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Farmers, Seeds and Varieties

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Farmers, Seeds and Varieties Farmers, seeds and varieties Supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia The following organizations are partners in the compilation of this publication: The Ethiopian Seed Enterprise (ESE) has the mission to deliver high quality seeds of cereals, fruits, vegetables, forages, spices and other crops to farmers and other end users on commercial basis, by multiplying and processing seeds from breeder seeds acquired from the national research centers and import from abroad, helping to enhance the production and productivity of the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. P.O. Box 2453, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) is part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). ICARDA’s research provides global benefits of poverty alleviation through productivity improvements integrated with sustainable natural-resource management practices. P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; www.icarda.cgiar.org Wageningen International of Wageningen University and Research Centre aims through its Capacity Development and Institutional Change Programme to empower individuals and organizations with the capacities for learning, innovation and institutional change to create a sustainable future. P.O. Box 88, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands; www.cdic.wur.nl The publication is financed by: The Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic) through the Netherlands Fellowship Programmes (Project: NFP/ETH/05/32). Nuffic strives to be the intermediary between the education community of the Netherlands and the international community. P.O. Box 29777, 2502 LT The Hague, The Netherlands; www.nuffic.nl The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV) through the Policy Support Cluster International Cooperation. P.O. Box 20401, 2500 EK The Hague, The Netherlands; www.minlnv.nl Edited by Marja H. Thijssen, Zewdie Bishaw, Abdurahman Beshir and Walter S. de Boef Farmers, seeds and varieties Supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia Wageningen International, 2008 Citation: Thijssen, M.H., Z. Bishaw, A. Beshir and W.S. de Boef, 2008 (Eds.). Farmers, seeds and varieties: supporting informal seed supply in Ethiopia. Wageningen, Wageningen International. 348 p. Published by: Wageningen International, Programme for Capacity Development and Institutional Change, Wageningen University and Research Centre Address: P.O. Box 88, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Internet: www.cdic.wur.nl Readers are encouraged to quote, reproduce, disseminate and translate materials from this book. Due acknowledgment, with full reference to the article’s authors and book publisher, is requested. ISBN: 978-90-8585-215-5 English editor: Clare McGregor, http://thinkinenglish.eu Cover design: Martin Jansen, Wageningen UR, Communication Services Cover photos: Sean Gladwell, Marja H. Thijssen, Scott Black and Juha-Pekka Kervinen Printing: Tailormade, Buren The views and opinions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors and their organizations. Contents Preface 9 Getahun Alemu Acknowledgements 11 Editors 13 Contributing authors 15 Introduction 21 1 Context and concepts 1.1 The status of the Ethiopian seed industry 23 Zewdie Bishaw, Yonas Sahlu and Belay Simane 1.2 The farmer-based seed production and marketing scheme: lessons 33 learnt Yonas Sahlu, Belay Simane and Zewdie Bishaw 1.3 A system perspective for linking farmers and professionals 47 supporting farmers’ practices in seed supply Walter S. de Boef and Zewdie Bishaw 1.4 Participatory and learning-oriented approaches 54 Walter S. de Boef, Marja H. Thijssen, Cecile Kusters and Karèn S. Verhoosel 1.5 Seed professionals starting to approach informal seed supply 63 through a learning and action oriented training programme Marja H. Thijssen, Abdurahman Beshir, Zewdie Bishaw, Anthony J.G. van Gastel, and Walter S. de Boef 1.6 Robust seed systems: integrating a genetic resource conservation 73 and sustainable livelihood perspective in strategies supporting informal seed supply Johannes M.M. Engels, Jean Marie Byakweli Vianney, Hannes Dempewolf and Walter S. de Boef 2 Supporting informal seed supply 2.1 Supporting farmers in maintaining and selecting seeds of local 87 varieties Conny Almekinders and Niels P. Louwaars 2.2 Supporting farmers’ practices in seed processing and storage 96 Niels P. Louwaars and Conny Almekinders 2.3 Community seed banks: experiences from Tigray in Ethiopia 100 Trygve Berg and Fetien Abay 5 2.4 Community seed banks: experiences from Nepal 103 Pitambar Shrestha, Bhuwon Sthapit, Pratap Shrestha, Madhusudhan Upadhyay and Mahanaryan Yadav 2.5 Seed relief intervention and resilience of local seed systems under 109 stress: the case of Humbo woreda in Southern Ethiopia Asrat Asfaw, Anbes Tenaye and Endrias Geta 2.6 Reaching farmers in remote areas with improved bean varieties: 113 lessons from Uganda Losira Nasirumbi, Jean Claude Rubyogo, Michael Ugen, Annet Namayanja and Gabriel Luyima 2.7 Smallholder farmers’ participation in legume seed supply in Kenya 119 Mary W.K. Mburu, Richard B. Jones, Said N. Silim, Fred Ogana, George A. Odingo and Johnson W. Irungu 3 Conservation and use of farmers’ varieties 3.1 Agrobiodiversity, conservation strategies and informal seed supply 125 Walter S. de Boef 3.2 Informal seed systems and on-farm conservation of local varieties 133 Bhuwon Sthapit, Ram Rana, Pashupati Chaudhary, Bimal Baniya and Pratap Shrestha 3.3 Genetic diversity and informal seed systems in Ethiopia 137 Girma Balcha and Tesema Tanto 3.4 Conservation of genetic diversity and supporting informal seed 141 supply in Ethiopia Girma Balcha and Tesema Tanto 3.5 Role of community gene/seedbanks in the conservation and use of 149 crop genetic resources in Ethiopia Johannes M.M. Engels, Severin Polreich and M. Ehsan Dulloo 3.6 Mobilizing and empowering communities in biodiversity 160 management Bhuwon Sthapit, Pratap Shrestha, Abishkar Subedi, Pitambar Shrestha, Madhusudan Upadhyay and Pablo Eyzaguirre 3.7 Practices supporting community management of farmers’ varieties 166 Bhuwon Sthapit, Abishkar Subedi, Pitambar Shrestha, Pashupati Chaudhary, Pratap Shrestha and Madhusudan Upadhyay 3.8 On-farm conservation of farmer varieties: selected experiences in 171 Asia Arma Bertuso, Hans Smolders and Bert Visser 6 4 Participatory crop improvement and supporting informal seed supply 4.1 Participatory crop improvement and informal seed supply: general 177 introduction Walter S. de Boef and Juliana Bernardi Ogliari 4.2 Opportunities for participatory crop improvement and supporting 185 informal seed supply in Oromia region, Ethiopia Adugna Wakjira, Gemechu Keneni, Musa Jarso and Bulcha Weyessa 4.3 Participatory varietal evaluation and breeding of the common bean 192 in the Southern region of Ethiopia Asrat Asfaw 4.4 Participatory varietal selection of barley in the highlands of Tigray in 198 Northern Ethiopia Fetien Abay and Asmund Bjørnstad 4.5 Working with farmer research committees in participatory bean 207 breeding in Honduras Sally Humphries, Omar Gallardo, José Jiménez, Fredy Sierra and the Association of CIALS of Yorito, Victoria and Sulaco 4.6 Farmer field schools supporting farmer-led participatory plant 216 breeding: some Asian experiences Hans Smolders, Arma Bertuso and Bert Visser 5 Small-scale and community enterprises: increasing local availability of seed and enhancing farmers’ access to it 5.1 Supporting the development of small to medium-scale seed 225 enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa John F. MacRobert 5.2 Business principles for the establishment of a viable small-scale seed 231 enterprise Anthony J.G. van Gastel, Zewdie Bishaw and Bill R. Gregg 5.3 Village-based seed enterprises in Afghanistan 240 Zewdie Bishaw, Anthony J.G. van Gastel, Abdoul Aziz Niane and Koffi Amegbeto 5.4 Farmer seed enterprises in Uganda 245 Soniia David 5.5 Small-scale farmers’ rice seed enterprises in Bangladesh 255 Heleen Bos, Conny Almekinders and Kazi Borhan Amin Raj 5.6 Community-based seed production groups in Chitwan, Nepal 263 Krishna P. Devkota, Mahendra P. Tripathi, Krishna D. Joshi, Pratap K. Shrestha and John R. Witcombe 7 6 Initial experiences supporting the establishment of 271 community-based and small-scale seed enterprises in Ethiopia 6.1 Cooperative community-based seed enterprises in Hararghe, 272 Ethiopia: strategy and first lessons learnt Osman E. Ibrahim 6.2 Avola Goshiye Community-based Seed Enterprise in Yilmana 282 Densa woreda, Amhara region Amelework Beyene, Alem Yalew, Abebew Assefa and Yimam Tessema 6.3 Erer Union Seed Producers and Marketing Cooperative, Gimbichu 287 District, Oromia region Shemsu Baissa, Imiru Mijana, Eshetu Sisay, Demissie Mitiku, Ali Adem, Tadesse Wube and Zenebe W/Silase 6.4 Wamura-Sako Small-scale Farmers Seed Producers’ Group in Dendi 292 woreda, central west Oromia region Messele Shimels, Assefa Senbeta, Hagos Gidey, Goshime Tekle, Fikre Mulugeta, Adugna Kefeni and Girma Chemeda 6.5 Wamole farmers’ cooperative for maize seed production in Boricha 297 woreda, SNNPR Tesfaye Tadesse, Tefera Zeray, Mata Gedebo, Abebe Tilahu and Solomon Benor 6.6 Felegeweini and Mekan community-based seed enterprises in Atsibi 301 Womberta and Endamehoni district, Tigray region Tadese Teweldebrhan, Beyene Dimitsu, Muez Teare and Woldehawariat Assefa 7 Creating enabling policy frameworks for supporting informal seed supply 7.1 Seed policies: enabling support to informal seed systems 307 Niels P. Louwaars and
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