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Trendline Assessment of Solar Energy Potential in Hungary and Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in the Visegrád Countries for Future Sustainability

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Trendline Assessment of Solar Energy Potential in Hungary and Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in the Visegrád Countries for Future Sustainability sustainability Article Trendline Assessment of Solar Energy Potential in Hungary and Current Scenario of Renewable Energy in the Visegrád Countries for Future Sustainability Baibhaw Kumar 1,* ,Gábor Szepesi 1 , Zsolt Conkaˇ 2,* , Michal Kolcun 2, Zsolt Péter 3,László Berényi 4 and Zoltán Szamosi 1 1 Institute of Energy Engineering and Chemical Machinery, University of Miskolc, 3500 Miskolc, Hungary; [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (Z.S.) 2 Department of Electric Power Engineering, Technical University of Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; [email protected] 3 Institute of World and Regional Economics, University of Miskolc, 3500 Miskolc, Hungary; [email protected] 4 Institute of Management Science, University of Miskolc, 3500 Miskolc, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.K.); [email protected] (Z.C.)ˇ Abstract: This article aims to present some opportunities for improved solar energy utilization by raising the share of renewables in energy generation in the Visegrád Countries (Poland, Czech Citation: Kumar, B.; Szepesi, G.; Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary). The analysis is based on the status of the renewable energy targets ˇ Conka, Z.; Kolcun, M.; Péter, Z.; in the member countries and their future possibilities. This paper derives input through a thorough Berényi, L.; Szamosi, Z. Trendline investigation of independent data, government policies, European Commission reports, and other Assessment of Solar Energy Potential data available online with free access. The analysis is processed by focusing on Hungary, as a country in Hungary and Current Scenario of with various possible facets of solar energy demand and supply in the region. The assessment Renewable Energy in the Visegrád Countries for Future Sustainability. methodology is in the context of a geographical map, technical regression analysis, temperature Sustainability 2021, 13, 5462. distribution profiles, and the relative trends of solar potential in Hungary. The country currently https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105462 has ten solar power plants with more than 10 MWp, and five remarkable plants under 10 MWp capacity spread over Hungary. The analysis on geographical aspects clubbed with technical and Academic Editors: Marc A. Rosen, solar affecting parameters was carried out to harvest the sustainable potential of solar energy in the Inga Zicmane, Gatis Junghans, region. This study attempts to establish a relationship between the current and future prospects of Svetlana Beryozkina solar energy in Hungary as a nation, and as part of the Visegrád countries, based on assessment for a and Sergey Kovalenko sustainable future. Received: 18 March 2021 Keywords: renewable energy; Visegrád countries; solar potential; Hungary Accepted: 11 May 2021 Published: 13 May 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- The political instability in the Central European region gave birth to the Visegrád iations. countries in 1991. Later, in the year 1993, the dissolution of Czechoslovakia led to the formation of a quadrangle group of countries, which later came to be known also as the “Visegrád Group”, or the “V4 countries”. In the beginning, this informal association’s main goal was to integrate political and economic cooperation fully [1]. Energy security is a global concern nowadays. All nations around the world have framed energy policies in Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. contrast with sustainable growth. Almost all regions and continents have adopted their This article is an open access article own national policies as well. Similarly, the European Union (EU) framed H2020 targets distributed under the terms and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2007 [2]. The 2030 climate and energy framework conditions of the Creative Commons was recently documented for the EU to reduce greenhouse emissions by at least by 55% Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// compared to 1990 [3]. Reducing carbon emissions and dependence on conventional energy creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ sources is a major challenge for all European nations, especially V4 countries. Settled in the 4.0/). middle of the EU, the V4 countries can significantly contribute to curbing energy security Sustainability 2021, 13, 5462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105462 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 compared to 1990 [3]. Reducing carbon emissions and dependence on conventional en‐ Sustainability 2021, 13, 5462 2 of 16 ergy sources is a major challenge for all European nations, especially V4 countries. Settled in the middle of the EU, the V4 countries can significantly contribute to curbing energy security problems through cooperation. The V4 countries still have a long path to cover to reduceproblems their dependence through cooperation. on fossil fuels, The and V4 countriesrenewable still energy have could a long be patha possible to cover solu to‐ reduce tion.their The dependence joint policy paper on fossil on energy fuels, andsecurity renewable recommended energy creating could be better a possible regional solution. in‐ The frastructurejoint policy for paperthe regional on energy energy security market recommended [4]. creating better regional infrastructure forToday, the regional the energy energy security market concern [4]. is a global issue and seeks global cooperation to tackle emergingToday, the energy energy scarcity. security The concernconcerns is regarding a global issueenergy and production seeks global are not cooperation only to limitedtackle to emergingdeveloping energy countries. scarcity. However, The concerns there are regarding challenges energy to meet production CO2 emissions, are not only and a sustainable environment cannot be left behind. In such a case, renewable energy limited to developing countries. However, there are challenges to meet CO2 emissions, and sources emerged as a promising solution at the beginning of the 21st century. The emer‐ a sustainable environment cannot be left behind. In such a case, renewable energy sources gence of various non‐conventional energy sources opened the doors of cooperation emerged as a promising solution at the beginning of the 21st century. The emergence of among nations as well. The Visegrád Countries in the Central European region are an various non-conventional energy sources opened the doors of cooperation among nations example of countries with mutual interests that should look beyond boundaries to de‐ as well. The Visegrád Countries in the Central European region are an example of countries velop emerging energy sectors. The renewable sources are not yet as user‐friendly or eco‐ nomicallywith mutual viable interestsas the conventional that should fossil look fuel beyond‐based boundariesenergy market. to developThe mutual emerging agree‐ energy mentssectors. could The accelerate renewable the innovations sources are related not yet to as various user-friendly renewable or economically sources among viable na‐ as the tions.conventional The European fossil Commission’s fuel-based energy National market. energy The and mutual climate agreements plans (NECP) could reports accelerate the highlightinnovations the effectiveness related to variousof V4 nations renewable with sourcessome recommendations, among nations. Thewhich European are high Commis-‐ lightedsion’s in Nationalthis study. energy In this andstudy, climate each country, plans (NECP) namely reports Poland, highlight the Czech the Republic, effectiveness Slo‐ of V4 vakia,nations and withHungary, some is recommendations, discussed regarding which their arecurrent highlighted energy status in this in study. renewable In this study, sourceseach [5,6]. country, namely Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, is discussed regardingThe EU aims their to current increase energy the share status of renewable in renewable energy sources consumption; [5,6]. the target value is 32% [7].The The EU national aims to increaseenergy and the climate share of plans renewable (NECP) energy reflect consumption; the renewable the energy target value percentageis 32% [ share7]. The for national V4 countries energy as Poland and climate (23%), Hungary plans (NECP) (21%), reflectCzech Republic the renewable (22%), energy andpercentage Slovakia (19.2%) share forby 2030. V4 countries Thus, according as Poland to (23%),the current Hungary scenario, (21%), V4 nations Czech Republic should (22%), lookand for Slovakia new potentials (19.2%) and by analyze 2030. Thus, their renewable according energy to the currentproduction scenario, strategy. V4 Figure nations 1 should showslook a forcomprehensive new potentials recent and status analyze picture their of renewable the share of energy renewable production sources strategy.in energy Figure 1 consumptionshows a comprehensive of the V4 Countries recent [8]. status picture of the share of renewable sources in energy consumption of the V4 Countries [8]. 25 20 15 10 %share 2030 5 2020 0 Hungary Poland Czech Slovakia Republic 2020 2030 Figure 1. Share of energy from renewable sources in final gross consumption of energy in V4 Figure 1. Share of energy from renewable sources in final gross consumption of energy in V4 Countries NECP and future expectations by 2030 [9]. Countries NECP and future expectations by 2030 [9]. Thus, the requirement of investigations on the possible supply of power through Thus, the requirement
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