Giant Planets. II

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Astronomy 241: Foundations of Astrophysics I 15. Satellites of Giants + 59 more Inventory of Moons • 6 large moons (D>1500 km) + 53 more — most internally active • 12 medium (D>300 km) — some activity in past? + 22 more • 145+ small (D>1 km) — no internal activity + 11 more Large & Medium Moons • spherical due to self-gravity • composed of ices & rock • most* formed in disks around parent planets • most* orbit in same direction as planets spin Triton is exception! The Jupiter Satellite Page Irregular Satellites of Jupiter • prograde: dashed • retrograde: solid The Jupiter Satellite Page Activity: Galilean Satellites IO EUROPA GANYMEDE CALLISTO Wide range of geological activity: — Io is most volcanic object in solar system! — Callisto exhibits very little activity. Ganymede and Callisto Global Callisto in Color Ganymede has a mixture of Callisto has a old and very old and new terrain, and hints heavily cratered terrain, with of tectonic activity. a possible subsurface ocean. Europa: an Ice-Covered Ocean? Fractures in crust Pwyll: Natural and False Impact Color Views of Europa crater Exaggerated colors “Natural” colors Europa: Rafts of Ice Europa - Ice Rafting View Europa: Internal Structure What warms Europa’s subsurface ocean? Io: Volcanic Moon Loki Patera: active center Pele: Io’s largest volcanic pluume Topography and Volcanos on Io Io: Volcanic Moon Ongoing Volcanic Eruption at Tvashtar Catena Tvashtar’s Plume Why so active? Tidal Heating of Io Jupiter Io is alternately stretched and squeezed in its elliptical orbit around Jupiter, creating heat through friction. Over time, this friction should make Io’s orbit more and more circular; what keeps Io’s orbit elliptical? 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance m1 m2 M 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance m1 = 0.001 M m2 = 0 P1:P2 = 2:1 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance Laplace Resonance: Io, Europa, & Ganymede 4:2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance Small Satellites of Saturn • too small to be spherical • orbit both directions! Titan: a Moon With Atmosphere Thick smog of N2 and hydrocarbons (CH4, C 2H6, etc)! Hydrocarbon Lakes on Titan Reﬂection of Sunlight off Titan Lake Radar Shows Evidence of Seas Meandering Riverbeds on Titan Xanadu's Meandering Rivers Titan’s Climate • Surface temperature: 94° K (-179° C) • Clouds of CH4, C2H6, other hydrocarbons • CH4 falls as rain, forms rivers & lakes • Seasonal changes in CH4 lakes • CH4 replenished by cryo-volcanism Wikipedia: Titan .

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Appendix 1: Io's Hot Spots Rosaly M
Appendix 1: Io's hot spots Rosaly M. C. Lopes,Jani Radebaugh,Melissa Meiner,Jason Perry,and Franck Marchis Detections of plumes and hot spots by Galileo, Voyager, HST, and ground-based observations. Notes and sources . (N) NICMOS hot spots detected by Goguen etal . (1998). (D) Hot spots detected by C. Dumas etal . in 1997 and/or 1998 (pers. commun.). Keck are hot spots detected by de Pater etal . (2004) and Marchis etal . (2001) from the Keck telescope using Adaptive Optics. (V, G, C) indicate Voyager, Galileo,orCassini detection. Other ground-based hot spots detected by Spencer etal . (1997a). Galileo PPR detections from Spencer etal . (2000) and Rathbun etal . (2004). Galileo SSIdetections of hot spots, plumes, and surface changes from McEwen etal . (1998, 2000), Geissler etal . (1999, 2004), Kezthelyi etal. (2001), and Turtle etal . (2004). Galileo NIMS detections prior to orbit C30 from Lopes-Gautier etal . (1997, 1999, 2000), Lopes etal . (2001, 2004), and Williams etal . (2004). Locations of surface features are approximate center of caldera or feature. References de Pater, I., F. Marchis, B. A. Macintosh, H. G. Rose, D. Le Mignant, J. R. Graham, and A. G. Davies. 2004. Keck AO observations of Io in and out of eclipse. Icarus, 169, 250±263. 308 Appendix 1: Io's hot spots Goguen, J., A. Lubenow, and A. Storrs. 1998. HST NICMOS images of Io in Jupiter's shadow. Bull. Am. Astron. Assoc., 30, 1120. Geissler, P. E., A. S. McEwen, L. Keszthelyi, R. Lopes-Gautier, J. Granahan, and D. P. Simonelli. 1999. Global color variations on Io. Icarus, 140(2), 265±281.
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Io Observer SDT to Steer a Comprehensive Mission Concept Study for the Next Decadal Survey
Io as a Target for Future Exploration Rosaly Lopes1, Alfred McEwen2, Catherine Elder1, Julie Rathbun3, Karl Mitchell1, William Smythe1, Laszlo Kestay4 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 2 University of Arizona 3 Planetary Science Institute 4 US Geological Survey Io: the most volcanically active body is solar system • Best example of tidal heating in solar system; linchpin for understanding thermal evolution of Europa • Effects reach far beyond Io: material from Io feeds torus around Jupiter, implants material on Europa, causes aurorae on Jupiter • Analog for some exoplanets – some have been suggested to be volcanically active OPAG recommendation #8 (2016): OPAG urges NASA PSD to convene an Io Observer SDT to steer a comprehensive mission concept study for the next Decadal Survey • An Io Observer mission was listed in NF-3, Decadal Survey 2003, the NOSSE report (2008), Visions and Voyages Decadal Survey 2013 (for inclusion in the NF-5 AO) • Io Observer is a high OPAG priority for inclusion in the next Decadal Survey and a mission study is an important first step • This study should be conducted before next Decadal and NF-5 AO and should include: o recent advances in technology provided by Europa and Juno missions o advances in ground-based techniques for observing Io o new resources to study Io in future, including JWST, small sats, miniaturized instruments, JUICE Most recent study: Decadal Survey Io Observer (2010) (Turtle, Spencer, Khurana, Nimmo) • A mission to explore Io’s active volcanism and interior structure (including determining whether Io has a magma ocean) and implications for the tidal evolution of the Jupiter-Io-Europa- Ganymede system and ancient volcanic processes on the terrestrial planets.
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A New Stereo Topographic Map of Io: Implications for Geology from Global
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE A new stereo topographic map of Io: Implications 10.1002/2013JE004591 for geology from global to local scales Key Points: Oliver L. White1, Paul M. Schenk2, Francis Nimmo3, and Trudi Hoogenboom2 • A new DEM of Io has been constructed using Voyager and Galileo stereo pairs 1NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA, 2Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas, USA, • Global-scale undulations 3 contain implications for Io’s Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA heating mechanism • Topography of recognized and undetected regional-scale features Abstract We use Voyager and Galileo stereo pairs to construct the most complete stereo digital elevation is revealed model (DEM) of Io assembled to date, controlled using Galileo limb profiles. Given the difficulty of applying these two techniques to Io due to its anomalous surface albedo properties, we have experimented Supporting Information: extensively with the relevant procedures in order to generate what we consider to be the most reliable DEMs. • Readme Our final stereo DEM covers ~75% of the globe, and we have identified a partial system of longitudinally • File S1 • Figure S1 arranged alternating basins and swells that correlates well to the distribution of mountain and volcano • Figure S2 concentrations. We consider the correlation of swells to volcano concentrations and basins to mountain • Figure S3 concentrations, to imply a heat flow distribution across Io that is consistent with the asthenospheric tidal • Figure S4 • Figure S5 heating model of Tackley et al. (2001). The stereo DEM reveals topographic signatures of regional-scale • Figure S6 features including Loki Patera, Ra Patera, and the Tvashtar Paterae complex, in addition to previously • Figure S7 unrecognized features including an ~1000 km diameter depression and a >2000 km long topographic arc • Figure S8 • Figure S9 comprising mountainous and layered plains material.
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ALMA Observations of Io Going Into and Coming out of Eclipse
Draft version September 17, 2020 Typeset using LATEX twocolumn style in AASTeX63 ALMA Observations of Io Going into and Coming out of Eclipse Imke de Pater,1 Statia Luszcz-Cook,2 Patricio Rojo,3 Erin Redwing,4 Katherine de Kleer,5 and Arielle Moullet6 1University of California, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629 HS, The Netherlands 2University of Columbia, Astronomy Department, New York, USA 3Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Astronomia, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile 4University of California, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 5California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA 6SOFIA/USRA, NASA Ames Building N232, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA (Received XXX; Revised XXX; Accepted XXX) Submitted to Planetary Science Journal ABSTRACT We present 1-mm observations constructed from ALMA [Atacama Large (sub)Millimeter Array] data of SO2, SO and KCl when Io went from sunlight into eclipse (20 March 2018), and vice versa (2 and 11 September 2018). There is clear evidence of volcanic plumes on 20 March and 2 September. The plumes distort the line profiles, causing high-velocity (&500 m/s) wings, and red/blue-shifted shoulders in the line profiles. During eclipse ingress, the SO2 flux density dropped exponentially, and the atmosphere reformed in a linear fashion when re-emerging in sunlight, with a \post-eclipse brightening" after ∼10 minutes. While both the in-eclipse decrease and in-sunlight increase in SO was more gradual than for SO2, the fact that SO decreased at all is evidence that self-reactions at the surface are important and fast, and that in-sunlight photolysis of SO2 is the dominant source of SO.
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Emission from Volcanic SO Gas on Io at High Spectral Resolution
Emission from Volcanic SO Gas on Io at High Spectral Resolution Katherine de Kleera, Imke de Paterb, Máté Adámkovics´ c aDivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 bDepartment of Astronomy, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 cDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 Keywords: Io; Volcanism; Satellites, Atmospheres; Spectroscopy; Infrared Observations Abstract Jupiter's moon Io hosts a dynamic atmosphere that is continually stripped off and replenished through frost sublimation and volcanic outgassing. We observed an emission band at 1.707 µm thought to be produced by hot SO molecules directly ejected from a volcanic vent; the observations were made the NIRSPEC instrument on the Keck II telescope while Io was in eclipse by Jupiter on three nights in 2012-2016, and included two observations with 10× higher spectral resolution than all prior observations of this band. These high-resolution spectra permit more complex and realistic modeling, and reveal a contribution to the SO emission from gas reservoirs at both high and low rotational temperatures. The scenario preferred by de Pater et al. (2002) for the source of the SO gas - direct volcanic emission of SO in the excited state - is consistent with these two temperature components if the local gas density is high enough that rotational energy can be lost collisionally before the excited electronic state spontaneously decays. Under this scenario, the required bulk atmospheric gas density and surface pressure are n ∼ 1011 cm−3 and 1-3 nbar, consistent with observations and modeling of Io's dayside atmosphere at altitudes below 10 km (Lellouch et al.
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Loki Patera As a Magma Sea Dennis L
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An Attempt to Detect Transient Changes in Io's SO₂ and Nacl Atmosphere
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EPSC2015-351, 2015 European Planetary Science Congress 2015 Eeuropeapn Planetarsy Science Ccongress C Author(S) 2015
EPSC Abstracts Vol. 10, EPSC2015-351, 2015 European Planetary Science Congress 2015 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2015 High resolution LBT imaging of Io and Jupiter A. Conrad (1), K. de Kleer (2), J. Leisenring (3), A. La Camera (4), C. Arcidiacono (5), M. Bertero (4), P. Boccacci (4), D. Defrère (3), I. de Pater (2), P. Hinz (3), K.-H. Hofmann (6), M. Kürster (7), J. Rathbun (8), D. Schertl (6), A. Skemer (3), M. Skrutskie (9), J. Spencer (10), C. Veillet (1), G. Weigelt (6), and C. E. Woodward (11) (1) LBTO, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona, USA ([email protected] / Fax: 1-520-626-9333), (2) University of Califronia at Berkeley, California, USA, (3) University of Arizona, Arizona, USA, (4) University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, (5) Observatory of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, (6) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germnay, (7) Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany, (8) Planetary Science Institute, Arizona, USA, (9) University of Virginia, Virginia,USA, (10) Southwest Research Institute, Colorado, USA, (11) Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, Minnesota,USA Abstract enabled us to obtain L-band fringes (Fig. 2) in Fizeau imaging mode using the 22.8 m baseline. We report here results from observing Io at high angular resolution, ∼32 mas at 4.8 µm, with LBT at two favorable oppositions as described in our report given at the 2011 EPSC [1]. Analysis of datasets acquired during the last two oppositions has yielded spatially resolved M-band emission at Loki Patera [2], L-band fringes at an eruption site, an occultation of Loki and Pele by Europa, and sufficient sub-earth longitude (SEL) and parallactic angle coverage to produce a full disk map.
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Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity Between 2 and 5 Mu M
Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity between 2 and 5µm F. Marchis Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, U.S.A. and D. Le Mignant W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and F. H. Chaffee W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela HI96743, U.S.A. and A.G. Davies Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, U.S.A. and S. H. Kwok W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. – 2 – and R. Prangé Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, bat.121, UniversitéParis Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France and I. de Pater Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3411, U.S.A. and P. Amico W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and R. Campbell W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and T. Fusco ONERA, DOTA-E, BP 72, F-92322 Chatillon, France and – 3 – R. W. Goodrich W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. and A. Conrad W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, U.S.A. Received ; accepted Manuscript: 82 pages; 7 tables, 6 figures – 4 – Running title: Keck AO Survey of Io Global Volcanic Activity between 2 and 5 µm Send correspondence to F. Marchis, University of California at Berkeley, Department of Astronomy, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA tel: +1 510 642 3958 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT We present in this Keck AO paper the first global high angular resolution observations of Io in three broadband near-infrared filters: Kc (2.3 µm), Lp (3.8 µm) and Ms (4.7 µm).
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Variability in Io's Volcanism on Timescales of Periodic Orbital Changes
RESEARCH LETTER Variability in Io's Volcanism on Timescales 10.1029/2019GL082691 of Periodic Orbital Changes Key Points: Katherine de Kleer1 , Francis Nimmo2 , and Edwin Kite3 • Loki Patera, Io's most powerful volcano, exhibits variability on the 1California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 2The University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, same timescale as the evolution of 3 Io's orbital eccentricity and The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA semimajor axis • A geophysical mechanism such as poroelastic flow could amplify the Abstract The widespread volcanism on the Jovian moon Io is powered by tidal heating, yet we lack a ‐ importance of long period tidal deep understanding of how this distinctive heating process affects the locations, timing, or intensities of stresses relative to diurnal stresses in – driving volcanism Io's eruptions. We show that the quasiperiodic behavior of the volcano Loki Patera in 1987 2018 matches the timescales for the evolution of Io's eccentricity and semimajor axis (~480 and ~460 days). If this orbital Supporting Information: forcing is driving Loki Patera's variability, a low‐pass geophysical filter such as poroelastic flow, or a • Supporting Information S1 resonant amplification of Io's wobble, could account for the importance of these long‐period orbital • Data Set S1 variations despite their small amplitudes. The peak volcanic response is predicted to roughly coincide with Io's maximum eccentricity, consistent with the observations. High‐cadence observations over the next Correspondence to: several years have the potential to conclusively discriminate between orbital versus geophysical control of K. de Kleer, Loki Patera's variability.
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Planetary Geological Processes
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301371064 Planetary geological processes Conference Paper · November 2014 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902843 CITATIONS READS 0 2,860 2 authors: Rosaly M. Lopes Anezina Solomonidou NASA European Space Agency 405 PUBLICATIONS 7,240 CITATIONS 103 PUBLICATIONS 399 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Thermophysical, Rheological, and Mechanical, Property Measurements on Icy Compositions with Application to Solar System Ices View project Titan alluvial and fluvial fans View project All content following this page was uploaded by Rosaly M. Lopes on 22 June 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Planetary Geological Processes Rosaly M.C. Lopesa and Anezina Solomonidoua,b aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 bLESIA - Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Diderot – Meudon, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France Abstract. In this introduction to planetary geology, we review the major geologic processes affecting the solid bodies of the solar system, namely volcanism, tectonism, impact cratering, and erosion. We illustrate the interplay of these processes in different worlds, briefly reviewing how they affect the surfaces of the Earth’s Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars, then focusing on two very different worlds: Jupiter’s moon Io, the most volcanically active object in the solar system, and Saturn’s moon Titan, where the interaction between a dense atmosphere and the surface make for remarkably earth-like landscapes despite the great differences in surface temperature and composition.
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Loki, Io: New Groundbased Observations and a Model Describing the Change from Periodic Overturn J. A. Rathbun – Department Of
Loki, Io: New groundbased observations and a model describing the change from periodic overturn J. A. Rathbun – Department of Physics, University of Redlands, 1200 E. Colton Ave., Redlands, CA 92374 ([email protected]) J. R. Spencer – Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Loki Patera is the most powerful volcano in the solar system. We have obtained measurements of Loki’s 3.5 micron brightness from NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) and have witnessed a change from the periodic behavior previously noted. While Loki brightened by a factor of several every 540 days prior to 2001, from 2001 through 2004 Loki remained at a constant, medium brightness. We have constructed a quantitative model of Loki as a basaltic lava lake whose solidified crust overturns when it becomes buoyantly unstable. By altering the speed at which the overturn propagates across the patera, we can match our groundbased brightness data. In addition, we can match other data taken at other times and wavelengths. By slowing the propagation speed dramatically, we can match the observations from 2001-2004. This slowing may be due to a small change in volatile content in the magma. 1. Introduction Loki Patera is a horseshoe-shaped dark feature 200 km across located on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere of the volcanically active moon Io. At more than 200 km across, it is the largest volcanic feature on Io and is the site of large amounts of thermal emission, at times accounting for nearly 15% of Io’s total heat flow (Spencer et al., 2000).
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