the "last word" on the sub­ ject—and surely it is not—it will remain an invaluable and welcome introduction to what seems a beckoning field of historical investi­ gation. We can all salute the diligence, personal warmth, and breadth of vision that made it possible.

Central Missouri State University Leslie Anders

How Western Cities Grow

St. Joseph Daily Herald, November 1, 1882. A Western man has been telling some Philadelphians how western cities grow. He says he went off into the mountains hunting, and night coming on, he went to sleep in a tree to be out of the reach of the wolves. He was awakened early the next morning by some workmen, who told him to get down and finish his nap on the courthouse steps, as they wanted to turn that tree into a flag pole for the hotel across the way. He got down, and while rubbing his eyes, was nearly run over by a street car and got his feet tangled in an electric light wire. From the Philadelphia News INDEX TO VOLUME LXXV COMPILED BY HIROKO SOMERS Austin, Stephen, 82 Abenakis Indians, 6 Automobile, Model T Ford, art. on, listed, Adair County Historical Society, 93, 223, 244 348, 467 Avery, Peter, 165 Adcock, Rev. J. P., 453, 456 Admiral (excursion boat), art. on, listed, 116 Bach Motor Company, art. on, listed, 249 Advance (towboat), art. on, listed, 495 Bacon, Robert, 205, 206 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 385; 390, Baden Historical Society, 348, 467 391 (illus.) Baden neighborhood, St. Louis, art. on, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 385; 387, listed, 248 394, 395 (illus.) Baer, Dr. Caleb Dorsey, art. on, listed, 245 Affton Historical Society, 223, 348, 467 Bailey, Doc Virgil S., art. on, listed, 496 Albany, arts, on, listed, 488 Bailey, Wendell, 464 Albatross (steamboat), art. on, listed, 118 Baker Harold B., Jr., obit., 251 Alderman, Mrs. A. G., 462 Baker, Zephaniah, family, Bates County, Alexian Brothers Hospital, St. Louis, art. art. on, listed, 488 on, listed, 246 Baldwin family, arts, on, listed, 114, 246, Allen, Mrs. B. K., 321 371 Alton First Baptist Church, art. on, listed, Baldwin, George, 91 110 Bank of Hazelgreen, art. on, listed, 242 Alyward, James, 207 Bara, Theda, 182 American Association for State and Local Barkshire, Mrs. C. E., obit., 251 History, 221 Barnard Community Historical Society, 223, American Business Women's Association, 467 Show-Me State Chapter, 465 Barry County, 85; art. on, listed, 119 American Colonization Society, 55 Barry Presbyterian Church, Platte County, American Home Cook Book, 439 (illus.) art. on, listed, 247 The American Jewess (magazine), art. on, Barton-Vernon Oil and Mining Company, listed, 371 451 American Liberty League, 202, 207 Baseball, arts, on, listed, 118, 372 American Sons of Erin, 178 Bates County, 76, 86, 87; arts, on, listed, Amusement Parks 110, 240, 488 —Coney Island, New York, 329-331, 334 Bates County Historical Society, 93, 349, —Electric Park, Kansas City, 329, 331; 468 316, 331 (illus.) Bates, Gov. Frederick, 413, 414; 415 (illus.); Amusements, Kansas City, art. on, 316- plantation, art. on, listed, 373 345; (illus.) Batson, Oscar V., art. on, listed, 118 Ancient Order of Hibernians, 174, 180 Battle of Monday's Hollow, Camden County, Anders, Dr. Leslie, 225; book review by, art. on, listed, 371 501-502 Battle of Pilot Knob, art. on, listed, 241 Anderson, Curtiss, When You Care Enough, Battle of Westport, art. on, listed, 249 noted, 128-129 Battle of Wilson's Creek, art. on, listed, Anderson, Frank P., 449 372 Anderson House, Lexington, art. on, listed, Becker, Lucille, obit., 499 242 Beecher, Catherine, 418, 419, 422, 424, 446 Anderson, William (Delaware Chief), 152- Belisle, Simars de, 15, 19, 20, 27 154, 156-159 Bell Mountain, Ozarks. arts, on, listed, 494 Andrew County Historical Society, 223, 348, "The Belle Fontaine Indian Factory 1805- 467 1808," by Russell M. Magnaghi, 396-416; Ankedoucharo (Arikara Chief), 407 (illus.) Apple Creek Indians, 151 Belief on taine Streetcar (trolley), arts, on, Applegate, Jesse, art. on, listed, 247 listed, 114, 246, 492 Appleton City Journal, art. on, listed, 110 Bellerive, Louis Saint Ange de, 15, 22, 27, The Archaeology of Missouri, II, by Carl H. 29 Chapman, reviewed, 500-501 Bellerive, Louis Saint Ange de, Sr., 27, 29 Archie, Mo., 449; art. on, listed, 110 Bellevue Valley Historical Society, 93, 349, Architects, Kansas City, arts, on, listed, 468 115, 247, 371, 493 Belton Historical Society, 93, 223, 349, 468 Architecture "Bennett Champ Clark and The 1936 Presi­ —Kansas City, art. on, listed, 116 dential Campaign," by Thomas T. Spen­ —Nodaway County, book on, noted, 257 cer, 197-213; (illus.) Arenz, R. Wayne, 194 Bennetz, Adam, 288 Aricara Indians, 12 Bentley, Jordan R., obit., 497 Arkansas Indians, 3 Benton (steamboat), art. on, listed, 116 Armstrong (Wyandot Indian), 167 Benton County Historical Society, 468 Arrow Rock, Mo., 74; art. on, listed, 116 Benton Park, St. Louis, arts, on, listed, 374 Ashford, James E., 262 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), painting by, Ashley, William H., book on, reviewed, front cover, July issue; (illus.); art. on, 379-380 385-395; (illus.) Astronomy, art. on, 184-196; (illus.) Benton, Thomas Hart (senator). 84 Atchison County, 84, 86, 87, 90; art. on, Bethany Baptist Church, Philadelphia, Mo., listed, 244 art. on, listed, 495 Atherton, Dr. Lewis E., 214 Bethel German Communal Colony, 94, 224, Atlas Portland Cement Plant, Hannibal, 468; arts, on, listed, 242 art. on, listed, 489 Betz, C. E., obit., 499 Attebery, James D., obit., 251 Beverly Lake, arts, on, listed, 247 Aubrey, F. X., art. on, listed, 119 Bichsel Jewelry, Sedalia, art. on, listed, Auditorium Theater, Kansas City, 327 491 Audrain County Historical Museum, art. on, Biddle, Clement, 402 listed, 118 Biddle, Maj. Thomas, art. on, listed, 117 Audrain County Historical Society, 93, 223, Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moynede, 9, 15, 467 20-23; 16 (illus.) Augusta, Mo., art. on, listed, 245 Big Elk (Maha Chief), 410 Aull, Arthur, 460 Biggs, Mrs. Harold, 217 Austin, Moses, 82; arts, on, listed, 247, 493 Bilyeu, Ruby, art. on, listed, 375 503 Bingham, George Caleb, 385 Brockmann family and farm, art. on, listed, Bingham-Waggoner estate, Independence, 245 art. on, listed, 367 Brookside neighborhood, Kansas City, art. Birch, Anna Mae, obit., 251 on, listed, 115 Birkhead, Frank R., obit., 251 Brostrom, Ernest O., art. on, listed, 247 Bissell-College Hill neighborhood, St. Louis, Brown, Darius A., 335 art. on, listed, 495 Brown, Mrs.' Elmer, obit., 499 Bissell, Lt. Col. Daniel, 416 Brown, Joseph, 407 Bittersweet (magazine), 221; art. on, listed, Brown, Martha, 263, 267 115 Brown, Mike, The History of New Cambria, Black Bob (Shawnee Indian), 162 noted, 382 Black, Dr. Cyril E., 222 Brown, Thomas, 169 Black Oak United Methodist Church, art. Browning, Bernard G., obit., 499 on, listed, 240 Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., 214, 216, 220, Black Pond, Oregon County, art. on, listed, 465; book review by, 500-501 494 Bruce, Janet, "Of Sugar and Salt and Blacks Things in the Cellar and Sun: Food —book on, reviewed, 122-123 Preservation In Jackson County In The —in Lafayette County, 1861-1870, art. on, 1850s," 417-447; (illus.) 51-63 Brunswick, arts, on, listed, 110, 240, 488 Blackwell sisters, art. on, listed, 245 Brush and Palette Club, Hermann, 94. 224, Bland, Richard P., 307, 312; 313 (illus.) 466 Blanton, Charles, 214 Brush Creek, art. on, listed, 493 Bloodland, Mo., art. on, listed, 113 Bryan, William Jennings, 295, 309, 310, Bloomfield, arts, on, listed, 369, 488 313-315, 459; 314 (illus.) Blow, Susan, art. on, listed, 116 Bryce, James, 39 Blue Jacket (Shawnee Indian), 167 Buchanan County, art. on, listed, 112 Blue River, art. on, listed, 111 Buffalo, Mo., 276; art. on, listed, 488 Blue Springs, Mo., art. on, listed, 240 Buford Log Cabin, Reynolds County, art. Blue Springs Historical Society, 94, 224, on, listed, 367 Buford Mountain, Ozarks, art. on, listed, 349 494 Blumenschein, Ernest L., painting by, 1 Buhrman, William O., obit., 377 (illus.) Bull Creek, cemeteries along, art. on, listed, Boaz, Mo., art. on, listed, 111 117 Boilvin, Nicholas, 408-410 Burger's Smokehouse, California, Mo., 91 Bolckow, Mo., book on, noted, 126 Burns, Osborn, art. on, listed, 114 Bollinger County, 82; book on, noted, 124- Burns, Robert, 148 125 Burton, Eve, 268 Bollinger County Historical Society, 94, 224, Burton, Rev. F. M., 453 349, 469 Burton, James M., 269, 274, 277, 280, 283 Bonfils, Eugene Napoleon, art. on, listed, Burton, Melissa, 263, 265, 267, 270 241 Burton Publishing Company, Kansas City, Bonner Miller Post #250 American Legion, art. on, listed, 115 DeKalb County, art. on, listed, 492 Bushwhackers, art. on, listed, 369 Bonnots Mill, Mo., 286, 290; St. Louis Businesses Parish, hist, of, art. on, listed, 243 —Atlas Portland Cement Plant, Hanni­ Book Notes, 124-130, 257-259, 381-384 bal, art. on, listed, 489 Book Reviews, 122-123, 254-256, 379-380, —Bach Motor Company, art. on, listed, 500-502 249 Boon, A. G., 163 —Bank of Hazelgreen, art. on, listed, 242 Boone County, Old Mill, art. on, listed, 366 —Barton-Vernon Oil and Mining Com­ Boone County Historical Society, 349, 469 pany, 451 Boone, Daniel, 70; art. on, listed, 370 —Bichsel Jewelry, Sedalia, art. on, listed, Boone, Lt. Col. Nathan, art. on, listed, 492 491 Boonslick Historical Society, 94, 224, 469 —Burger's Smokehouse, 91 Boonville, Mo., 78, 281; 43 (illus.); art. —Burton Publishing Company, art. on, on, listed, 240, 366, 488 listed, 115 Borderland Rebellion: A History of the —canning factories, Christian County, Civil War on the Missouri-Arkansas Bor­ art. on, listed, 375 der, by Elmo Ingenthron, reviewed, 501- —Commercial Bank, University City, art. 502 on, listed, 114 Botts, Tom, 216 (illus.) —Eagle Packet Company, art. on, listed, Botts, Mrs. Virginia, 217; 216 (illus.) 119 Bourgmond, Etienne Veniard Du art. on. —Farm & Home Savings and Loan As­ 1-32 sociation, arts, on, listed, 246, 371 "Bourgmond's Fort d'Orleans and the —Gibbon's Grocery, Wayne County, art. Missouri Indians," by Robert T. Bray, on, listed, 490 1-32; (illus.) —Hallmark, Inc., book on. noted, 128-129 Bowdern, Thomas S., 173 —Kessler Store, New Melle, art. on, Bowen, Will, art. on, listed, 246 listed, 245 Boy Scout Band, Springfield, arts, on, —Mattingly Stores, Inc., Odessa, art. on, listed, 495 listed, 490 Boy Scouts, West Plains, arts, on, listed, —Meadow Brook Telephone Company, 496 art. on, listed, 371 Boyer, Francis, 155, 159, 160 —Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, Bradley, Omar Nelson, obit., 497 Grandin, art. on, listed, 488 Brady, Bob, 464 —Owl Drug Store, Kansas City, art. on, Branson, art. on, listed, 494 listed, 111 Bray, Robert T., 224, 479; "Bourgmond's —Pevely Dairy Company, art. on, listed, Fort d'Orleans and the Missouri Indians," 116 1-32; (illus.) Butler, Mo., 87 Breckenridge, Mrs. C. E., obit., 499 —arts, on, listed, 110 Brehe, Howard, obit., 251 —book on, noted, 381-382 Bridges, arts, on, listed, 115, 243, 493 Butler County, 88, 89; arts, on, listed, 369, Bridges, Joseph (Bill), home, Saverton, art. 373 on, listed, 111 Butler County Historical Society, 350 Bristow, Alex, art. on, listed, 245 Butterfield Overland Mail, art. on, listed, Britts, Dr. John Henry, home, Clinton, art. 491 on, listed, 110 Byars, William Vincent, 312 504 Cheese factory, Richmond, art. on, listed, Cabool History Society, 94, 350 494 Cahokia Indians, 20 Cherokee Indians, 147, 148, 153; art. on, Caldwell County, 78, 80; Tom Creek Coal listed 492 Mine, art. on, listed, 367 Chillicothe, Mo., 173; arts, on, listed, 240, Caldwell County Historical Society, 95, 224, 366 469 Chouteau (steamboat), art. on, listed, 249 Caldwell, Kinkead, home, art. on, listed, Chouteau, Auguste, 151 112 Chouteau, Pierre, 151 Call, Amandus Leo, obit., 120 Chouteau, Paul, 407 Callaghan family, art. on, listed, 367 Christensen, Lawrence O., 348 Callaway County, art. on, listed, 117 —book review by, 122-123 Calvary Baptist Church, Hannibal, art. on, —Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, re­ listed, 367 viewed, 254-256 Calvary Baptist Church, Kansas City, art. Christian Church, Crane, art. on, listed, 110 on, listed, 249 Christian County, arts, on, listed, 112, 117, Camden County, art. on, listed, 371 243, 375, 496 Camden County Historical Society, 469 Christman family, art. on, listed, 248 Camden Point, Mo., arts, on, listed, 117, 247 Christmas, art. on, listed, 368 Cameron, Ralph T., obit., 377 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Campbell, John, 155-158 art. on, listed, 492 Campbell, Leroy F.. 375 Church of Risen Savior, Starkenburg, art. Campbell, Robert, house, St. Louis, art. on, on, listed, 374 listed, 490 Churches, arts, on, listed, 110, 114, 246, Canning factories, Christian County, art. 367, 374, 495 on, listed, 375 —Barry Presbyterian Church, art. on, Cannon, Cecil, 47 listed, 247 Cannon, Clarence A., art. on, 33-50; (illus.) —Calvary Baptist Church, Kansas City, Cannon, Mrs. Clarence A., 36; 38 (illus.) art. on, listed, 249 Cannon, Randolph, 34. 36 —Catholic churches, Springfield, art. on, Canton, Mo., arts, on, listed, 240 listed, 375 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 69, 82, 148, 150, 152; —Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Webster arts, on listed, 373 Groves, art. on, listed, 493 Cape Girardeau (steamboat), arts, on, —Epiphany Episcopal Church, Kirkwood, listed, 119 art. on, listed, 115 Cape Girardeau County Historical Society, —Episcopal Church, West Plains, art. 95, 224, 350 on, listed, 496 Capitol, Missouri State, art. on, listed, 247 —First Methodist Church, Clifton Hill, Caples, John, 174 art. on, listed, 490 Capre, Joe, 323 —Grace Episcopal Church, art. on, listed, Carondelet, Mo., arts, on listed, 114, 246, 366 493 —Grace Presbyterian Church, Crystal Carondelet Historical Society, 95, 225, 469 City, art. on, listed, 489 Carondelet-Markham Memorial Presbyterian —Hamilton Methodist Church, hist, of, Church, art. on, listed, 114 art. on, listed, 241 Carroll County, 74, 84; arts, on, listed, 372, —Hope United Church of Christ, De Soto, 493 art. on, listed, 489 Carrollton, Depression years, art. on, listed, —Lone Star Church, Taney County, art. 240 on, listed, 249 Carter County, 85; art. on, listed, 373 —Mormon, art. on, listed, 492 Carthage, arts, on, listed, 366 —Mt. Zion Church, Gentry County, art. Caruthersville, arts, on, listed, 242, 373 on, listed, 248 Cass County. 82, 85, 87; art. on, listed, 489 —Northview Tabernacle Baptist Church, Cass Countv Historical Society, 95, 225, 350, art. on, listed, 496 470 —Platte City Presbyterian Church, art. Catalano, Augustin, 323 on, listed, 117 Catholic Total Abstinence Union 172 —Pleasant Hill Free Will Baptist Church, Catholic Young Men's Total Abstinence So­ hist, of, art. on, listed, 248 ciety, 172 —Pleasant Hill United Methodist Church, Cedar County, arts, on, listed, 110, 244 hist, of, art. on, listed, 490 Cedar County Historical Society, 225, 350, —Plymouth United Methodist Church. 470 Braymer, art. on, listed, 248 Cemeteries, arts, on, listed, 111, 117, 119, —Protestant churches, Missouri, art. on, 247 listed, 113 Census of Stained Glass Windows in Amer­ —Raytown Christian Church, art. on, ica, 466 listed, 117 Central High School, Springfield, art. on, —Redemptorist Parish, Westport, art. on, listed, 118 listed, 119 Central Methodist College, Fayette, 185, —Roaring River Baptist Church, hist, of, 186, 190-193, 196; 191, 195 (illus.) art. on, listed, 240 Central Missouri Amateur Astronomers, 193 —St. Anthony's Catholic Church, hist, of, Central Park, Hannibal, art. on, listed, 489 art. on, listed, 243 Centralia Historical Society. 95, 225 —St. Barnabas' Episcopal Church, Floris­ Century Theater, Kansas City, 327 sant, art. on, listed, 115 Chambers, Frank, art. on, listed, 495 —Ste. Genevieve Catholic Church, art. Chamois Mo., art. on, listed, 116 on, listed, 244 Chapman, Prof. Carl H., 2; The Archae­ —St. James United Church of Christ, ology of Missouri, II. reviewed, 500-501 Stony Hill, art. on, listed, 248 Chapman, Clark R., 189 —St. John's Episcopal Church, Sullivan, Chariton County, 74; arts, on, listed, 246, art. on, listed, 493 492, 495 —St. Louis Parish, Bonnots Mill, hist. of. Chariton County Historical Society, 96, 225, art. on, listed, 243 470 —St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, War- "Charles H. Jones: Spokesman for the son Woods, art. on, listed, 247 'Western Idea'," bv Thomas Graham, —St. Michael and St. George Episcopal 294-315; (illus.) Church, Clayton, art. on, listed, 371 Char lev, James, Jr., 159. 160, 164 —St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Armagh, Chase, Terry, 91 art. on, listed, 241 Chautauqua circuits, Kansas City, art. on, —St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Caron­ listed, 111 delet, art. on, listed, 493 505 —St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ironton, Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 96, 226, art. on, listed, 371 471 —St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Bonne Cole County Historical Society, 97, 226, Terre, art. on, listed, 247 352 472 —St. Stanislaus Parish, art. on, listed, Cole, M. C, obit., 251 111 Colleges, see Schools —St. Teresa Parish, St. Louis, 181; 180 Collett, Mr. and Mrs. Gordon, 91; farm, 91 (illus.) Columbia, 69; MSTA headquarters, art. on, —Trinity Episcopal Church, St. James, listed, 374 art. on, listed, 115 Column Club, Kansas City, art. on, listed, —West Park Methodist Church, Moberly, 372 hist, of, art. on, listed, 490 Commerce Bank, University City, art. on, Churchill, Winston, art. on, listed, 241 listed, 114 Citizens Mutual Phone, Johnson County, Commerce Club, St. Louis, art. on, listed, art. on, listed, 246 495 ,. , Civil War, 60, 63, 85, 86, 153, 185, 285, Concordia, St. Paul's College, art. on, listed, 288, 296 114 —art. on, 261-284; (illus.) Concordia Historical Institute, 352, 472 —arts, on, listed, 110, 114, 369, 371, 372, Connally, Thomas T., art. on, listed, 491 374, 494 Conner, Henry, 154 —Bates County, art. on, listed, 489 Conner, John, 154 —Battle of Pilot Knob, art. on, listed, Conway, Mo., arts, on, listed, 368 241 Cook, Daisy, art. on, listed, 494 —Battle of Westport, art. on, listed, 249 Cook, Mabel, 321 —Confederate Monument, Camden Point, Coolidge, Calvin, 208 art. on, listed, 247 Cooper, Col. Benjamin, 70 —Farmington, art. on, listed, 489 Cork Total Abstinence Society, 169 —First Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regi­ Corlew, Charles, art. on, listed, 368 ment, 262, 264, 268, 275, 279, 283 Cotten, Benjamin, family, art. on, listed, —Howard County, arts, on, listed, 111, 373 241, 367 Cottingham, Rev. T. W., 452 —Howell County, arts, on, listed, 375, 496 Council Camp treaty, 165 —Lafayette County, art. on, listed, 112 Courthouses, arts, on, listed, 114, 248, 374, —Order No. 11, art. on, listed, 488 489 —Ozarks, book on, reviewed, 501-502 Cracker Barrel Country, by Bill Schier­ —St. Charles, Confederate sympathizers, meier, noted, 125 art. on, listed, 114 Craig, Virginia, arts, on, listed, 118, 248 —Warsaw, art. on, listed, 245 Cramer, Wilson, art. on, listed, 242 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, Crane Christian Church, art. on, listed, 110 96, 225, 350, 470 Crawford County, art. on, listed, 366 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 96, Crawford County Historical Society, 472 226, 350 Creamer, Rev. W. M., 452, 453 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, 96, Creasey, James T., obit., 499 351, 471 Creech, Mary Jane, 102; art. on, listed, 117 Clark, Bennett Champ, art. on, 197-213; Creek Indians, 149, 150, 155 (illus.) Creve Coeur Chesterfield Historical Society, Clark, Champ, 34, 37, 46, 198; 46 (illus.) 226 Clark County, Courthouse, hist, of, art. on, Cromer, Freda Taylor, art. on, listed, 375 listed, 489 Crow, Theodore, 288 Clark County Historical Society, 96, 226, Crozat, Antoine, 9, 14 351, 471 Crutcher, Rev. S. W„ 453, 454 Clark, William, 151, 152, 409, 413, 414, 448; Crystal City, art. on, listed, 489 report, 404 (illus.) Cuba, Mo., hist, of, art. on, listed, 113 Clay County, 69; 78; art. on, listed, 492 Cummings, John, art. on, listed, 494 Clay County Historical Society, 96, 226, Cunningham, Dr. Noble, 215 351, 471 Curran, Forlance J., 173 Clay County Museum Association, 96, 351 Curran, Pearl, arts, on, listed, 117, 373 Claybrooke, George, farm, art. on, listed, Current River, 155, 161, art. on, listed, 243 494 Clayton, Mo., arts, on, listed, 114, 371, 492 The Current River and Tributaries [Part Clayton; a history by Dickson Terry, noted, II] The Jack's Fork of the Current River 383 Historical and Geographical, by David Clemens, Jane Lampton, art. on, listed, 241 Lewis, noted, 258 Clemens, Samuel, see Twain, Mark Curtiss, Louis, art. on, listed, 115 Clement, William G., 459 Cleveland, Pres. Grover, 295, 298, 301, 302- 309; 307 (illus.) Dade County Historical Society, 226, 352, Clevenger, Dr. Homer, obit., 120 472 Clifton Hill, First Methodist Church, art. Dains, Mary K., 221; book review by, 254- on, listed, 490 256 Clifton, Juanita, Reelfoot and the New Dallas County, justices, art. on, listed, 371 Madrid Quake, noted, 129 Dallas County Historical Society, 97, 227, Clinton, Mo., 278, 280; arts, on, listed, 110, 352, 472 240 Dalton, W. W., 214 Clinton, Capt. Charles, 268 D'Angelica, Cherubino, art. on, listed, 491 Clinton County Historical Society, 351 Daughters of Old Westport, 227 Cloe, William Henry, Sr., art. on, listed, Daviess County, 76, 78; Lock Springs, art. 115 listed, 372 Clokey, Richard M., William H. Ashley: En­ Davis Cemetery, Ozark County, art. on, terprise and Politics in the Trans-Missis­ listed, 111 sippi West, reviewed, 379-380 Davis, Elmer, obit., 377 Coates House, Kansas City, art. on, listed, Davis, Joseph, art. on, listed, 369 490 Davis, Maj. Murray, art. on, listed, 249 Cobbott, William, 425 Davis, Neva Richardson, art. on, listed, 119 Cody, William F., art. on, listed, 369 De Lassus, Charles, art. on, listed, 114 Coffey, Rev. James T., 173, 175; 176 (illus.) De Soto, Mo., 173; arts, on, listed, 367, 489 Cohen, Madison Sandidge, art. on, listed, Dearborn, Henry, 399-402, 404, 405, 407-409, 117 413; 403 (illus.) Colborn, R. I., 214 Deas, Charles, art. on, listed, 493 506 DeKalb County, arts, on, listed, 243, 371, Elsberry, Mo., 34, 36, 37, 47, 49 492 Emerson, Joseph, 267 DeKalb County Historical Society, 97, 227, Emerson, S. T., 449 352 473 Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Webster Delaware Indians, 72, 410; art. on, 147-167 Groves, art. on, listed, 493 Delmar Loop, University City, art. on, Empress Theater, Kansas City, 327 listed, 248 Epiphany Episcopal Church, Kirkwood, art. Democratic National Committee, 207, 208, on, listed, 115 211 Episcopal Church, Springfield, art. on, Democratic National Convention listed, 374 —1888, St. Louis, 298, 306; 298 (illus.) Episcopal Church, West Plains, art. on, —1904, St. Louis, 451 listed, 496 —1936, 203, 211 Eubank, Dr. L. A., obit., 251 Democratic Party, Committee of One, 204, Eversmann, Ludwig, 135, 137 206, 211 Excelsior Springs, Elms Hotel, art. on, Demuth, David, obit., 251 listed, 111 Denny, James T., obit., 499 Excursion boats, arts, on, listed, 116, 374 Denny, John Harrison, Sr., obit., 377 "The Expansion of the Settlement Frontier Denslow, William R., 215, 217; 216, 217 in Missouri," by James R. Shortridge, (illus.) 64-90; (illus.) Dent County Historical Society, 353, 472 Dent, Lester, thesis on, noted, 250 Deppen-Atterbury family, DeKalb County, Faherty, William Barnaby, 229; Jesuit art. on, listed, 492 Roots in Mid-America, noted, 384 Depression, 89; arts, on, listed, 240, 246 Fair Grove, Mo., arts, on, listed, 117, 488 Derbigny, Pierre, art. on, listed, 114 Fairbanks, Sen. Charles W., 459 Devil's Backbone, Ozarks, art. on, listed, Fairley, Dr. Arthur S., 193 494 Faith Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Dewey, Adm. George, 178 art. on, listed, 495 DeWitt, Carroll County, arts, on, listed, Farber, Arnold, obit., 499 372 493 Farley, James A., 209; 210 (illus.) Dickinson, Don, 308 Farm & Home Savings and Loan Associa­ Directory of Local Historical Societies, 215 tion, arts, on, listed, 246, 371, 493 Disney, Walt, 321 Farmington, 68, 155; art. on, listed, 489 Dittermore, Michael, house, art. on, listed, Farms, hist, of, art. on, listed, 494 490 Farmville, Ray County, art. on, listed, 247 Diveley, Michael, 159 Fayette, 74, 185, 186, 190, 192, 193, 196, Dolan, Cornelius D., 323 280, 281; street, art. on, listed, 241 Donaldson, Alice, "Rhetoric of A Small Female Orphan School, Christian Church Midwestern Town," 448-463; (illus.) of Missouri, Camden Point, art. on, listed, Doniphan, Gen. Alexander, art. on, listed, 117 373 Femme Osage Valley, art. on, listed, 115 Dora, Mo., hist, of, art. on, listed, 367 Ferguson Historical Society, 227, 353 Doud, Kenneth, obit;., 377 Festus, Mo., art. on, listed, 367 Douglas, Dr. Ann, 222 Field, Eugene, art. on, listed, 492 Dowling, Anna, obit., 499 Fifty Dollar Gift, by Evalyne Grand, noted, Downing depot, art. on, listed, 368 125 Duden, Gottfried, 220, 292; art. on, 131-146 Filley, Cedar County, art. on, listed, 244 Duden, Leonhard, 132 Finfer, Lawrence, 337 Dudley family and Dudley's Knob, Johnson Finley River, 157; arts, on, listed, 116, 495 County, art. on, listed, 246 Fire headquarters, Kansas City, art. on, Dugan, George William, art. on, listed, 249 listed, 242 Duncan, Mo., art. on, listed, 496 Firearms, art. on, listed, 372 Duncan, Moses, art. on, listed, 115 First Baptist Church, Elsberry, 34 Dunham, Joe E., obit., 120 First Baptist Church, Maysville, art. on, Dunklin County, Taylor home, art. on, listed, 114 listed, 366 First Iowa Cavalry, 282 Dunklin County Museum, 352 First Methodist Church, Clifton Hill, art. DuPont, Irenee, 207 on, listed, 490 Dutzow, Mo., art. on, listed, 370 First Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, 262, 264, 268, 275, 277, 279, 283 E First United Methodist Church, De Soto, Eagle Packet Company, art. on, listed, 119 art. on, listed, 367 Easter Serenade (horse), art. on, listed, Fishing River, art. on, listed, 247 248 Fitzgerald, family, Gerald, art. on, listed, Eastern Jasper County Historical Sites 241 Society, 227 Fleagle, Jake, art. on, listed, 494 Eberle, Jean F., Urban Oasis: 75 Years in Fleet, Dr. Robert R., 193 Parkview a St. Louis Private Place, Fletcher, George H., obit., 120 Florissant, Mo., 400; arts, on, listed, 115 noted, 258 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 97, 353 Eblen, Amos H., obit., 499 Flynn, Nugent J., 323 Eccles, Mo., art. on, listed, 368 Fogel, Harry, 323 Edison, Thomas, 321 Foley, William E., book review by, 379-380 Edward, Samuel, 61 Folk, Joe, 456 "Eight Months in Missouri: The Civil War Food preservation, Jackson County, art. on, Letters of Philander H. Nesbit," by 417-447 Norman Stewart, 261-284; (illus.) Forest Park, Kansas City, 329, 331 El Dorado Springs, arts, on, listed, 110, 240, Forest Park, St. Louis, 175; art. on, listed, 367, 489 114 Elections Forest Springs, Knox County, art. on, listed, —arts, on, listed, 372, 375 489 —presidential, 1936, art. on, 197-213 Forsyth-Chadwick Mail Route, art. on, Electric Park, Kansas City, 329, 331; 316, listed, 117 331 (illus.) Fort Detroit, 10, 11; 12 (illus.) Ellet, Capt. Alfred W., 273 Fort Madison, Iowa, 414-416 Ellis, Calvin A., 276 Fort Orleans, art. on, 1-32; (illus.) Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs, art. on, Fort Osage, 72, 411, 414-416; art. on, listed, listed, 111 494 507 Fort Osage Historical Society, 97 Goodrich, Dr. James W., 95, 220, 347, 465; Fort Wyman, art. on, listed, 496 220 (illus.); "Gottfried Duden: A Nine­ Fortune, Capt. Williamson Deck, art. on, teenth-Century Missouri Promoter," 131- listed, 494 146; (illus.) Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Gene­ Gordon, Milton, 169 vieve, 98, 227, 353, 473 Gosneyville International Order of Odd Foust homestead, Butler County, art. on, Fellows Lodge, art. on, listed, 244 listed, 369 "Gottfried Duden: A Nineteenth-Century Fox, Henrv, 267 Missouri Promoter," by James W. Good­ Fox Indians, 72, 396, 398, 406-408, 410, 414 rich, 131-146; (illus.) Fox, William, 321 Goukawatonega (Little Osage Chief), 410 Francis, David R., 299, 300, 304-312; 309 Grace Episcopal Church, Chillicothe, art. (illus.); art. on, listed, 371 on, listed, 366 Francis, Mrs. Jane Perry, 304 Grace Presbyterian Church, Crystal City, Franklin County, 72; art. on, listed, 491 art. on, listed, 489 Franklin County Historical Society, 98, 353, Graduate Thesis Relating to Missouri His­ 473 tory, 250 Frazier, Carl, art. on, listed, 494 Graebner, Dr. Norman, 222 Fremont, Gen. John C, 264 Graf, J. J„ 214 French peasant society, Ste. Genevieve, Graham Historical Society, 98, 354 thesis on, noted, 250 Graham, Richard, 154, 157, 158 French, William Howard, painting by, front Graham, Thomas, "Charles H. Jones: cover, October issue; (illus.) Spokesman for the 'Western Idea'," 294- Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 315; (illus.) 473 Grand, Evalyne, The Fifty Dollar Gift, Friends of Historic Boonville, 98. 227, 474 noted, 125 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 98, 227, 353, Grand River Historical Society, 99, 228, 474 354, 474 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, 228 Grand Theater, Kansas City, 327; 328 Friends of Rocheport, 98 (illus.) Frisco Building. Joplin, art. on, listed, 242 Grande Prairie neighborhood, St. Louis, Froman, Jane, art. on, listed, 116 art. on, listed, 118 Fulks, Sara Jane, see Wyman, Jane Grandin, Missouri Lumber and Mining Com­ Fuller, Mrs. J. P., 186 pany, art. on, listed, 488 Fulton, Mo., arts, on, listed, 241 Graves, John Temple, 297 Funderberg, W. H., 456 Graves, Thomas G., 58 Fur Trade, art. on, listed, 492 Greef, Charles H, obit., 251 Green, Arthur W., 251 Greene County, arts, on, listed, 117, 248, Gage, Dr. Thomas E., 217: (illus.) 374 Gans, Herbert, 339 Greene County Historical Society, 99, 228, Garden Theatre, University City, art. on, 354, 474 listed, 118 Greene, Friend B., obit., 251 Gardner, Gov. Frederick D., 43 Greene, Lorenzo J., Missouri's Black Heri­ Garraghan, Gilbert J., 24, 28 tage, reviewed, 122-123 Garrison, Howard, art. on, listed, 495 Greene, Thaddeus, art. on, listed, 372 Garrison, William Lloyd, 170 Greenwood, Ralph, obit., 251 Gasconade County Historical Society, 98, Grundy County Historical Society, 99, 228, 228 354 475 Gavet'v Theater, Kansas City, 327; art. on, Gumbo Point archaeological site, 17, 18 listed. 368 Guzzardo, Joseph, 323 Genova, John, 323 Gypsies, Clayton, art. on, listed, 492 Gentry County, arts, on, listed, 248, 488 George, Gerald, 91 H George, Henry, 169 Ha Ha Tonka State Park, art. on, listed, Gerin-Laioie, Marie, 32 113 Gerlach, "Russel L., 80 Hackman family, art. on, listed, 245 Germans, arts, on, 131-146, 285-293 Hagood, John, 61 Gibbon's Grocery, Wayne Countv, art. on, Hahn, Mary L., 94, 224; More . . . Bits of listed, 490 History, noted, 124-125 Gierke, Victor, A., 214 Haley, Frank C, III, obit., 251 Gifts, 106-109, 236-239, 361-365, 483-487 Hall, Joyce C, When You Care Enough, Gilbert. Morris, 50 noted, 128-129 Gilliss House, Kansas City, 166; (illus.) Hall, Dr. Thomas B., Jr., obit., 251 Gilliss, Marv, 159. 160, 165 Hallmark, Inc., book on, noted, 128-129 Gilliss, Nancy, 150, 160, 164, 165 Hamilton Baptist Church, art. on, listed, Gilliss Opera House, Kansas City, 167, 327; 367 328 (illus.) Hamilton, Mrs. David, 32 Gilliss Orphan's Home, 167 Hamilton, Mrs. Jean Tyree, 214 Gilliss, Sophia, 159, 160, 165 Hamilton Methodist Church, hist, of, art. Gilliss, William, art. on, 147-167; (illus.) on, listed, 241 Glasgow, Mo., 74, 185, 188, 190-192; Mor­ Hannebaum, WTilliam, art. on, listed, 112 rison Observatorv, art. on, 184-196; Hannibal, 85, 173; arts, on, listed, 111, 115, (illus.) 241, 367, 489, 493 Glasgow Community Museum, 91 Hansen, Marcus L., 132 Gleason, Mrs. Harlie R.. obit., 377 Harbert, J. W., 451 Gleason, Philip, 169 Harding, Warren G., 208 Glen Echo Country club, art. on, listed, 115 Harlin Brothers, art. on, listed, 375 Glendale High School, Springfield, art. on, Harper. Roderick F., art. on, listed, 3G6 listed. 248 Harris House, Fulton, art. on, listed, 241 Glenn House, Cape Girardeau, art. on, Harris, Paul, art. on, listed, 248 listed, 373 Harrison County Historical Society, 228, Glenn House, Monroe City, art. on, listed, 475 112 Harrison, Jimmy, 155 Globe Theater, Kansas City, 327 Harrison, William Henry, 148, 398 Goff, Rubv. The Story of a Hometown, Harshaw, Lou, Reelfoot and the New Mad­ Bolckow, Missouri, 1868-1977, noted, 126 rid Quake, noted, 129 Gold Rush, 1848, art. on, listed, 490 Hartje, Mrs. Virginia, obit., 120 Golf, Walker Cup, art. on, listed, 248 Harvard University, 185; Observatorv, 188, Golschmann, Vladimir, art. on, listed, 493 192 508 Havig, Alan, "Mass Commercial Amuse­ —Hunter Dawson home, New Madrid, art. ments in Kansas City Before World War on, listed, 244 I," 316-345; (illus.) —Majors, Alexander, home, Jackson Hawkins family, art. on, listed, 112 County, art. on, listed, 115 Hawkins, Robert L., art. on, listed, 490 —Schowengerdt, Ernst, home, Warren­ Hawley, Claud C, obit., 499 ton, art. on, listed, 116 Haynes, Peter, art. on, listed, 371 Hoover, Herbert, 207, 208 Haynes, Rowland, 319, 320, 325-327, 332, Hooverville, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 246 333, 340, 341, 343, 344; 321 (illus.) Hope United Church of Christ, De Soto, Hazelwood Historical Society, 99, 475 art. on, listed, 489 H'Doubler, Mrs. Francis T., obit., 377 Hopkins, Mrs. Robert, 32 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical So­ Horak, Ella Lilly, art. on, listed, 375 ciety, 228, 354, 475 Horner, Charles F., art. on, listed, 111 Hearst, William Randolph, 207, 209 Horses, famous, art. on, listed. 248 Henning, Dr. Dale R., 32 Hospitals Henning, James, house, St. Francisville, —arts, on, listed, 246, 248 art. on, listed, 368 —Marshall State Hospital, thesis on, Henrietta, Mo., art. on, listed, 247 noted, 250 Henry County Historical Society, 99, 229, Hotels 354, 475 —arts, on, listed, 111, 115 Hercules Wilderness, Taney County, art. —Coates House, Kansas City, art. on, on, listed. 117 listed, 490 Heritage Seekers, 229, 354 —Palmer House, Lancaster, art. on, Hermann, Mo., 82, 146; arts, on, listed, listed, 242 116, 118 —Price Hotel, Buffalo, art. on, listed, 488 Hewitt, W. Rogers, 214 —Riverside Inn, art. on, listed, 495 Hicklin, James, 54 —St. Charles Hotel, St. Joseph, art. on, Hickman, Mrs. Susan Arnold, obit., 499 listed, 369 Hickok, J. B., art. on, listed, 115 —Siloam Springs Hotel, art. on, listed. Hickory County, 84; arts, on, listed, 111, 489 499 Hickory County Historical Society, 475 House, Capt. James, 413 Higbee Area Historical Society, 475 Houseman Air Line, art. on, listed, 247 Hildebrand, Sam, art. on, listed, 110 How to Research the History of Your Web­ Hill, Harry, 91 ster Groves House, by Ann Morris, noted, Hillcrest High School, Springfield, art. on, 129 listed, 118 Howard County, 70, 72, 79, 84, 191, 192; Hillsboro, Mo., art. on, listed, 241 Civil War, arts, on, listed, 111, 241 Hillyard, Newton S., art. on, listed, 117 Howard, Jan, art. on. listed, 119 Hirth, William, 209 Howard Payne College, Fayette, 186 Historic Florissant, 475 Howell, Charles, 198, 199 Historic Hermann, 100, 229, 355, 476 Howell County, arts, on, listed, 375 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 229 Howell family, art. on, listed, 496 Historical and Architectural Landmarks of Hubbard, Maj. James, 279, 282 Nodaway County, by Nodaway Arts Coun­ Huffman, Perley, obit., 499 cil, noted, 257 Huger, Rev. G. C. obit., 120 Historical Association of Greater Cape Gi­ Hughes, John Starrett, "Lafayette County rardeau, 100, 229, 355, 476; art. on, listed, and The Aftermath of Slavery 1861- 373 1870," 51-63; (illus.) Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, Hughes, Dr. William T., 193 229, 355 Hulen, Helen C, obit., 120 Historical Glimpses of Lexington, by Kath­ Humphreys, James & Mary, art. on, listed, erine Wilson Sellers, noted, 259 241 Historical Society of Polk County, 229, 355, Hunt, Col. Thomas, 409 476 Hunter-Dawson home, New Madrid, art. on, Historical Society of University City, 230 listed, 244 The History of Laclede County, Missouri, Huntsville Historical Society, 230, 355 by Laclede County Heritage Association, Hurley, Stone County, art. on, listed, 496 noted, 130 Huston, Wiley, 41, 42 "History of Morrison Observatory 1875- Hutchinson, M. C, 456, 462 1979," by Bartlett C. Jones, 184-196; Huthmacher, Joseph, 169 (illus.) Hyde Park neighborhood, St. Louis, art. History of New Cambria, by Mike Brown, on, listed, 494 noted, 382 Hoff House, Stockton, art. on, listed, 370 I Hog Killin', Boone County, by William Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d', 7, 8 Howard French, front cover, October Illinois Indians, 3, 5, 6, 21, 23, 148, 155 issue; (illus.) Independence, Mo., 72, 73, 76; arts, on, Hogan John Joseph, art. on, listed, 493 listed, 242, 367, 489 Hoge, Gen. William M., obit., 499 Indian Hills gate, Jackson, art. on, listed, Holland, Anthony F., Missouri's Black 242 Heritage, reviewed, 122-123 Indians Hollenbeck, Marshall, obit., 499 —art. on, 1-32; (illus.) Holmes, Reuben, art. on, listed, 246 —arts, on, listed, 492 Holt County Historical Society, 230 —Delaware, 72, 410; art. on, 147-167 Holt family, Bates County, art. on, listed, —Indian-French fur trade, art. on, listed, 240 246 Homes —Missouri Indians, 399; art. on, 1-32 —Anderson House, Lexington, art. on, —Ozarks, arts, on, listed, 116 listed, 242 Ingenthron, Elmo, Border Rebellion: A —arts, on, listed, 112, 114, 241, 243, 366, History of the Civil War on the Mis­ 367, 368, 370, 488, 490 souri-Arkansas Border, reviewed, 501-502 —Bridges, Joseph (Bill), home, Saver- Ingersoll, Robert, 458 ton, art. on, listed, 111 Inglish, Hugh J., obit., 251 —Britts, Dr. John Henry, home, art. Ioway Indians, 22 on, listed, 110 Irish-American Society, 174-175, 178 —Brockmann family century farm, art. Irish-American Sons of Erin, 178 on, listed, 245 Irish-Americans, art. on, 168-183; (illus.) —Foust homestead, art. on, listed, 369 Irish Wilderness, art. on, listed, 493 —Glenn House, Cape Girardeau, art. on, Iron Countv Historical Society, 100, 230, listed, 373 355, 476 ' 509 Ironton, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, art. —Electric Park, 329, 331; 316, 331 (illus.) on, listed, 371 —Masonic Temple, art. on, listed, 493 Iroquois Indians, 6 —Recreation Department, 319, 320, 335- Irvin, John, 346 337, 342 Irving, Washington, art. on, listed, 488 —substation, art. on, listed, 117 Isaacs, Charles, 274 —Wornall Bridge, art. on, listed, 493 Italian migration, art. on, listed 371 Kansas City, Clay County and St. Joseph Railway Co., art. on, listed, 490 Kansas City Posse of Westerners, 100, 230, 476-477 Jack Frost (towboat), art. on, listed, 119 Kansas City Star, 334 (illus.); arts, on, Jack's Fork River. 152; book on, noted, 258 listed, 242, 247 Jackson, Mo., 69, 70; Indian Hills gate, art. Kansas Indians, 20, 22, 148 on, listed, 242 Kaskaskia, Illinois, 148-150, 164; 149 (illus.) Jackson, Gov. Claiborne Fox, thesis on, Kaskaskia Indians, 3 noted, 250 Kasson, John F., 329, 330 Jackson County, 72, 78, 87, 159, 165, 457 Kellogg, Paul, 319 —arts, on, listed, 115, 372, 494 Kelly, Katherine, 177 —Civil War, art. on, listed, 372 Kennedy, John F., arts, on, listed, 114, 371 —food preservation, art. on, 417-447 Keppler, Joseph, art. on, listed, 492 Jackson County Historical Society, 356 Kerr, R. H, obit., 251 James brothers, art. on, listed, 115 Kessler Store, New Melle, art. on, listed, James, E. W., art. on, listed, 244 245 James, Jesse, arts, on, listed, 117, 242, 493, Kickapoo High School, Springfield, art. on, 494 listed, 248 Jamison, E. Verl, obit., 251 Kickapoo Indians, 156, 410, 412 Jasper County, 86; art. on, listed, 115 Kimmswick Historical Society, 231 Jasper County Historical Society, 356 Kinder, Dr. J. A., 464 Jasper, Mrs. Virginia L., obit., 499 King Jack Park, Webb City, art. on, listed, Jazz, Kansas City, art. on, listed, 111 494 Jefferson Barracks, 36, 264-266, 268; 265 Kingdom of Callaway, art. on, listed, 117 (illus.) Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, Jefferson City, 41, 52, 73, 274, 285; arts. 477 on, listed, 247, 489, 494 Kingsbury, Lt. Col. Jacob, 400, 401 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Kingsbury neighborhood, St. Louis, art. on, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 371 listed, 495 Jefferson, Pres. Thomas, 396, 398, 401, 414 Kingsville Christian Church, art. on, listed, Jeffreys, Dr. Elizabeth, 190 367 Jennings, Harry R., obit., 120 Kinloch Telephone Company, 452 Jennings Historical Society, 356 Kirby Smith, Edmund, art. on, listed, 116 Jerico Springs, Mo., art. on, listed, 110 Kirkwood, arts, on, listed, 115, 372, 493 Jesuit Roots in Mid-America, by William Kirkwood Historical Society, 100, 231, 356 Barnaby Faherty, S.J., noted, 384 Klosterman, George, 181 Jews, arts, on, listed, 371, 374 Knapp, Charles, 295, 299, 305, 310; 297 Jipp, Henry, 266 (illus.) Johnson County, 86; arts, on, listed, 241, Knights of Columbus, 182, 183 246 "The Knights of Father Mathew: Parallel Johnson County Historical Society, 230, 476 Ethnic Reform," by Martin G. Towey Johnson families, Taney County, art. on, and Margaret LoPiccolo Sullivan, 168- listed, 249 183; (illus.) Johnson, Fred R., 341 Knights of St. Patrick, 175 Johnson, Paul A., Missouri The Cave State, Knox County, Forest Springs, art. on, noted, 384 listed, 489 Johnson, Walter N., obit., 377 Knox County Historical Society, 100, 477 Jolliet, Louis, 2, 3, 5 Kohner, Carrol, J., obit., 377 Jones, Bartlett C, "History of Morrison Kolthoff, Henry, house, Lewis County, art. Observatory 1875-1979," 184-196; (illus.) on, listed, 488 Jones, Dr. Charles T., Jr., 348; Missouri: Koshkonong, arts, on, listed, 375, 494 The Heart of the Nation, reviewed, 254- Kreigh, Mrs. Percival S., art. on, listed, 256 496 Jones, Eliza, 297 Kremer, Gary R., 217, 348; 217 (illus.); Jones, Joseph L., art. on, listed, 496 Missouri's Black Heritage, reviewed. 122- Jones, Paul C, obit., 376 123 Jones, Sam, 453 Ku Klux Klan, 58, 59 Joplin, Frisco Building, art. on, listed, 242 Joplin Historical Society, 230 Jose, Dr. J. E., art. on, listed, 366 Journeycake (Delaware Indian), 167 La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 6, 7 Jowett, Garth, 325 Labadie, Peter, 165 Jupiter, Great Red Spot, 189 Laclede County, books on, noted, 130, 382- 383 Laclede County Historical Society, 477 K Laclede, Pierre, 150 KWTO (radio), Springfield, art. on, listed, Laclede's Landing, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 118 248 Kahketoqua (Delaware Indian), 159-165 Laemmle, Carl, 321 Kahoka, Mo., art on, listed, 242 Lafayette County, arts, on, listed, 112, 490, Kansa Indians, 397 495 Kansas City, 89, 148, 159-161, 164-167, 173, "Lafayette County and The Aftermath of 174, 177, 189, 198, 212, 372, 415, 457 Slavery 1861-1870," by John Starrett —amusements, art. on, 316-345; (illus.) Hughes, 51-63; (illus.) —architects, arts, on, listed, 115, 247, Lafayette Park, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 371, 493 372 —architecture, art. on, listed, 116 Lafayette Square, St. Louis, arts, on, listed, —arts, on, listed, 111, 115, 242, 249, 368, 374 372 490 LaGrange, Main Street, art. on, listed, 488 —Board of Public Welfare, 319, 335, 341 Lahr, Charles, 47 —boat landing, 333 (illus.); art. on, Lake of the Ozarks, art. on, listed, 491 listed, 111 Lakes, arts, on, listed, 117, 119, 247 510 LaMothe family, art. on, listed, 249 Lutheran Witness (magazine), art. on, Lancaster, Palmer House, art. on, listed, listed, 372 242 Luthy, Tom, Jr., A Part of Our Lives, Lance, Donald, 464 noted, 382-383 Landau, Morris B., obit., 251 Lynching, arts, on, listed, 368, 495 Landers, Doug, art. on, listed, 248 Lyon, Nathaniel, 277 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 101 Landon, Alfred, 201, 207-210; 206 (illus.) Mc Lange House, Belle, art. on, listed, 366 McCall, Stella, art. on listed, 496 Latimer, Chester, obit., 251 McCandless, Perry, 132 Law, John, 14 McClenagan, Mart, 452 Lawless, Luke E., art. on, listed, 248 McClure, Fred F., 320, 327, 331, 332, 336- Lawrence County, arts, on, listed, 117, 247 338, 340, 342, 343 Lawrence County Historical Society, 101, McCord, Dr. Thomas Jefferson, art. on, 231, 356, 477 listed, 496 Layne, John H., 451 McCoy, Isaac, 165 Layton family, arts, on, listed, 119, 249 McCoy, John, 165, 166 Lead industry, art. on, listed, 493 McCullagh, Joseph, 294, 296 Lebanon, Mo., homes, art. on, listed, 368 McCutchan, Melvin H., obit., 499 Leharsh (Delaware Indian), 162, 163 McDermott, John Francis III, 103; obit., Leslie, Eliza, 422 498 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 407, 409; arts. McDonald County, art. on, listed, 247 on, listed, 371, 372 McFadden, Bernarr, art. on, listed, 491 Lewis College, Glasgow, 185 McGee, Coonskin, 162 Lewis County, arts, on, listed, 374, 488 McGee, Mobillon, 159 Lewis County Historical Society, Canton McKinley home, Odessa, art. on, listed, 243 Chapter, 101, 231 McKinley, William, 313 Lewis, David, The Current River and Tribu­ McLean, Albert F., Jr., 327 taries [Part II] The Jack's Fork of the MacLean, Jack, 162, 163 Current River Historical and Geographi­ McLean, Mrs. Martha, 346 cal, noted, 258 McLean, Dr. Mary Hancock, art. on, listed, Lewis, Henry, book on, noted, 381 246 Lewis, Mrs. J. S., obit., 377 McLoughlin, Dr. J. J., 173 Lewis, Meriwether, 151, 448; art. on listed, 246 M Lexington, Mo., 173 Mabry Hall, Westport, art. on, listed, 119 —art. on, 51-63; (illus.) Macon, Mo., 85; art. on, listed, 368 —arts, on, listed, 111, 116, 242, 368 Macon County, Rock Creek School, art. on, —book on, noted, 259 listed, 242 Lexington Library and Historical Associa­ Macon County Historical Society, 101, 231, tion, 231, 356 356 Liberal, Mo. art. on, listed, 243 Madison County, 79; art. on, listed, 367 Liberty Ladies College, art. on, listed, 368 Madison, James, 397 Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, art. on, Maffitt, C. C, 305, 306, 308 listed, 368 Magazines Life on the Mississippi, 385; 388, 389, 392, —The American Jewess, art. on, listed, 393, front cover, July issue (illus.) 375 Lilley, Stephen Ray, "A Minuteman for —Bittersweet, 221; art. on, listed, 115 Years: Clarence Cannon and the Spirit —Lutheran Witness, art. on, listed, 372 of Volunteerism," 33-50; (illus.) —Sporting News, art. on, listed, 248 Lincoln County Fair, art. on, listed, 244 —Young American, art. on, listed, 246 Link, Ivan, art. on, listed, 118 Magnaghi, Russell M., "The Belle Fontaine Linn Creek, Mo., art. on, listed, 371 Indian Factory 1805-1808," 396-416; Linneus, Mo., art. on, listed, 240 (illus.) Lisle family, Bates County, art. on, listed, Mailes family, art. on, listed, 247 488 Major, Gov. Elliott W., 36, 37, 41; 41 (illus.) Little Jack (Delaware Indian), 162 Majors, Alexander, home, Jackson County, Little, Judith P., Urban Oasis: 75 Years in art. on, listed, 115 Parkview a St. Louis Private Place, Mandan Indians, 407 noted, 258 Mandelstein, Hi, 323 Little Prairie, Mo., 71, 150; art. on, listed, Maramec, arts, on, listed, 115, 247, 372, 493 373 Maramec Iron Works, 75, 76 Lock, Jacob, 288 Marceline, Mo., book on, noted, 382 "The Lock Mill, Loose Creek, Missouri: The March, David D., 132, 348 Center of A Self-Sufficient Community Marion County, art. on, listed, 495 1848-1900," by Janet C. Rowe, 285-293; Marion County Historical Society, 101, 231, (illus.) 357 Lock Springs, Mo., art. on, listed, 372 Marlin, Thomas, art. on, listed, 371 Lock, Theodore, 285-288, 290, 291; 289 Marquette, Jacques, 2, 3, 5 (illus.) Marquis, Eva, 344 Log cabins, arts, on, listed, 366, 368, 370 Marsalek, John S., obit., 499 Logging camp, art. on, listed, 241 Marsch, Ron, 464 Loiza, Paul, 410 Marsh, Thomas B., art. on, listed, 492 Lone Star, Church, Taney County, art. on, Marshall State School & Hospital, thesis listed, 249 on, noted, 250 Long family, art. on, listed, 114 Marshall, William, 152, 158, 166 Long, Dr. J. Weller, 460 Martin, Zola, obit., 499 Long, S. H., 416 Martineau, Harriet, 425 Longrun Post Office, art. on, listed, 489 Mason. John, 414 Loose Creek, Mo., art. on, 285-293; (illus.) Masonic Building, Warrensburg, art. on, Lorimer family, 148, 150 listed, 370 Lorimer, Louis, 150 "Mass Commercial Amusements in Kansas Lorimer, Louis, Jr., 152, 153 City Before World War I," by Alan Louisiana, Mo., art. on, listed, 118 Havig, 316-345; (illus.) Louisiana Purchase, 67, 78; centennial, 301 Massey, William, 405 Louisiana Territory, 67, 150, 151, 399, 413, Massey's Iron Works, 155 448 Mathew, Father Theobold, art. on, 168-183 Loutre Lick (Danville), 69 Matthews, J. W., art. on, listed, 243 Lucas, Maj. John H., obit., 499 Mattingly Stores, Odessa, art. on, listed, Lucas Park, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 118 490 511 Maysville, First Baptist Church, art. on, Missouri Highway Patrol, art. on, listed, listed, 114 372 Mayview, Zion United Church of Christ, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 101, art. on, listed, 495 477; art. on, listed, 115 Meadow Brook Telephone Co., art. on, Missouri History Day, 222 listed, 371 Missouri History in Magazines, 114-119, Meigs, Col. Return J., Jr., 400 246-249, 371-375, 492-496 Mellon, Andrew, 208 Missouri History in Newspapers, 110-113, Menard family, 148, 152, 166 240-245, 366-370, 488-491 Menard, Peter, 163 Missouri Indians, 399; art. on, 1-32; (illus.) Menard, Col. Pierre, 163 Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, Mercier, J. B., 24 Grandin, art. on, listed, 488 Merrill, Dr. John E., 194 Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc., 346 Mesloh, Herbert G., obit., 251 Missouri Militia, art. on, listed, 492; Camp, Mexico, Mo., 462; art. on, listed, 118 40 (illus.) Meyer, Mrs. Earl, obit., 377 Missouri Museums Associates, 91, 464, 466 Miami Indians, 167 Missouri National Guard, 39, 42; art. on, Mildren, Bill, art. on, listed, 369 listed 366 Millard, Merle, 2 Missouri Pacific Railroad, 290, 448, 458; Miller, Lawrence County, art. on, listed, arts, on, listed, 244, 248, 373 247 Missouri River, 2, 3, 5-7, 11-15, 17, 51, 67, Miller County, 84; arts, on, listed, 241, 373 69-76, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 185, 286, 290, Miller County Historical Society, 231 292, 332, 397, 400, 402, 407-409, 414-416; Miller, Frederick B., obit., 377 art. on, listed, 116 Milligan, Jacob, 199 Missouri State Teachers Association Milling, art. on, listed, 112 (MSTA), 464; arts, on, listed, 114, 374 Mills Missouri Supreme Court, 159, 192, 313 —arts, on, listed, 117, 244, 366, 369, 370, Missouri The Cave State, by H. Dwight 494 Weaver and Paul A. Johnson, noted, 384 —Lock Mill, art. on, 285-293; (illus.) Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, by Wil­ Mills, Ogden, 207, 208 liam E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., Milo, Mo., 448, 449, 452 and Lawrence O. Christensen, reviewed, Mine Shibboleth, 74 254-256 Mingo Swamp, 155, 159, 161 Missouri Theater, front cover, April issue; Minto, John, art. on, listed, 247 (illus.) "A Minuteman for Years: Clarence Cannon Missouri's Black Heritage, by Lorenzo J. and the Spirit of Volunteerism," by Ste­ Greene, Gary H. Kremer, and Anthony phen Ray Lilley, 33-50; (illus.) F. Holland, reviewed, 122-123 Mississippi County, 88, 89; art. on, listed, Mitchell, Ewing, 200 112 Mitchell, John D., family, Newton County, Mississippi Delta, book on, noted, 129 art. on, listed, 247 Mitchigamia Indians, 3, 23 Mississippi River, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 20, 67, 7 70-72, 79-81, 88, 150, 151, 155, 396, 397, Moberly, 173; W est Park Methodist Church, 399, 400, 408-411, 415; painting of, art. art. on, listed, 490 on, listed, 373 Moberly Historical and Railroad Museum, Mississippi River Panorama: Henry Lewis 478 Great National Work, by William J. Monday's Hollow, Battle of, art. on, listed, Peterson, noted, 381 371 Missouri Monett, 173; art. on, listed, 369 —arts, on, listed, 249, 369, 372 Moniteau County Historical Society, 102 —blacks, book on, reviewed, 122-123 Monroe City, Glenn House, art. on, listed, —Capitol, art. on, listed, 247 112 —cultural heritage, book on, noted, 125 Monroe County, 83; Union Covered Bridge, —farm life, art. on, listed, 494 art. on. listed, 243 —Indians, art. on, 1-32; (illus.) Monroe County Appeal (newspaper), arts. on, listed, 112, 247 —lead industry, art. on, listed, 493 Monroe County Historical Society, 231, 478 —newspaper names, art. on, listed, 244 Monroe, Pres. James, 151 —post offices, art. on, listed, 495 Montauk, Spencer Sawmill, art. on, listed, —postal service, 1804-1821, thesis on, 244 noted, 250 Montgomery County, art. on, listed, 374 —Protestant churches, art. on, listed, 113 Montgomery County Historical Society, 232, —schools, arts, on, listed, 373, 494 478 —settlement, art. on, 64-90; art. on, Montigny, Dumont du, 17, 24, 28, 29, 32 listed 493 Moon, Fred A., 99; obit., 499 —slavery debate in, thesis on, noted, 250 Moore, Hubert R., obit., 499 —state parks, art. on, listed, 372 More . . . Bits of History, by Mary L. —state seal, art. on, listed, 488 Hahn, noted, 124-125 —strawberry tokens, art. on, listed, 116 Morgan County Historical Society, 357, 478 —towns, art. on, listed, 116 Morgan, George, 150 —wilderness, art. on, listed, 493 Morgan, Dr. Henry R., 189, 190 —wineries, art. on, listed, 248 Morgan, J. P., 207 —World War I, impact of, thesis on, Morgenthaler, Charles A., obit., 376 noted, 250 Morris, Ann, 234; How to Research the His­ Missouri & North Arkansas Railway, art. tory of Your Webster Groves House, on, listed, 247 noted, 129 Missouri Committee for the Humanities, Morris, Mrs. Leona S., 465 Inc., 222, 465, 466 Morris, Mount Etna, art. on, listed, 494 Missouri Conference on History, 222, 464 Morrison, Mo., St. James United Church of Missouri Conservation Commission, art on, Christ, art. on, listed, 374 listed, 246 Morrison-Fuller, Berenice, 185-188, 191, 192, Missouri Constitutional Convention, 1865, 196; 187 (illus.) 52, 54 Morrison Observatory, art. on, 184-196 Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Morrison, William M., 185 Historic Preservation Program, 91, 221, Morrow, Lynn, 349; "Trader William Gilliss 346, 465 and Delaware Migration in Southern Missouri Farmers Association (MFA), arts. Missouri," 147-167; (illus.) on, listed, 374, 495 Mottaz, Mrs. Mabel, obit., 499 Missouri Folklore Society, 464 Mound City Museum Association, 102, 357, Missouri Heritage Trust, Inc., 91, 464 478 512 Mt. Zion Church, Gentry Co., art. on, listed, Nudelman, Mrs. Irvin, obit., 251 248 Nuderscher, Frank, painting by, front cov­ Mountain men, arts, on, listed, 492, 493 er, January issue; (illus.) Mountains, Ozarks, arts, on, listed, 494 Null, Mrs. George M., obit., 499 Mowe, Viola, obit., 120 Nye, Russel, 332 Moynihan, Thomas J., 179, 182 Mueller, Dr. H. Lancaster, obit., 251 Muenks, Arnold, 288 Oak Hill neighborhood, St. Louis, art. on, Mulcahy, Patrick, 174 listed, 373 Mule, art. on, listed, 373 Oaklawn College, art. on, listed, 110 Murray, Mathew, 200 O'Brien, William H., 173 Museums, arts, on, listed, 118, 242, 366 Odenwalder, R. L., 181 Musgrave, David E., obit., 120 Odessa, Mo., arts, on, listed, 243, 490 "Of Sugar and Salt and Things in the Cellar and Sun: Food Preservation in Jackson County In The 1850s," by Janet Bruce, Naes, Rev. Vincent L., obit., 120 417-447; (illus.) Nagel, Paul C, 132 O'Fallon Historical Society, 232, 357, 479 Nagle, John N., obit., 499 Old Mendon, Lawrence Co., art. on, listed, Nahms family, art. on, listed, 245 372 National Historic Preservation Week, 466 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 232, 479 National Register of Historic Places, 91, Old Morgan Cemetery, McDonald County, 464, 466; Missouri sites added, 91, 221, art. on, listed, 247 346, 465 Old Trails Historical Society, 233, 358, 479 Native Sons of Kansas City, 357 Olenhouse tract, Chillicothe, art. on, listed, Nebraska House (hotel), art. on, listed, 115 366 Neck City, mine disaster, art. on, listed, Oliver, A. Ray, art. on, listed, 372 245 O'Loughlin, Frank J., 173 Neet, Kenneth J., obit. 251 Oneota, (Utz) Site, art. on, 1-32 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Western­ Ootstotlonga (Maha Chief), 410 ers. 102, 232, 357, 478 Oregon County, 89; arts, on, listed, 119, Nelli, Humbert, 169 373, 494 Nelson Art Gallery, Kansas City, 317 Oregon Trail, art. on, listed, 494 Nelson, Nels Peder, residence, St. Joseph, Orongo Museum, art. on, listed, 366 art. on, listed, 490 O'Rourke, Timothy J., Perry County, Mis­ Nesbit, John, 262 souri: Religious Haven in the Trans- Nesbit, Margaret, 262 Mississippi West, noted, 125 Nesbit, Mary, 262 Orpheum Theater, Kansas City, 327; art. Nesbit, Philander H., art. on, 261-284 on, listed, 368 Nevada, Mo., 449, 458, 462 Orr, Mrs. Edwin C, obit., 120 New Cambria, Mo., book on, noted, 382 Osage County, 84, 285, 290, 293; art. on, New Deal, 169, 197, 200-205, 207, 211-213 listed, 490 New Madrid, Mo., 70, 71, 74, 79, 150 Osage Indians, 21-24, 72, 76, 149, 153, 396, —arts, on, listed, 116, 244, 246, 373 399, 406-408, 412 —earthquake, book on, noted, 129 Osage Treaty of 1808, 151 New Madrid County, 88; art. on, listed, 112 Oto Indians, 22, 23 New Melle Kessler Store, art. on, listed, Ottawa Indians, 412 245 Our Marceline Heritage, noted, 382 New Palace Theatre, Kansas City, 321 Outlaws Newark, Mo., hist, of, art. on, listed, 489 —arts, on, listed, 110, 115, 117 Newby, Mr. and Mrs. George, art. on, —Fleagle, Jake, art. on, listed, 494 listed, 241 —James, Jesse, arts, on, listed, 117, 242, Newcomer School, Chariton Co., art. on, 493, 494 listed, 495 —Kennedy, John F., arts, on, listed, 114, Newspapers 371 —arts, on, listed, 110, 243, 488 Ouzts, Mrs. W. H., obit., 251 —Kansas City Star, 334 (illus.); hist, of, Overby, Osmund, The Saint Louis Old Post arts, on, listed, 242, 247 Office: A History and Architectural Guide —Missouri names, art. on, listed, 244 to the Building and its Neighborhood, —Paris Monroe County Appeal, arts, on, noted, 124 listed, 112, 247 Owensville, art. on, listed, 368 —St. Louis Republic, art. on, 294-315 Owl Drug Store, Kansas City, art. on, listed, —Sikeston Daily Standard, art. on, listed, 111 112 Ozark County, Davis Cemetery, art. on, —Springfield Newspapers, arts, on, listed, listed, 111 118 Ozark Folksongs, by Vance Randolph, —Warrensburg, art. on, listed, 370 noted, 127-128 Newton County, 86; Mitchell, John D., Ozarks, 68, 74-76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86, family, art. on, listed, 247 88, 89, 147, 148, 151, 167 Newton County Historical Society, 102, —arts, on, listed, 111, 115, 116, 241, 363, 232. 357, 478 365, 367, 488, 489, 494, 495, 496 Niangua County, justices, art. on, listed, —Civil War, book on, reviewed, 501-502 371 —folklore, arts, on, listed, 116, 247, 373, Nieburg, A. C, obit., 120 494 Nodaway County, 84, 86, 87, 90; book on, —pioneers, arts, on, listed, 116, 247, 373 noted, 257 —postal route, art. on, listed, 373 Nodaway County Historical Society, 102, —transportation, art. on, listed, 372 232, 357, 478 Noland, Julia Cairns, art. on, listed, 493 Noonan, Robert M., 305 Padouka Indians, 15, 21-23 Norfork Lake, art. on, listed, 119 Pah-kong-ke-qua (Delaware Indian), 163 Normandy Area Historical Association, 479 Palmer House, Lancaster, art. on, listed, Norris, George, 208 242 North Kansas City Press Dispatch, art. on, Palmer, Sen. John M., 302; (illus.) listed, 243 Palmer, Lizy, 266, 274 Northview, Mo., arts, on, listed, 496 Palmyra Massacre, art. on, listed, 371 Northwest Missouri State University, Wells Paradise, Mo., art. on, listed, 244 Library, art. on, listed, 112 Paris, Mo., art. on, listed, 247 Norton, E. H., 305 Paris Monroe County Appeal (newspaper), Notch post office, art. on, listed, 488 arts, on, listed, 112, 247 513 Park College, art. on, listed, 373 Popplewell, Dr. W. H., 452 Park, Col. George, art. on, listed, 373 Poquas (Delaware Indian), 154 Parker, Alton B., 459 Porter, M. S., art. on, listed, 368 Parker, Bonnie, art. on, listed, 117 Poser, Emma Mades, family, art. on, listed, Parker, M. E., 62 491 Parks, arts, on, listed, 113, 114, 115, 118, Post Offices 372, 373, 374, 489, 494 —arts, on, listed, 241, 245, 488, 489, 495 Parkview, Mo., book on, noted, 258 —St. Louis, book on, noted, 124 Parkview High School, art. on, listed, 118 —Shannon County, art. on, listed, 116 Parrish, Dr. William E., 348; Missouri: The Post Offices of Webster County, 1839-1979, Heart of the Nation, reviewed, 254-256 noted, 126-127 Parsons, Mrs. Lily, 304 Postal service, Missouri, thesis on, noted, A Part of Our Lives, by Tom Luthy, Jr., 250 noted, 382-383 Posters, World War I & II, art. on, listed, Patterson, Doyle, 214 493 Pawnee Indians, 22, 149 Potawatomi Indians, 407 Peck, James H., art. on, listed, 248 Potosi, Mo., 68, 76; art. on, listed, 243 Pelster Housebarn, Franklin Co., art. on, Potter, W. C, home, Fair Grove, art. on, listed, 112 listed, 488 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 102, Powell, Lola H., obit., 499 233, 358, 479 Pradel de Lamase, Jean de, 15, 19, 20, 27 Pendergast, T. J., Wholesale Liquor Co., President (excursion boat), art. on, listed, 323 374 Pendergast, Thomas, 198-212, 316, 339; 199 Preston, William R., obit., 120 (illus.) Price, A. M., 215 Penn Valley Park, Kansas City, art. on, Price Hotel, Buffalo, Mo., art. on, listed, listed, 115 488 Penrose, Clement B., 402 Price, Gen. Sterling, 87, 264, 270, 271, 277, Peoria, Baptiste, 162-165, 167 278; art. on, listed, 118 Peoria Indians, 149, 162, 163, 165 Pritchett, Carr W., Jr., 189 Perry County, 74, 82, 151; Saxon villages, Pritchett, Carr Waller, Sr., 184-186; 187 art. on, listed, 373 (illus.) Perry County, Missouri: Religious Haven in Pritchett, Henry Smith, 189, 191, 192; 190 the Trans-Mississippi West, by Timothy (illus.) J. O'Rourke, noted, 126 Proctor, Thomas, art. on, listed, 371 Pershing, F. W., obit., 251 Pulaski County, 76; arts, on, listed, 113, 245 Pershing, Gen. John, 39, 42; 40 (illus.); Pulitzer, Joseph, 294, 310, 315; 311 (illus.) art. on, listed, 492 Pusateri, Salvatore, 323 Peter, Lt. George, 409 Peterson, William J., Mississippi River Pan­ Q orama: Henry Lewis Great National Work, noted, 381 Quaihquama (Sauk Chief), 410 Pettis County Historical Society, 103, 479 Quaker Cemetery, Barry Co., art. on, listed, Pevely Dairy Company, art. on, listed, 116 119 Philadelphia, Mo., Bethany Baptist Church, Quantrell, William C, art. on, listed, 115 art. on, listed, 495 Quarry Caves, Pierce City, art. on, listed, Philibert, Joseph, 154, 155, 158, 162, 163, 165 493 Phillips, Mrs. Ann, obit., 120 Quashaquasna (Sauk Chief), 407 Piacenza, Rita, 386 Quick, Aaron, 410 Piankashaw Indians, 149, 153, 159, 162-164 Quincy Omaha, and Kansas City Railroad, Pickwick Hotel, Kansas City, art. on, listed, art. on, listed, 119 111 Pierce City, Quarry Caves, art. on, listed, R 493 Radio station, Butler, art. on, listed, 110 Pike County Historical Society, 103, 479 Railroads, 85, 86, 266 Pike, Capt. Zebulon M., 411 (illus.); expe­ —Cedar County, art. on, listed, 110 dition, 409 —depot, Wellsville, art. on, listed, 370 Pilot Knob, 85; Battle of, art. on, listed, —Kansas City, Clay County and St. Jos­ 241 eph Railway Co., art. on, listed, 490 Pilot Knob Mountain, art. on, listed, 494 —Missouri & North Arkansas Railway, Piney Creek, art. on, listed, 494 art. on, listed, 247 Pioneer Heritage Association, 479 —Missouri Pacific Railroad, 290, 448, Pioneer on the 102: Rosendale, 1846-1979, 457; arts, on, listed, 244, 248, 373 noted, 257-258 —Quincy, Omaha, and Kansas City Rail­ Pixley, Ida, 47 road, art. on, listed, 119 Placke, C. W., obit., 499 —St. Louis and Kirkwood Electric Rail­ Planes, St. Louis, arts, on, listed, 114, 246 way, art. on, listed, 247 Platte City Presbyterian Church, art. on, —St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, arts, listed, 117 on, listed, 118, 248 Platte County, arts, on, listed, 247, 492, 494 —tunnels, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 112 Platte County Historical Society, 480 Ralls County, 65, 72, 79, 83 Platte Purchase 72, 76; art. on, listed, 492 Ralls County Historical Society, 358 Playground Association of America 318, Ramsey, Dr. Robert, 449 319, 340 Randolph County, 74; art. on, listed, 368 Pleasant Hill Free Will Baptist Church, Randolph, Vance, obit., 498; arts, on, listed, Wright County, art. on. listed, 243 492; 494; Ozark Folksongs, noted, 127-128 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 103, 233, Raskob, John J., 207 358, 480 Ray County, 59, 69, 74; arts, on, listed, 112, Pleasant Hill United Methodist Church, art. 117, 243, 247, 373, 490 on, listed, 490 Ray County Historical Society, 233, 358, 480 Plymouth United Methodist Church, Bray- Ray, Layne C, Sr., obit., 499 mer, art. on, listed, 248 Raytown Christian Church, art. on, listed, Poindexter, Col. John A., 281 117 Polar Wave (towboat), art. on, listed, 119 Raytown Historical Society, 103, 233, 358, Pollock, Roberta, 102; art. on, listed, 117 480 Poison, Mrs. Ruby, obit., 251 Reavis, James Addison, art. on, listed, 369 Ponce De Leon, Stone Co., arts, on, listed, Red Bridge, Kansas City, art. on, listed, 115 496 Red Cross, art. on. listed, 491 Poncelet, Mrs. Stella N., obit., 120 Red Ribbon Hall, Unionville, art. on, listed, Pony Express Historical Association, 103, 112 233, 358, 480 Red Rover (steamboat), art. on, listed, 374 514 Redemptorist Parish, Westport, art. on, Russell, Charles M., art. on, listed, 248 listed, 119 Russell family, Belleview Valley, 151 Reed, Barnabas, homestead, Miller Co., art. Rutledge, Mo., art. on, listed, 489 on, listed, 241 Ryan, Bill, art. on, listed, 117 Reed, Sen. James A., 38, 198, 208, 209, 457, 458; 209, 457 (illus.) St. Reedy, William Marion, 294, 296, 310; art. St. Alphonsus (Rock) Church, St. Louis, on, listed, 495 175 Reelfoot and the New Madrid Quake, by St. Anthony's Catholic Church, art. on, Juanita Clifton and Lou Harshaw, noted listed, 243 129 St. Barnabas' Episcopal Church, Florissant, Reid, Whitelaw, 306 art. on, listed, 115 Remme, Adeline E., obit., 120 St. Boniface Catholic Church, Carondelet, Report on a Journey to the Western States art. on, listed, 246 of North America and a Stay of Several St. Bridget Parish, St. Louis, 181; 180 Years Along the Missouri, 132, 138, 141- (illus.) 145, 220; 146 (illus.) St. Charles, 70, 71, 73, 173, 400; Confeder­ Republican National Convention, 458 ate sympathizers, art. on, listed, 114 Return of the French Officer and His Bride St. Charles County, 67; book on, noted, 125 to Fort Orleans (painting), 1 (illus.) St. Charles County Historical Society, 103, Reynolds County, 85; arts, on, listed, 367, 233, 358, 480 373 St. Charles Hotel, art. on, listed, 369 "Rhetoric of A Small Midwestern Town," St. Francisville, Mo., Hennings, James, by Alice Donaldson, 448-463; (illus.) house, art. on, listed, 368 Rhinehart Ranch, Shannon Co., arts, on, St. Francois County Historical Society, 233 listed, 116 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 67, 68, 70, 74, 149, 150, Rhodes Chronicles, art. on, listed, 247 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 164, 166 Rhodes, Speck, art. on, listed, 496 —arts, on, listed, 243, 244, 490 Rialto Building, Kansas City, art. on, —French peasant society, thesis on, listed, 111 noted, 250 Richards, Ernest E., 323 St. James, Mo., 85; arts, on, listed, 115, 244 Richards family, art. on, listed, 375 St. James United Church of Christ, Morri­ Richmond, Mo., 73; arts, on, listed, 117, 243, son, art. on, listed, 374 490, 494 St. James United Church of Christ, Stony Riley, Bennet, art. on, listed, 246 Hill, art. on. listed, 248 Riley, Mrs. Leon, obit., 252 St. John's Episcopal Church, Sullivan, art. Ripley County, art. on, listed, 373 on, listed, 493 Riverboats, 19th century, art. on, listed, St. Joseph, 85, 173; arts, on, listed, 112, 492 117, 247, 248, 369, 490 Rivers St. Louis, 36, 52, 70, 75, 76, 85, 136, 146, —Blue River, art. on, listed, 111 149, 150, 154-156, 165, 171-175, 178, 181, —Current River, 155, 161, art. on, listed, 182, 189, 194, 202, 208, 211, 212, 265, 280, 494; book on, noted, 258 292, 294, 295, 297-301, 303, 305, 310, 313, —Finley River, 157; arts, on, listed, 116, 314, 397-401, 405, 406, 409-412, 414, 415, 495 448, 451, 456 —Fishing River, art. on, listed, 247 —Alexian Brothers' Hospital, art. on, —Jack's Fork River, 152; book on, noted, listed, 246 258 —arts, on, listed, 112, 117, 118, 248, 491, —Mississippi River, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 20, 495 67, 70-72, 79-81, 88, 115, 150, 155, 396, —Campbell, Robert, house, art. on, listed, 397, 399, 400, 408-411, 415; painting, of, 490 art. on, listed, 373; book on, noted, 381 —hardware merchants, art. on, listed, —Missouri River, 2, 3, 5-7, 11-15, 17, 51, 114, 246 67, 69-76, 81, 82, 84-86, 88, 185, —Hooverville, Depression, art. on, listed, 286, 290, 292, 332, 397. 400, 402, 407- 246 409, 414-416; art. on, listed, 116 —Italian migration, art. on, listed, 371 —White River, 78, 81, 148, 153, 155, 157, —Jefferson Barracks, 36, 264-266, 268; 158, 161, 163; canoe trip, art. on, 265 (illus.) listed, 117 —neighborhoods, arts, on, listed, 118, Riverside Inn, art. on, listed, 495 248, 373, 374, 494, 495 Riverview neighborhood, St. Louis, art. on, —parks, arts, on, listed, 114, 118, 372, 374 listed, 248 —transit system, art. on, listed, 373 Roads, DeKalb County, art. on, listed, 371 —truck manufacture, art. on, listed, 374 Roaring River Baptist Church, art. on, —Wainwright Building, arts, on, listed, listed, 240 490, 495 Roberts, Evan W., 382 St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, 85, Roberts, Ralph, 2 86, 266 Roberts, Roy A., art. on, listed, 242 St. Louis and Kirkwood Electric Railway, Roberts, W. D., 382 art. on, listed, 247 Robertson, Capt. Charles D„ art. on, listed, St. Louis Community Development Agency, 375 221 Robinson Building, Hannibal, arts, on, St. Louis County, 72; arts, on, listed 114, listed, 241 373 Rock Creek School, Macon Co., art. on, St. Louis Gateway Preservation Committee, listed, 242 466 Rockpile Mountain, art. on, listed, 494 Saint Louis Old Post Office: A History and Rockwell, Norman, art. on, listed, 247 Architectural Guide to the Building and Rockwood, Mrs. Charles M., obit., 377 its Neighborhood, by Carolyn Hewes Toft Roosevelt, Franklin, 34, 198, 200-205, 207- and Osmund Overby, noted, 124 St. Louis Parish, Bonnots Mill, art. on, 211, 213; 202 (illus.) listed, 243 Roosevelt, Theodore, 451, 458, 460 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 294, 300, 310-315 Rosendale, Mo., book on, noted, 257-258 St. Louis Republic, art. on, 294-315; (illus.) Rowden, Mrs. Thelma, obit., 252 St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, arts, on, Rowe, Janet C, "The Lock Mill, Loose listed, 118, 248 Creek Missouri: The Center of A Serf- St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, art. on, Sufficient Community 1848-1900," 285- listed, 493 293; (illus.) St. Louis Western Watchman, 175, 180-182 Roxie Mill, Butler Co., art. on, listed, 369 St. Louis Westerners, 103, 359, 481 Rush, John E., art. on, listed, 490 St. Louis World's Fair, 1904, 178, 300, 451; Rusk, Mrs. Howard, obit., 499 Igorot Village, art. on, listed, 114 515 St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, arts, on, Schurz, Carl, art. on, listed, 373 listed. 248 Schuyler County Historical Society, 103, St. Luke's United Church of Christ, Well­ 233-234 359 481 ington, art. on. listed, 246 Schuyler,' William Ridge, art. on, listed. St. Martin's Church, Starkenburg, art. on, 246 listed, 374 Schwartz, Charles and Elizabeth, 466 St. Matthew's Episcopal Church, Warson Scott County, 86; art. on, listed, 112 Woods, art. on, listed, 247 Scoville, William D., 323 St. Michael and St. George Episcopal Sedalia, Mo., 173, 278, 279. 307; arts, on, Church, Clayton, art. on, listed, 371 listed, 244, 491 St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Armagh, art. Seitz, Charles, obit., 120 on, listed, 241 Sellers, Katherine Wilson, Historical Glimp­ St. Paul's College, Concordia, art. on, ses of Lexington, noted, 259 listed, 114 Selover, A. O., obit., 252 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Carondelet, Shafter, Gen. William, 36 art. on, listed, 493 Shahaka (Mandan Chief), 407 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ironton, art. Shank, Richard, 217; 216 (illus.) on. listed, 371 Shannon County, 85, 89, 152; arts, on, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Bonne Terre, listed, 116, 373, 494 art. on, listed, 247 Shaplev, Dr. Harlow, 192 St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church, De Soto, Shawnee Indians, 148-151, 153, 155, 162, art. on, listed, 367 166, 167, 412 St. Stanislaus Parish, Wardsville, art. on, Shea, John H, obit., 120 listed. 111 Shee, John. 410 St. Teresa Parish, St. Louis, 181; 180 Shelby County, art. on, listed, 244 (illus.) Shelby County Historical Society, 359, 481 St. Vrain. Jacques de Hault de Lassus de, Sheldon, art. on, 448-463; (illus.) art. on, listed, 114 Sheldon Enterprise (newspaper), 450, 458- 460; 453, 462 (illus.) S Shelton, L. T., 466 Sac Indians, 72 Shepard, Charles E., art. on, listed, 371 Sager family, art. on, listed, 494 Shepherd Mountain, art. on, listed, 494 Sanders, Mrs. Harry, 49 Shoemaker, Price, obit., 377 Sans Oreille (Little Osage Chief), 410 Shook, Rev. Jacob, 452 Santa Fe Trail, art. on, listed, 246 Shook, L. F., 452 Sarcoxie, John, 154 Shortridge, James R., "The Expansion of Sauk Indians, 11, 396, 398, 406-408, 410, 414 the Settlement Frontier in Missouri,'' 64- Savignac, Benjamin, 181 90; (illus.) Sawyer, Minerva Scroggins, 269 Shoup, L. M., obit., 120 Saxon Villages, Perry County, art. on, Shouse, Jouett, 207 listed, 373 Shubert Theater. Kansas Citv, 327 Schiermeier, Bill, Cracker Barrel Country, Sibley, Civil War at, art. on, listed. 372 noted, 125 Sibley, George Champlin, 402, 405, 407, 409, Schmidt, Mrs. Carl, obit., 377 412, 413, 415; 406 (illus.); art. on, listed, Schmitz, Martin, 288 494 Schnacke, Friederich. 133 Sibley, Samuel, 405 Schneider, Mrs. Mary Jane, 32 Sides, Annie, art. on, listed, 117 Schoening, Bill, 193, 194 Sikeston, art. on, listed, 112 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 167; art. on, Sikeston Daily Standard, art. on, listed, 112 listed, 243 Siloam Springs Hotel, Albany, Mo., art. on, Schools listed, 499 —arts, on, listed, 117, 118, 248, 494 Simon, Mr. and Mrs. Larry, 95; home, Ca­ —Brunswick, art. on, listed, 488 rondelet, art. on, listed, 114 —Camden Point Military Academy, art. Sioux Indians, 412 on, listed, 247 Sixth Missouri Infantry, First Brigade, —Central Methodist College, Fayette, 185, Company H, art. on, listed, 366 186, 190-193, 196; 191 (illus.) Sklar, Robert, 325 —Christian Co.. one-room, art. on, listed, Slattery, Barth C. obit., 252 375 Slavery —Lebanon High School, 221; art. on, —art. on, listed, 489 listed. 115 —Lafayette County, art. on, 51-63 —Liberty Ladies College, art. on, listed, —Missouri, thesis on, noted, 250 368 Sligo, Mo., art. on, listed. 244 —Marshall State School, thesis on. noted, Smith, Mrs. Helen Derrick, obit., 499 250 Smith, Joseph, art. on, listed, 117 —Newcomer School, Chariton Co., art. Smith, Laura Silver, family, art. on, listed, on, listed, 495 114 —Northwest Missouri State University, Smith School, DeKalb Co., art. on, listed, Wells Library, art. on, listed, 112 371 —Oaklawn College, art. on. listed, 110 Smith, Thomas, family, art. on, listed, 114 —Pritchett College (School Institute), Smith. Dr. William A., 186 Glasgow, 185. 187, 188, 190-192; 190 Smithey, Annie, obit., 377 (illus.) Smithville, Mo., arts. on. listed, 244, 369 —Ray County, arts, on, listed, 247, 373 Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society, —Rock Creek School, Macon Co., art. on, 104, 234, 359. 481 listed. 242 Social Target and Hunting Club, Beverly —Ste. Genevieve Academv, art. on, Lake, art. on, listed, 247 listed, 243 Sonneschein, Rosa, art. on. listed, 371 —St. Paul's College, Concordia, art. on, Soulard neighborhood, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 114 listed, 495 —Smith School, DeKalb Co., art. on, Southwest Missouri State University, arts. listed, 371 —Springfield, arts, on, listed, 118, 248 on, listed, 118, 248 —Union School, Howard Co., art. on, Spence, Frank, 266-269, 277, 280 listed, 367 Spence, John, 269 —Westohalia Convent School, art. on, Spencer Sawmill, Montauk, art. on, listed, listed, 112 244 —White Oak School, art. on, listed, 496 Spencer, Thomas T., "Bennett Champ Clark Schowe, Mrs. Dorothy, obit., 499 and The 1936 Presidential Campaign," Schowengerdt, Ernst, home, Warrenton, 197-213; (illus.) art. on, listed. 116 Spinks family, art. on, listed, 248 516 Sporting News (magazine), art. on, listed, —Kansas City, 321, 323, 327 248 —Orpheum, Kansas City, art. on, listed, Springfield, Mo., 78, 153, 173, 275-277, 284, 368 302; 276 (illus.) —Willis Wood, Kansas City, art. on, —arts, on, listed, 118, 248, 374, 495 listed, 368 —streetcars, art. on, listed, 493 "Thomas Hart Benton's Original Illustra­ —Temple Israel, art. on, listed, 375 tions For. Mark Twain Classics," 385-395; Springfield Newspapers Inc., arts, on, (illus.) listed, 118 Thompson, Lila, The Story of a Hometown, Stack, Frank, 217; painting by, front cover, Bolckow, Missouri 1868-1977, noted, 126 April issue; (illus.) Thompson, Gen. M. Jeff, arts, on, listed, Stark, Lloyd C, 209, 217 369, 491 Starkenburg, Mo., arts, on, listed, 374 Thornhill, St. Louis County, art. on, listed, Starliper, Aaron G., obit., 252 373 State Historical Society of Missouri, 385, Thurman, Allen G., 298; 299 (illus.) 386; Annual Meeting, 214-220; (illus.) Tiller, Rudolph, 401, 402, 406-414 Steamboats, arts, on, listed, 116, 118, 119, Tinney's Point. Ray Co., art. on, listed, 117 249, 374 Toft, Carolyn Hewes, The Saint Louis Old Steele, Emily, art. on, listed, 372 Post Office: A History and Architectural Steelville Mill, art. on, listed, 370 Guide to the Building and its Neighbor­ Steines, Herman, 145 hood, noted, 124 Stevens, Albert, 188 Tom Creek Coal Mine, Caldwell Co., art. Stewart, Norman, "Eight Months in Mis­ on, listed, 367 souri: The Civil War Letters of Philander Torino Theatre, Kansas City, 323 H. Nesbit," 261-284; (illus.) Towboats, arts, on, listed, 119, 495 Stiles, C. M., art. on, listed, 374 Towey, Martin G., "The Knights of Father Stockard, Mrs. Virginia Alice Cottey, 456, Mathew: Parallel Ethnic Reform," 168- 461 183; (illus.) Stockton, Mo., arts, on, listed, 244, 370 "Trader William Gilliss and Delaware Mi­ Stoddard County, arts, on, listed, 112, 495 gration In Southern Missouri," by Lynn Stoddard County Historical Society, 104 Morrow, 147-167; (illus.) Stone County, 85; arts, on, listed, 496 Trails, Westport, art. on, listed, 119 Stone County Historical Society, 104, 234, Transportation, arts, on, listed, 373, 494 359, 481 Trinity Episcopal Church, St. James, art. Stone, Lucy, 186 on, listed, 115 Stone, Rolf, obit., 252 Trolleys, see Streetcars Stone, Gov. William J., 312 Troost, Dr. Benoist, 166 Stoney Point, Mo., art. on, listed, 369 Troost, Mrs. Mary, 159, 167 Stony Hill, St. James United Church of Trotter, C. R. obit., 499 Christ, art. on, listed, 248 Truman, Harry S., 198-200, 316, 327; 200 Story of a Hometown, Bolckow, Missouri, (illus.) 1868-1977, by Ruby Goff and Lila Thomp­ —arts, on, listed, 114, 242 son, noted, 126 —Library, Independence, 386 Strawberry tokens, art. on, listed, 116 Tugwell, Rexford, 208 Streetcars, arts, on, listed, 111, 114, 246, Turkeys, art. on, listed, 371 492 493 Turnback Mill, Lawrence Co., art. on, Strickler, Bert M., obit., 499 listed, 117 Strike, 1877, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 248 Turner, James Milton, art. on, listed, 492 Stuhlman, George, obit., 252 Turner, Gen. Thomas J., 275 Sublett, William, 166 Twain, Mark Sullivan, St. John's Episcopal Church, art. —art. on, listed, 114 on, listed, 493 —classics, art. on, 385-395; (illus.) Sullivan County Historical Society, 234, —thesis on, noted, 250 359, 481 Sullivan, Margaret LoPiccolo, "The Knights of Father Mathew: Parallel Ethnic Re­ U form," 168-183; (illus.) Union Bus Terminal, Kansas City, art. on, Sunny Slope, Westport, art. on, listed, 249 listed, 111 Sutter, Capt. John Augustus, art. on, listed, Union Covered Bridge, Monroe County, art. 114 on, listed, 243 Suwaunock (Delaware Chief), 162 Union School, Howard Co., art. on, listed, Swinney, Rev. James Oswald, 185-187 367 Swinney, Sarah Katherine, 185 Union Star, Mo., arts, on, listed, 114, 371, Swinney, William D., 185 492 Switzer School, Kansas City, 344 (illus.) Unionville, Mo., arts, on, listed, 112 Swope Park Zoo, Kansas City, 318 United States Government Syndicate Bldg., Kansas City, art. on, —Congress, 398, 402, 415 listed, 493 —House of Representatives, 33, 34, 37, 47, 198 —Public Works Administration, 209 Tallman, Francis J., obit., 499 —War Department, 33, 39, 43, 47 Taney County, 85; arts, on, listed, 117, 249 University City, arts, on, listed, 114, 118, Tarkio, art. on, listed, 244 248, 374 Taum Sauk Mountain, art. on, listed, 494 University of Missouri-Columbia, 36, 38, Tavlor, Carl, 32 193, 198 Taylor, Hosea J., obit., 120 —Homecoming parades, art. on, listed, Taylor, Leander, art. on, listed, 366 372 Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., art. on, listed, 492 —School of Journalism, 449 Teasdale, Sara, art. on. listed, 246 —student life, 1910, art. on, listed, 372 Temple Israel, Springfield, art. on, listed, —Western Historical Manuscript Collec­ 374 tion, 215 Tennis, Davis Cup, art. on, listed, 248 University of Missouri-Rolla, Dept. of So­ Terry, Dickson, Clayton: a history, noted, cial Sciences, History Section, 92 383 Upper Mississippi Valley, 69, 72, 406; art. Theaters on, listed, 246 —Garden, University City, art. on, Upschulte, Bernard H., house, Jefferson listed, 118 City, art. on, listed, 489 —Gayety, Kansas City, art. on, listed, 368 Urban Oasis: 75 Years in Parkview a St. —Gilliss Opera House, Kansas City, 167, Louis Private Place, by Jean F. Eberle 327; 328 (illus.) and Judith P. Little, noted, 258 —Grand, Kansas City, 327; 328 (illus.) Utz archaeological site, art. on, 1-32; (illus.) 517 Westport Historical Society, 105, 235, 360, 481 Valentino, Rudolph, 182 Wetmore, Alphonso, art. on, listed, 246 Valle family, 148, 150, 152, 157, 166 Wetmore, Claude H., 456-458 Van Buren, Mo., art. on, listed, 491 When You Care Enough, by Joyce C. Hall Van Buren, Martin, 82 and Curtiss Anderson, noted, 128-129 Van Buskirk, Oakley, 32 White Oak School, art. on, listed, 496 Van Wormer, Joe, art. on, listed, 119 White River, 78, 81, 148, 153, 155, 157, 161, Vandeventer Place, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 163; canoe trip, art. on, listed, 117 494 VanDyke, Frances, art. on, listed, 110 White River Valley Historical Society, 105, Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre, Marquis de, 235, 360, 482 28 Whitecotton, Tom, art. on, listed, 110 Vernon County, 86, 87, 448, 449, 452, 458, Whitman, Mrs. Scott, obit., 377 460; arts, on, listed, 110, 369 Whitney, William C, 308 Vernon Countv Historical Society, 359, 481 Whitworth, I. E., obit., 120 Vest, Sen. George, 308 Wigginton, Ida Dawson, 36; 38 (illus.) Viburnum, Mo., art. on, listed, 373 Wight, Sheldon A., 449 Vienna, Mo., art. on, listed, 245 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, art. on, listed, 116 Villiers du Terrage, Marc Baron de, 2, 5, Wilderness, arts, on, listed, 493, 494 11, 19, 22, 24, 27, 32 Wilkinson and Price, St. Louis, 410 Virdon, Bill, art. on, listed, 496 Wilkinson, Gen. James, 397, 399-402, 404- Vossen, John, 288 407, 409, 416; 399 (illus.) Wilkinson, Lt. James, 409 Will Shriver (saddle horse), art. on, listed, W 117 Wadsworth, Laura E., 120 William H. Ashley: Enterprise and Politics Wainwright Building, St. Louis, arts, on, in the Trans-Mississippi West, by Richard listed, 490, 495 M. Clokey, reviewed, 379-380 Walton, Alice, art. on. listed. 493 William Jewell College, president's home, Walton familv, Bates County, art. on, art. on, listed, 242 listed, 488 Williams, Fae D., art. on, listed, 117 Warden, Kiah E., obit., 252 Williams, Mrs. Helen Ross, obit., 252 Wardsville, art. on, listed, 111 Williams, Samuel, 313 Warren County, 83, 136; book on, noted, 125 Williams, Walter, 449, 461 Warren County Historical Society, 360 Williams, Wiley, home, Union Star, art. on, Warrensburg, 312; arts, on, listed, 246, 370 listed. 114 Warrenton, Mo., Schowengerdt, Ernst, Willis Wood Theater, Kansas City, 327; art. home, art. on, listed, 116 on, listed, 368 Warsaw, Mo., 76, 78, 273, 274, 276; arts, on, Wilson, James B., obit., 377 listed, 245, 370 Wilson, John, 157 Warson Woods, Mo., St. Matthews' Episco­ Wilson, Viola, obit., 377 pal Church, art. on, listed, 247 Wilson, Woodrow, 37-39, 42-45, 47 Washington Chapel A.M.E., Wellington, art. Wilson's Creek, 153; art. on, listed, 372 on, listed, 246 Wine, Augusta, art. on, listed, 245 Watkins, Waltus, art. on, listed, 368 Wineries, art. on, listed, 248 Way, Dorothy Elizabeth Wasso, art. on, Winlock, Prof. Joseph, 188 listed, 492 Wisby, P. V., obit., 252 Wayman, Norbury L., 221 Wise Hill School, Christian Co., art. on, Wayne County, 65; Gibbon's Grocery, art. listed, 117 on, listed, 490 Wisehart, James A., 449 Weas Indians, 149, 157, 162, 163 Wixes family, art. on, listed, 240 Weaubleau, Mo., art. on, listed, 111 Wixson, Douglas, 464 Weaver, H. Dwight, Missouri The Cave Woodbury, James M., art. on, listed, 372 State, noted, 384 Woodlawn Inn, Kirkwood, art. on, listed, Webb City, King Jack Park, art. on, listed, 115 494 Woodmansee, Roy, art. on, listed, 245 Webster County, arts, on, listed, 249; post World War I, 326, 330, 332, 386 offices, book on, noted, 126-127 —arts, on, listed, 366, 368, 493 Webster County Historical Society, 234, —thesis on, noted, 250 360; The Post Offices of Webster County, World War II, 33, 34; arts, on, listed, 369, 1839-1979, noted, 126-127 493 Webster Groves Wornall Bridge, Kansas City, art. on, listed, —Emmanuel Episcopal Church, art. on, 493 listed, 493 Worth, Patience, arts, on, listed, 117, 373 —hist, of, book on, noted, 129 Wright County, Pleasant Hill Free Will Webster Groves Historical Society, 360, 482 Baptist Church, art. on, listed, 243 Wedel, Mildred, 32 Wright, Harold Bell, arts, on, listed, 243, Wellington, Mo., arts, on, listed, 115, 246 494 Wellington Historical Preservation Assoc­ Wyaconda Baptist Church, Lewis Co., art. iation, 104, 234 on, listed, 374 Wellsville, arts, on, listed, 113, 370, 491 Wyandot Indians, 149, 167 Wentzville Missouri Community Historical Wyman family, art. on, listed, 117 Society, 234, 360, 482 Wyman, Jane, art. on, listed, 369 West Central Missouri Genealogical Socie­ ty and Library, Inc., 466 West Park Methodist Church, Moberly, art. on. listed, 490 Yoacum, Soloman, 157 West Plains, arts, on, listed, 496 Young American (magazine), art. on, listed, West Pleasant Valley Methodist Church, 246 Stoddard County, art. on, listed, 495 Westen, William, H., obit., 377 Young, Lola, art. on, listed, 488 Westfall, Ruth Rollins, obit., 498-499 Younger brothers, art. on, listed, 110 Weston, 76; tobacco planting, art. on, listed. 111 Weston Historical Museum, 234, 482 Zelinsky, Wilbur, 292 Weston, Samuel, art. on, listed, 115 Zenor, Webster Co., art. on, listed, 249 Westphalia Convent School, art. on, listed, Zion United Church of Christ, Mayview, 112 art. on, listed, 495 Westphalia Historical Society, 104, 235 Zukor, Adolph, 321 Westport, Mo., 165; arts, on, listed, 119, 249 Zwahlen family, art. on, listed, 366 518 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright © 1981 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXXV JAMES W. GOODRICH OCTOBER, 1980- ASSOCIATE EDITOR JULY, 1981 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXXV, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

BRAY, ROBERT T., manager of the University of Missouri-Columbia Lyman Archaeological Research Center, Miami, Missouri.

BRUCE, JANET, director of the Wornall House Museum in Kansas City.

DONALDSON, ALICE, assistant professor in the Department of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

GOODRICH, JAMES WT., associate director of the State Historical Society of Missou­ ri and an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

GRAHAM, THOMAS, associate professor of History at Flagler College, St. Augus­ tine, Florida.

HAVIG, ALAN, instructor and chairman of the Social Science-History Department at Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri.

HUGHES, JOHN STARRETT, formerly an instructor of History, currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Rice University, Houston, Texas.

JONES, BARTLETT C, assistant professor of History and Political Science at Cen­ tral Methodist College, Fayette, Missouri.

LILLEY, STEPHEN RAY, history instructor at Lincoln County R-II High School, Elsberry, Missouri.

MAGNACHI, RUSSELL M., professor of Historv at Northern Michigan University, Marquette.

MORROW, LYNN, research historian for the Center for Ozarks Studies, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.

ROWE, JANET C, research assistant at the Public Library, Film/Cable TV De­ partment, Memphis, Tennessee.

SHORTRIDGE, JAMES R., associate professor of Geography at the University of Kan­ sas, Lawrence.

SPENCER, THOMAS T., assistant archivist at University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.

STEWART, NORMAN, archival research assistant at the Historic Research Center of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Canyon, Texas.

SULLIVAN, MARGARET LOPICCOLO, adjunct assistant professor of History at Saint Louis University and faculty member of the Parkway School District.

TOWEY, MARTIN G., associate professor of History and American Studies at Saint Louis University. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXXV, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

THE BELLE FONTAINE INDIAN FACTORY, 1805-1808. By Russell M. Magnaghi .. .396

BENNETT CHAMP CLARK AND THE 1936 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN. By Thomas T. Spencer 197

BOURGMOND'S FORT D'ORLEANS AND THE MISSOURI INDIANS. By Robert T. Bray 1

CHARLES H. JONES: SPOKESMAN FOR THE "WESTERN IDEA." By Thomas Graham 294

EIGHT MONTHS IN MISSOURI: THE CIVIL WAR LETTERS OF PHILANDER H. NESBIT. By Norman Stewart 261

THE EXPANSION OF THE SETTLEMENT FRONTIER IN MISSOURI. By James R. Shortridge 64

GOTTFRIED DUDEN: A NINETEENTH-CENTURY MISSOURI PROMOTER.

By James W. Goodrich 131

HISTORY OF MORRISON OBSERVATORY, 1875-1979. By Bartlett C. Jones 184

THE KNIGHTS OF FATHER MATHEW: PARALLEL ETHNIC REFORM. By Martin G. Towey and Margaret LoPiccolo Sullivan 168

LAFAYETTE COUNTY AND THE AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY, 1861-1870. By John Starrett Hughes 51

THE LOCK MILL, LOOSE CREEK, MISSOURI: THE CENTER OF A SELF-SUFFICIENT COMMUNITY, 1848-1900. By Janet C. Rowe 285

MASS COMMERCIAL AMUSEMENTS IN KANSAS CITY BEFORE WORLD WAR I. By Alan Havig 316

A MINUTEMAN FOR YEARS: CLARENCE CANNON AND THE SPIRIT OF VOLUNTEERISM. By Stephen Ray Lilley 33

OF SUGAR AND SALT AND THINGS IN THE CELLAR AND SUN: FOOD PRESERVATION

IN JACKSON COUNTY IN THE 1850S. By Janet Bruce 417

RHETORIC OF A SMALL MIDWESTERN TOWN. By Alice Donaldson 448

THOMAS HART BENTON'S ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS FOR MARK TWAIN CLASSICS . . 385

TRADER WILLIAM HART GILLISS AND DELAWARE MIGRATION IN SOUTHERN MISSOURI. By Lynn Morrow 147

A Joint Publication with THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI Report on a Journey to the Western States of North America and a Stay of Several Years Along the Missouri (During the Years 1824, '25, '26, and 1827) GOTTFRIED DUDEN JAMES W. GOODRICH, General Editor GEORGE H. KELLNER, ELSA NAGEL, ADOLF E. SCHROEDER, and W. M. SENNER, Editors and Translators Duden's Report on a Journey, published in Germany in 1829, was one of the most influential titles in what is now known as emigration literature—travelers' writings about their ex­ periences in the New World. Duden's idyllic descriptions of pioneer farming in Missouri, written in the form of personal letters, attracted thousands of Germans to the Midwest and particularly to Missouri. However, his pro-emigration bias, colored by the fact that he himself had hired help on his Missouri farm, made Duden's view of the farmer's life more idyllic than practical. Many would-be gentlemen farmers, inspired by Duden's book, found pioneer farming more strenu­ ous than they had expected. This edited and annotated translation is the first com­ plete version of Duden's work to be published in English. It provides for the general reader and the professional his­ torian a significant contribution to U.S. immigration history and a unique and delightful fragment of Missouri's rich German heritage. 400 pages 5 3/4 by 9 inches Appendixes, index $22.00 This book may be purchased from: UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI PRESS P. O. Box 1644 Columbia, Missouri 65205 Missouri residents add $1.02 for state sales tax. Orders from individuals must include payment; the Press pays postage and handling.