BioGeoBEARS DEC+J on combined dataset M0_stratified ancstates: global optim, 4 areas max. d=0.0225; e=0; j=0.0449; LnL=-207.26;
250 200 150 100 50 0 (Mya)
Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene
E Andrias davidianus Hynobiidae
E Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Cryptobranchidae
O Leiopelma hochstetteri Leiopelmatidae
N Ascaphus truei Ascaphidae
E Discoglossus pictus Alytidae E Alytes obstetricans
E Barbourula busuangensis
E Bombina fortinuptialis Bombinatoridae E Bombina orientalis
N Rhinophrynus dorsalis Rhinophrynidae
S Pipa pipa
S Pipa parva
A Pseudhymenochirus merlini Pipidae A Hymenochirus boettgeri
A Xenopus kobeli
A Xenopus epitropicalis
N Scaphiopus couchii
N Scaphiopus holbrookii Scaphiopodidae N Spea multiplicata
N Spea intermontana
E Pelodytes ibericus Pelodytidae
E Pelobates cultripes Pelobatidae E Africa (A) Pelobates syriacus E Leptolalax alpinus Eurasia (E) E Scutiger gongshanensis E Leptobrachium chapaense
E Oreolalax jingdongensis India-Seychelles (I) Megophryidae E Brachytarsophrys feae Madagascar (M) E Megophrys nasuta E Xenophrys omeimontis North America (N) E Ophryophryne microstoma A Heleophryne purcelli Heleophrynidae
South America (S) S Calyptocephalella gayi Calyptocephalellidae
O Mixophyes coggeri
Australia (O) O Limnodynastes salmini
O Crinia signifera E + N + O Myobatrachidae O Uperoleia laevigata O N + O Myobatrachus gouldii S Rhinoderma darwinii Rhinodermatidae S Insuetophrynus acarpicus
S Eupsophus calcaratus Alsodidae S Alsodes gargola
S Hylodes nasus Hylodidae
S Atelognathus reverberii
S Batrachyla leptopus Batrachylidae
S Batrachyla taeniata
S Telmatobius vellardi Telmatobiidae S Batrachophrynus macrostomus
S Ceratophrys cornuta
S Ceratophrys ornata Ceratophryidae S Lepidobatrachus sp.
S Lepidobatrachus laevis
S Cryptobatrachus boulengeri
S Flectonotus fitzgeraldi
S Hemiphractus bubalus Hemiphractidae S Stefania ginesi
S Gastrotheca pseustes
S Gastrotheca weinlandii
O Litoria caerulea
O Cyclorana maini Pelodryadinae O Nyctimystes kubori
O Nyctimystes pulcher
S Cruziohyla calcarifer
S Phyllomedusa tomopterna
S Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis Phyllomedusinae S Agalychnis lemur
S Agalychnis callidryas ●S Agalychnis saltator Hylidae
S Hyloscirtus lindae
S Aplastodiscus perviridis
S Hypsiboas fasciatus
S Osteocephalus taurinus
S Trachycephalus typhonius Hylinae S Dendropsophus parviceps
S Pseudis paradoxa
N Acris crepitans
E Hyla chinensis
N Hyla arenicolor
N Hyla cinerea
S Allobates femoralis
S Hyloxalus jacobuspetersi
S Epipedobates tricolor Dendrobatidae S Phyllobates vittatus
S Dendrobates auratus
S Ranitomeya imitator
S Ceuthomantis smaragdinus Ceuthomantidae
S Ischnocnema guentheri Brachycephalidae S Brachycephalus ephippium
N Eleutherodactylus marnockii
S Eleutherodactylus planirostris Eleutherodactylidae S Eleutherodactylus coqui
S Diasporus diastema
N Craugastor augusti
S Craugastor podiciferus Craugastoridae
S Craugastor fitzingeri
S Pristimantis thymelensis
S Barycholos pulcher S ● Hypodactylus brunneus Strabomantidae S Phrynopus bracki
S Strabomantis biporcatus
S Strabomantis sulcatus
S Thoropa taophora Cycloramphidae
S Odontophrynus occidentalis Odontophrynidae S Proceratophrys boiei
S Lithodytes lineatus
● S Leptodactylus albilabris
S Leptodactylus melanonotus
S Leptodactylus latrans Leptodactylidae S Physalaemus pustulosus
S Physalaemus cuvieri
● S Pleurodema thaul
S Pleurodema somuncurensis
S Allophryne ruthveni Allophrynidae
S Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum
S Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum
S Hyalinobatrachium ibama
S Cochranella granulosa
S Ikakogi tayrona
S Nymphargus grandisonae
S Centrolene bacatum
S Centrolene daidaleum Centrolenidae ● S Teratohyla spinosa ● S Rulyrana adiazeta ●S Rulyrana flavopunctata ● S Chimerella mariaelenae ● S Sachatamia ilex ● S Espadarana prosoblepon ● S Vitreorana helenae
S Melanophryniscus stelzneri
S Atelopus peruensis
S Amazophrynella minuta
S Nannophryne cophotis
S Nannophryne variegata
S Rhaebo glaberrimus
S Rhaebo nasicus
● S Peltophryne lemur
S Peltophryne peltocephala
●S Peltophryne longinasus
S Rhinella marina
S Rhinella ocellata
N Anaxyrus canorus
N Anaxyrus punctatus
S Incilius luetkenii
S Incilius nebulifer
A Schismaderma carens
A Nectophrynoides tornieri Bufonidae E Phrynoidis juxtaspera
E Phrynoidis aspera
E Rentapia hosii
E Bufotes viridis
I Adenomus kelaartii
EI Duttaphrynus melanostictus
EI Duttaphrynus stomaticus
E Bufo bufo
E Bufo gargarizans
E Bufo japonicus
E Leptophryne borbonica
E Epidalea calamita
E Ingerophrynus galeatus
E Ingerophrynus divergens
A Mertensophryne micranotis
A Sclerophrys brauni
A Sclerophrys maculata
I Sooglossus thomasseti Sooglossidae
I Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Nasikabatrachidae
A Phrynomantis microps Hoplophryninae
A Hoplophryne rogersi Phrynomerinae
S Otophryne pyburni Otophryninae S Synapturanus sp.
S Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
S Ctenophryne geayi
S Stereocyclops incrassatus Gastrophryninae
S Elachistocleis ovalis
N Gastrophryne olivacea
M Platypelis tuberifera
M Plethodontohyla inguinalis Cophylinae M Stumpffia pygmaea
M Anodonthyla boulengerii
M Paradoxophyla palmata
M Scaphiophryne boribory Scaphiophryninae M Scaphiophryne marmorata
M Scaphiophryne madagascariensis
E Kalophrynus pleurostigma Kalophryninae E Kalophrynus interlineatus
I Melanobatrachus indicus Melanobatrachinae
E Gastrophrynoides immaculatus
O Liophryne schlaginhaufeni
O Cophixalus cheesmanae Microhylidae O Cophixalus cryptotympanum
O Oreophryne sp. A
O Oreophryne sp. B
O Xenorhina sp. Asterophryinae
O Xenorhina obesa
O Callulops wilhelmanus
O Mantophryne lateralis ● O Cophixalus sp. A ● O Cophixalus sp. B ● O Hylophorbus rufescens
M Dyscophus antongilii Dyscophinae
E Micryletta inornata
E Calluella guttulata
E Microhyla marmorata
E Microhyla annectens
E Microhyla okinavensis
E Microhyla heymonsi
E Chaperina fusca
E Phrynella pulchra Microhylinae
E Metaphrynella pollicaris
E Metaphrynella sundana
E Kaloula conjuncta
E Kaloula pulchra
I Uperodon systoma
I Uperodon variegatus
I Uperodon montanus
A Hemisus marmoratus Hemisotidae
A Breviceps mossambicus
A Breviceps macrops
A Spelaeophryne methneri Brevicipitidae A Probreviceps durirostris
A Callulina kreffti
A Callulina laphami
A Phlyctimantis boulengeri A Afrixalus dorsalis Hyperoliidae A Hyperolius viridiflavus
A Hyperolius bolifambae
A Leptopelis kivuensis
A Leptopelis parkeri
A Leptodactylodon ovatus
A Arthroleptis poecilonotus
A Arthroleptis variabilis Arthroleptidae
A Nyctibates corrugatus
A Scotobleps gabonicus
A Astylosternus diadematus
A Trichobatrachus robustus
A Conraua crassipes Conrauidae
A Petropedetes parkeri Petropedetidae A Petropedetes euskircheni Pyxicephalidae A Amietia lubrica Cacosterninae A Strongylopus grayii
A Aubria subsigillata Pyxicephalinae A Pyxicephalus edulis
A Odontobatrachus natator Odontobatrachidae
A Ptychadena mascareniensis
A Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Ptychadenidae A Ptychadena cooperi
A Phrynobatrachus krefftii
A Phrynobatrachus natalensis Phrynobatrachidae A Phrynobatrachus africanus
E Liurana xizangensis
E Cornufer pelewensis Ceratobatrachidae
E Platymantis hazelae
E Occidozyga lima Occidozyginae E Occidozyga laevis
E Quasipaa spinosa
E Limnonectes laticeps Dicroglossidae
E Limnonectes fujianensis
E Limnonectes magnus Dicroglossinae
E Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
E Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
I Fejervarya granosa
E Fejervarya limnocharis
E Fejervarya multistriata
I Micrixalus sp. Micrixalidae
I Indirana sp. A Ranixalidae I Indirana sp. B
M Boophis madagascariensis Boophinae Mantellidae M Boophis xerophilus
M Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis Laliostominae M Blommersia wittei Mantellinae M Mantella madagascariensis
E Buergeria buergeri Buergeriinae Rhacophoridae E Buergeria oxycephala
E Kurixalus odontotarsus
I Pseudophilautus wynaadensis Rhacophorinae E Polypedates megacephalus
E Rhacophorus dennysi
I Lankanectes corrugatus Nyctibatrachidae I Nyctibatrachus sp.
E Staurois latopalmatus
E Meristogenys kinabaluensis
E Pelophylax nigromaculatus
E Amolops loloensis
E Amolops ricketti
E Sanguirana luzonensis
E Babina chapaensis
E Babina pleuraden
E Chalcorana macrops
E Papurana sp.
E Papurana latouchii
E Sylvirana guentheri Ranidae E Hydrophylax leptoglossa
E Odorrana schmackeri
E Odorrana hosii
N Rana virgatipes
N Rana catesbeiana
NS Rana berlandieri
N Rana pipiens
N Rana draytonii
E Rana amurensis
E Rana japonica
E Rana temporaria
E Rana chensinensis
250 200 150 100 50 0 (Mya) Millions of years ago