A Glimpse of The Socio-Economic Conditions of the Port-Towns of Coastal Karnataka in The Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries as Described in Some Condemporary Portuguese Sources

Dr. B. S. SHASTRY*

The Portuguese were familiar with the fending the ports which, if they fall into ports and port-towns of coastal Karnataka the hands of the enemies, would be of (Kanara) during the 16th and the 17th great loss and danger to the Portuguese centuries. Many a Portuguese traveller, state of India, because many vessels are chronicler, administrator, captain, merch­ loaded at these ports every year for the ant and missionary came to the port-towns Red Sea and many other places as there and left behind them their accounts and was a large quantity of pepper, ginger, other records of these places. iron, choir, wood, saltpetre and many The Portuguese had a three-fold contact other things in the region of Kanara, above with coastal Karnataka-political, commer­ all an abundance of provisions (food gra­ cial and religious. As a result they could ins) of all sorts, of which all parts of India, and did influence to some extent the socio­ particularly Malabar, are supplied.” economic life of the port-towns, particula­ In 1630 the Portuguese captured Gango- rly during the 16th century. Their influe­ lli and built their fourth Kanarese fortress nce was wrought mainly through their there by 1633. However, all the four forts more or less effective control over the sea were conquered from them by Shivappa trade of the region and through their mis­ Nayaka of Keladi in 1652-4. sionary activities in the area. We may divide the Kanarese port-towns It may be mentioned here that the Portu­ discussed in Portuguese sources into two guese had a factory or trading centre at categories, namely, major and minor, dep­ Bhatkal in the 1540’s and 1550’s which was ending upon their commercial importance. probably given up with the acquisition of Accordingly* the major ones were Hona­ forts at Honavar, Basrur (Kundapur) and var, Bhatkal, Basrur (Kundapur) and Mangalore in 1568-9. These forts were the Mangalore. The minor ones were Sada- gjentres of political, commercial and missi­ shivagad, Anjediva, Mirjan, Ankola, Baind- onary activities of the Portuguese. Each ur, Barkur, Gangolli, Brahmawara, Malpe, fort was a naval and military base; and a Udupi, Kalyanpur, Kapu and Mulki. Kar- factory as well as a chapel were attached war does not figure in the Portuguese to it. Referring to these forts in 1582 or sources of the 16th century; but some thereabout a Portuguese record1 says that references to it do occur in the 17th century, they “are on the mouths of three grand particularly when the English began to rivers with very good ports capable of show interest in that port. accommodating many large ships. The First we shall discuss the socio-economic forts are important and necessary for de- life of the major port-towns, followed by * far. S. S. Shaatry. Head of Department of History, Goa University, Goa. that of the minor ones. Some general dispute was over the right of possession observations and concluding remarks will of some Arab steeds rescued from the be madeat the end. wreck of a ship from Ormuz. The ship wr­ ecked at the shores of Honavar and the local Honavar chief claimed the horses because the wreck The main export of Honavar was black was within his jurisdiction. The Portuguese or brown rice. It was purchased in huge claim was that the animals were actually quantities by the merchants of Malabar saved by them and had been handed over who came there by small and large vesseis. to some one in Honavar with the condition In exchange the Malabarese sold at Hona- that they would be taken later on, as there var coconuts, coeonnt oil, palm wine, and was a storm raging then. The Portuguese palm jaggery. There were two powerful attach resulted in the burning of local men at Honavar whom the Portuguese ships and surrender of the local chief who regarded pirates. They were Timmayya2 had to agree to pay an annual tribute to and Raoji. They looted all vessels sailing them.9 In 1538 the Portuguese attacked by, except these from Malabar. They enri­ because some enemy vessels were found ched themselves this way, though they bad trading at the port10. The attack of 1569 to give a share of their loot to the chief of ended in the establishment of a Portuguese Gersoppa within whose jurisdiction Hona­ fortress at the place. var lay and who permitted them to carry By the time the fort was established the on ‘piracy’3. trade at the port of Honavar seems to have In 1505 Timmayya developed friendly dwindled down to almost a zero point. relations with the Portuguese which he The Financial Statements and other Portu­ maintained, more or less, until his death guese documents of the times pertaining to in 1512. He used to supply them a number the fort of Honavar indicate that there was of commodities, particularly rice, from no income but only expenses in maintaining Honavar. On one occasion he offered to the military, civil and religious establish­ sell them cloves, camphor and black wood ments at the fort. Thus, the Financial also.4 Statement of 157411 specifically states that It seems that ships from Aden (Red Sea) there was no income at the fort but expen­ and Sofala (East Africa) used to come to ses to the tune of 2,984,980 reis (1 Re. was Honavar for rice supplies.® We also learn6 equal to about 70 reis then). This is confir­ that much cloth was sold at Honavar pro­ med by a report of 1582 or so12 which spe­ cured from the hinterland, including aks only of expenses. It is obvious that Vijayanagara. Other articles sold at the Honavar had lost much of its commercial port were copper, tin, vermilion and quick­ importance after the defeat of Vijayanagara silver in exchange for the silk from China in the battle of 1565. and Ormuz, and other articles from abroad By 1635 there was a settlement of some brought by the Portugese in the middle of Portuguese national at Honavar who had the 16th century. married native women at Goa and other The weight used at Honavar for weigh­ Portuguese possessions. These Portuguese ing rice, etc., was equal to 3 quintals, 1 were known as the casados (married ones). arroba and 24 arrateis7 (pounds, ratal). This The settlement was within the fort. At comes to a little over 205 kgs (1 quintal has this stage also the trade at the port was 4 arrobas; 1 arroba, about 15 kgs ; and 1 poor. The rice supplier there were mu2h arratel, about 459 grams). less than that of other Kanarese ports. Honavar was attacked by the Portuguese Some timber for masts, etc., were purcha­ in 1502, 1505, 1538 and 1569. In 1502 the sed by the Portuguese there. So also some attacker was Vasco da Gama who chased quantities of arecanuts, certain kinds of Timmayya up the river at Honavar because fruit and white cloth. However, much he was regarded a pirate. He escaped, but pepper could be procured at Honavar. It da Gama wrecked his vengeance on the was the best pepper in India and the Portu­ local ships and the town which were loo­ guese purchased it from the king of Keladi med ad set on fire.8 In the 1505 attack the by a contract. This king allowed them to

90 obtain from his lands whatever provisions 217.5 kgs. Coral was weighed in terms of they required for their fort, free of taxes. a weight of about 11 kgs, and sugar in terms There was no church in Honavar and of that of about 197 kgs.17 rarely any conversion of Hindus to Christi­ The currency of Bhatkal was varied. anity.18 The most common was the gold pardao (pratapa, varaha, pagoda) equivalent to 360 Bbatkal reis or about Rs. 5 of those days. Besides, Bhatkal was perhaps the most important the silver pardao 300 reis or about Rs. 4), among the Kanarese ports during the 16th the sultani /"the dinar or Egypt, 420 reis), century. Speaking of the port Duarte and xerafim (ashrafi of 360 or 300 reis) were Barbosa says14 that it was a good port of in use.18 grand commerce of many articles of trade. Duarte Barbosa’s account1® of the Every year many ships came from Ormuz currency and weights differs slightly. There for white rice and powdered sugar. The seems to have prevailed a uniform weight latter commodity cost only about 240 reis of about 240 kgs. and a common currency (about R s. 3.5) a pound. Iron was another of the pardao of 320 reis (about Rs. 4.5). major article supplied by Bhatkal, followed The Portuguese developed trade contacts by pepper and miramulattos. In addition with Bhatkal from 1501. That year they copper, saltpetre, vermilion, aluminium sold there quicksilver, copper, vermilion and ivory were sold at the port. The Ormuz and coral at a great profit. The following ships sold Arab steeds and pearls here. year Vasco da Gama was there. He deman­ However, the Ormuz ships were diverted ded from the local chief that the latter to Goa when the latter place fell into should not trade with the enemies of Por­ Portuguese hands in 1510. Some ships tugal such as the Samudri of Calicut and from Aden and many from Malabar also that the chief should not send out mer- came to Bhatkal for trade. The Malabarese chantmen without a Portuguese sailing supplied coconuts, coconut oil, palm wine, permit and paying them an annual tribute. pepper, etc., for iron and sugar of Bhatkal. The chief obliged and paid a yearly tribute The port town was very rich and paid of 1000 bags of ordinary rice and 500 bags much revenue to the local governor named of good rice.*0 Dama Shetty who was very wealthy. Realizing the commercial importance of Challenges to a duel on even flimsy Bhatkal, Viceroy Francisco de Almeida grounds were common at Bbatkal accord­ (1505-9) and Governor Afonso de Albu­ ing to Barbosa1®. The chief used to permit querque (1509-15) sought permission from them, fixing the day and providing godfat­ the emperor of Vijayanagara to erect a hers (? seconds) to the competitors. Wea­ fort there so that the commerce of the port pons of prescribed specifications alone town would be under Portuguese control. were used. The combatants prayed and However, no permission was given, though then began the fight. Only the godfathers the Portuguese promised to supply all the could approach them or speak to them imported Persian steeds to Vijayanagara. during the combat. The duels were so After capturing Goa in 1510 Albuquer­ common that many were killed this way que does not seem to have been interested every day. This was a dangerous sport, in building a fort at Bhatkal, but he was but a part of the social life of the people bent upon depriving it of its commerce and of Bhatkal. divert all ships coming from Ormuz, etc., Tomfe Pires adds16 that ships came to to the port of Goa. He also made it a point Bhatkal from Malacca also for rice of three to attack ships from Malabar trading with qualities available at the port—girasal the Bhatkal. best, chdmbasal the better, and parcharil In 1516 an unfortunate incident took the good. place at Bhatkal. 24 Portuguese nationals Different weights and measures were were killed when a quarrel arose between used at Bhatkal for different commodities. them and the local merchants. The Portu­ Copper, iron, cinnoman and choir were guese had gone there that year to purchase weighed by a weight equivalent to about rice, sugar and iron to be taken to Ormuz.

13 97 During the quarrel the Portuguese were the place and captured its fort on the robbed also of their good worth 10,000 riyer bank a cannon shot from it$mouth, pardaos (about Rs. 40,000). Robbery seems The fort was found unsatisfactory and to have been taking place at Bhatkai now therefore they built a new one which has and then; In 1501, 1516 and again in 1547 been located by Henry Heras atKundapur.85 the Portuguese were robbed. But they There was hardly any peace for the were able to recover the goods by pressu­ people of Basrur after the establishment rising the local chief.11 of the Portuguese fort, though the Vicere­ Bhatkai was subject to Portuguese atta­ gal ordinance of 1570 required that the cks as other Kanarese ports were. In 1502, local people should be treated well and 1513, 1517, 1518-9, 1542 and 1547 such that no offence should be committed agai­ attacks took place. The damages in the nst them. The Viceroy pointed out in the hostility of 1542 were inhuman. The town ordinance that it was the surest way of was looted for a couple of days; many maintaining peace there and carrying on a residents were killed in cold blood irres­ gainful trade at the port from which he pective of age and sex ; houses were set expected a considerable income not only ablaze; palm trees were cut down; and to maintain the fortress but also to supple­ farms were destoryed.** ment remittances to Portugal.®8 However, In the meantime in 1540 or thereabout the captains and other officials sent to a factory seems to have been established Basrur indulged in malpractices. As a resu­ by the Portuguese at Bhatkai. But it did lt foreign merchants stopped trading with not thrive owing to frequent differences the port. One of the malpractices was to and hostilities between them and the lo al summon to the fortress those merchants chief. To a large extent the Portuguese who entered the river and compel themselves were to blame. As Gas par them to sell their goods at a very low Correa points out, while describing the price. Many a time the merchants fought incident of 1542 in his own way,23 that the back to free themselves from this kind of Portuguese used to indulge in malpractices oppression. In 1583 Francisco de Mello of all sorts while trading at the ports so de Sampayo was the captain of the fortress much that the local merchants used to seek and he, like his predecessors, worked to armed protection from the local chief as enrich himself so much that the native soon as the Portuguese approached. The merchants of Basrur, who stood to lose hostility of! 542 was the result of such mal­ their trade and income by his proceedings, practices and the retaliation by the local decided to take the fortress by treachery, protective forces. but in vain. They tried to drive the Portu­ With the decline of the Vijayanagara guese away with the help of the Tolahara empire after 1565 Bhatkai began to lose its chiefs and others, but failed again. Every commercial importance, like Honavar, and time the Portuguese inflicted severe dama­ the Portuguese also did not seem interes­ ges on Basrur and its people. On one ted in the place after establishing their occasion a temple, probably that of God forts at Honavar, Kundapur and Manga­ Kodandeshwara, was set on fire and dest­ lore. royed. it was rebuilt by the local people later on at a great cost.37 Basrur (Kundapur) Some Portuguese casados (married ones) Much rice of various qualities was ex - came to Basrur and settled down there. By poted from Basrur to Cannanor, Calicut, 1635 there were 36 such families living in an Ormuz, Aden and Shaher in exchange for enclosed settlement a little away from the copper, coconuts, coconut oil and jaggery. fort. The enclosure was a wall of earth Rice was packed into bales of dry paddy and plaster, 3.3 metres high, with watch straw as it is today. Each bale of rice fet­ towers in the form of bulwarks* Each ched 150 to 200 reis (Rs. 2.15 to Rs. 2.85).2< casado had a servant to carry his arias. Surprisingly the Portuguese did not harm Most of the casados possessed rice fields Basrur until 1569, but carried on peaceful outside the settlement. They enjoyed the trade at the port. In 1569 they attacked yield without any problem as long as there was peace with the local chief sod his in India and sent much of it to Portugal. pe&pf?.** They sold pearls, rubis, coral, fine cloth, The casados owned 7 or 8 gallivats of etc., procured by them at G oa; horses 300 khandis each. Loaded with merchan­ from Ormuz, etc., and elephants from dize these gallivats used to sail amidst the Ceylon. These animals were sold to the convey of a Portuguese armed fleet for king of Keladi for his array,4* The Portu­ security. The casados recruited the required guese procured pepper, ginger and choir number of mariners from among the local also from Basrur. In fact no pepper was people.*9 allowed by them to be sold to others. The merchants of Upper Basrur, whom They procured all the ginger available the Portuguese called the ‘Shetty %'{Chatins), there.*® had a republican form of government and It is interesting to note what Antonio paid an annual tribute to the emperor of Bocarre says in 1635 about the failure of Vijayanagara.30 They paid another annual missionary activities while speaking of tribute of 500 bales of rice to the Portu­ Basrur. According to him the Kannadigas guese for allowing their merchandize to disliked Christianity so much that hardly pass by the fortress.81 any was converted. He thought that the The climate of Basrur was salutory. The main cause of this was the failure of the soil was fertile. There was an abundance missionaries to learn the local language, of rice produced. Basrur, along with and write and preach Christian doctrines Mangalore, constituted the granary with in that language. Nevertheless, there were which Goa, Malacca, Mascate, Mozambi­ tvfro churches at Basrur where routine que and Mombasa were sustained by the sacraments were performed. One was Portuguese.31 inside the fort and the other in the settle­ By 1574 the Portuguese had an income ment of the casados.37 Obviously these of 2,100,000 reis (about Rs. 30,000) in the churches were meant only for the Portu­ form of customs duties on horses brought guese nationals at the fort and the casados from Ormuz (5,000 pardaos of silver or settlement. 1,800,000 reis), and on rice exports (1000 pardaos of silver, or 300,000 rm). In addition Mangalore there was the annual rice tribute from the Barbosa was impressed by the grandeur merchants and profits from the actual trade. of Mangalore “with sumptuous edifices The expenses of the fort at 3,032,200 reis and many grand and rich Hindu temples. 7 was probably more than the income. The There were several mosques also. The expenses were in the form of salaries and beauty of Mangalore was enhanced further allowances of the military, naval, civil and by enchanting river sides and groves of religious personnel and their establish­ coconut palms. Large quantities of black ments.38 or brown rice, but of good quality, were By 1635 the trade at Basrur had impro­ supplied from Mangalore to Malabar and ved considerably. Several thousand bales Aden. The place produced some pepper of rice and packs of other commodities which was better than that of Malabar^*8 were exported every year and the Portu­ Some butter was also exported to Ormuz guese collected substantial amount of in jars from Mangalore.39 taxes from the outgoing and incoming The port-town suffered most at the articles.*1 Together with the rice tribute hands of the Portuguese. Not only was its and profits from direct trade, the Portugu­ freedom of trade hindered, but it was also ese income might have been more than attacked and damaged several times. In their expenses at Basrur by then. 1513 its trade was hindered until some Apart from the rice of various qualities, ships from Calicut which had anchored at Basrur exported several other articles of the port were made over to the Portu­ trade like saltpetre, iron and cloth. The guese.40 In 1525 the port was blockaded Portuguese purchased saltpetre in large and some ships from Malabar were chased quantities for manufacturing ammunition. up the river and destroyed;41 In 1530 the They regarded the iron of Basrur the best Portuguese caused great destruction to Mangalore. That year they learnt that a The attack of 1538 ended by killing many rich Hindu merchant of Mangalore* a residents and burning some of their ahips Shetty, had clandestine commercial deal­ because they helpedsome Calicut vessels ings with the Zamorin (Samndri) of Cali­ to defend against the Portuguese at the cut, an enemy of the Portuguese, which port.44 caused considerable damage to the Portu­ Mangalore experienced another devasta­ guese trade interests. The Shetty was the ting fury of the Portuguese in 1555. The richest merchant on the whole of the town was burnt and many residents were Western Coast of India from Goa to the killed. A rich temple with its idols was Cape of Comorin. He was also a friend of also destroyed.4* The cause of this wanton the Portuguese who allowed his merchant cruelty however is not indicated. ships ply about freely. The Zamorin, find­ ing it impossible to export his spices from Again in 1558 the Portuguese exhibited his ports to the Strait of the Red Sea on their brutality to the people of Mangalore. account of the Portuguese vigilance, sent The Portuguese learnt that a ship belong­ the spices to Mangalore, probably by land, ing to the Muslims of Cannanpr was with an understanding between himself anchored at Mangalore. While they and the Shetty. From Mangalore those attempted to capture the ship it was aided spices were exported to the Red Sea Strait by some local people. Furious, the Portu­ on board the ships of the muslim merchants guese entered the town and put to sword of Mecca who were allowed by the Portu­ all those whom they confronted, without guese to load at Mangalore, the port of a discriminating between men and women, friend. The merchants paid the Zamorin old and young. In all these proceedings for the spices. The Portuguese were not they were akin to blood thirsty hounds and aware that the spices actually belonged to they thought that these atrocities were the Zamorin, until they discovered the fact necessary to terrorise the enemies. The in 1530. The Zamorin had such great town was set on fire. Those who tried to profits that he aided the Shetty to fortify escape from being burnt were put to Mangalore, supplied him with artillery, sword. A grand and beautiful temple was and at his own cost maintained a garrison also burnt. The brass and copper that to defend the city and the fort. Nuno da covered the roof and the tower of the Cunha, the Portuguese Viceroy, decided to temple, and fine works of gold that were punish the Shetty for his league with the inside, were embarked by the Portuguese. Zamorin and sent a fleet against him. The The muslim ship which was the cause of Shetty was forewarned of the attack. He the whole trouble was burnt along with could therefore prepare himself well.4* some others laying at the port.46 However, he was no match to the Portu­ It is interesting to note that, in spite of guese. His soldiers were killed; the forti­ these attacks, the Portuguese were allowed fication was partly pulled down and partly to erect a fort at Mangalore peacefully. burnt. 70 guns, a lot of copper, coral, The Bangar chief, within whose jurisdic­ mercury* grains, velvet and many other tion the port lay, invited them to do so, articles of trade from Mecca, quantities of ceding them a site for the purpose and explosives and sacks of provisions fell supplying the material needed for the into Portuguese hands. A major part of construction. A Portuguese source gives a these spoils was burnt as they did not have curious explanation for this event. There sufficient space in their ships to carry all was a market at the site dominated by the spoils. The city was also burnt. muslims who did not obey the chief. They Thirteen ships, which were anchored at the insulted him in several ways. For instance, port, were sunk. The gardens were ruined they insisted that he should walk, and not and reduced to ashes. All these were done be carried in a palanquin, whenever he in such a manner that it appeared that passed by the market. This, of course, he there was never a habitation in Mangalore. did not do; but he decided to set the A temple and a mosque were also Portuguese on them by giving the site to destroyed.4* the former, for he knew that there was Baindur is called by a Portuguese docu­ the ifam&e •;*X? - L ment as Majandur. It grpw much rice and . T£e*e was a Hindu temple on the site most of this was exported from Bhatfcal tfheNs .the Portuguese fort wan built. It Where it was seat first. Girasal was the Was flow ed to stand uatili62C! Whentt HH' yariety of rice produced at Baindur, was destroyed by thp Portuguese, Until followed by other inferiorqualities.8* then they paid a recital id the Bafcgar Gangolli which the Portuguese sources chief for the lands belonging to the mention as Cambolim. came tuidfcr their temple. They also extracted iron from the control in 1630. They built a fort there by lands.48 1633 as already indicated. Their attempt The Portuguese were conceded the right to convert the peninsula into an island by to collect customs duties on rice and other digging a canal on the northern side pro­ articles at the fort which guarded the ved a failure. The peninsula was expected mouth of the river Netravati. The right to yield 30,000 bags of rice a year With fetched them 2500 to 3000 xerafins (about which all their four fortresses in Kanara Rs. 10,000 to 12,000) a year by 1635, if could be sustained. A settlement of some there was peace in the region.49 casados was established there soon after There was a settlement of about 35 its acquisition.M families of Portuguese casadosclose by the Barkur supplied much rice of a good fort. The habitation consisted of houses variety to Cannanor, Calicut, Ormuz, Aden built of stone and lime aud having tiled and Shaher in exchange for copper* horses, roofs. It was surrounded by a wall, 4.4/c coconut, coconut oil and jaggery.®* metres high, with many watch towers and There are some Portuguese sources bulwarks of circular shape. The wall was which mention Brahmawara (Baira Vera, a little higher on the side of the mainland Barraverrio). It had trade contacts with and had a small moat.50 Gujarat, Goa, the Decean, and Ormaz. It supplied betel leaves, arfecanuts and rice. Minor Ports and Port-Towns All ‘kinds’ of Brahmins lived there. This Among the minor ports the one on the probably refers to the'Brahmins of various Anjediva islands of Karwar, is mentioned religious denominations. Women perfor­ frequently in Portuguese documents. The med sati there.88 climate of the islands was not good, nor Sadashivagad, Ankola, Malpe, Udupi, was its soil fertile. Hardly any one lived Kapu, Karnad, Kalyanpur, Mulki are also there on a permanent basis. The islands mentioned, but hardly with any further were virtually a no man’s land and the details regarding the socio-economic life Portuguese made it their own by building at these places. a fort therein 1505 and again in 1682. The islands were located in the middle of the Concluding Remarks Western Coast of India; strategically its We have noted above that the Portugu­ location was significant; ships could be ese used to attack frequently the various anchored there safely for repairs, even in ports and port-towns along coastal Kama* the monsoon, and for procuring potable taka during the 16th and the 17th centuries. water. The muslim merchants Used the During such attacks the residents there Anjediva port for similar purposes before used to be killed; ships belonging to the the Portuguese. There was a temple on local merchants and others used to be the islands which was destroyed by the looted, burnt or sunk; houses and gard­ Portuguese in 1505. Its stone was used for ens used to be looted and burnt or destro­ the walls of their fortress. There were yed ; temples and mosques were also not two tanks of fresh water nearby.51 spared. The usual causes of such attacks Mirjan is mentioned as a port which were the conflicting commercial interests supplied large quantities of black or brown of the local traders and the Portuguese. rice to the traders from Malabar who sold The latter’s aim was to monopolies and in return for coconuts, coconut oil, and control the sea trade of the ports. The jaggery.*8 former wished to purchase and sell freely at maximum prefits and thg§ M e with It is obvious that the Portingijese sourc$§ «py, including the Portuguese. £>u?uig ?>W?li supply us a lot of information regarding attacks and for sometime thereafter the the ports and port-towns of coastal socio-economic life of the port$ and towns Karnataka. Much of this information is used to be upset. However, it is djjBpfllt hardly known from Qther sources, local or toguage the extent of the disturbance to others. An exhaustive study of the Pprtu- socio-economic life, g^pse sources Will be highly rewarding.

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